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M. Saleem Akhter IR 2019 Uopunjab PRR.Pdf DYNAMICS OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS (2000-2014) By Muhammad Saleem Akhtar PhD in International Relations Session 2013-2018 Roll No. 07 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid Chairperson DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB, LAHORE This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree Ph.D. in DYNAMICS OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS (2000-2014) Supervisor Submitted by PROF. DR. UMBREEN JAVAID MUHAMMAD SALEEM AKHTAR H.E.C. Nominee Roll No. 07 Department of Political Science Ph.D. University of the Punjab, Lahore. Session: - 2013-2018 Department of Political Science University of the Punjab Lahore. DEDICATION To Game changing bilateral ties of Pakistan and China in South Asian region iii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my individual research and I have not submitted this thesis concurrently to any other university or institute for any degree whatsoever. Muhammad Saleem Akhtar iv CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL It is certified that this Ph.D. Thesis of Muhammad Saleem Akhtar on the Subject matter of “DYNAMICS OF CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN RELATIONS (2000-2014) is and original work and result of his own effort, in assessment of the ―Examining‘s Committee‖, the thesis is sufficient standard to warrant its acceptance by the Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in International Relations. Thesis viva-voce examiners: _______________________ Internal Examiner: _______________________ External Examiner: _______________________ Chairperson of Political Science: _______________________ v CONTENTS Sr. No. Page No. List Of Maps Xii List Of Tables Xiii List Of Figures Xiv Acknowledgements Xv Abstract Xvi CHAPTER 1 Page No. INTRODUCTION 01-20 1.1 Introduction 01 1.2 Literature Review 04 1.2.1 Review regarding Chinese influence 04 1.2.2 Review regarding Chinese Foreign policy towards 06 India and Pakistan 1.2.3 Review regarding Chinese Intentions 08 1.2.4 Review regarding Chinese foreign policy‘s 11 approach and theories 1.2.5 Review regarding Chinese dealings with Pakistan 12 1.2.6 Review Analysis 14 1.3 Problem Statement 15 1.4 Objectives of the study 15 1.5 Significance of the Study 16 1.6 Research Questions: Analysis of dynamic Chinese 16 Foreign Policy vi 1.7 Research Methodology 17 1.7.1 Method 17 1.7.2 Population 17 1.7.3 Instrumentation and data collection 18 1.7.4 Data analysis 18 1.7.5 Chapters demarcation 18 CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF 21-38 CHINA’S SYSTEM-LEVEL FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Analysis of outreach policies 22 2.3 Level-wise Analysis 24 2.3.1 Individual level Analysis 25 2.3.2 State-Level Analysis 29 2.3.3 System-Level Analysis 32 2.3.4 Customs/Standards 34 2.4 Theoretical Analysis 34 CHAPTER 3 CHINA’S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS 39-59 INDIA 3.1 Historical Background 39 3.1.1 1949–1962: Establishing Relations 40 vii 3.1.2 1962–1976: Political Stalemate 40 3.1.3 1976–1998: Rapprochement 41 3.1.4 1998–2011: Improving Relations Amid Unresolved 41 Disputes and tensions 3.1.5 2011-2014: Growing Economic and Trade 41 Relations 3.2 Implication of India‘s Rise as an Emerging Power 42 3.2.1 Consensus-Driven Process of China‘s Foreign 42 Policy 3.2.2 China‘s Core Interests 43 3.2.3 India‘s Rise-New Challenges 43 3.2.4 Re-adjustment of China‘s Foreign Policy towards 43 India 3.2.5 Policy of Conflict Prevention and Conflict 44 Management 3.2.6 Measure to obstruct certain India Policies 44 3.2.7 Historical Disputes 45 3.2.8 The Border Dispute 45 3.2.9 Chinese perceptions 47 3.2.10 A grand bargain on Aksai Chin/Arunachal Pradesh 47 3.2.11 The Tibetan government-in-exile 48 3.3 Chinese perceptions 48 3.3.1 India should strive to limit the activities of the 48 TGIE 3.3.2 The Tibet connection is likely to sour Sino-Indian 49 relations in years ahead viii 3.3.3 Economic Interests 49 3.3.4 Natural Resources 49 3.3.5 China and India Should Cooperate More Closely in 50 the Energy Field 3.3.6 Bilateral Trade and Investment 50 3.3.7 India is Employing Protectionism to address its 51 Trade Deficit with China 3.3.8 Military Build-up 51 3.3.9 Military Capabilities, Force Posture and 52 Deployment 3.3.10 Defense Modernization of India 52 3.3.11 Worth of Indian Ocean for China 53 3.3.12 Defense Industry and Arms Procurement 54 3.3.13 Military-industrial developments in India are not a 54 cause of concern in China CHAPTER 4 HISTORICAL DIMENSIONS OF CHINA- 60-106 PAKISTAN RELATIONS BEFORE 9/11 4.1 Historical Development 60 4.2 Pakistan‘s initiation in Development of Relations 60 4.2.1 Chinese support on Kashmir Issue 62 4.3 Geo-Strategic importance of China-Pakistan 65 4.3.1 China-Pakistan Strategic Relationship 68 4.3.2 Ideological basis of Friendship 69 4.3.3 Trade Relations between Pakistan and China 70 ix 4.3.4 Political Relations 73 4.3.5 Economic Cooperation 76 4.3.6 China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) 76 4.4 Practicalities of Cooperation Framework for CPEC 77 4.5 The proposed Strategy and Development 80 4.5.1 Roads 81 4.5.2 Railways 84 4.5.3 Gwadar Seaport 85 4.5.4 Defense Cooperation 86 4.5.5 Nuclear Technology 87 4.5.6 Energy Sector Cooperation 88 4.5.7 Factors for Smooth Relations 89 4.5.8 The Seating of China in the World body and 90 Pakistan's Stance 4.6 Issues between China and Pakistan 90 4.7 Post-9/11 Political and Diplomatic Relations 98 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIVE ANALYSIS AND 107-116 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Analysis 106 5.2 Conclusion 107 5.3 Recommendations 110 5.4 Side Endorsements 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY 117-1153 x APPENDICES 154-175 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 xi LIST OF MAPS SR NO PAGE # 1 Border Between China and India 46 2 China and Pakistan 66 3 CPEC 79 4 xii LIST OF TABLES SR NO PAGE # 1 Comparative analysis of foreign policy approaches 35 2 Volume of Pakistan-China Bilateral Trade 72 xiii LIST OF FIGURES SR NO PAGE # 1 Planned Alignment Of The Cpec Road Network 83 2 Pak-China Economic Corridor Comparison of Planned and Alternate 95 Alignment xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Thanks to Almighty Allah, Who bestowed me with patience, courage and perseverance to complete this laborious and difficult assignment. I believe that with the help of Almighty Allah I have completed my research work. It is also a fact that without active support of people around me, it would be difficult to do such kind of research. First of all I am highly indebted to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Umbreen Javaid, Chairman Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab. I am grateful for her guidance, support and encouragement. I can‘t forget her special attention, keen observation and very professional approach regarding this research. She checked the chapters thoroughly and proposed valuable suggestions which proved helpful for achieving this goal. I am also thankful to my honorable teacher Dr. Iram Khalid who not only helped me in finding out different sources but also appreciated and encouraged me. Massive gratitude to the other staff of this department like honorable Dr. Hassan Askari Rizvi (Emeritus Professor), Dr. Rehana Saeed Hashmi, Dr. Gulshan Majeed, Dr. Rana Ijaz Ahmed and Prof. Mohammad Shabeer Khan, for their fruitful cooperation as well as encouragement. I also pay thanks to the supportive clerical staff of this department. I also express gratefulness to those imminent personalities including Prof. Dr. Saleem Dogar, Prof. Quttab Hussain Watto, Prof. Dr. Zahoor Ahmed, Dr. Zahid Yaseen, a lot of Foreign Officers, Officials of Military, Judiciary and Bureaucracy, Politicians and other intellectuals who supported and encouraged me to complete my research work. I am grateful to the library staff of department of Political Science especially Mr.Akram, Asad and Rahila. I also pay thanks to the staff of the Quaid-e-Azam library, library of Center for South Asian Studies, Punjab Public library Lahore, the Main Library of the University, the library of National Defense University Islamabad, National Documentation Centre Islamabad and Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR) Directorate, Islamabad for their help and cooperation. At the end my family deserves special praise. I have special regards for my wife. I can‘t forget the prayers of my parents and valuable support of my bosom friends Salman Randawa and Sabir Javaid. I must say that with the support of all these people I have completed this task, but all the errors to be found in this work will remain my own. Muhammad Saleem Akhtar xv ABSTRACT Chinese Foreign policy is of vital importance in the South Asian region which in turn carries highly significant prominence in defining the course of events that affect the contours of international political order. The strategic importance of the region centers on the fact that it is the gateway to the Indian Ocean which is known as the energy jugular of global trade. The changing political dynamics of South Asia particularly in relation with Pakistan and India, the two major nuclear capable actors, are also significant.
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