Le Cas De La République Islamique D'iran

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Le Cas De La République Islamique D'iran 4 mai 2012 LES DROITS DE LA PERSONNE ET L’ISLAM : LE CAS DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN Aycha Fleury Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et post-doctorales dans le cadre des exigences de la maîtrise ès arts en études de conflits Faculté des sciences humaines Université Saint-Paul Université d‘Ottawa | © Aycha Fleury, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 [Remerciements] Un merci tout particulier à Hélène Tessier, qui a dirigé cette thèse du début à la fin. Merci pour la complicité, les discussions sans fins, les fous rires et surtout la correction attentive des (au moins) quinze versions différentes de cette thèse. La rédaction est un processus fastidieux, mais j‘ai eu la chance d‘être soutenue du début à la fin. Pour le soutien moral remarquable, pour tous les messages textes, les emails, les appels et les notes d‘encouragement, je remercie les membres de ma petite famille, Sylvie, Pierre et Geoffroy, de ma famille élargie, Lyne et cie (chats compris) et tous mes amies et amis. Certain(e)s d‘entre vous me supportez depuis le primaire (petite Jacinthe), d‘autres depuis le secondaire (Hélène, Gilles, Véronique…), alors que mes Bridistes et les gens incroyables rencontrés pendant mon baccalauréat et ma maîtrise (Janic, celui-là est pour toi !) m‘ont donné des heures de rire et l‘énergie de continuer. Un merci particulier à mes colocs… Marion, Maxine et Marie-Christine. Sans vous les filles, la vie serait tellement moins colorée. Un gros merci à Lukas, qui a dû me dire au moins 15 000 fois (minimum) de ne pas lâcher. Merci à Sébastien… tu auras donné une trame sonore au long processus de rédaction ! Un mot à Laurent et Nicolas : Vous voyez, vous y êtes ! Merci aux nombreux Iraniens que j‘ai eu la chance de rencontrer, qui ont supporté mon travail et ont accepté de partager un peu leur vécu, de leurs déceptions, mais surtout de leurs espoirs. Un merci aussi à la Faculté des sciences humaines de l‘Université Saint-Paul, au Centre de recherche sur le conflit et à la Communauté bahà‘ie d‘Ottawa pour le support financier. « Les droits de la personne et l’Islam : Le cas de la République islamique d’Iran » Aycha Fleury Maîtrise ès arts en études de conflits Université Saint-Paul - (Université d‟Ottawa) 223, rue Main Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 1C4 1 Table des matières INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 5 D‘origine occidentale, mais bons pour tous? .......................................................................................... 10 L‘État, le droit et la culture ..................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPITRE 1 - Les droits de la personne et la modernité .................................................................... 17 1.1 FONDEMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 20 1.1.1 Les débuts du droit humanitaire ............................................................................................... 26 1.2 LE XXième SIÈCLE ET LES DROITS DE LA PERSONNE : LA DÉCLARATION UNIVERSELLE DES DROITS DE L‘HOMME ................................................................................... 28 1.2.1 La Déclaration universelle des droits de l’Homme et les droits naturels .................................. 30 1.2.2 Les droits de la personne aujourd’hui ....................................................................................... 34 CHAPITRE 2 - Les droits de la personne et la post-modernité ........................................................... 36 2.1 POST-MODERNITÉ ........................................................................................................................ 37 2.1.1 La tradition philosophique anglo-saxonne ................................................................................ 38 2.1.2 La post-modernité ..................................................................................................................... 39 2.2 DE LA MODERNITÉ À LA POST-MODERNITÉ ........................................................................ 43 2.2.1 La perte du sens critique, la mort du débat politique ............................................................... 44 2.2.2 Pratique, fonctionnelle, bureaucratique ................................................................................... 49 2.2.3 La vérité dans la société post-moderne..................................................................................... 51 2.3 LES CONSÉQUENCES DE LA POST-MODERNITÉ : RETOUR SUR LES NOTIONS D‘UNIVERSALITÉ ET D‘ÉGALITÉ ................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Universalisme dans la société post-moderne ............................................................................ 52 2.3.2 Égalité : De l’égalité universelle à la différenciation égalitaire ................................................. 54 CHAPITRE 3 - Droits de la personne et Iran : Religion, égalité et liberté ......................................... 58 3.1 L‘IRAN : HISTOIRE, POLITIQUE ET SYSTÈME JURIDIQUE .................................................. 59 3.1.1 L’Iran d’avant la révolution ........................................................................................................ 60 3.1.2 Qui gouverne l’Iran ? Système politique de la République islamique ....................................... 64 3.1.3 Qui juge en Iran ? Système juridique, Constitution et droits de la personne en Iran ............... 69 3.2 L‘ÉTAT DES DROITS DE LA PERSONNE EN IRAN : DROIT À L‘ÉGALITÉ, DROIT À LA LIBERTÉ D‘EXPRESSION ET DROIT À LA LIBERTÉ DE RELIGION ................................... 71 3.2.1 Le droit à l’égalité : Le droit des femmes en Iran ...................................................................... 72 3.2.2 Le droit à l’égalité : Situation des femmes en Iran .................................................................... 74 2 3.2.3 Le droit à la liberté d’expression en Iran ................................................................................... 79 3.2.4 Le droit à la liberté d’expression : La censure en Iran ............................................................... 80 3.2.5 Le droit à la liberté de conscience et de religion ....................................................................... 82 3.2.6 Le droit à la liberté de conscience : La répression en Iran ........................................................ 83 3.3 LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIQUE ................................................................................ 86 3.3.1 Au nom de Dieu… Le lien entre droit et religion ....................................................................... 86 3.3.2 Les textes internationaux sur les droits de la personne et l’Islam ............................................ 89 3.4 L‘IMPLICATION DES ÉTATS DU MOYEN-ORIENT ET DE L‘AFRIQUE DU NORD PENDANT LA RÉDACTION DE LA DUDH ...................................................................................... 93 CHAPITRE 4 - Droit et culture .............................................................................................................. 99 4.1 LES FRONTIÈRES INVISIBLES DE LA CULTURE … ET DE L‘ISLAM ............................... 100 4.1.1 La culture : De la question du relativisme culturel .................................................................. 101 4.1.2 L’Islam : De qui ? Pour qui ? Jusqu’où ? ................................................................................... 103 4.2 DÉMOCRATIE, DIVISION ENTRE POLITIQUE ET RELIGION ET DROITS DE LA PERSONNE.......................................................................................................................................... 107 4.3 L‘AFFAIRE REFAH PARTISI C. TURQUIE .............................................................................. 112 4.4 POUVOIR ET DOMINATION… RELATIVISER CE QUI REFUSE DE RELATIVISER ........ 115 4.5 SUITE ? À QUI LA MODERNITÉ, À QUI LA POSTMODERNITÉ ? ....................................... 120 COBCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 123 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................................................. 131 PIÈCES JOINTES .................................................................................................................................. 140 PIÈCE JOINTE 1 -―Ideological Factions Within the Power Appartus‖ ............................................... 141 PIÈCE JOINTE 2 – ―The Formal Constitutional Power Structure in Iran‖ ......................................... 142 PIÈCE JOINTE 3 – ―The Executive Under Mohammed Khatami‖ ..................................................... 143 PIÈCE JOINTE 4 – ―Bahà‘is Killed in Iran Since 1978‖ ..................................................................... 144 PIÈCE JOINTE 5 – ―The International Bill of Rights‖ ........................................................................ 145 3 Résumé… Le 10 décembre 1948, les représentants des États formant l‘Assemblée générale des Nations Unies votaient pour l‘adoption de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l‘homme (DUDH) à Paris. Avec aucun vote contre et seulement huit abstentions, elle représentait un consensus considérable au sein des membres
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