SAT Online Practice Test 2 Edition 1.0
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Bibliography
Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P. -
Pictograms: Purely Pictorial Symbols
toponymy course 10. Writing systems Ferjan Ormeling This chapter shows the semantic, phonetic and graphic aspects of language. It traces the development of the graphic aspects from Sumeria 3500BC, from logographic or ideographic via syllabic into alphabetic scripts resulting in a number of script families. It gives examples of the various scripts in maps (see underlined script names) and finally deals with combination of scripts on maps. 03/07/2011 1 Meaning, sound and looks What is the name? - Is it what it means? - Is it what it sounds? - Is it what it looks? 03/07/2011 2 Meaning: the semantic aspect As long as a name is what it means, both its sound and its looks (spelling) are only relevant as far as they support the meaning. The name ‘Nederland’ is wat it means to our neighbours: ‘Low country’. So they translate it for instance into ‘Pays- Bas’ (French) or Netherlands (English) or Niederlande (German), even though that does neither sound nor look like ‘Nederland’. To Romans and Italians, however, the names Qart Hadasht and Neapolis had never been what they meant (‘new towns’). So they became what they sounded: Carthago (to the Roman ear) and Napoli. 03/07/2011 3 Sound: the phonetic aspect As soon as a name is what it sounds, its meaning has become irrelevant. Its looks (spelling) then may or may not be adapted to its sound. The dominance of the phonetic aspect to a name (the ‘oral tradition’) allows the name to degenerate graphically. Eventually, the name may be adapted semantically to its perceived sound, through a process called ‘popular etymology’. -
The Origin of the Alphabet: an Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis
Colless, Brian E. The origin of the alphabet: an examination of the Goldwasser hypothesis Antiguo Oriente: Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente Vol. 12, 2014 Este documento está disponible en la Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina, repositorio institucional desarrollado por la Biblioteca Central “San Benito Abad”. Su objetivo es difundir y preservar la producción intelectual de la Institución. La Biblioteca posee la autorización del autor para su divulgación en línea. Cómo citar el documento: Colless, Brian E. “The origin of the alphabet : an examination of the Goldwasser hypothesis” [en línea], Antiguo Oriente : Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente 12 (2014). Disponible en: http://bibliotecadigital.uca.edu.ar/repositorio/revistas/origin-alphabet-goldwasser-hypothesis.pdf [Fecha de consulta:..........] . 03 Colless - Alphabet_Antiguo Oriente 09/06/2015 10:22 a.m. Página 71 THE ORIGIN OF THE ALPHABET: AN EXAMINATION OF THE GOLDWASSER HYPOTHESIS BRIAN E. COLLESS [email protected] Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand Summary: The Origin of the Alphabet Since 2006 the discussion of the origin of the Semitic alphabet has been given an impetus through a hypothesis propagated by Orly Goldwasser: the alphabet was allegedly invented in the 19th century BCE by illiterate Semitic workers in the Egyptian turquoise mines of Sinai; they saw the picturesque Egyptian inscriptions on the site and borrowed a number of the hieroglyphs to write their own language, using a supposedly new method which is now known by the technical term acrophony. The main weakness of the theory is that it ignores the West Semitic acrophonic syllabary, which already existed, and contained most of the letters of the alphabet. -
Ancient Writing
Ancient Writing As early civilizations developed, societies became more complicated. Record keeping and communication demanded something beyond symbols and pictures to represent the spoken word. This resource explores the early writing systems of four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. You'll also learn about the Rosetta Stone, the 19th-century discovery that gave scholars the key that unlocked the language of ancient Egypt. Grade Level: Grades 3-5 Collection: Ancient Art, East Asian Art, Egyptian Art, Pre-Columbian Art Culture/Region: America, China, Egypt Subject Area: History and Social Science, Science, Visual Arts Activity Type: Art in Depth HOW ANCIENT WRITING BEGAN… AND ENDED As early civilizations developed, societies became more complicated. Record keeping and communication demanded something beyond symbols and pictures to represent the spoken word. This gallery explores the early writing systems of four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. Here you’ll also learn about the Rosetta Stone, the 19th-century discovery that gave scholars the key that unlocked the language of ancient Egypt. Why were writing systems developed? Communication – Sounds and speech needed to be visually represented. Correspondence – There was a desire to send notes, letters, and instructions. Recording – Bookkeeping tasks became important for counting crops, paying workers’ rations, and collecting taxes. Preservation – Personal stories, rituals, religious texts, hymns, literature, and history all needed to be recorded. Why did some writing systems disappear? Change – Corresponding cultures died out or were absorbed by others. Innovation – Newer, simpler systems replaced older systems. Conquest – Invaders or new rulers imposed their own writing systems. New Beginnings – New ways of writing developed with new belief systems. -
A STUDY of WRITING Oi.Uchicago.Edu Oi.Uchicago.Edu /MAAM^MA
oi.uchicago.edu A STUDY OF WRITING oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu /MAAM^MA. A STUDY OF "*?• ,fii WRITING REVISED EDITION I. J. GELB Phoenix Books THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS oi.uchicago.edu This book is also available in a clothbound edition from THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS TO THE MOKSTADS THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO & LONDON The University of Toronto Press, Toronto 5, Canada Copyright 1952 in the International Copyright Union. All rights reserved. Published 1952. Second Edition 1963. First Phoenix Impression 1963. Printed in the United States of America oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE HE book contains twelve chapters, but it can be broken up structurally into five parts. First, the place of writing among the various systems of human inter communication is discussed. This is followed by four Tchapters devoted to the descriptive and comparative treatment of the various types of writing in the world. The sixth chapter deals with the evolution of writing from the earliest stages of picture writing to a full alphabet. The next four chapters deal with general problems, such as the future of writing and the relationship of writing to speech, art, and religion. Of the two final chapters, one contains the first attempt to establish a full terminology of writing, the other an extensive bibliography. The aim of this study is to lay a foundation for a new science of writing which might be called grammatology. While the general histories of writing treat individual writings mainly from a descriptive-historical point of view, the new science attempts to establish general principles governing the use and evolution of writing on a comparative-typological basis. -
Maya Hieroglyphic Writing
MAYA HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING Workbook for a Short Course on Maya Hieroglyphic Writing Second Edition, 201 1 J. Kathryn Josserandt and Nicholas A. Hopkins Jaguar Tours 3007 Windy Hill Lane Tallahassee, 32308-4025 FL (850) 385-4344 [email protected] This material is based on work supported in partby Ihe NationalScience Foundation (NSF) under grants BNS-8305806 and BNS-8520749, administered by Ihe Institute for Cultural Ecology of Ihe Tropics (lCEr), and by Ihe National Endowment for Ihe Humanities (NEH), grants RT-20643-86 and RT-21090-89. Any findingsand conclusions or recommendationsexpressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect Ihe views of NSF, NEH, or ICEr. Workbook © Jaguar Tours 2011 CONTENTS Contents Credits and Sources for Figures iv Introductionand Acknowledgements v Bibliography vi Figure 1-1. Mesoamerican Languages x Figure 1-2. The Maya Area xi Figure 1-3. Chronology Chart for tbe Maya Area xii P ART The Classic Maya Maya Hieroglypbic Writing 1: and Figure 14. A FamilyTree of Mayan Languages 2 Mayan Languages 3 Chronology 3 Maya and Earlier Writing 4 Context and Content S Tbe Writing System 5 Figure 1-5. Logographic Signs 6 Figure 1-6. Phonetic Signs 6 Figure 1-7. Landa's "Alphabet" 6 Figure 1-8. A Maya Syllabary 8 Figure 1-9. Reading Order witbin tbe Glyph Block 10 Figure 1-10. Reading Order of Glypb Blocks 10 HieroglyphicTexts II Word Order II Figure 1-11. Examples of Classic Syntax 12 Figure 1-12. Unmarked and Marked Word Order 12 Figure 1-13. Backgrounding and Foregrounding 12-B Figure 1-14. -
Breaking the Maya Code : Michael D. Coe Interview (Night Fire Films)
BREAKING THE MAYA CODE Transcript of filmed interview Complete interview transcripts at www.nightfirefilms.org MICHAEL D. COE Interviewed April 6 and 7, 2005 at his home in New Haven, Connecticut In the 1950s archaeologist Michael Coe was one of the pioneering investigators of the Olmec Civilization. He later made major contributions to Maya epigraphy and iconography. In more recent years he has studied the Khmer civilization of Cambodia. He is the Charles J. MacCurdy Professor of Anthropology, Emeritus at Yale University, and Curator Emeritus of the Anthropology collection of Yale’s Peabody Museum of Natural History. He is the author of Breaking the Maya Code and numerous other books including The Maya Scribe and His World, The Maya and Angkor and the Khmer Civilization. In this interview he discusses: The nature of writing systems The origin of Maya writing The role of writing and scribes in Maya culture The status of Maya writing at the time of the Spanish conquest The impact for good and ill of Bishop Landa The persistence of scribal activity in the books of Chilam Balam and the Caste War Letters Early exploration in the Maya region and early publication of Maya texts The work of Constantine Rafinesque, Stephens and Catherwood, de Bourbourg, Ernst Förstemann, and Alfred Maudslay The Maya Corpus Project Cyrus Thomas Sylvanus Morley and the Carnegie Projects Eric Thompson Hermann Beyer Yuri Knorosov Tania Proskouriakoff His own early involvement with study of the Maya and the Olmec His personal relationship with Yuri -
The Notion of Syllable Across History, Theories and Analysis
The Notion of Syllable across History, Theories and Analysis The Notion of Syllable across History, Theories and Analysis Edited by Domenico Russo The Notion of Syllable across History, Theories and Analysis Edited by Domenico Russo This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Domenico Russo and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-8054-X ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-8054-1 CONTENTS Preface ........................................................................................................ ix Domenico Russo Part I. The Dawn of the Syllable Chapter One ................................................................................................. 2 The Syllable in a Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Perspective: The Cuneiform Writing in the II Millennium B.C. in Near East and Anatolian Paola Cotticelli Kurras Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 33 Syllables and Syllabaries: Evidence from Two Aegean Syllabic Scripts Carlo Consani Chapter Three ........................................................................................... -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
Essays in Anatolian Onotnastics1
Essays in Anatolian Onotnastics1 A. LEHRMAN I. Hieroglyphic Luwian Taiman YARIRIS (YA+RA/I-RI-SA), THE EARLY first millennium B.C. ruler of Carchemish (modem Jerablus, a Turkish town on Euphrates near the Syrian border), the author of a number of Hieroglyphic Luwian inscriptions glorifying his deeds and members of his family, in the inscription A 15 b, line IV, proudly informs posterity about his proficiency in' various scripts and languages. This fact is extremely interesting per se, since such a conscious attitude towards linguistic matters was not at all common in Yariris' day and age. Unfortunately, the beginning of line IV, where Yariris enumerates the scripts in which he was literate, is damaged, providing us with only four of the toponyms, or rather toponymic adjectives, referring to scripts he claimed to have mastered. The readable part of the text runs as follows: (A 15 b,IV) 1... 1 URBS-si-ya-ti SCRIBA-li-ya-ti su+rali-wali-ni-ti URBS SCRIBA-li-ya-ti-i a-su+rali-REGIO-wali-na-ti URBS SCRIBA-li-ya-ti-i ta-i- ma-ni-ti-ha URBS SCRIBA -li-ti 12-ha-wali-a "LINGUA" -Ia-ti-i-na u + LITUUS-ni-ha wali-mu-u ta-ni-ma-si-na REGIO-ni-si-i-na-a INFANS-ni-na "VIA"- -ha +rali-wali-ta-hi-tas-ti-i CUM-na ARHA -sa-ta DOMINUS-na-ni-i-sa a-mi- i-sa LINGUA-Ia-ti SUPER+rali-a ta-ni-mi-ha- wali-mu 273-wali +rali-pi-na u+LITUUS-na-nu-ta "1...1in the script of the City, the script of Sura, the script of Assyria and the script of Taiman (?). -
The Development of Writing and Preliterate Societies
The development of writing and preliterate societies Author: Cynthia Tung Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107209 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2015 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. The development of writing and preliterate societies Cynthia Tung Advisor: MJ Connolly Program in Linguistics Slavic and Eastern Languages Department Boston College April 2015 Abstract This paper explores the question of script choice for a preliterate society deciding to write their language down for the first time through an exposition on types of writing systems and a brief history of a few writing systems throughout the world. Societies sometimes invented new scripts, sometimes adapted existing ones, and other times used a combination of both these techniques. Based on the covered scripts ranging from Mesopotamia to Asia to Europe to the Americas, I identify factors that influence the script decision including neighboring scripts, access to technology, and the circumstances of their introduction to writing. Much of the world uses the Roman alphabet and I present the argument that almost all preliterate societies beginning to write will choose to use a version of the Roman alphabet. However, the alphabet does not fit all languages equally well, and the paper closes out withan investigation into some of these inadequacies and how languages might resolve these issues. Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 What is writing? 6 2.1 Definition . 6 2.2 Types of writing . 6 2.2.1 Pictograms, logograms, and ideograms . -
Paths Into Script Formation in the Ancient Mediterranean Edited by Silvia Ferrara and Miguel Valério
STUDI MICENEI ED EGEO-ANATOLICI NUOVA SERIE SUPPLEMENTO 1 Paths into Script Formation in the Ancient Mediterranean edited by Silvia Ferrara and Miguel Valério Edizioni Quasar STUDI MICENEI ED EGEO-ANATOLICI NUOVA SERIE SUPPLEMENTO 1 è una pubblicazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma ISBN 978-88-7140-898-9 Direttore / Editor-in-chief Anna D’Agata (CNR, Roma) Undertaken with the assistance of Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), Philadelphia * Printed with the support of Gerda Henkel Stiftung, Düsseldorf * The editors are grateful to Judith Weingarten for revising the English of the original manuscript Immagine di copertina / Cover illustration Writing Travels the Sea, drawing by Miguel Valério based on signs from the Cretan Hieroglyphic, Byblos and Anatolian Hieroglyphic scripts Stampa e distribuzione / Printing and distribution Edizioni Quasar di Severino Tognon s.r.l. Via Ajaccio 41-43 – 00198 Roma tel. +39 0685358444, fax +39 0685833591 email: [email protected] www.edizioniquasar.it © 2018 CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Autorizzazione Tribunale di Roma nr. 288/2014 del 31.12.2014 SOMMARIO Anna Lucia D’Agata Preface 7 Silvia Ferrara, Miguel Valério Introduction 9 Image-Bound Scripts at the Inception of Writing 1. Roeland P.-J.E. Decorte The Origins of Bronze Age Aegean Writing: Linear A, Cretan Hieroglyphic and a New Proposed Pathway of Script Formation 13 2. Mark Weeden Hieroglyphic Writing on Old Hittite Seals and Sealings? Towards a Material Basis for Further Research 51 Adaptations: Between Pictorialism and Schematism 3. Juan Pablo Vita, José Ángel Zamora The Byblos Script 75 4. Miguel Valério Cypro-Minoan: An Aegean-derived Syllabary on Cyprus (and Elsewhere) 103 5.