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Information to Users The evolution of higher education in Zimbabwe Item Type Thesis Authors Maunde, Raymund Zaranyika Download date 05/10/2021 14:11:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/9536 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EVOLUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Raymund Maunde, Cert. Ed., M.A., M.A. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 9965380 UMI* UMI Microform9965380 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Artor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE EVOLUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE By Raymund Maunde Recommended: Advisofy Committee Chair Departrf&nt Head APPRPOVED: * 1 - ) Dean, College o f Liberal Arts D^n, Graduate School Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This study examines the origins and development of higher education for the indigenous peoples in southern Africa as a whole, while focusing on the evolution of higher education in Zimbabwe in particular. The study examines the role that higher education plays in a developing social, economic and political context by reviewing the relevant literature on the history of higher education in southern Africa and conducting a survey of the current status of emerging higher education institutions in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe is pursuing multiple avenues of public-private co-operation in providing higher education in response to the growing demand from its citizens. The fieldwork included interviews with government officials and an extended visit to each of the four major new public and private universities in the country, during which focused interviews were conducted with university officials and relevant documents were obtained. The first generation of universities in Africa is being reassessed and new institutions are being created as a result of changes that have occurred in the world, in Africa and in the universities themselves. Internationally, the emergence of global markets has created a competitive world economic system characterized by rapid knowledge generation and technological innovation. Therefore the African universities are not evolving in isolation. They are becoming an integral part of the world university systems. This study documents the reciprocal relationship between the structure and function of educational institutions and the time and place in which they are situated. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The current explosion of new higher education institutions across Zimbabwe is clearly a product of its historical and contemporary evolution as an independent country. At the same time, it is apparent that Zimbabwe’s future as a player in the family of global nations is increasingly dependent on a strong and responsive system of higher education institutions focusing on the needs of the country and its citizens. Zimbabwe’s future as a nation and the future of its higher education institutions are inextricably linked. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Table of Contents iii Acknowledgements vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH DESIGN 8 University of Zimbabwe, National University of Science and Technology and Zimbabwe Open University 10 Africa University, Solusi University and Catholic University in Zimbabwe 12 Interviewing Administrative Officers at Each Institution 13 Understanding Personnel and Department Policies 15 Gathering Student Data 16 Catching Up with Higher Education in Zimbabwe 17 Reflections on the Research Experience 18 CHAPTER 3. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE: THE HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FORMAL EDUCATION IN ZIMBABWE 19 Missionaries and Basic Education 20 The Portuguese and Schooling 32 Second Missionary Initiatives in Zimbabwe 33 The Pioneer Column and the Occupation of Mashonaland (1890) 36 The Matabele Rebellion War (1893) 40 The Matabele and Mashona Rebellions (1896-1897) 41 War Crimes 46 The Establishment of Missions and Education in Zimbabwe 47 London Missionary Society and Seven Day Adventist 49 American Missionaries 50 The English Methodist Church 51 United Methodist Church 53 Dutch Reformed Church 55 The Anglican Church 57 Roman Catholic Church 60 The Dominican Nuns’ Missionary Activities 62 Differences Between the Missionaries 64 Development of Primary Schooling in Zimbabwe 65 Development of Secondary Schools in Zimbabwe 70 Racial Integration in Zimbabwean Schools (1979-1980) 72 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Student Unrest in High Schools (1997) 77 Review of the colonial education system 79 Education Policy adopted at Independence (1980) 80 Development of Teacher Education in Zimbabwe 84 CHAPTER 4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTHERN AFRICA 86 Historical Context of Higher Education in Southern Africa 92 Universities in Africa in the Post -Independence Era 94 Christian Churches’ Early Involvement in African Higher Education 99 The Development of Universities in South Africa 101 The Development of Higher Education in Pre-Independence Zimbabwe 108 CHAPTER 5. CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN ZIMBABWE PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION 117 Expanding Government support for Higher Education 118 Bachelor of Technology: An Interim Solution 122 The National University of Science and Technology 125 A Visit to the National University of Science and Technology 128 The National University of Science and Technology Takes Form 132 The NUST Fourth Graduation Ceremony 132 Conferment of an Honorary Degree on Vice President J. M. Nkomol36 Devolution of Bachelor of Education and Bachelor of Technology Degrees 139 Bulawayo and Harare Polytechnics 142 Mutare Technical College 145 Gweru Teachers’ College 146 State University in the Midlands: A New Development 151 Masvingo Teachers’ College 153 Chinhoyi Technical Teachers’ College 156 Zimbabwe Cuban Teacher Education Program 161 Distance Education and Zimbabwe Open University 164 CHAPTER 6. CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN ZIMABAWE CHURCH-AFFILIATED HIGHER EDUCATION 172 Africa University 172 Religious Worship at Africa University 174 Recruitment of Teachers and Students 175 1997 Graduation at Africa University 177 Physical Developments at Africa University 178 Solusi University 179 A Visit to Solusi University 181 Religious Practice at Solusi University 183 Arrupe College 189 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. V A Catholic University in Zimbabwe 192 CHAPTER 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 202 The Evolution of Contemporary Higher Education inSouthern Africa 206 The Evolution of Contemporary Higher Education in Zimbabwe 208 Lingering Issues 214 Accountability 215 A Balanced Curriculum 216 Americanization of Higher Education 217 Geographic and Political Distribution of New Institutions 218 BIBLIOGRAPHY 220 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was lucky and privileged indeed to have attended the University of Alaska Fairbanks where I studied education in general with a particular focus on comparative education and development. I wish to thank Dr. Ray Bamhardt and Dr. Carol Bamhardt for sharing with me their expertise and experiences in higher education. They are dedicated and committed to the advancement and education of the Alaska indigenous people. They have contributed to
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