Encyclopedia of Pain

Encyclopedia of Pain

Volume 1 A–G

With 713 Figures and 211 Tables

123 Professor em. Dr. Robert F. Schmidt Professor Dr. William D. Willis Physiological Institute Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Würzburg University of Texas Medical Branch Röntgenring 9 301 University Boulevard 97070 Würzburg Galveston Germany TX 77555-1069 [email protected] USA [email protected]

ISBN-13: 978-3-540-43957-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under 978-3-540-29805-2 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-540-33447-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2006925866

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer- Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 2007 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Editor: Thomas Mager, Andrea Pillmann, Heidelberg Development Editor: Michaela Bilic, Natasja Sheriff, Heidelberg Production Editor: Frank Krabbes, Heidelberg Cover Design: Frido Steinen-Broo, Spain Printed on acid free paper SPIN: 10877912 2109fk - 543210 Preface

As all medical students know, pain is the most common reason for a person to consult a physician. Under ordinary circumstances,acutepainhasauseful,protectivefunction.Itdiscouragestheindividualfromactivitiesthataggravate the pain, allowing faster recovery from tissue damage. The physician can often tell from the nature of the pain what its source is. In most cases, treatment of the underlying condition resolves the pain. By contrast, children born with congenital insensitivity to pain suffer repeated physical damage and die young (see Sweet WH (1981) Pain 10:275).

Pain resulting from difficult to treat or untreatable conditions can become persistent. Chronic pain “never has a biologic function but is a malefic force that often imposes severe emotional, physical, economic, and social stresses onthepatientandonthefamily...”(BonicaJJ(1990) The Management of Pain, vol 1, 2nd edn. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, p 19). Chronic pain can be considered a disease in its own right.

Pain is a complex phenomenon. It has been defined by the Taxonomy Committee of the International Association for the Study of Pain as “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (Merskey H and Bogduk N (1994) Classification of Chronic Pain, 2nd edn. IASP Press, Seattle). It is often ongoing, but in some cases it may be evoked by stimuli. Hyperalgesia occurs when there is an increase in pain intensity in response to stimuli that are normally painful. Allodynia is pain that is evoked by stimuli that are normally non-painful.

Acute pain is generally attributable to the activation of primary afferent neurons called nociceptors (Sherrington CS (1906) The IntegrativeAction of the Nervous System. Yale University Press, New Haven; 2nd edn, 1947). These sensory nerve fibers have high thresholds and respond to strong stimuli that threaten or cause injury to tissues of the body. Chronic pain may result from continuous or repeated activation of nociceptors, as in some forms of cancer or in chronic inflammatory states, such as arthritis.

However, chronic pain can also be produced by damage to nervous tissue. If peripheral nerves are injured, peripheral neuropathicpainmaydevelop.Damagetocertainpartsofthecentralnervoussystemmayresultincentralneuropathic pain. Examples of conditions that can cause central neuropathic pain include spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular accidents, and multiple sclerosis.

Research on pain in humanshasbeen animportantclinicaltopicfor manyyears.Basic science studieswererelatively few in number until experimental work on pain accelerated following detailed descriptions of peripheral nocicep- tors and central nociceptive neurons that were made in the 1960’s and 70’s, by the discovery of the endogenous opioid compounds and the descending pain control systems in the 1970’s and the application of modern imaging techniques to visualize areas of the brain that are affected by pain in the 1990’s. Accompanying these advances has been the development of a number of animal models of human pain states, with the goal of using these to examine pain mechanisms and also to test analgesic drugs or non-pharmacologic interventions that might prove useful for the treatment of pain in humans. Basic research on pain now emphasizes multidisciplinary approaches, including behavioral testing, electrophysiology and the application of many of the techniques of modern cell and molecular biology, including the use of transgenic animals.

The “Encyclopedia of Pain” is meant to provide a source of information that spans contemporary basic and clinical research on pain and pain therapy. It should be useful not only to researchers in these fields but also to practicing physiciansandotherhealthcareprofessionalsandtohealthcareeducatorsandadministrators.Theworkissubdivided into 35 Fields, and the Field Editor of each of these describes the areas covered in the Fields in a brief review chapter. The topics included in a Field are the subject of a series of short essays, accompanied by key words, definitions, VI Preface illustrations, and a list of significant references. The number of authors who have contributed to the encyclopedia exceeds 550. The plan of the publisher, Springer-Verlag, is to produce both print and electronic versions of this encyclopedia. Numerous links within the electronic version should make comprehensive searches easy to manage. The electronic version will be updated at sufficiently short intervals to ensure that the content remains current.

The editors thank the staff at Springer-Verlag who have provided oversight for this project, including Rolf Lange, Thomas Mager, Claudia Lange, Natasja Sheriff, and Michaela Bilic. Working with these outstanding individuals has been a pleasure.

July 2006

ROBERT F. SCHMIDT WILLIAM D. WILLIS Würzburg, Germany Galveston, Texas, USA Editors-in-Chief

ROBERT R. SCHMIDT WILLIAM D. WILLIS Physiological Institute Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Würzburg University of Texas Medical Branch Würzburg Galveston, TX Germany USA [email protected] [email protected]

Field Editors

A. VANIA APKARIAN SIR MICHAEL R. BOND Department of Physiology University of Glasgow Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Glasgow Chicago, IL UK USA [email protected] [email protected] KIM J. BURCHIEL Department of Neurological Surgery LARS ARENDT-NIELSEN The Oregon Health Sciences University Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research Portland, OR Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction USA Aalborg University [email protected] Aalborg Denmark KENNETH L. CASEY [email protected] Department of Neurology and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology University of Michigan CARLOS BELMONTE and Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante Consultant in Neurology Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC Veterans Administration Medical Center SanJuandeAlicante Ann Arbor, MI Spain USA [email protected] [email protected]

PHILLIP BERRYHILL JIN MO CHUNG PMG Cedar Neurosurgery Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Albuquerque, NM University of Texas Medical Branch USA Galveston, TX [email protected] USA [email protected]

NIELS BIRBAUMER MICHAEL J. COUSINS Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management Neurobiology Royal North Shore Hospital University of Tübingen University of Sydney Tübingen St. Leonards, NSW Germany Australia [email protected] [email protected]

MARSHALL DEVOR NIKOLAI BOGDUK Department of Cell and Animal Biology Department of Clinical Research Institute of Life Sciences and Royal Newcastle Hospital Newcastle Center for Research on Pain University of Newcastle Hebrew University of Jerusalem Newcastle, NSW Jerusalem Australia Israel [email protected] [email protected] X Field Editors

HANS-CHRISTOPH DIENER HERMANN O. HANDWERKER Deptartment of Neurology Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Duisburg-Essen University of Erlangen/Nürnberg Essen Erlangen Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] JONATHAN O. DOSTROVSKY Department of Physiology WILFRID JÄNIG Faculty of Medicine Physiology Institute University of Toronto Christian Albrechts University Kiel Toronto, ON Kiel Canada Germany [email protected] [email protected]

RONALD DUBNER MARTIN KOLTZENBURG Department of Biomedical Sciences Institute of Child Health and Institute of Neurology University of Maryland University College London Baltimore, MD London USA UK [email protected] [email protected] HERTA FLOR Department of Neuropsychology at the FRED A. LENZ University of Heidelberg Departments of Neurosurgery Central Institute of Mental Health Johns Hopkins University Mannheim Baltimore, MD Germany USA fl[email protected] fl[email protected] GERALD F. GEBHART Department of Pharmacology ROSS MACPHERSON University of Iowa Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management Iowa City, IA Royal North Shore Hospital USA University of Sydney [email protected] St. Leonards, NSW Australia GERD GEISSLINGER [email protected] Institute for Clinical Pharmacology pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES PATRICIA A. MCGRATH Clinical Centre of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Department of Anaesthesia University Frankfurt am Main Divisional Centre of Pain Management and Research Frankfurt The Hospital for Sick Children Germany and [email protected] Brain and Behavior Program Research Institute at The Hospital for Sick Children GLENN J. GIESLER JR. Department of Neuroscience and University of Minnesota Department of Anaesthesia Minneapolis, MN University of Toronto USA Toronto, ON [email protected] Canada

PETER J. GOADSBY FRANK PORRECA Institute of Neurology Departments of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology The National Hospital for Neurology and University of Arizona Neurosurgery Health Sciences Center London Tucson, AZ UK USA [email protected] [email protected] Field Editors XI

RUSSELL K. PORTENOY DENNIS C. TURK Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Department of Anesthesiology Beth Israel Medical Center University of Washington School of Medicine New York, NY Seattle, WA USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

JAMES P. ROBINSON Department of Anesthesiology University of Washington School of Medicine URSULA WESSELMANN Seattle, WA Departments of Neurology USA Neurological Surgery and Biomedical Engineering [email protected] The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD HANS-GEORG SCHAIBLE Department of Physiology USA University of Jena [email protected] Jena Germany [email protected] GEORGE L. WILCOX BARRY J. SESSLE Department of Neuroscience Department of Physiology Pharmacology and Dermatology Faculty of Medicine University of Minnesota Medical School and Minneapolis, MN Faculty of Dentistry USA University of Toronto [email protected] Toronto, ON Canada [email protected] ROBERT P. Y EZIERSKI BENGT H. SJÖLUND Department of Orthodontics Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Comprehensive Center for Pain Research and Victims The McKnight Brain Institute South Danish University University of Florida Copenhagen Gainesville, FL Denmark USA [email protected] [email protected]fl.edu

List of Contributors

TIPU AAMIR RETO M. AGOSTI The Auckland Regional Pain Service Headache Center Hirlsanden Auckland Hospital Zürich Auckland Switzerland New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] HUGO VAN AKEN CATHERINE ABBADIE Clinic and Policlinic for Anaesthesiology and Department of Pharmacology operative Intensive Medicine Merck Research Laboratories University Hospital Münster Rahway, NJ Münster USA Germany [email protected]

FRANCES V. A BBOTT ELIE D. AL-CHAER Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences McGill University College of Medicine Montreal, QC University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Canada Center for Pain Research Pediatrics HEATHER ADAMS Little Rock, AR Department of Psychology USA University of Montreal [email protected] Montreal, QC Canada MARIE-CLAIRE ALBANESE [email protected] Department of Psychology McGill University ROLF H. ADLER Montreal, QC Prof. em. Medicine Canada Kehrsatz [email protected] Switzerland

KATHRYN M. ALBERS CLAIRE D. ADVOKAT Department of Medicine Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Louisiana State University Pittsburgh, PA Baton Rouge, LA USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

SHEFALI AGARWAL TERRY ALTILIO Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Medicine Beth Israel Medical Center The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine New York, NY Baltimore, MD USA USA [email protected] XIV List of Contributors

RAINER AMANN A. VANIA APKARIAN Medical University Graz Department of Physiology Graz Feinberg School of Medicine Austria Northwestern University [email protected] Chicago, IL USA [email protected] RON AMIR Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Research on Pain LARS ARENDT-NIELSEN Hebrew University of Jerusalem Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research Jerusalem Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction Israel Aalborg University [email protected] Aalborg Denmark [email protected] PRAVEEN ANAND Peripheral Neuropathy Unit KIRSTEN ARNDT Imperial College London CNS Pharmacology Hammersmith Hospital Pain Research London Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG UK Biberach/Riss [email protected] Germany [email protected] OLE K. ANDERSEN Department of Health Science & Technology ERIK ASKENASY Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction Health Science Center at Houston Aalborg University Neurobiology and Anatomy Aalborg University of Texas Denmark Houston, TX [email protected] USA

STAN ANDERSON CHRISTOPH AUFENBERG Departments of Neurosurgery Functional Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University Neurosurgical Clinic Baltimore, MD University Hospital USA Zürich Switzerland WILLIAM S. ANDERSON Department of Neurological Surgery BEATE AVERBECK Johns Hopkins Hospital Sanofi–Aventis Deutschland GmbH Baltimore, MD Frankfurt USA Germany [email protected] beate.averbeck@sanofi-aventis.com

QASIM AZIZ KARL-ERIK ANDERSSON Section of GI Sciences Departments of Clinical Pharmacology Hope Hospital Anesthesiology and Intensive Care University of Manchester Lund University Hospital Salford Lund UK Sweden F. W. BACH FRANK ANDRASIK Danish Pain Research Center and University of West Florida Department of Neurology Pensacola, FL Aarhus University Hospital USA Aarhus [email protected] Denmark List of Contributors XV

S. K. BACK JEFFREY R. BASFORD Medical Science Research Center and Department of Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physiology Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation Korea University College of Medicine Rochester, MN Seoul USA Korea [email protected]

MISHA-MIROSLAV BACKONJA HEINZ-DIETER BASLER Department of Neurology Institute of Medical Psychology University of Wisconsin-Madison University of Marburg Madison, WI Marburg USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]

MICHELE C. BATTIÉ CARSTEN BANTEL Department of Physical Therapy Magill Department of Anaesthetics University of Alberta Chelsea and Westminster Campus Edmonton, AB Imperial College of Science Canada Technology and Medicine [email protected] London UK [email protected] ULF BAUMGÄRTNER Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology Johannes Gutenberg University ALEX BARLING Mainz Department of Neurology Germany Birmingham Muscle and Nerve Centre Queen Elizabeth Hospital JOLENE D. BEAN-LIJEWSKI Birmingham Department of Anesthesiology UK Scott and White Memorial Hospital [email protected] Temple, TX USA RALF BARON [email protected] Department of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy ALAIN BEAUDET Department of Neurology Montreal Neurological Institute Christian Albrechts University Kiel McGill University Kiel Montreal, QC Germany Canada [email protected] [email protected]

GORDON A. BARR LINO BECERRA Department of Psychology Brain Imaging Center Hunter College McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School Graduate Center Belmont, MA City University of New York USA and [email protected] Department of Developmental Psychobiology New York State Psychiatric Institute YAAKOV BEILIN Department of Psychiatry Department of Anesthesiology and Obstetrics Medical Center Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Columbia University Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY New York, NY USA USA [email protected] [email protected] XVI List of Contributors

ALVIN J. BEITZ MAURICE F. BENSIGNOR Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Centre Catherine de Sienne University of Minnesota Reze St. Paul, MN France USA [email protected] [email protected] EDWARD BENZEL MILES J. BELGRADE The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Fairview Pain & Palliative Care Department of Neurosurgery University of Minnesota Medical Center Cleveland Clinic Spine Institute and Cleveland, OH Department of Neurology USA University of Minnesota Medical School [email protected] Minneapolis, MN USA DAV I D A. BEREITER [email protected] Department of Surgery Brown Medical School CARLO VALERIO BELLIENI Providence, RI Neonatal Intensive Care Unit USA University Hospital [email protected] Siena Italy ELMAR BERENDES [email protected] Clinic and Policlinic for Anaesthesiology and operative Intensive Medicine CARLOS BELMONTE University Hospital Münster Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante Münster Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC Germany SanJuandeAlicante [email protected] Spain [email protected] KAREN J. BERKLEY Program in Neuroscience ALLAN J. BELZBERG Florida State University Department of Neurosurgery Tallahassee, FL Johns Hopkins School of Medicine USA Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA [email protected] PETER BERLIT Department of Neurology FABRIZIO BENEDETTI Alfried Krupp Hospital Department of Neuroscience Essen Clinical and Applied Physiology Program Germany University of Turin Medical School [email protected] Turin Italy JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERNARD [email protected] Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière ROBERT BENNETT Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Department of Medicine Médicale Oregon Health and Science University INSERM U-677 Portland, OR Paris USA France [email protected] [email protected]

DAV I D BENNETT ANNE KJØRSVIK BERTELSEN Department of Neurology Department of Neurology King’s College Hospital Haukeland University Hospital London Bergen UK Norway [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XVII

MARCELO E. BIGAL NIKOLAI BOGDUK Department of Neurology Department of Clinical Research Albert Einstein College of Medicine Royal Newcastle Hospital Bronx, NY Newcastle, NSW and Australia The New England Center for Headache [email protected] Stamford, CT and JÖRGEN BOIVIE Montefiore Headache Unit, Department of Neurology Bronx, NY University Hospital USA Linköping Sweden YITZCHAK M. BINIK [email protected] McGill University Montreal, QC SIR MICHAEL R. BOND Canada University of Glasgow [email protected] Glasgow NIELS BIRBAUMER UK Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral [email protected] Neurobiology University of Tübingen RICHARD L. BOORTZ-MARX Tübingen Department of Neurosciences Germany Gundersen Lutheran Health Care System [email protected] La Crosse, WI USA FRANK BIRKLEIN [email protected] Department of Neurology University of Mainz JAMES M. BOROWCZYK Mainz Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Germany Medicine [email protected] Christchurch Public Hospital Christchurch Clinical School of Medicine and Health THOMAS BISHOP Sciences Centre for Neuroscience Christchurch King’s College London New Zealand London [email protected] UK [email protected] DAV I D BORSOOK Brain Imaging Center HENNING BLIDDAL The Parker Institute McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School Frederiksberg Hospital Belmont, MA Copenhagen USA Denmark GEORGE S. BORSZCZ [email protected] Department of Psychology RONALD H. BLUM Wayne State University Beth Israel Medical Center Detroit, MI New York, NY USA USA [email protected] [email protected] JASENKA BORZAN JAMES A. BLUNK Department of Anesthesiology and Clinic for Anaesthesiology Critical Care Medicine University of Erlangen Johns Hopkins University Erlangen Baltimore, MD Germany USA [email protected] [email protected] XVIII List of Contributors

REGINA M. BOTTING PABLO BRUMOVSKY The William Harvey Research Institute Department of Neuroscience The John Vane Science Centre Karolinska Institute Queen Mary University of London Stockholm St Bartholomew’s and the London School of Sweden Medicine and Dentistry and London Neuroscience Laboratory UK Austral University [email protected] Buenos Aires Argentina DAV I D BOWSHER Pain Research Institute KAY BRUNE University Hospital Aintree Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Liverpool and Toxicology UK Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg [email protected] or [email protected] Erlangen Germany EMMA L. BRANDON [email protected] Royal Perth Hospital and University of Western Australia MARIA BURIAN Crawley, WA Pharmacological Center Frankfurt Australia Clinical Center Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt HARALD BREIVIK Germany Rikshospitalet University Hospital [email protected] Rikshospitalet Norway RICHARD BURSTAL [email protected] John Hunter Royal Hospital Newcastle, NSW CHRISTOPHER R. BRIGHAM Australia Brigham and Associates Inc. [email protected] Portland, OR USA DAN BUSKILA [email protected] Rheumatic Disease Unit Faculty of Health Sciences STEPHEN C. BROWN Soroka Medical Center Department of Anesthesia Ben Gurion University Divisional Centre of Pain Management and Pain Beer Sheva Research Israel The Hospital for Sick Children [email protected] Toronto, ON Canada CATHERINE M. CAHILL [email protected] Queen’s University Kingston, ON JEFFREY A. BROWN Canada Department of Neurological Surgery [email protected] Wayne State University School of Medicine BRIAN E. CAIRNS Detroit and Neurological Surgery Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences NY, USA University of British Columbia [email protected] Vancouver, BC Canada EDUARDO BRUERA [email protected] Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine NIGEL A. CALCUTT The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Department of Pathology Center University of California San Diego Houston, TX La Jolla, CA USA USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XIX

KATHARINE ANDREWS CAMPBELL SANDRA CHAPLAN Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & University College London Development London San Diego, CA UK USA [email protected] [email protected]

JAMES N. CAMPBELL C. RICHARD CHAPMAN Department of Neurosurgery Pain Research Center The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology Baltimore, MD University of Utah School of Medicine USA Salt Lake City, UT [email protected] USA [email protected]

ADAM CARINCI SANTOSH K. CHATURVEDI Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences Medicine Bangalore The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine India Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA ANDREW C. N. CHEN GIANCARLO CARLI Human Brain Mapping and Cortical Imaging Department of Physiology Laboratory University of Siena Aalborg University Siena Aalborg Italy Denmark [email protected] [email protected]

ANDREA CHEVILLE CHRISTER P.O. C ARLSSON Rehabilitation Department Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Lunds University Hosptial University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Lund Philadelphia, PA Sweden USA [email protected] [email protected] NAOMI L. CHILLINGWORTH SUSAN M. CARLTON Department of Physiology Marine Biomedical Institute School of Medical Sciences University of Texas Medical Branch University of Bristol Galveston, TX Bristol USA UK [email protected] CATHERINE CHO KENNETH L. CASEY Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories Department of Neurology Mount Sinai Medical Center University of Michigan New York, NY and USA Neurology Research Laboratory EDWARD CHOW VA Medical Center Toronto Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Center Ann Arbor, MI University of Toronto USA Toronto, ON [email protected] Canada [email protected] CHRISTINE T. CHAMBERS Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology JULIE A. CHRISTIANSON Dalhousie University and IWK Health Centre University of Pittsburgh Halifax, NS Pittsburgh, PA Canada USA [email protected] [email protected] XX List of Contributors

MACDONALD J. CHRISTIE TERENCE J. CODERRE Pain Management Research Institute and Kolling Department of Anesthesia Institute Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychology University of Sydney McGill University Sydney, NSW Montreal, QC Australia Canada [email protected] [email protected]

ROBERT C. COGHILL KYUNGSOON CHUNG Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Texas Medical Branch Wake Forest University School of Medicine Galveston, TX Winston-Salem, NC USA USA [email protected] [email protected] ALAN L. COLLEDGE JIN MO CHUNG Utah Labor Commission Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology International Association of Industrial Accident University of Texas Medical Branch Boards and Commissions Galveston, TX Salt Lake City, UT USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

W. CRAWFORD CLARK BEVERLY J. COLLETT College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Hospitals of Leicester University Leicester New York, NY UK USA [email protected] [email protected] LESLEY A. COLVIN Department of Anaesthesia JUDY CLARKE Critical Care and Pain Medicine Institute for Work & Health Western General Hospital Toronto, ON Edinburgh Canada UK [email protected] [email protected]

JAMES F. CLEARY KEVIN C. CONLON University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Trinity College Dublin Center University of Dublin Madison, WI and USA The Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating [email protected] The National Children’s Hospital Dublin Ireland CHARLES S. CLEELAND [email protected] The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center BRIAN Y. C OOPER Houston, TX Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery USA University of Florida [email protected] Gainesville, FL USA JOHN DE CLERCQ [email protected]fl.edu Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy CHRISTINE CORDLE Ghent University Hospital University Hospitals of Leicester Ghent Leicester Belgium UK List of Contributors XXI

MICHAEL J. COUSINS F. MICHAEL CUTRER Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management Department of Neurology Royal North Shore Hospital Mayo Clinic University of Sydney Rochester, MN St. Leonards, NSW USA Australia [email protected] [email protected] NACHUM DAFNY Health Science Center at Houston VERNE C. COX Department of Psychology Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Texas at Arlington University of Texas Arlington, TX Houston, TX USA USA [email protected]

REBECCA M. CRAFT JØRGEN B. DAHL Washington State University Department of Anaesthesiology Pullman, WA Glostrup University Hospital USA Herlev [email protected] Denmark [email protected] KENNETH D. CRAIG Department of Psychology YI DAI University of British Columbia Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Vancouver, BC Hyogo College of Medicine Canada Hyogo [email protected] Japan

GEERT CROMBEZ STEFAAN VAN DAMME Department of Experimental Clinical and Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Health Psychology Ghent University Ghent University Ghent Ghent Belgium Belgium [email protected] [email protected]

ALEXANDRE F. M. DASILVA JOAN CROOK Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation Massachusetts General Hospital Hamilton, ON Harvard Medical School Canada Charlestown, MA USA GIORGIO CRUCCU [email protected] Department of Neurological Sciences La Sapienza University BRIAN DAV I S Rome University of Pittsburgh Italy Pittsburgh, PA [email protected] USA [email protected] MICHELE CURATOLO Department of Anesthesiology KAREN D. DAV I S Division of Pain Therapy University of Toronto and the University Hospital of Bern Toronto Western Research Institute Inselspital University Health Network Bern Toronto, ON Switzerland Canada [email protected] [email protected] XXII ListofContributors

RICHARD O. DAY HANS-CHRISTOPH DIENER Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Department of Neurology School of Medical Sciences University Hospital of Essen University of New South Wales Essen and Germany Department of Clinical Pharmacology [email protected] St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, NSW ADAM VAN DIJK Australia Department of Anesthesiology [email protected] Queen’s University Kingston General Hospital Kingston, ON ISABELLE DECOSTERD Anesthesiology Pain Research Group Canada Department of Anesthesiology University Hospital (CHUV) and Department NATALIA DMITRIEVA of Cell Biology and Morphology Program in Neuroscience Lausanne University Florida State University Lausanne Tallahassee, FL Switzerland USA [email protected] [email protected]

JOYCE A. DELEO REGINALD J. DOCHERTY Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Dartmouth Medical School King’s College London Lebanon, NH London USA UK [email protected] [email protected]

LUCY F. DONALDSON A. LEE DELLON Department of Physiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medical Sciences Baltimore, MD University of Bristol USA Bristol [email protected] UK [email protected] MARSHALL DEVOR Institute of Life Sciences and HENRI DOODS Center for Research on Pain CNS Pharmacology Hebrew University of Jerusalem Pain Research Jerusalem Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. Israel KG [email protected] Biberach/Riss Germany DAV I D DIAMANT Neurological and Spinal Surgery VICTORIA DORF Lincoln, NE Social Security Administration USA Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA [email protected] ANTHONY H. DICKENSON Department of Pharmacology MICHAEL J. DORSI University College London Department of Neurosurgery London Johns Hopkins School of Medicine UK Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA List of Contributors XXIII

JONATHAN O. DOSTROVSKY CHRISTOPHER ECCLESTON Department of Physiology Pain Management Unit Faculty of Medicine University of Bath University of Toronto Bath Toronto, ON UK Canada [email protected] [email protected] JOHN EDMEADS PAUL DREYFUSS Sunnybrook and Woman’s College Health Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Sciences Centre University of Washington University of Toronto Seattle, WA Toronto, ON USA Canada [email protected] [email protected]

ROBERT R. EDWARDS PETER D. DRUMMOND School of Psychology Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Murdoch University The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Perth, WA Baltimore, MD Australia USA [email protected] [email protected] EVA N R. EISENBERG RONALD DUBNER Department of Urology University of Maryland Long Island Jewish Medical Center Department of Biomedical Sciences New York, NY Baltimore, MD USA USA [email protected] JANET W. M. E LLIS Department of Anaesthesia ANNE DUCROS Divisional Centre for Pain Management Headache Emergency Department and and Institute National de la Santé et de la Recherche Pain Research Médicale (INSERM) The Hospital for Sick Children Faculté de Médecine Lariboisière Toronto, ON Lariboisière Hospital Canada Paris [email protected] France [email protected] JOYCE M. ENGEL Department of Rehabilitation Medicine GARY DUNCAN University of Washington Department of Psychology Seattle, WA McGill University USA Montreal, QC [email protected] Canada MATTHEW ENNIS MARY J. EATON Deptartment of Anatomy and Neurobiology Miller School of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center University of Miami Memphis, TN Miami, FL USA USA [email protected] [email protected] EDZARD ERNST ANDREA EBERSBERGER Complementary Medicine Department of Physiology Peninsula Medical School Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Universities of Exeter and Plymouth Jena Exeter Germany UK [email protected] [email protected] XXIV ListofContributors

LYDIA ESTANISLAO ANDRES FERNANDEZ Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories Departments of Neurosurgery Mount Sinai Medical Center Johns Hopkins University New York, NY Baltimore, MD USA USA THOMAS EWERT ANTONIO VICENTE FERRER-MONTIEL Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Ludwig-Maximilians University University Miguel Hernández Munich Elche Germany Alicante Spain KERI L. FAKATA [email protected] College of Pharmacy and Pain Management Center University of Utah MICHAEL FEUERSTEIN Salt Lake City, UT Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology USA Uniformed Services University of the Health [email protected] Sciences Bethesda, MD MARIE FALLON and Department of Oncology Department of Preventive Medicine & Biometrics Edinburgh Cancer Center USUHS University of Edinburgh Bethesda, MD Edinburgh and Scotland Georgetown University Medical Center [email protected] Washington, DC GILBERT J. FANCIULLO USA Pain Management Center [email protected] Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, NH VERONIKA FIALKA-MOSER USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [email protected] University Vienna Vienna ANDREW J. FARACI Austria Virginia Mason Medical Center Pmr.offi[email protected] Seattle, WA USA PERRY G. FINE Pain Management and Research Center CHARLOTTE FEINMANN University of Utah Eastman Dental Institute and Department if Salt Lake City, UT Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences USA University College London fi[email protected] London UK DAV I D J. FINK [email protected] Department of Neurology University of Michigan and VA Ann Arbor ELIZABETH ROY FELIX The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis Healthcare System University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Ann Arbor, MI Miami, FL USA USA dfi[email protected] [email protected] NANNA BRIX FINNERUP YI FENG Department of Neurology and Department of Anesthesiology Danish Pain Research Centre Peking University People’s Hospital Aarhus University Hospital Peking Aarhus P. R. China Denmark [email protected] fi[email protected] List of Contributors XXV

DAV I D A. FISHBAIN JAN FRIDÉN Department of Psychiatry and Department of Department of Hand Surgery Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology Sahlgrenska University Hospital University of Miami Göteborg School of Medicine and H. Rosomoff Pain Sweden Center at South Shore Hospital [email protected] Miami, FL USA ALLAN H. FRIEDMAN dfi[email protected] Division of Neurosurgery Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC PER FLISBERG USA Royal Perth Hospital University of Western Australia PERRY N. FUCHS Perth, WA Department of Psychology Australia University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX USA HERTA FLOR Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience [email protected] University of Heidelberg DEBORAH FULTON-KEHOE Central Institute of Mental Health Department of Health Services Mannheim University of Washington Germany Seattle, WA fl[email protected] USA

ARNAUD FUMAL CHRISTOPHER M. FLORES Departments of Neurology and Neuroanatomy Drug Discovery University of Liège Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and CHR Citadelle Development Liege Spring House, PA Belgium USA ANDREA D. FURLAN WILBERT E. FORDYCE Institute for Work & Health Department of Rehabilitation Toronto, ON University of Washington School of Medicine Canada Seattle, WA VASCO GALHARDO USA Institute of Histology and Embryology [email protected] Faculty of Medicine of Porto University of Porto ROBERT D. FOREMAN Porto University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Portugal Oklahoma City, OK [email protected] USA [email protected] ANDREAS R. GANTENBEIN Headache & Pain Unit University Hospital Zurich GARY M. FRANKLIN Zurich Department of Environmental and Occupational Switzerland Health Sciences [email protected] University of Washington Seattle, WA ELVIRA DE LA PEÑA GARCÍA and Instituto de Neurociencias Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC Olympia, WA Alicante USA Spain [email protected] [email protected] XXVI List of Contributors

I. GARONZIK PHILIP L. GILDENBERG Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baylor Medical College Department of Neurosurgery Houston, TX Baltimore, MD USA USA [email protected]

ROBERT GASSIN Musculoskeletal Medicine Clinic MYRA GLAJCHEN Frankston, VIC Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Australia Beth Israel Medical Center [email protected] New York, NY USA [email protected] ROBERT J. GATCHEL Department of Psychology College of Science PETER J. GOADSBY University of Texas at Arlington Institute of Neurology Airlington, TX The National Hospital for Neurology and USA Neurosurgery [email protected] London UK GERALD F. GEBHART [email protected] Department of Pharmacology University of Iowa Iowa City, IA HARTMUT GÖBEL USA Kiel Pain Center [email protected] Kiel Germany GERD GEISSLINGER [email protected] Institute for Clinical Pharmacology pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES PHILIPPE GOFFAUX Clinical Centre of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Faculty of Medicine University Frankfurt am Main Neurochirurgy Frankfurt University of Sherbrooke Germany Sherbrooke, QC [email protected] Canada [email protected] ROBERT D. GERWIN Department of Neurology Johns Hopkins University ANA GOMIS Bethesda, MD Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante USA Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC [email protected] SanJuandeAlicante Spain MARIA ADELE GIAMBERARDINO [email protected] Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze dell’Invecchiamento University of Chieti VIVEKANANDA GONUGUNTA Chieti The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Italy Department of Neurosurgery [email protected] Cleveland, OH USA GLENN J. GIESLER JR Department of Neuroscience GILBERT R. GONZALES University of Minnesota Department of Neurology Minneapolis, MN Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center USA New York, NY [email protected] USA List of Contributors XXVII

ALLAN GORDON BARRY GREEN Wasser Pain Management Centre Pierce Laboratory Mount Sinai Hospital Yale School of Medicine University of Toronto New Haven, CT Toronto, ON USA Canada [email protected] [email protected] PAUL G. GREEN LIESBET GOUBERT NIH Pain Center (UCSF) Ghent University University of California Department of Experimental Clinical and San Francisco, CA Health Psychology USA Ghent [email protected] Belgium [email protected] JOEL D. GREENSPAN Department of Biomedical Sciences JAYANTILAL GOVIND University of Maryland Dental School Pain Clinic Baltimore, MD Department of Anaesthesia USA University of New South Wales [email protected] Sydney, NSW Australia JOHN W. GRIFFIN [email protected] Department of Neurology Departments of Neuroscience and Pathology RICHARD H. GRACELY The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Medical Center Johns Hopkins Hospital Departments of Medicine-Rheumatology and Baltimore, MD Neurology USA and Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center jgriffi@jhmi.edu University of Michigan Health System Ann Arbor, MI SABINE GRÖSCH USA Pharmacological Center Frankfurt [email protected] Clinical Center Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt GARRY G. GRAHAM Germany Department of Physiology and Pharmacology [email protected] School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales DOUGLAS P. G ROSS and Department of Physical Therapy Department of Clinical Pharmacology University of Alberta St. Vincent’s Hospital Edmonton, AB Sydney, NSW Australia Australia [email protected] [email protected] BLAIR D. GRUBB DAV I D K. GRANDY Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology Department of Physiology and Pharmacology University of Leicester School of Medicine Leicester Oregon Health and Science University UK Portland, OR [email protected] USA [email protected] RUTH ECKSTEIN GRUNAU Centre for Community Child Health Research THOMAS GRAVEN-NIELSEN Child and Family Research Institute Laboratory for Experimental Pain Research and Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI) University of British Columbia Aalborg University Vancouver, BC Denmark Canada [email protected] [email protected] XXVIII List of Contributors

MICHEL GUERINEAU BRYAN C. HAINS Neurosurgery The Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Hotel Dieu Research Nantes Cedex 1 Department of Neurology France Yale University School of Medicine West Haven, CT CHRISTOPH GUTENBRUNNER USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [email protected] Hanover Medical School DARRYL T. HAMAMOTO Hanover University of Minnesota Germany Minneapolis, MN [email protected] USA

MAIJA HAANPÄÄ DONNA L. HAMMOND Department of Anaesthesiology and Department of Department of Anesthesiology Neurosurgery University of Iowa Pain Clinic Iowa, IA Helsinki University Hospital USA Helsinki [email protected] Finland H. C. HAN Medical Science Research Center and UTE HABEL Department of Physiology RWTH Aachen University Korea University College of Medicine Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Seoul Aachen Korea Germany [email protected] HERMANN O. HANDWERKER Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Erlangen/Nürnberg HEINZ-JOACHIM HÄBLER Erlangen FH Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Germany Rheinbach [email protected] Germany [email protected] JING-XIA HAO Karolinska Institute THOMAS HACHENBERG Stockholm Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Sweden Otto-von-Guericke University ELENI G. HAPIDOU Magdeburg Department of Psychiatry and Germany Behavioural Neurosciences McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences NOUCHINE HADJIKHANI Hamilton, ON Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Canada Massachusetts General Hospital [email protected] Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA GEOFFREY HARDING USA Sandgate, QLD [email protected] Australia [email protected]

OLE HAEGG LOUISE HARDING Department of Orthopedic Surgery Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Sahlgren University Hospital University College London Goteborg London Sweden UK [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XXIX

KENNETH M. HARGREAVES ALICIA A. HEAPY Department of Endodontics VA Connecticut Healthcare System and Yale University of Texas Health Science Center University at San Antonio Westhaven, CT San Antonio, TX USA USA [email protected] [email protected] ANNE M. HEFFERNAN SARAH J. HARPER The Adelaide and Meath Hospital incorporating Royal Perth Hospital and The National Children’s Hospital University of Western Australia Dublin Perth, WA Ireland Australia MARY M. HEINRICHER Department of Neurological Surgery D. PAUL HARRIES Oregon Health Science University Pain Care Center Portland, OR Samaritan Hospital Lexington USA Lexington, KY [email protected] USA [email protected] ROBERT D. HELME Centre for Pain Management S. E. HARTE St Vincent’s Hospital Department of Internal Medicine Melbourne, VIC Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center Australia Rheumatology University of Michigan Health System [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI USA ROBERT D. HERBERT [email protected] School of Physiotherapy University of Sydney SAMUEL J. HASSENBUSCH Sydney, NSW The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Australia Center [email protected] Houston, TX USA CHRISTIANE HERMANN [email protected] Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Heidelberg Central Institute of Mental Health BRIDGET E. HAWKINS Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences Mannheim University of Texas Medical Branch Germany Galveston, TX [email protected] USA [email protected] JUAN F. HERRERO Department of Physiology Edificio de Medicina JENNIFER A. HAYTHORNTHWAITE University of Alcalá Johns Hopkins University Madrid Baltimore, MD Spain USA [email protected] [email protected] AKI J. HIETAHARJU JOHN H. HEALEY Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Pain Clinic Weill Medical College of Cornell University Tampere University Hospital New York, NY Tampere USA Finland [email protected] aki.hietaharju@pshp.fi XXX List of Contributors

KARIN N. WESTLUND HIGH GRAHAM R. HOLLAND Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Department of Cariology University of Texas Medical Branch Restorative Sciences & Endodontics Galveston, TX School of Dentistry USA University of Michigan [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI USA MARITA HILLIGES [email protected] Halmstad University Halmstad ULRIKE HOLZER-PETSCHE Sweden Department of Experimental and Clinical [email protected] Pharmacology Medical University of Graz MAX J. HILZ Graz University of Erlangen-Nuernberg Austria Erlangen [email protected] Germany CHANG-ZERN HONG [email protected] Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation BURKHARD HINZ University of California Irvine Department of Experimental and Clinical Irvine, CA Pharmacology and Toxicology USA Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg [email protected] Erlangen S. K. HONG Germany Medical Science Research Center and Department of [email protected] Physiology Korea University College of Medicine ANTHONY R. HOBSON Seoul Section of GI Sciences Korea Hope Hospital University of Manchester MINORU HOSHIYAMA Salford Department of Integrative Physiology UK National Institute for Physiological Sciences [email protected] Okazaki Japan TOMAS HÖKFELT Department of Neuroscience FRED M. HOWARD Karolinska Institutet Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stockholm University of Rochester Sweden Rochester, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] ANITA HOLDCROFT Imperial College London SUNG-TSANG HSIEH London Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology UK National Taiwan University [email protected] and Department of Neurology SARAH V. H OLDRIDGE National Taiwan University Hospital Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Taipei Queen’s University Taiwan Kinston, ON [email protected] Canada JAMES W. HU KJELL HOLE Faculty of Dentistry University of Bergen University of Toronto Bergen Toronto, ON Norway Canada [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XXXI

CLAIRE E. HULSEBOSCH NORA JANJAN Spinal Cord Injury Research University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center University of Texas Medical Branch Houston, TX Galveston, TX USA USA [email protected] LUC JASMIN THOMAS HUMMEL Department of Anatomy Department of Othorhinolaryngology University of California San Francisco Smell and Taste Clinic San Francisco, CA University of Dresden Medical School USA Dresden [email protected] Germany [email protected] ANNE JAUMEES WALTER J. MEYER III Royal North Shore Hospital Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science St. Leonards, NSW Shriners Hospitals for Children Australia Shriners Burns Hospital Galveston, TX DANIEL JEANMONOD USA Functional Neurosurgery [email protected] Neurosurgical Clinic University Hospital ROSE-ANNE INDELICATO Zürich Department of Pain and Palliative Care Switzerland Beth Israel Medical Center [email protected] New York, NY USA ANDREW JEFFREYS CHARLES E. INTURRISI Department of Anaesthesia Department of Pharmacology Western Health Weill Medical College of Cornell University Melbourne, NSW [email protected] Australia [email protected] KOJI INUI Department of Integrative Physiology National Institute for Physiological Sciences TROELS S. JENSEN Okazaki Danish Pain Research Center and Japan Department of Neurology Aarhus University Hospital SUHAYL J. JABBUR Aarhus Neuroscience Program Denmark Faculty of Medicine [email protected] American University of Beirut Beirut Lebanon MARK P. J ENSEN Department of Rehabilitation Medicine CAROL JAMES University of Washington Department of Neurological Surgery Seattle, WA Johns Hopkins Hospital USA Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA

WILFRID JÄNIG MARK JOHNSON Institute of Physiology Musculoskeletal Physician Christian Albrechts University Kiel Hibiscus Coast Highway Kiel Orewa Germany New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] XXXII List of Contributors

MARK I. JOHNSON ELLEN JØRUM School of Health and Human Sciences The Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology Faculty of Health Rikshospitalet University Leeds Metropolitan University Oslo Leeds Norway UK [email protected] [email protected] STEFAN JUST KURT L. JOHNSON CNS Pharmacology Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Pain Research School of Medicine Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG University of Washington Biberach/Riss Seattle, WA Germany USA [email protected] NOUFISSA KABLI Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Queen’s University MARK JOHNSTON Kinston, ON Musculoskeletal Physician Canada Hibiscus Coast Highway Orewa RYUSUKE KAKIGI New Zealand Department of Integrative Physiology [email protected] National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki DAV I D S. JONES Japan Division of Adolescent Medicine and Behavioral [email protected] Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center PETER C. A. KAM Nashville, TN Department of Anaesthesia USA St. George Hospital [email protected] University of New South Wales Kogorah, NSW EDWARD JONES Australia Center for Neuroscience [email protected] University of California Davies, CA GIRESH KANJI USA Wellington [email protected] New Zealand [email protected] JEROEN R. DE JONG Department of Rehabilitation and Department of Z. KARIM Medical Psychology Royal Perth Hospital and University of Maastricht University of Western Australia and Perth, WA Department of Medical, Clinical and Australia Experimental Psychology ZAZA KAT S A R AVA Maastricht University Department of Neurology Maastricht University Hospital of Essen The Netherlands Essen [email protected] Germany [email protected] SVEN-ERIC JORDT Department of Pharmacology JOEL KATZ Yale University School of Medicine Department of Psychology New Haven, CT McGill University USA Montreal, QC [email protected] Canada List of Contributors XXXIII

VALERIE KAYSER KOK E. KHOR NeuroPsychoPharmacologie Médecine Department of Pain Management INSERM U677 Prince of Wales Hospital Faculté de Medécine Pitié-Salpêtrière Randwick, NSW Paris Australia France [email protected] [email protected] H. J. KIM FRANCIS J. KEEFE Department of Life Science Pain Prevention and Treatment Research Yonsei University Wonju Campus Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Wonju Duke University Medical Center Korea Durham, NC USA Y. I . K IM [email protected] Medical Science Research Center and Department of Physiology LOIS J. KEHL Korea University College of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology Seoul University of Minnesota Korea Minneapolis, MN USA WADE KING [email protected] Department of Clinical Research Royal Newcastle Hospital WILLIAM N. KELLEY University of Newcastle Department of Neurology Newcastle, NSW The University of Pennsylvania Medical School Australia Philadelphia, PA [email protected] USA K. L. KIRSH STEPHEN KENNEDY Markey Cancer Center Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Kentucky College of Medicine University of Oxford Lexington, KY John Radcliffe Hospital USA Oxford UK RICARDO J. KOMOTAR [email protected] Department of Neurological Surgery Neurological Institute Columbia University ELIZABETH VAN DEN KERKHOF New York, NY Department of Community Health and Epidemiology USA Queen’s University Kingston, ON RHONDA K. KOTARINOS Canada Long Grove, IL [email protected] USA [email protected] ROBERT D. KERNS VA Connecticut Healthcare System and Yale KATALIN J. KOVÁCS University Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Westhaven, CT University of Minnesota USA St. Paul, MN [email protected] USA

SANJAY KHANNA MALGORZATA KRAJNIK Department of Physiology St. Elizabeth Hospice National University of Singapore Ipswich Singapore Suffolk [email protected] UK XXXIV List of Contributors

AJIT KRISHNANEY URI LADABAUM The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Division of Gastroenterology Department of Neurosurgery University of California Cleveland, OH San Francisco, CA USA USA [email protected] GREGORY KROH MARIE ANDREE LAHAIE Utah Labor Commission McGill University International Association of Industrial Accident Montreal, QC Boards and Commissions Canada Salt Lake City, UT USA MIGUEL J. A. LÁINEZ-ANDRÉS Department of Neurology University of Valencia M. M. TER KUILE Valencia Department of Gynecology Spain Leiden University Medical Center [email protected] Leiden The Netherlands TIMOTHY R. LAIR Department of Anesthesiology University of Vermont College of Medicine ALICE KVÅ L E Section for Physiotherapy Science Burlington, VT Department of Public Health and Primary USA Health Care ROBERT H. LAMOTTE Faculty of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology University of Bergen Yale School of Medicine Bergen New Haven, CT Norway USA [email protected] [email protected]

JAMES W. L ANCE ANTOON F. C. DE LAAT Institute of Neurological Sciences Department of Oral/Maxillofacial Surgery Prince of Wales Hospital and University of Catholic University of Leuven New South Wales Leuven Sydney, NSW Belgium Australia [email protected] [email protected]

JEAN-JACQUES LABAT ROBERT G. LARGE Neurology and Rehabilitation The Auckland Regional Pain Service Clinique Urologique Auckland Hospital Nantes Cedex 1 Auckland France New Zealand [email protected]

GASTON LABRECQUE ALICE A. LARSON Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Université Laval University of Minnesota Quebec City St. Paul, MN Montreal, QC USA Canada [email protected] [email protected] PETER LAU Department of Clinical Research MARCO LACERENZA Royal Newcastle Hospital Scientific Institute San Raffaele University of Newcastle Pain Medicine Center Newcastle, NSW Milano Australia Italy [email protected] List of Contributors XXXV

STEFAN A. LAUFER FREDERICK A. LENZ Institute of Pharmacy Department of Neurosurgery Eberhard-Karls University of Tuebingen Johns Hopkins Hospital Tuebingen Baltimore, MD Germany USA [email protected] fl[email protected]

GILES J. LAVIGNE PAULINE LESAGE Facultés de Médecine Dentaire et de Médecine Department of Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Université de Montréal Beth Israel Medical Center and Montréal, QC Albert Einstein College of Medicine Canada New York, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] PETER G. LAWLOR Our Lady’s Hospice ISOBEL LEVER Medical Department Neural Plasticity Unit Dublin Institute of Child Health Ireland University College London [email protected] London UK MICHEL LAZDUNSKI [email protected] Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire Valbonne KHAN W. L I France Department of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins Hospital VINCENCO DI LAZZARO Baltimore, MD FENNSI Group USA National Hospital of Parapléjicos SESCAM Finca “La Peraleda” ALAN R. LIGHT Toledo Department of Anesthesiology Spain University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT MAAIKE LEEUW USA Department of Medical [email protected] Clinical and Experimental Psychology Maastricht University DEOLINDA LIMA Maastricht Instituto de Histologia e Embriologia The Netherlands Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto [email protected] Porto Portugal SIRI LEKNES [email protected] Pain Imaging Neuroscience (PaIN) Group Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics VOLKER LIMMROTH and Department of Neurology Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of University of Essen the Brain Essen Oxford University Germany Oxford [email protected] UK [email protected] STEVEN J. LINTON Department of Occupational and TOBIAS LENIGER Environmental Medicine Department of Neurology Department of Behavioral, Social and Legal Sciences University Essen Örebro University Hospital Essen Örebro Germany Sweden [email protected] [email protected] XXXVI List of Contributors

CHRISTINA LIOSSI PATRICK LOISEL School of Psychology Disability Prevention Research and Training Centre University of Southampton and Great Ormond Université de Sherbrooke Street Hospital for Sick Children Longueuil, QC London Canada UK [email protected] [email protected] ELISA LOPEZ-DOLADO FENNSI Group ARTHUR G. LIPMAN National Hospital of Parapléjicos College of Pharmacy and Pain Management SESCAM Finca “La Peraleda” Center Toledo University of Utah Spain Salt Lake City, UT USA JÜREGEN LORENZ [email protected] Hamburg University of Applied Sciences Hamburg RICHARD B. LIPTON Germany Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology and [email protected] Population Health JÖRN LÖTSCH Albert Einstein College of Medicine Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Montefiore Headache Unit Pharmaceutical Center Frankfurt Bronx Johann Wolfgang Goethe University New York, NY Frankfurt USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]

KENNETH M. LITTLE DAYNA R. LOYD Division of Neurosurgery Center for Behavioral Neuroscience Duke University Medical Center Georgia State University Durham, NC Atlanta, GA USA USA [email protected] DAV I D LUSSIER McGill University SPENCER S. LIU Montreal, QC Virginia Mason Medical Center Canada Seattle, WA [email protected] USA [email protected] STEPHEN LUTZ Blanchard Valley Regional Cancer Center Findlay, OH ANNE ELISABETH LJUNGGREN USA Section for Physiotherapy Science Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care BRUCE LYNN Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology University of Bergen University College London Bergen London Norway UK [email protected] [email protected]

JOHN D. LOESER ROSS MACPHERSON Department of Neurological Surgery Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management University of Washington University of Sydney Seattle, WA Sydney, NSW USA Australia [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XXXVII

MICHEL MAGNIN JIANREN MAO INSERM Pain Research Group Neurological Hospital MGH Pain Center Lyon and France Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital THORSTEN J. MAIER Harvard Medical School Pharmacological Center Frankfurt Boston, MA Clinical Center Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University USA Frankfurt [email protected] Germany

STEVEN F. MAIER SERGE MARCHAND Department of Psychology and the Center for Faculty of Medicine Neuroscience Neurochirurgy University of Colorado at Boulder University of Sherbrooke Boulder, CO Sherbrooke, QC USA Canada [email protected] CHRIS J. MAIN University of Manchester Manchester PAOLO MARCHETTINI UK Pain Medicine Center [email protected] Scientific Institute San Raffaele Milano MARZIA MALCANGIO Italy Wolfson CARD King’s College London [email protected] London UK PEGGY MASON [email protected] Department of Neurobiology Pharmacology and Physiology PAOLO L. MANFREDI University of Chicago Essex Woodlands Health Ventures Chicago, IL New York, NY USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

KAISA MANNERKORPI SCOTT MASTERS Department of Rheumatology and Caloundra Spinal and Sports Medicine Centre Inflammation Research Caloundra, QLD Sahlgrenska Academy Australia Göteborg University [email protected] Göteborg Sweden LAURENCE E. MATHER [email protected] Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management University of Sydney at BARTON H. MANNING Royal North Shore Hospital Amgen Inc. Sydney, NSW Thousand Oaks, CA Australia USA [email protected] [email protected]

PATRICK W. MANTYH MERVYN MAZE Department Prevential Science Magill Department of Anaesthetics University of Minnesota Chelsea and Westminster Campus Minneapolis, MN Imperial College of Science, Technology and USA Medicine, London, UK [email protected] [email protected] XXXVIII List of Contributors

BILL MCCARBERG J. MARK MELHORN Pain Services Section of Orthopaedics Kaiser Permanente and Univesrity of California Department of Surgery School of Medicine University of Kansas School of Medicine San Diego, CA Wichita, KS USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

RONALD MELZACK JOHN S. MCDONALD Department of Psychology Department of Anesthesiology McGill University Obstetrics and Gynecology Montreal, QC Torrance, CA Canada USA [email protected] [email protected] LORNE M. MENDELL PATRICIA A. MCGRATH Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Department of Anaesthesia State University of New York at Stony Brook Divisional Centre of Pain Management and Research Stony Brook, NY The Hospital for Sick Children USA and [email protected] Brain and Behavior Program GEORGE MENDELSON Research Institute at The Hospital for Sick Children Department of Psychological Medicine and Monash University and Caulfield Pain Management & Department of Anaesthesia Research Centre University of Toronto Caulfield General Medical Centre Toronto, ON Caulfield, VIC Canada Australia [email protected] [email protected]

BRIAN MCGUIRK DANIEL MENÉTREY Occupational (Musculoskeletal) Medicine CNRS Hunter Area Health Service Université René Descartes Newcastle, NSW Biomédicale Australia Paris [email protected] France [email protected]

GREG MCINTOSH SIEGFRIED MENSE Canadian Back Institute Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology III Toronto, ON University Heidelberg Canada Heidelberg [email protected] Germany [email protected] PETER MCINTYRE Department of Pharmacology SEBASTIANO MERCADANTE University of Melbourne La Maddalena Cancer Pain Relief & Palliative Melbourne, VIC Care Unit Center Australia Palermo [email protected] Italy [email protected]

PETER A. MCNAUGHTON SUSAN MERCER Department of Pharmacology School of Biomedical Sciences University of Cambridge University of Queensland Cambridge Brisbane, QLD UK Australia [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XXXIX

HAROLD MERSKEY ERIN D. MILLIGAN Department of Psychiatry Department of Psychology and the University of Western Ontario Center for Neuroscience London, ON University of Colorado Canada Boulder, CO USA KARL MESSLINGER [email protected] University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Nürnberg ADRIAN MIRANDA Germany Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and [email protected] Pediatric Gastroenterology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI RICHARD A. MEYER USA Department of Neurosurgergy School of Medicine J. MOCCO Johns Hopkins University Department of Neurological Surgery Baltimore, MD Neurological Institute USA Columbia University [email protected] New York, NY USA

BJÖRN A. MEYERSON JEFFREY S. MOGIL Department of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Psychology Section of Neurosurgery McGill University Karolinska Institute/University Hospital Montreal, QC Stockholm Canada Sweden [email protected] [email protected] HARVEY MOLDOFSKY MARTIN MICHAELIS Sleep Disorders Clinic Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology Frankfurt/Main Toronto, ON Germany Canada martin.michaelis@sanofi-aventis.com [email protected]

ROBERT M. MOLDWIN JUDITH A. MIKACICH Department of Urology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Long Island Jewish Medical Center University of California New York, NY Los Angeles Medical Center USA Los Angeles, CA USA DEREK C. MOLLIVER [email protected] Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine KENSAKU MIKI Pittsburgh, PA Department of Integrative Physiology USA National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki LENAIC MONCONDUIT Japan INSERM University of Clermont-Ferrand Clermont-Ferrand VJEKOSLAV MILETIC France School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin-Madison JACQUELINE MONTAGNE-CLAVEL Madison, WI Inserm USA Paris [email protected] France XL List of Contributors

ROBERT D. MOOTZ PAUL M. MURPHY Department of Environmental and Occupational Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management Health Sciences Royal North Shore Hospital Washington State Department of Labor and Industries St. Leonard’s, NSW Olympia, WA Australia USA [email protected]

ALISON MURRAY ANNE MOREL Foothills Medical Center Functional Neurosurgery Calgary, AB Neurosurgical Clinic Canada University Hospital [email protected] Zürich Switzerland H. S. NA Medical Science Research Center and ANNE MORINVILLE Department of Physiology Montreal Neurological Institute Korea University College of Medicine McGill University Seoul Montreal, QC Korea Canada [email protected] [email protected] DAISUKE NAKA Department of Integrative Physiology STEPHEN MORLEY National Institute for Physiological Sciences Academic Unit of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Okazaki University of Leeds Japan Leeds YOSHIO NAKAMURA UK Pain Research Center [email protected] Department of Anesthesiology University of Utah School of Medicine DAV I D B. MORRIS Salt Lake City, UT University of Virginia USA Charlottesville, VA MATTI V. O . NÄRHI USA Department of Physiology [email protected] University of Kuopio Kuopio JOACHIM MÖSSNER Finland Medical Clinic and Policlinic II matti.narhi@uku.fi University Clinical Center Leipzig AöR H.J. W. NAUTA Leipzig University of Texas Medical Branch Germany Galveston, TX [email protected] USA [email protected] ERIC A. MOULTON Program in Neuroscience LUCIA NEGRI University of Maryland Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology Baltimore, MD University “La Sapienza” of Rome USA Rome [email protected] Italy [email protected]

ANNE Z. MURPHY GARY NESBIT Center for Behavioral Neuroscience Department of Radiology Georgia State University Oregon Health and Science University Atlanta, GA Portland, OR USA USA [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors XLI

TIMOTHY NESS CARL E. NOE Department of Anesthesiology Baylor University Medical Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Texas Tech University Health Science Center Birmingham, AL Lubbock, TX USA USA [email protected] KOICHI NOGUCHI VOLKER NEUGEBAUER Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology Hyogo College of Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch Hyogo Galveston, TX Japan USA [email protected] RICHARD B. NORTH Neurosurgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine LAWRENCE C. NEWMAN Baltimore, MD Albert Einstein College of Medicine USA New York, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] TURO J. NURMIKKO Department of Neurological Science and Pain CHARLES NG Research Institute Musculoskeletal Medicine Specialist University of Liverpool Australasian Faculty of Musculoskeletal Medicine Liverpool Auckland UK New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] ANNE LOUISE OAKLANDER MICHAEL K. NICHOLAS Nerve Injury Unit Pain Management and Research Centre Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurology and Royal North Shore Hospital Neuropathology University of Sydney Massachusetts General Hospital St. Leonards, NSW Harvard Medical School Australia Boston, MA [email protected] USA [email protected] ELLEN NIEDERBERGER Pharmacological Center Frankfurt KOICHI OBATA Clinical Center Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Frankfurt Hyogo College of Medicine Germany Hyogo [email protected] Japan [email protected]

LONE NIKOLAJSEN TIM F. OBERLANDER Department of Anaesthesiology Division of Developmental Pediatrics Aarhus University Hospital Centre for Community Child Health Research and Aarhus The University of British Columbia Denmark Vancouver, BC [email protected] Canada [email protected] DONALD R. NIXDORF Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences BRUNO OERTEL School of Dentistry Institute for Clinical Pharmacology University of Minnesota Pharmaceutical Center Frankfurt Minneapolis, MN Johann Wolfgang Goethe University USA Frankfurt [email protected] Germany XLII List of Contributors

ALFRED T. OGDEN MICHAEL H. OSSIPOV Deptartment of Neurological Surgery Department of Pharmacology Neurological Institute University of Arizona Columbia University Health Sciences Center New York, NY Tucson, AZ USA USA [email protected] PETER T. OHARA Department of Anatomy SEAN O’MAHONY University of California San Francisco Montefiore Medical Center and San Francisco, CA Albert Einstein College of Medicine USA Bronx [email protected] New York, NY USA SHINJI OHARA somahony@montefiore.org Departments of Neurosurgery Johns Hopkins University DEBORAH A. O’ROURKE Baltimore, MD College of Nursing and Health Sciences USA University of Vermont Burlington, VT AKIKO OKIFUJI USA Department of Anesthesiology, Psychology and [email protected] Clinical Pharmacy University of Utah JUDITH A. PAICE Salt Lake City, UT Division of Hematology-Oncology USA Northwestern University [email protected] Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL USA JEAN-LOUIS OLIVÉRAS [email protected] Inserm Paris JUAN A. PAREJA France Department of Neurology [email protected] Fundación Hospital Alcorcón Madrid ANTONIO OLIVIERO Spain FENNSI Group [email protected] National Hospital of Parapléjicos SESCAM Finca “La Peraleda” Toledo ANA M. PASCUAL-LOZANO Toledo Clinical Hospital Spain University of Valencia [email protected] Valencia Spain GUNNAR L. OLSSON Pain Treatment Services STEVEN D. PASSIK Astrid Lindgren Children’s Hospital/Karolinksa Markey Cancer Center Hospital University of Kentucky College of Medicine Stockholm Lexington, KY Sweden USA [email protected] [email protected]

P. B. O SBORNE GAV R I L W. PASTERNAK Pain Management Research Institute and Department of Neurology Kolling Institute Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center University of Sydney New York, NY Sydney, NSW USA Australia [email protected] List of Contributors XLIII

S. H. PATEL PRAMIT PHAL Department of Neurosurgery Department of Radiology Johns Hopkins Hospital Oregon Health and Science University Baltimore, MD Portland, OR USA USA

ELLIOT M. PAUL Department of Urology ISSY PILOWSKY Long Island Jewish Medical Center Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry New York, NY University of Adelaide USA Adelaide, SA [email protected] Australia [email protected] KEVIN PAUZA Tyler Spine and Joint Hospital Tyler, TX LEON PLAGHKI USA Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc [email protected] Brussels Belgium ERIC M. PEARLMAN [email protected] Pediatric Education Mercer University School of Medicine Savannah, GA MARKUS PLONER USA Department of Neurology [email protected] Heinrich–Heine–University Düsseldorf ELVIRA DE LA PEÑA Germany Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante [email protected] Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC Alicante Spain ESTHER M. POGATZKI-ZAHN [email protected] Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine YUAN BO PENG University Muenster Department of Psychology Muenster University of Texas at Arlington Germany Arlington, TX [email protected] USA

JOSE PEREIRA K. M. POLLOCK Foothills Medical Center Royal Perth Hospital and Calgary, AB University of Western Australia Canada Crawley, WA [email protected] Australia

EDWARD PERL Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology MICHAEL POLYDEFKIS School of Medicine Department of Neurology University of North Carolina The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC Baltimore, MD USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

ANTTI PERTOVAARA Department of Physiology JAMES D. POMONIS University of Helsinki Algos Therapeutics Inc. Helsinki St. Paul, MN Finland USA antti.pertovaara@helsinki.fi [email protected] XLIV List of Contributors

DIETER PONGRATZ CHAO QIN Friedrich Baur Institute Health Sciences Center Medical Faculty at the Neurological Clinic and University of Oklahoma Policlinic Oklahoma City, OK Ludwig Maximilians University USA Munich YUNHAI QIU Germany Department of Integrative Physiology [email protected] National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki FRANK PORRECA Department of Pharmacology Japan College of Medicine MICHAEAL QUITTAN University of Arizona Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Tucson, AZ Kaiser-Franz-Joseph Hospital USA Vienna [email protected] Austria [email protected] RUSSELL K. PORTENOY Department of Pain and Palliative Care RAYMOND M. QUOCK Beth Israel Medical Center Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences New York, NY Washington State University USA Pullman, WA [email protected] USA [email protected] IAN POWER Anaesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine GABOR B. RACZ University of Edinburgh Baylor University Medical Center Edinburgh Texas Tech University Health Science Center UK Lubbock, TX [email protected] USA [email protected] DONALD D. PRICE Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery LUKAS RADBRUCH University of Florida Department of Palliative Medicine Gainesville, FL University of Aachen USA Aachen [email protected]fl.edu Germany [email protected]

HERBERT K. PROUDFIT ROBERT B. RAFFA Department of Anesthesiology Department of Pharmacology University of Iowa Temple University School of Pharmacy Iowa, IA Philadelphia, PA USA USA hk-proudfi[email protected] [email protected]

REBECCA W. PRYOR VASUDEVA RAGHAVENDRA Pain Prevention and Treatment Research Algos Therapeutics Inc. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Saint Paul, MN Duke University Medical Center USA Durham, NC [email protected] USA FRANCINE RAINONE DARYL PULLMAN Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein Medical Ethics College of Medicine Memorial University of Newfoundland Bronx St. John’s, NL New York, NY Canada USA [email protected] frainone@montefiore.org List of Contributors XLV

PIERRE RAINVILLE K. RAVISHANKAR Department of Stomatology The Headache and Migraine Clinic University of Montreal Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre Montreal, QC Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre Canada Mumbai [email protected] India [email protected] SRINIVASA N. RAJA Department of Anesthesiology and KE REN Critical Care Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore, MD Baltimore, MD USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

ALAN RANDICH CIELITO C. REYES-GIBBY University of Alabama The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Birmingham, AL Center USA Houston, TX [email protected] USA [email protected] ANDREA J. RAPKIN Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology REBECCA PILLAI RIDDELL University of California York University and Los Angeles Medical Center The Hospital for Sick Kids Los Angeles, CA Toronto, ON USA Canada [email protected] [email protected]

Z. HARRY RAPPAPORT MATTHIAS RINGKAMP Department of Neurosurgery Department of Neurosurgery Rabin Medical Center School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University Johns Hopkins University Petah Tikva Baltimore, MD Israel USA [email protected] [email protected]

MATTHEW N. RASBAND MARGARITA SANCHEZ DEL RIO University of Connecticut Health Center Neurology Department Farmington, CT Hospital Ruber Internacional USA Madrid [email protected] Spain [email protected] DOUGLAS RASMUSSON Department of Physiology and Biophysics DANIEL RIRIE Dalhousie University Department of Radiology Halifax, NS Oregon Health and Science University Canada Portland, OR USA JAMES P. R ATHMELL Department of Anesthesiology PIERRE J. M. RIVIÈRE University of Vermont College of Medicine Ferring Research Institute Burlington, VT San Diego, CA USA USA [email protected] [email protected] XLVI List of Contributors

ROGER ROBERT CAROLINA ROZA Neurosurgery Institute of Neuroscience Hotel Dieu University Miguel Hernández-CSIC Nantes Cedex 1 Alicante France Spain [email protected] JAMES P. ROBINSON University of Washington Pain Center TODD D. ROZEN University of Washington Michigan Head-Pain and Neurological Institute Seattle, WA Ann Arbor, MI USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

ROMAN RUKWIED JOHN ROBINSON Pain Management Clinic Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Burwood Hospital Medicine Christchurch Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim New Zealand University of Heidelberg [email protected] Mannheim Germany [email protected] HEATHER L. ROGERS Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology I. JON RUSSELL Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Bethesda, MD Department of Medicine USA The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX DAV I D ROSELT USA Aberdovy Clinic [email protected] Bundaberg, QLD Australia NAYEF E. SAADÉ [email protected] Neuroscience Program Faculty of Medicine SHLOMO ROTSHENKER American University of Beirut Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology Beirut Faculty of Medicine Lebanon Hebrew University of Jerusalem [email protected] Jerusalem Israel MARY ANN C. SABINO [email protected] Department Prevential Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN PAUL C. ROUSSEAU USA VA Medical Center Phoenix, AZ THOMAS E. SALT USA Institute of Ophthalmology [email protected] University College London London RANJAN ROY UK Faculty of Social Work and [email protected] Department of Clinical Health Psychology Faculty of Medicine A. SAMDANI University of Manitoba Department of Neurosurgery Winnipeg, MB Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Canada Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA List of Contributors XLVII

JÜRGEN SANDKÜHLER JÖRN SCHATTSCHNEIDER Department of Neurophysiology Department of Neurology Center for Brain Research University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Medical University of Vienna Kiel Vienna Germany Austria [email protected] [email protected] NEIL SCHECHTER PETER S. SÁNDOR Department of Pediatrics Headache & Pain Unit University of Connecticut School of Medicine and University Hospital Zurich Pain Relief Program Zürich Connecticut Children’s Medical Center Switzerland Hartford, CT [email protected] USA [email protected] JOHANNES SARNTHEIN Functional Neurosurgery STEVEN S. SCHERER Neurosurgical Clinic Department of Neurology University Hospital The University of Pennsylvania Medical School Zürich Philadelphia, PA Switzerland USA [email protected] SUSANNE K. SAUER Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology MARTIN SCHMELZ University of Erlangen Institute of Anaesthesiology Erlangen Operative Intensive Medicine and Pain Research Germany Faculty for Clinical Medicine Mannheim [email protected] University of Heidelberg Mannheim JANA SAWYNOK Germany Department of Pharmacology [email protected] Dalhousie University Halifax, NF ROBERT F. SCHMIDT Canada Institute of Physiology University of Würzburg JOHN W. SCADDING Würzburg The National Hospital for Neurology and Germany Neurosurgery [email protected] London UK SUZAN SCHNEEWEISS [email protected] The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto Toronto, ON M. SCHÄFER Canada Clinic for Anesthesiology and [email protected] Operative Intensive Medicine Charité-University Clinical Center Berlin FRANK SCHNEIDER Campus Benjamin Franklin RWTH Aachen University Berlin Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Germany Aachen [email protected] Germany [email protected] HANS-GEORG SCHAIBLE Department of Physiology ALFONS SCHNITZLER Friedrich Schiller University of Jena Department of Neurology Jena Heinrich Heine University Germany Düsseldorf [email protected] Germany XLVIII List of Contributors

JEAN SCHOENEN JYOTI N. SENGUPTA Departments of Neurology and Neuroanatomy Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and University of Liège Pediatric Gastroenterology CHR Citadelle Medical College of Wisconsin Liege Milwaukee, WI Belgium USA [email protected] [email protected]

EVA SCHONSTEIN MARIANO SERRAO School of Physiotherapy Department of Neurology and Otorinolaringoiatry Faculty of Health Science University of Rome La Sapienza The University of Sydney Rome Lidcombe Italy Sydney, NSW [email protected] Australia [email protected] BARRY J. SESSLE Department of Physiology JENS SCHOUENBORG Faculty of Medicine Section for Neurophysiology and Department of Physiological Sciences Faculty of Dentistry Lund University University of Toronto Lund Toronto, ON Sweden Canada [email protected] [email protected] STEPHAN A. SCHUG Royal Perth Hospital and VIRGINIA S. SEYBOLD University of Western Australia Department of Neuroscience Perth, WA University of Minnesota Australia Minneapolis, MN [email protected] USA [email protected] ANTHONY C. SCHWARZER Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences T. SHAH The University of Newcastle Royal Perth Hospital and Newcastle, NSW University of Western Australia Australia Crawley, WA [email protected] Australia ZE’EV SELTZER REZA SHAKER Centre for the Study of Pain Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Faculty of Dentistry Pediatric Gastroenterology University of Toronto Medical College of Wisconsin Toronto, ON Milwaukee, WI Canada USA PETER SELWYN Montefiore Medical Center and YAIR SHARAV Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department of Oral Medicine Bronx School of Dental Medicine New York, NY Hebrew University-Hadassah USA Jerusalem [email protected] Israel [email protected] PATRICK B. SENATUS Deptartment of Neurological Surgery MARNIE SHAW Neurological Institute Brain Imaging Center Columbia University McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School New York, NY Belmont, MA USA USA List of Contributors XLIX

S. MURRAY SHERMAN STEPHEN D. SILBERSTEIN Department of Neurobiology Jefferson Medical College State University of New York Thomas Jefferson University and Stony Brook, NY Jefferson Headache Center USA Thomas Jefferson University Hospital [email protected] Philadelphia, PA USA YOSHIO SHIGENAGA [email protected] Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology Osaka University DONALD A. SIMONE Osaka University of Minnesota Japan Minneapolis, MN [email protected] USA [email protected] EDWARD A. SHIPTON Department of Anaesthesia DAV I D G. SIMONS Christchurch School of Medicine Department of Rehabilitation Medicine University of Otago Emory University Christchurch Atlanta, GA New Zealand USA [email protected] [email protected] DAV I D SIMPSON YORAM SHIR Clinical Neurophysiology Laboratories Pain Centre Mount Sinai Medical Center Department of Anesthesia New York, NY McGill University Health Centre USA Montreal General Hospital [email protected] Montreal, QC Canada MARC SINDOU [email protected] Department of Neurosurgery Hopital Neurologique PETER SHRAGER Pierre Wertheimer University of Lyon Deptartment of Neurobiology and Anatomy Lyon University of Rochester Medical Center France Rochester, NY [email protected] USA [email protected] SØREN HEIN SINDRUP Department of Neurology MARC J. SHULMAN Odense University Hospital VA Connecticut Healthcare System Odense Yale University Denmark New Haven, CT [email protected] USA [email protected] BENGT H. SJÖLUND Rehabilitation and Research Centre for DAV I D M. SIBELL Torture Victims Comprehensive Pain Center South Danish University Oregon Health and Science University Copenhagen Portland, OR Denmark USA [email protected] [email protected] CARSTEN SKARKE PHILIP J. SIDDALL Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Pain Management Research Institute pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES Royal North Shore Hospital Institute of Clinical Pharmacology University of Sydney Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Sydney, NSW Frankfurt Australia Germany [email protected] [email protected] L List of Contributors

KATHLEEN A. SLUKA PETER S. STAATS Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science Division of Pain Medicine Graduate Program The Johns Hopkins University University of Iowa Baltimore, MD Iowa City, IA USA USA [email protected] [email protected] BRETT R. STACEY INGRID SÖDERBACK Comprehensive Pain Center Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Oregon Health and Science University Uppsala University Portland, OR Uppsala USA Sweden [email protected] WENDY M. STEIN San Diego Hospice and Palliative Care SEYMOUR SOLOMON UCSD Montefiore Medical Center San Diego, CA Albert Einstein College of Medicine USA Bronx [email protected] New York, NY USA ssolomon@montefiore.org CHRISTOPH STEIN Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine CLAUDIA SOMMER Department of Neurology Campus Benjamin Franklin University of Würzburg Charité – University Medicine Berlin Würzburg Berlin Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected]

LINDA S. SORKIN MICHAEL STEINMETZ Anesthesia Research Laboratories Department of Neurosurgery University of California The Cleveland Clinic Foundation San Diego, CA Cleveland, OH USA USA [email protected] JAIR STERN MICHAEL SPAETH Functional Neurosurgery Friedrich-Baur-Institute Neurosurgical Clinic University of Munich University Hospital Munich Zürich Germany Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] BONNIE J. STEVENS University of Toronto and PEREGRIN O. SPIELHOLZ The Hospital for Sick Children SHARP Program Toronto, ON Washington State Department of Labor and Industries Canada Olympia, WA [email protected] USA [email protected] CARL-OLAV STILLER Division of Clinical Pharmacology BENJAMIN S. CARSON SR. Department of Medicine Department of Neurological Surgery Karolinska University Hospital Johns Hopkins Hospital Stockholm Baltimore, MD Sweden USA [email protected] List of Contributors LI

JENNIFER N. STINSON CHERYL L. STUCKY The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Cell Biology The University of Toronto Neurobiology and Anatomy Toronto, ON Medical College of Wisconsin Canada Milwaukee, WI [email protected] USA [email protected]

HENRY STOCKBRIDGE MATHIAS STURZENEGGER Health and Community Medicine Department of Neurology University of Washington School of Public University of Bern Seattle, WA Bern USA Switzerland [email protected] [email protected]

CHRISTIAN S. STOHLER YASUO SUGIURA Baltimore College of Dental Surgery Nagoya University School of Medicine University of Maryland Graduate School of Medicine Baltimore, MD Department of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience USA Nagoya [email protected] Japan [email protected] LAURA STONE Department of Neuroscience MARK D. SULLIVAN University of Minnesota Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Minneapolis, MN University of Washington USA Seattle, WA [email protected] USA [email protected]

ILLIAM TONES R. W S MICHAEL J. L. SULLIVAN Princess Anne Hospital Department of Psychology University of Southampton University of Montreal Southampton Montreal, QC UK Canada [email protected] [email protected]

ANDREAS STRAUBE B. SUNG Department of Neurology Medical Science Research Center and Ludwig Maximilians University Department of Physiology Munich Korea University College of Medicine Germany Seoul [email protected] Korea

IE UZUKI JENNY STRONG R S University of Queensland Department of Pharmacology Brisbane, QLD University College London Australia London [email protected] UK [email protected]

GEROLD STUCKI KRISTINA B. SVENDSEN Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Danish Pain Research Center Ludwig-Maximilians University Aarhus University Hospital Munich Aarhus Germany Denmark [email protected] [email protected] LII List of Contributors

PETER SVENSSON BEVERLY E. THORN Department of Clinical Oral Physiology University of Alabama University of Aarhus Tuscaloosa, AL Aarhus USA Denmark [email protected] [email protected] CINDY L. THURSTON-STANFIELD NIGEL P. S YKES Department of Biomedical Sciences St. Christopher’s Hospice and King’s College University of South Alabama University of London Mobile, AL London USA UK [email protected] [email protected] ARNE TJØLSEN A. TAGHVA University of Bergen Department of Neurosurgery Bergen Johns Hopkins Hospital Norway Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA ANDREW J. TODD KERSI TARAPOREWALLA Spinal Cord Group Royal Brisbane and Womens’ Hospital Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences University of Queensland University of Glasgow Brisbane, QLD Glasgow Australia UK [email protected] [email protected]

RONALD R. TASKER MAKOTO TOMINAGA University of Toronto Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Toronto Western Hospital Mie University School of Medicine Toronto, ON Tsu Mie Canada Japan [email protected] IRMGARD TEGEDER Pharmacological Center Frankfurt IRENE TRACEY Clinical Center Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University Pain Imaging Neuroscience (PaIN) Group Frankfurt Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics Germany and [email protected] Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance ASTRID J. TERKELSEN Imaging of the Brain Danish Pain Research Center and Department of Oxford University Neurology Oxford Aarhus University Hospital UK Aarhus [email protected] Denmark TUAN DIEP TRAN [email protected] Department of Neurology GREGORY W. T ERMAN University of Michigan Department of Anesthesiology and the and Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior Neurology Research Laboratory University of Washington VA Medical Center Seattle, WA Ann Arbor, MI USA USA [email protected] and Department of Pediatrics ALISON THOMAS University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ho Lismore, NSW Chi Minh City Australia Ho Chi Minh City [email protected] Vietnam List of Contributors LIII

DIEP TUAN TRAN STEPHEN P. T YRER Department of Integrative Physiology Royal Victoria Infirmary National Institute for Physiological Sciences University of Newcastle upon Tyne Okazaki Newcastle-on-Tyne Japan UK [email protected] ROLF-DETLEF TREEDE Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology ALEXANDER TZABAZIS Johannes Gutenberg University Department of Anesthesia Mainz University of Erlangen Germany Erlangen [email protected] Germany [email protected] JENNIE C. I. TSAO Pediatric Pain Program KENE UGOKWE Department of Pediatrics Department of Neurosurgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Los Angeles, CA Cleveland, OH USA USA

JEANNA TSENTER LINDSAY S. UMAN Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Psychology Hadassah University Hospital Dalhousie University Jerusalem Halifax, NS Israel Canada [email protected] MAURITS VAN TULDER Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine ANITA M. UNRUH Free University Amsterdam Health and Human Performance and Amsterdam Occupational Therapy The Netherlands Dalhousie University [email protected] Halifax, NS Canada ELDON TUNKS [email protected] Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation Hamilton, ON Canada CHRISTIANE VAHLE-HINZ [email protected] Institute of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg DENNIS C. TURK Department of Anesthesiology Germany University of Washington [email protected] Seattle, WA USA MUTHUKUMAR VAIDYARAMAN [email protected] Division of Pain Medicine The Johns Hopkins University JUDITH A. TURNER Baltimore, MD Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences USA University of Washington [email protected] Seattle, WA USA TODD W. VANDERAH Department of Pharmacology O. J. TWEEDIE College of Medicine Royal Perth Hospital and University of Arizona University of Western Australia Tucson, AZ Crawley, WA USA Australia [email protected] LIV List of Contributors

GUY VANDERSTRAETEN LUIS VILLANUEVA Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and INSERM Physiotherapy University of Clermont-Ferrand Ghent University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand Ghent France Belgium [email protected] [email protected] MARCELO VILLAR Neuroscience Laboratory HORACIO VANEGAS Austral University Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Buenos Aires (IVIC) Argentina Caracas Venezuela DAV I D VIVIAN [email protected] Metro Spinal Clinic Caulfield, VIC JEAN-JACQUES VATINE Australia Outpatient and Research Division [email protected] Reuth Medical Center JOHAN W. S. VLAEYEN Tel Aviv Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Israel Psychology [email protected] Maastricht University Maastricht LINDA K. VAUGHN The Netherlands Department of Biomedical Sciences [email protected] Marquette University Milwaukee, WI NICOLAS VOILLEY USA Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire [email protected] Valbonne France LOUIS VERA-PORTOCARRERO [email protected] Department of Pharmacology ERNEST VOLINN College of Medicine Pain Research Center University of Arizona University of Utah Tucson, AZ Salt Lake City, UT USA USA [email protected] [email protected]

PAUL VERRILLS LUCY VULCHANOVA Metropolitan Spinal Clinic Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Prahran, VIC University of Minnesota Australia St. Paul, MN [email protected] USA [email protected] FÉLIX VIANA PAUL W. WACNIK Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante Department of Pharmacology Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC College of Medicine SanJuandeAlicante University of Minnesota Spain Minneapolis, MN USA CHARLES J. VIERCK JR. [email protected] Department of Neuroscience and McKnight Brain Institute GORDON WADDELL University of Florida College of Medicine University of Glasgow Gainesville, FL Glasgow USA UK [email protected]fl.edu [email protected] List of Contributors LV

GARY A. WALCO GUNNAR WASNER Hackensack University Medical Center Department of Neurological Pain Research and University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Therapy New Jersey Medical School Neurological Clinic Hackensack, NJ Kiel USA Germany [email protected] and Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute University of New South Wales BARBARA WALKER Randwick, NSW Centre for Pain Management Australia St Vincent’s Hospital [email protected] Melbourne, VIC Australia SHOKO WATANABE Department of Integrative Physiology SUELLEN M. WALKER National Institute for Physiological Sciences University of Sydney Pain Management and Okazaki Research Centre Japan Royal North Shore Hospital St. Leonards, NSW Australia LINDA R. WATKINS [email protected] Department of Psychology and [email protected] Center for Neuroscience University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO LYNN S. WALKER USA Division of Adolescent Medicine and [email protected] Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN CHRISTOPHER J. WATLING USA The University of Western Ontario [email protected] London, ON Canada [email protected] VICTORIA C. J. WALLACE Department of Anaesthetics Pain Medicine and Intensive Care PAUL J. WATSON Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus University Department of Anaesthesia London University of Leicester UK Leicester [email protected] UK [email protected]

XIAOHONG WANG Department of Integrative Physiology PETER N. WATSON National Institute for Physiological Sciences University of Toronto Okazaki Toronto, ON Japan Canada [email protected]

FAY WARNOCK Children’s and Women’s Hospital and JAMES WATT The University of British Columbia North Shore Hospital Vancouver, BC Auckland Canada New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] LVI ListofContributors

STEPHEN G. WAXMAN THOMAS M. WICKIZER Department of Neurology Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Yale School of Medicine University of Washington New Haven, CT Seattle, WA and USA VA Medical Center EVA WIDERSTRÖM-NOGA West Haven, CT The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis USA Department of Neurological Surgery [email protected] University of Miami VA M C CHRISTIAN WEIDNER Department of Physiology and Experimental Miami, FL Pathophysiology USA University Erlangen [email protected] Erlangen JULIE WIESELER-FRANK Germany Department of Psychology and Center for [email protected] Neuroscience University of Colorado at Boulder PH.TH.M.WEIJENBORG Boulder, CO Department of Gynecology USA Leiden University Medical Center Leiden ZSUZSANNA WIESENFELD-HALLIN The Netherlands Karolinska Institute [email protected] Stockholm Sweden ROBIN WEIR [email protected] Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation ANN WIGHAM Hamilton, ON McCoull Clinic Canada Prudhoe Hospital NIRIT WEISS Northumberland Departments of Neurosurgery UK Johns Hopkins University [email protected] Baltimore, MD GEORGE L. WILCOX USA Department of Neuroscience URSULA WESSELMANN Pharmacology and Dermatology Departments of Neurology University of Minnesota Medical School Neurological Surgery and Biomedical Engineering Minneapolis, MN The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine USA Baltimore, MD [email protected] USA OLIVER H. G. WILDER-SMITH [email protected] Pain and Nociception Research Group Pain Centre DAGMAR WESTERLING Department of Anaesthesiology Departments of Clinical Pharmacology Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Nijmegen Lund University Hospital The Netherlands Lund [email protected] Sweden [email protected] KJERSTI WILHELMSEN Section for Physiotherapy Science KARIN N. WESTLUND Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences Faculty of Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch University of Bergen Galveston, TX Bergen USA Norway [email protected] [email protected] List of Contributors LVII

VICTOR WILK XIAO-JUN XU Brighton Spinal Group Karolinska Institute Brighton, VIC Stockholm Australia Sweden [email protected]

W. A. WILLIAMS HIROSHI YAMASAKI Royal Perth Hospital and Department of Integrative Physiology University of Western Australia National Institute for Physiological Sciences Perth, WA Okazaki Australia Japan WILLIAM D. WILLIS Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology MICHAEL YELLAND University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine Galveston, TX Griffith University USA Logan, QLD [email protected] Australia [email protected] JOHN B. WINER Department of Neurology Birmingham Muscle and Nerve Centre S. YENNURAJALINGAM Queen Elizabeth Hospital Department of Palliative Care and Birmingham Rehabilitation Medicine UK The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer [email protected] Center Houston, TX CHRISTOPHER J. WINFREE USA Department of Neurological Surgery Neurological Institute Columbia University DAV I D C. YEOMANS New York, NY Department of Anesthesia USA Stanford University [email protected] Stanford, CA USA JANET WINTER [email protected] Novartis Institute for Medical Science London ROBERT P. Y EZIERSKI UK Comprehensive Center for Pain Research and [email protected] Department of Neuroscience ALAIN WODA McKnight Brain Institute Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Gainesville, FL University Clermont-Ferrand USA Clermont-Ferrand [email protected]fl.edu France [email protected] WAY YIN SUNG TAE KOO WONKWANG Department of Anesthesiology Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine University of Washington Korea Seattle, WA [email protected] USA [email protected] LEE WOODSON Department of Anesthesiology University of Texas Medical Branch Y. W. Y OON and Medical Science Research Center and Shriners Hospitals for Children Department of Physiology Shriners Burns Hospital Korea University College of Medicine Galveston, TX Seoul USA Korea LVIII List of Contributors

ATSUSHI YOSHIDA YI-HONG ZHANG Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology Deptartment of Anatomy and Neurobiology Osaka University University of Tennessee Health Science Center Osaka Memphis, TN Japan USA [email protected] [email protected]

XIJING J. ZHANG JOANNA M. ZAKRZEWSKA Department of Neuroscience Clinical Diagnostic and Oral Sciences University of Minnesota Institute of Dentistry Minneapolis, MN Barts and the London USA Queen Mary’s School of Medicine & Dentistry [email protected] University of London London MIN ZHUO UK Department of Physiology [email protected] University of Toronto Toronto, ON Canada HANNS ULRICH ZEILHOFER [email protected] Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Zürich C. ZÖLLNER Zürich Clinic for Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Switzerland Medicine [email protected] Charité-University Clinical Center Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin Berlin LONNIE K. ZELTZER Germany Pediatric Pain Program [email protected] Department of Pediatrics David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA KRINA ZONDERVAN Los Angeles, CA Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics USA Oxford [email protected]. UK

ZBIGNIEW ZYLICZ GIOVAMBATTISTA ZEPPETELLA St. Elizabeth Hospice St. Clare Hospice Ipswich Hastingwood Suffolk UK UK [email protected] [email protected]