www.hsrcpress.ac.za from CRISIS! download Free WHAT CRISIS? THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF THE ZIMBABWEAN CRISIS Edited by Sarah Chiumbu and Muchaparara Musemwa Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za First published 2012 ISBN (soft cover): 978-0-7969-2383-7 ISBN (pdf): 978-0-7969-2384-4 ISBN (e-pub): 978-0-7969-2385-1 © 2012 Human Sciences Research Council The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council (‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In quoting from this publication, www.hsrcpress.ac.za readers are advised to attribute the source of the information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council. from Chapter 1 is a revised version of a paper originally published in the Journal of Developing Societies 26(2): 165–206, copyright © Sage Publications (all rights reserved) and is reproduced here with the permission of the copyright holders and the publishers, Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. download Free Chapter 2 is a revised version of a paper by Mukwedeya T (2011) originally published as ‘Zimbabwe’s saving grace: The role of remittances in household livelihood strategies in Glen Norah, Harare’ in the South African Review of Sociology 42(1): 116–130, copyright © South African Sociological Association reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com on behalf of the South African Sociological Association. Chapter 4 is a revised version of a paper originally published in M Palmberg & R Primorac (eds) Skinning the Skunk: Facing Zimbabwean Futures (2005), copyright © the editors and the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI) and is reproduced here with the permission of the editors and the NAI. Portions of chapter 11 originally appeared in Scarnecchia (2008) The urban roots of democracy and political violence in Zimbabwe: Harare and Highfield, 1940–1964 and are reprinted here with permission of the University of Rochester Press. Cartoons by Andy, Brandan, Dov Fedler, Peter Mascher and Zapiro have been reproduced with permission of the artists; the Grogan cartoons with permission of the artist and the Sunday Independent, and the Yalo cartoon with permission of the artist and the Sowetan. Typeset by Robin Yule, cheekychilli Cover design by Robin Yule, cheekychilli Cover photos by iStockphoto Printed by [Name of printer, city, country] Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477; Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 www.oneworldbooks.com Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) Tel: +44 (0) 17 6760 4972; Fax: +44 (0) 17 6760 1640 www.eurospanbookstore.com Distributed in North America by River North Editions, from IPG Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741; Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 www.ipgbook.com Contents List of figures and tables v Foreword vii Preface viii www.hsrcpress.ac.za introduction: Perspectives of the Zimbabwean crises ix from Sarah Chiumbu and Muchaparara Musemwa Acronyms and abbreviations xxiv download Free resource politics and livelihoods 1 Perpetuating colonial legacies: The post-colonial state, water crises and the outbreak of disease in Harare, Zimbabwe, 1980–2009 3 Muchaparara Musemwa 2 Enduring the crisis: Remittances and household livelihood strategies in Glen Norah, Harare 42 Tatenda Mukwedeya 3 Negotiating the crisis: Mobile phones and the informal economy in Zimbabwe 62 Sarah Chiumbu and Richard Nyamanhindi migration and disembedment 4 Zimbabwe’s global citizens in ‘Harare North’: Livelihood strategies of Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom 81 Beacon Mbiba 5 Escaping home: The case of ethnicity and formal education in the migration of Zimbabweans during the Zimbabwean ‘crisis’ 100 Thabisani Ndlovu 6 Negotiating the Zimbabwe–Mozambique border: The pursuit of survival by Mutare’s poor, 2000–2008 122 Fidelis Duri mediating the crisis 7 Linguistic negotiation of the Zimbabwean crisis 143 Maxwell Kadenge 8 ‘A Zimbabwean joke is no laughing matter’: E-humour and versions of subversion 161 Jennifer Musangi 9 Mediating crisis: Realigning media policy and deployment of propaganda in Zimbabwe, 2000–2008 176 Dumisani Moyo 10 Subterranean faultlines: Representations of Robert Mugabe in South African press cartoons 199 www.hsrcpress.ac.za Grace A Musila and Dumisani Moyo from from the past to the future 11 The ‘sellout logic’ in the formation of Zimbabwean nationalist politics, 1961–1964 225 download Timothy Scarnecchia Free 12 Zimbabwe’s democracy of diminished expectations 241 David B Moore and Brian Raftopoulos postscript: Imagining a different Zimbabwe 268 Levi Kabwato Contributors 276 Index 277 List of figures and tables figure 1.1 Map showing Harare’s suburbs 10 figure 1.2 Map showing Harare’s dams and waterworks 11 figure 1.3 Map showing townships in and around Harare 16 www.hsrcpress.ac.za figure 4.1 New students declaring Zimbabwean nationality registered for diploma and first degree courses at Buckinghamshire University BC( uc) 87 from figure 4.2 Zimbabweans granted work permits in the United Kingdom 87 figure 4.3 Zimbabwean asylum applications to the United Kingdom 88 figure 5.1 The regions of Mashonaland and Matabeleland 102 download figure 6.1 Map of the Zimbabwe–Mozambique border area 130 Free figure 8.1 A ‘supposedly’ Zimbabwean beggar at a traffic light in Johannesburg 165 figure 8.2 Here I am with Nujoma (Nam), Myself (Zim) and Mbeki (SA) in a playful mood 170 figure 8.3 Mugabe as a baby in chains 171 figure 8.4 A panga is the first thing a politically aware child should acquire 171 figure 10.1 Quiet diplomacy 207 figure 10.2 Country to support. Please invest 207 figure 10.3 Uh oh! He’s picked up another one 207 figure 10.4 Cross purposes 209 figure 10.5 ANC deliveries 209 figure 10.6 Thanks to your taxes 209 figure 10.7 Good neighbours don’t make a fuss 210 figure 10.8 Turn up the radio and draw the curtain please 210 figure 10.9 Ronnie Reagan 211 figure 10.10 Our land reform process 212 figure 10.11 I have no reason to think 213 figure 10.12 Mr President, the latest response to quiet diplomacy 213 figure 10.13 What would I do without you 213 figure 10.14 You were saying? 213 figure 10.15 He’s harmless 214 figure 10.16 I think it’s time you were house trained 215 figure 10.17 Defending the caveman 216 v figure 10.18 Thabo’s Silent Safari 216 figure 10.19 Timber! 217 table 2.1 Uses of remittances 51 table 7.1 Terms and expressions used during the crisis 148 table 7.2 Metaphors referring to local and foreign currency 151 table 7.3 Metaphors referring to corruption and its perpetrators 154 table 7.4 Metaphors referring to cheap items and success in illicit deals 156 table 7.5 Metaphors referring to coping mechanisms 157 www.hsrcpress.ac.za from download Free vi crisis! what crisis? Foreword What makes this anthology attractive is its multidisciplinary approach, using as it does expertise from a wide variety of fields ranging from history, political science, information science and linguistics to media studies and other disciplines. www.hsrcpress.ac.za This is as it should be, given the multidimensional nature of the subject under investigation. Such multidisciplinary approaches are to be encouraged if there is from to be a nuanced and more grounded understanding of the forces that have shaped and continue to shape the Zimbabwean experience. If we are to understand these forces, we need to document and analyse as many diverse developments and download experiences as possible. Free Alois S Mlambo vii Preface this book emerged out of a conference on ‘Exploring Hidden Dimensions of the Zimbabwe Crises’ held at the University of the Witwatersrand in July 2009. The conference was a collaboration between scholars in the Faculty of Humanities at the www.hsrcpress.ac.za University of the Witwatersrand and aimed to analyse and unpack the complex and dynamic facets of the Zimbabwean crisis and the various and innovative strategies from used by Zimbabweans in Zimbabwe and abroad to negotiate the unfolding crisis. The chapters in this book are critical, scholarly renditions of the Zimbabwean crisis in its multidimensional forms. The chapters are designed to offer fresh ways download of understanding the developments that have come to characterise the nation’s Free political image over the past decade. The conference attracted a number of interesting papers, some of which were published in a special issue of Communicare: Journal for Communication Sciences in South Africa, which focused on the mediation of the Zimbabwean crisis. Professor Alois Mlambo, an eminent Zimbabwean social historian, gave the keynote speech. The speech, ‘When liberators turn into oppressors: Some thoughts on Zimbabwe’s multi-layered crises’, encapsulated the main and critical issues pertaining to the Zimbabwean crisis. We would like to thank Dr Dumisani Moyo, who, together with the editors, organised the conference out of which the papers of this book emerged. We also wish to acknowledge and thank the University of the Witwatersrand’s Strategic Planning and Resource Allocation Committee (SPARC) and the Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, Professor Tawana Kupe, for financing the workshop. Sarah Chiumbu and Muchaparara Musemwa viii crisis! what crisis? Introduction: Perspectives of the Zimbabwean crises Sarah Chiumbu and Muchaparara Musemwa starting in the late 1990 s, Zimbabwe experienced a profound economic and political crisis that almost pushed the country to the edge of total collapse. As a result, the literature on what came to be known as the ‘Zimbabwe crisis’ has tended www.hsrcpress.ac.za to frame the crisis in singular terms.