DOCSLIB.ORG

An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S Volume 1998 Article 2 1998 Camp Elizabeth, Sterling County, Texas: An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S. Army Subpost, and Evidence Supporting Its Use by the Military and "Buffalo Soldiers" Maureen Brown Center for Archaeological Research Jose E. Zapata Center for Archeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio, [email protected] Bruce K. Moses Center for Archaeological Research Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Brown, Maureen; Zapata, Jose E.; and Moses, Bruce K. (1998) "Camp Elizabeth, Sterling County, Texas: An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S. Army Subpost, and Evidence Supporting Its Use by the Military and "Buffalo Soldiers"," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 1998, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.21112/ita.1998.1.2 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1998/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Camp Elizabeth, Sterling County, Texas: An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S. Army Subpost, and Evidence Supporting Its Use by the Military and "Buffalo Soldiers" Licensing Statement This is a work produced for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) by the report producer. TxDOT and the report producer jointly own all rights, title, and interest in and to all intellectual property developed under TxDOT’s contract with the report producer. The report may be cited and brief passages from this publication may be reproduced without permission provided that credit is given to both TxDOT and the report producer. Permission to reprint an entire chapter, section, figures or tables must be obtained in advance from either the Supervisor of the Archeological Studies Branch, Environmental Affairs Division, Texas Department of Transportation, 125 East 11th Street, Austin, Texas, 78701 or from the report producer. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol1998/iss1/2 Camp Elizabeth, Sterling County, Texas: . An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a u.s. Army Subpost, and Evidence Supporting Its Use by the Military and "Buffalo Soldiers 11 Maureen Brown, Jose E. Zapata, and Bruce K. Moses with contributions by Anne A. Fox, C. Britt Bousman, I. Waymle Cox, and Cynthia L. Tennis Sponsored by: San Angelo District Texas Department of Transportation Archaeological Survey Report, No. 267 Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio 1998 Camp Elizabeth, Sterling County, Texas: An Archaeological and Archival Investigation of a U.S. Army Subpost, and Evidence Supporting Its Use by the Military and "Buffalo Soldiers" Maureen Brown, Jose E. Zapata, and Bruce K. Moses with contributions by Anne A. Fox, C. Britt Bousman, L Waynne Cox, and Cynthia L. Tennis Robert J. Hard and C. Britt Bousman Principal Investigators Texas Antiquities Permit No. 1866 Archaeological Survey Report, No. 267 Center for Archaeological Research The University of Texas at San Antonio ©copyright 1998 The following information is provided in accordance with the General Rules of Practice and Procedure, Chapter 41.11 (Investigative Reports), Texas Antiquities Committee: 1. Type of investigation: Archaeological and archival mitigation 2. Project name: Camp Elizabeth 3. County: Sterling 4. Principal investigator: Robert J. Hard and C. Britt Bousman 5. Name and location of sponsoring agency: Texas Department of Transportation, Austin, Texas 78701 6. Texas Antiquities Permit No.: 1866 7. Published by the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 W., San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658, 1998 A list of publications offered by the Center for Archaeological Research is available. Call (210) 458-4378; write to the Center for Archaeological Research, The University of Texas at San Antonio, 6900 N. Loop 1604 W., San Antonio, Texas 78249-0658; e-mail to [email protected]; or visit CAR's web site at http://www.csbs.utsa.edu/researchlcar. Abstract The Center for Archaeological Research (CAR) of The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA) engaged in a two-phase contract with the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to complete archaeological and archival investigations of the Camp at the Head of the North Concho (41 STIll). The camp, known locally as Camp Elizabeth, was a military outpost of Fort Concho in San Angelo, Texas, and is now located approximately nine miles northwest of Sterling City along V.S. Highway 87. The camp lies within the right-of-way along V.S. 87 that will be impacted by a highway improvement project. CAR's archaeological and archival investigations confirmed the presence of the former military occupation of the camp during the late-nineteenth century. No evidence supporting a legendary presence of the Texas Rangers at Camp Elizabeth was found. Archival evidence that the Buffalo Soldiers, African-American troops, were stationed at Camp Elizabeth is presented. Archaeological excavations identified numerous features, including a farrier's shop. Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ i List of Figures .................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................. vi Chapter 1: Introduction Maureen Brown ............................................................................. '" .................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Project Background Bruce K. Moses, Cynthia L. Tennis, and Maureen Brown ................................................................... 5 Chapter 3: Research Issues Maureen Brown and Jose E. Zapata ................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 4: Archival Investigations Jose E. Zapata, 1. Waynne Cox, and C. Britt Bousman ...................................................................... 19 Chapter 5: Archaeological Investigations Maureen Brown, Bruce K. Moses, and Jose E. Zapata ...................................................................... 47 Chapter 6: Conclusions and Interpretations Maureen Brown, Anne A. Fox, Bruce K. Moses, Jose E. Zapata, and C. Britt Bousma .................... 81 References Cited ............................................................................................................................. 102 Appendix A: 1870 and 1880 Census Data .................................................................................... 112 Appendix B: Artifact Data ............................................................................................................................ 131 11 Figures 1-1. Project location ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1-2. Detail of project location .............................................................................................................................. 2 1-3. Project area, looking north/northwest. ......................................................................................................... 3 2-1. Vegetation zones in the vicinity of the project area ..................................................................................... 7 2-2. Vegetation in the project area ....................................................................................................................... 7 2-3. Plan of Camp Elizabeth as remembered by Kellis ..................................................................................... 12 2-4. TxDOT's investigations at 41ST111 .......................................................................................................... 14 4-1. Texas forts and selected communities in 1855 ........................................................................................... 20 4-2. Texas forts and selected communities in 1870 ........................................................................................... 24 4-3. Fort Concho and outposts, ca. 1875 ........................................................................................................... 35 4-4. Ft. Concho Scout Report map of the location of Camp at the Head of the North Concho ........................ 37 4-5. Texas frontier
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fort Concho Historical Trail
    FORT CONCHO HISTORICAL TRAIL Brought to you by Concho Valley Council Boy Scouts of America FORT CONCHO HISTORICAL TRAIL Fort Concho was established on December 4, 1867, after the army had to abandon Fort Chadbourne (located north of what is now Bronte, Texas) for lack of good water. The new fort was located at the junction of the North and South Concho Rivers. The fort consisted of some forty buildings and was constructed of native limestone. Fort Concho was closed in June 1889 after having served this area for some twenty-two years. Today, the fort is a National Historical Landmark. The Fort Concho Historical Trail takes you not only through this Fort, but also along some of the streets of the settlement of Santa Angela, now San Angelo that was developed to serve the needs of the men who were stationed at the Fort. In 1870, a trader and promoter named Bart DeWitt bought 320 acres of land for $1.00 an acre, marked off town lots and offered them for sale. The town of Santa Angela grew from just a few people to the thriving city it is today. On the trail you will take downtown, you will see some of the old buildings of this early community as well as some of the other historical areas along the Concho River. The Concho River was named from the mussel shells found in the river. THOSE ELIGIBLE TO HIKE THE TRAIL All members of the Boy Scouts of America, the Girl Scouts USA and all adults, parents and Scouters who go with them, are eligible to hike the trail and earn the Fort Concho Historical Trail Patch if they follow the trail requirements as listed.
    [Show full text]
  • D. G. & D. A. Sanford
    University of Oklahoma College of Law University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 4-5-1878 D. G. & D. A. Sanford. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/indianserialset Part of the Indian and Aboriginal Law Commons Recommended Citation H.R. Rep. No. 465, 45th Cong., 2nd Sess. (1878) This House Report is brought to you for free and open access by University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in American Indian and Alaskan Native Documents in the Congressional Serial Set: 1817-1899 by an authorized administrator of University of Oklahoma College of Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 45TH CONGREss, } HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. REPORT 2d Session. { No. 465. D. G. & D. A. SANFORD. APRIL 5, 1878.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole Honse and ordered to be printed. Mr. MORGAN, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the fol­ lowing REPORT: [To accompany bill H. R. 4241.] The Committee on Indian Affairs, to whom was referred the petition for the relief of D. G. & D. A. Sanford, report: That Messrs. D. G. & D. A. Sanford have been engaged for years as cattle-drivers, and on or about the 12th day of June, 1872, they started from ~he county of San Saba, in Texas, with 2, 782 head of cattle for California. They also had with them 38 horses and mules, 4 yoke of oxen, and 2 wagons, which contained their provisions and outfit.
    [Show full text]
  • 'The Lightning Mule Brigade: Abel Streight's 1863 Raid Into Alabama'
    H-Indiana McMullen on Willett, 'The Lightning Mule Brigade: Abel Streight's 1863 Raid into Alabama' Review published on Monday, May 1, 2000 Robert L. Willett, Jr. The Lightning Mule Brigade: Abel Streight's 1863 Raid into Alabama. Carmel: Guild Press of Indiana, 1999. 232 pp. $18.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-57860-025-0. Reviewed by Glenn L. McMullen (Curator of Manuscripts and Archives, Indiana Historical Society) Published on H-Indiana (May, 2000) A Union Cavalry Raid Steeped in Misfortune Robert L. Willett's The Lightning Mule Brigade is the first book-length treatment of Indiana Colonel Abel D. Streight's Independent Provisional Brigade and its three-week raid in spring 1863 through Northern Alabama to Rome, Georgia. The raid, the goal of which was to cut Confederate railroad lines between Atlanta and Chattanooga, was, in Willett's words, a "tragi-comic war episode" (8). The comic aspects stemmed from the fact that the raiding force was largely infantry, mounted not on horses but on fractious mules, anything but lightning-like, justified by military authorities as necessary to take it through the Alabama mountains. Willett's well-written and often moving narrative shifts between the forces of the two Union commanders (Streight and Brig. Gen. Grenville Dodge) and two Confederate commanders (Col. Phillip Roddey and Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest) who were central to the story, staying in one camp for a while, then moving to another. The result is a highly textured and complex, but enjoyable, narrative. Abel Streight, who had no formal military training, was proprietor of the Railroad City Publishing Company and the New Lumber Yard in Indianapolis when the war began.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Bibliography -- Trailtones
    Annotated Bibliography -- Trailtones Part Three: Annotated Bibliography Contents: Abdul, Raoul. Blacks in Classical Music. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1977. [Mentions Tucson-born Ulysses Kay and his 'New Horizons' composition, performed by the Moscow State Radio Orchestra and cited in Pravda in 1958. His most recent opera was Margeret Walker's Jubilee.] Adams, Alice D. The Neglected Period of Anti-Slavery n America 1808-1831. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith, 1964. [Charts the locations of Colonization groups in America.] Adams, George W. Doctors in Blue: the Medical History of the Union Army. New York: Henry Schuman, 1952. [Gives general information about the Civil War doctors.] Agee, Victoria. National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States. Teanack, New Jersey: Chadwick Healy, 1983. [The Black History collection is cited . Also found are: Mexico City Census counts, Arizona Indians, the Army, Fourth Colored Infantry, New Mexico and Civil War Pension information.] Ainsworth, Fred C. The War of the Rebellion Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. General Index. [Volumes I and Volume IV deal with Arizona.] Alwick, Henry. A Geography of Commodities. London: George G. Harrop and Co., 1962. [Tells about distribution of workers with certain crops, like sugar cane.] Amann, William F.,ed. Personnel of the Civil War: The Union Armies. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1961. [Gives Civil War genealogy of the Black Regiments that moved into Arizona from the United States Colored troops.] American Folklife Center. Ethnic Recordings in America: a Neglected Heritage. Washington: Library of Congress, 1982. [Talks of the Black Sacred Harping Singing, Blues & Gospel and Blues records of 1943- 66 by Mike Leadbetter.] American Historical Association Annual Report.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 Conference Abstracts
    African Studies Roberto Cordova, Ph.D., University of Northern Colorado Hermon George, Jr., Ph.D., University of Northern Colorado "Cooperation Between People of Color in an Age of Deracia1ization: The Case of the Black/Latino Coalition of the University of Northern Colorado (UNC), c.1982-2002" Much of the analysis of recent Afro-American/Latino relations has centered upon the electoral arena in large urban areas (e.g., Romo, 1990; Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, 1990; Jennings, 1997; Franklin and Seltzer, 2002). The chances for cooperation between these two groups in this setting is said to depend upon political mobilization for economic (e.g., low wage jobs) and political (e.g., government employment) resources. However, in our study, a non-electora1 arena- a university campus -is the locus of a study of a two decades old Afro- American/Latino coalition, the Black/Latino Coalition (BLC). After establishing four factors that account for this coalition's persistence and success (leadership, agenda, adversarial accountability, and absence of direct economic or political competition between coalition partners), a periodization of the BLC's history is offered. The study concludes with a summation of the BLC's major victories and defeats, and of the BLC's success as a measure of the prospects for black/brown cooperation in an age of deracialization. Foster K. Amey, Middle Tennessee State University AFRICAN FEMALE IMMIGRANTS IN THE US LABOR FORCE Several studies have examined the dynamics of labor force participation among immigrants in the labor markets of advanced economies such us the United States, Canada, and Australia. Particular attention has been focused on the role of female immigrants in light of the real and perceived hostile nature of the labor market in these countries to their peculiar positions as women and immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • Mack Studies
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 381 472 SO 024 893 AUTHOR Botsch, Carol Sears; And Others TITLE African-Americans and the Palmetto State. INSTITUTION South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. PUB DATE 94 NOTE 246p. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Black Culture; *Black History; Blacks; *Mack Studies; Cultural Context; Ethnic Studies; Grade 8; Junior High Schools; Local History; Resource Materials; Social Environment' *Social History; Social Studies; State Curriculum Guides; State Government; *State History IDENTIFIERS *African Americans; South Carolina ABSTRACT This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in black history produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina history as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural, political, and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. Teachers and students studying the history of the state are provided information about a part of the citizenry that has been excluded historically. The book can also be used as a resource for Social Studies, English and Elementary Education. The volume's contents include:(1) "Passage";(2) "The Creation of Early South Carolina"; (3) "Resistance to Enslavement";(4) "Free African-Americans in Early South Carolina";(5) "Early African-American Arts";(6) "The Civil War";(7) "Reconstruction"; (8) "Life After Reconstruction";(9) "Religion"; (10) "Literature"; (11) "Music, Dance and the Performing Arts";(12) "Visual Arts and Crafts";(13) "Military Service";(14) "Civil Rights"; (15) "African-Americans and South Carolina Today"; and (16) "Conclusion: What is South Carolina?" Appendices contain lists of African-American state senators and congressmen.
    [Show full text]
  • The African American Soldier at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1892-1946
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Anthropology, Department of 2-2001 The African American Soldier At Fort Huachuca, Arizona, 1892-1946 Steven D. Smith University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/anth_facpub Part of the Anthropology Commons Publication Info Published in 2001. © 2001, University of South Carolina--South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology This Book is brought to you by the Anthropology, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIER AT FORT HUACHUCA, ARIZONA, 1892-1946 The U.S Army Fort Huachuca, Arizona, And the Center of Expertise for Preservation of Structures and Buildings U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Seattle District Seattle, Washington THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIER AT FORT HUACHUCA, ARIZONA, 1892-1946 By Steven D. Smith South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology University of South Carolina Prepared For: U.S. Army Fort Huachuca, Arizona And the The Center of Expertise for Preservation of Historic Structures & Buildings, U.S. Army Corps of Engineer, Seattle District Under Contract No. DACW67-00-P-4028 February 2001 ABSTRACT This study examines the history of African American soldiers at Fort Huachuca, Arizona from 1892 until 1946. It was during this period that U.S. Army policy required that African Americans serve in separate military units from white soldiers. All four of the United States Congressionally mandated all-black units were stationed at Fort Huachuca during this period, beginning with the 24th Infantry and following in chronological order; the 9th Cavalry, the 10th Cavalry, and the 25th Infantry.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011-Summer Timelines
    OMENA TIMELINES Remembering Omena’s Generals and … The American Civil War Sesquicentennial A PUBLICATION OF THE OMENA HISTORICAL SOCIETY SUMMER 2011 From the Editor Jim Miller s you can see, our Timelines publica- tion has changed quite a bit. We have A taken it from an institutional “newslet- ter” to a full-blown magazine. To make this all possible, we needed to publish it annually rather than bi-annually. By doing so, we will be able to provide more information with an historical focus rather than the “news” focus. Bulletins and OHS news will be sent in multiple ways; by e-mail, through our website, published in the Leelanau Enterprise or through special mailings. We hope you like our new look! is the offi cial publication Because 2011 is the sesquicentennial year for Timelines of the Omena Historical Society (OHS), the start of the Civil War, it was only fi tting authorized by its Board of Directors and that we provide appropriately related matter published annually. for this issue. We are focusing on Omena’s three Civil War generals and other points that should Mailing address: pique your interest. P.O. Box 75 I want to take this opportunity to thank Omena, Michigan 49674 Suzie Mulligan for her hard work as the long- www.omenahistoricalsociety.com standing layout person for Timelines. Her sage Timelines advice saved me on several occasions and her Editor: Jim Miller expertise in laying out Timelines has been Historical Advisor: Joey Bensley invaluable to us. Th anks Suzie, I truly appre- Editorial Staff : Joan Blount, Kathy Miller, ciate all your help.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Augustine Rewarded David Chatterton with General Manager of the Year for All His Hard Work and Dedication to the Company
    CASTmembers in St. Augustine rewarded David Chatterton with General Manager of the Year for all his hard work and dedication to the company. It is not a secret how hard Dave works to make the operations in St. Augustine the best they can be. We would like to recognize Dave and give him a nice pat on the back for being such a great role model for our company. Keep up on all the happenings in St. Augustine on Page 26! FROM THE DESK OF THE CHIEF CONDUCTOR IN THE AGE OF DISRUPTION … WHAT NEXT? by Chris Belland, CEO It seems as though we are living in one strategy of using words to describe of the most disruptive moments in political what we do to make sure no one ever and economic history. Trump has made an forgot what business we are in. We are art form of running an outrageous campaign not employees but “CASTmembers”; and shows no signs of slacking off as the new we are not just leaders of people or President. things, we are “Leadagers”. We don’t I wondered, with great incredulity, at have jobs, but we all play a “role” in Trump’s tactics during the campaign, doing delivering a vast array of products and such things as ridiculing John McCain’s war record, going to media “Transportainment” opportunities for war with parents of fallen soldiers and shirking off some egregious our guests. comportment with the opposite sex. Now, as President, with the The result? Historic Tours of Christopher Belland stroke of a pen, he has repudiated Obamacare, attempted to stop America has grown from a single Chief Executive Officer all immigration from a select number of countries and is gutting trolley company, originally with 13 banking regulations put into place after the recent “great recession”.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT: [To Accompany Bill H
    45TH CONGREss, } HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. REPORT 2d Session. { No. 465. D. G. & D. A. SANFORD. APRIL 5, 1878.-Committed to the Committee of the Whole Honse and ordered to be printed. Mr. MORGAN, from the Committee on Indian Affairs, submitted the fol­ lowing REPORT: [To accompany bill H. R. 4241.] The Committee on Indian Affairs, to whom was referred the petition for the relief of D. G. & D. A. Sanford, report: That Messrs. D. G. & D. A. Sanford have been engaged for years as cattle-drivers, and on or about the 12th day of June, 1872, they started from ~he county of San Saba, in Texas, with 2, 782 head of cattle for California. They also had with them 38 horses and mules, 4 yoke of oxen, and 2 wagons, which contained their provisions and outfit. On · the lOth day of July they applied to Maj. John P. Hatch, com­ manding United States troops at Fort Concho, for a military escort across the Staked Plains. The escort was promised them on their arri­ val at the fort, but upon their arrival, that .officer advised them to pro­ ceed with ·their herd, and, as one of the petitioners swears, promised them an escort which would overtake them on· the 13th. They, under this advice, drove their herd about twelve miles and went into camp to await the arrival of the promised escort, when at about one o'clock on the morning of the 14th they were attacked by a large body of India,ns, a part of whom drove in the herders, while the others drove off the stock.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Army Scouts: the Southwestern
    3-/71 UNITED STATES ARMY SCOUTS: THE SOUTHWESTERN EXPERIENCE, 1866-1890 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Carol Conley Nance, B. A. Denton, Texas May, 1975 Nance, Carol Conley, United States Army Scouts: The Southwestern Experience, 1866-1890. Master of Arts (History), May, 1975, 156 pp., 4 maps, bibliography, 107 titles. In the post-Civil War Southwest, the United States Army utilized civilians and Indians as scouts. As the mainstay of the reconnaissance force, enlisted Indians excelled as trackers, guides, and fighters. General George Crook became the foremost advocate of this service. A little-known aspect of the era was the international controversy created by the activities of native trackers under the 1882 recipro- cal hot pursuit agreement between Mexico and the United States. Providing valuable information on Army scouts are numerous government records which include the Annual Report of the Secretary of War from 1866 to 1896 and Foreign Relations of the United States for 1883 and 1886. Memoirs, biographies, and articles in regional and national histori- cal journals supplement government documents. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS . iv Chapter I. THE SOUTHWEST: CONVENTIONAL ARMY, UNCONVENTIONAL ENEMY 17 II. ARMY SCOUTS: CIVILIANS ON THE TRAIL . 2.17 III. ARMY SCOUTS: SET AN INDIAN TO CATCH AN INDIAN ..................... - - - - 28 IV. GENERAL GEORGE CROOK: UNCONVENTIONAL SOLDIER ........................ - -0 -0 -0 .0 68 V. INDIAN SCOUTS: AN INTERNATIONAL CONTROVERSY .......... *........ .100 VI. ARMY SCOUTS: SOME OBSERVATIONS .. o. 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY, . ...........-.-.-. .148 iii LIST OF MAPS Map Following Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Buffalo Soldiers Study, March 2019
    NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUFFALO SOLDIERS STUDY MARCH 2019 BUFFALO SOLDIERS STUDY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The study explores the Buffalo Soldiers’ stewardship role in the early years of the national Legislation and Purpose park system and identifies NPS sites associated with the history of the Buffalo Soldiers and their The National Defense Authorization Act of 2015, post-Civil War military service. In this study, Public Law 113-291, authorized the Secretary of the term “stewardship” is defined as the total the Interior to conduct a study to examine: management of the parks that the US Army carried out, including the Buffalo Soldiers. “The role of the Buffalo Soldiers in the early Stewardship tasks comprised constructing and years of the national park system, including developing park features such as access roads an evaluation of appropriate ways to enhance and trails; performing regular maintenance historical research, education, interpretation, functions; undertaking law enforcement within and public awareness of the Buffalo Soldiers in park boundaries; and completing associated the national parks, including ways to link the administrative tasks, among other duties. To a story to the development of national parks and lesser extent, the study also identifies sites not African American military service following the managed by the National Park Service but still Civil War.” associated with the service of the Buffalo Soldiers. The geographic scope of the study is nationwide. To meet this purpose, the goals of this study are to • evaluate ways to increase public awareness Study Process and understanding of Buffalo Soldiers in the early history of the National Park Service; and The process of developing this study involved five phases, with each phase building on and refining • evaluate ways to enhance historical research, suggestions developed during the previous phase.
    [Show full text]