USAMHI Trng Staff Rides
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U.S. Army Military History Institute Training 950 Soldiers Drive Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5021 30 May 2012 STAFF RIDES & TERRAIN WALKS A Working Bibliography of MHI Sources CONTENTS General Sources.....p.2 -Army Use of Battlefields….p.3 Foreign: -British Army....p.5 -German Army....p.6 Specific sites by war, campaign, or place: -Hawaii, 1795.....p.7 -Revolutionary War Era.....p.7 [Brandywine, Cowpens, Saratoga, Yorktown] -Napoleonic Wars....p.7 [Jena-Auerstadt, Ulm, Regensburg] -Early Republic & War of 1812.....p.8 [Lewis & Clark, Tippecanoe, War in the Northwest, Ft. McHenry, Black Hawk] -San Jacinto.....p.8 -Civil War.....p.9 [Antietam, Atlanta, Brice’s Crossroads, Bull Run, Cedar Creek, Chancellorsville, Chickamauga, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Glorieta Pass, Honey Springs, Kennesaw Mountain, Monroe Crossroads, New Market, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Petersburg, Peninsula/Seven Days, Shiloh, Tullahoma, Virginia Campaigns, Vicksburg, Wilderness/Spotsylvania, Wilson’s Creek] -Trans-Mississippi Indian Wars…..p.16 -Apache.....p.16 -Other.....p.17 -Franco-Prussian War….p.17 [Spicheren, Mars-la-Tour, St. Privat, Metz] -WWI.....p.18 [Verdun, Meuse-Argonne] -WWII-North Africa...p.18 [El Alamein, Kasserine Pass, Tunisia] -WWII-Mediterranean….p.18 [Sicily] -WWII-Europe…..p.19 [Normandy, Ardennes, Huertgen Forest, Normandy, Schmidt/Rhineland, Seelow Heights] -WWII-Pacific…..p.20 [Pearl Harbor, Kwajalein] -Korea.....p.20 [Chipyong-ni, Hill 303, Imjin River, Kapyong, Naktong River, Task Force Smith] -Since 1953…..p.21 [Operation Just Cause/Panama] Staff Rides p.2 GENERAL SOURCES Bui, Vinh W., & Fox, Thaddeus. “Adaptive Leaders: The Relevancy of a Staff Ride to the Modern Field Artillery Battalion.” Fires (May/Jun 2012): pp. 28-32. Per. Verdun & Meuse-Argonne. Cochran, Darrell. "Battlefield Classrooms." Soldiers (Dec 1991): pp. 37-39. Per. Del Gaudio, Andrew M. “History, the Myth, and the Staff Ride: A New Look at the Development of Subordinate Leaders.” Infantry (Jul 2009): pp. 47-50. Per. “Following General Lawton—Forty-one Years After.” The American Oldtimer (May 1940): pp. 43-46. Per. Car trip along the northern expedition into Bulacan Province, Philippine Insurrection. Kennedy, Edwin L., Jr. “Officer Education at CGSC: The Origin, Revival and Value of the Staff Ride.” Army (Feb 2009): pp. 43-45. Per. Luvaas, Jay. "The Staff Ride." USAWC Alumni Assoc Newsletter (Summer 1988): pp. 11-16. Per. Nelson, Harold. “What the Staff Ride Can Depict: Face of Battle, Clash of Wills and Arms, Generalship, and Cause and Effect.” Army History (Oct 1988): pp. 15-17. Per. Plummer, Lee. "Adapting the Staff Ride at the 143d Transportation Command for US Army Reserve Troop Program Units." Army History (Spring 1994): pp. 22-24. Per. Robertson, William G. The Staff Ride. Wash, DC: CMH, Jan 1987. 30 p. U280.R63. _____. "The Staff Ride Returns to Leavenworth." Army History (Winter 1984): pp. 5-6. Per. Sayre, Farrand. Map Maneuvers and Tactical Rides. Springfield, 1911. 210 p. U310.S39. And earlier editions. Sette, Domenic R. "Staff Rides at the War College Prior to World War I: Their Use and Effectiveness." AWC student paper, 1988. 24 p. MHI Arch. Stephens, Michael W. "Learning from Civil War Battles." Marine Corps Gazette (Jun 1988): pp. 27-28. Per. Brief history USMC use of old battlefields to teach principles. Sullivan, Gordon R. Letter to General Officers, U.S. Army, 29 Nov 1994. 3 p. Staff Ride Coll. Army C/S's reflections after a staff ride. Staff Rides p.3 Vuono, Carl E. “The Staff Ride: Training for Warfighting.” Army History (Oct 1988): pp. 1-2. Per. Waldron, William H. Tactical Walks. Wash, DC: US Infantry Association, 1917. 170 p. U220.W3. Concerned with minor tactics and platoon-level situations. See also: -Bibliography on Applied History in History; AWC curricular materials, Arch. -US Army Use of Battlefield Sites for Staff Rides/Training Exercises The earliest organized battlefield visit by a US Army school involved the graduating class of the U.S. Military Academy to the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1902. Reports of the Superintendent of USMA and Gettysburg National Military Park Commission in Annual Reports of Sec of War (UA24s) indicate similar trips through 1916, with the exception of 1908. See: 1902, p. 47; 1903, p. 37; 1904, pp. 59-60; 1905, pp. 41 & 139; 1906, pp. 195 & 312; 1907, pp. 215 & 328; 1909, pp. 33; 1910, p. 303; 1911, p. 261-62 & 323-24; 1912, pp. 133-34; 1913, p. 137 & 189; 1914, pp. 591-52 & 642; 1915, pp. 822, 872 & 875; 1916, pp. 1192, 1233 & 1235, 1917., p. 197; and 1918, p. 1472. The 1918 report reveals also that the Army War College had been sending regular visitors through 1917. The 1916 report even mentions US Marines. Not found was the date for the final cadet class visit to Gettysburg. Understandably, WWI participation temporarily halted trips, but no further mention of such trips appears in abbreviated versions of the Annual Reports during the 1920s and 1930s. The Academy's curriculum change, noted in the following report, may account for cessation of intense study of the Civil War. U.S. Military Academy. Annual Report of the Superintendent. West Point, NY: Academy Press, 1922. p. 13. U410.E1.A1. The various schools at Ft Leavenworth also conducted battlefield trips by 1906. A discussion of the organizational changes these schools at the turn-of-the-century appear in Timothy K. Nenninger, The Leavenworth Schools and the Old Army: Education, Professionalism, and the Officer Corps of the United States Army, 1881-1918 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1978; U415N46). His earlier dissertation contains a brief discussion of the role of the "staff ride" in the curriculum (U415A1N4, pp. 215-19). Prior to 1906, "terrain rides" (field exercises without troops) were conducted at Leavenworth and environs. As early as 1894, the first year of operation of the US Infantry and Cavalry School there, an instructor in the Dept of Mil Art had recommended limited on-site instruction for his students at "some of the most noted battlefields of the War of Secession." However, this recommendation by Col Arthur L. Wagner remained unrealized until 1904, when "staff ride" appeared in a General Service and Staff College course implementation recommendation. See: U.S. General Service and Staff College. Annual Report of the Commandant.... Ft Leavenworth: Staff College Press, 1904. pp. 106-12. U415.E1. Staff Rides p.4 U.S. Infantry and Cavalry School. Annual Report of...Commandant...1894. pp. 18-26. U415.E1.A2. Participants in the 1906 Leavenworth staff ride traveled the North Georgia campaign of 1864. Rides of subsequent years covered this and other areas, including Manassas, Chickamauga-Chattanooga, and Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Interestingly, in the Annual Secretary of War Reports, the reports of the Commissioners of Vicksburg, Shiloh, Gettysburg and Chickamauga-Chattanooga National Military Parks contain no mention of visits by Leavenworth groups (reports of the Leavenworth schools on file here cover only through 1910). According to Robertson, cited below, staff rides were conducted for five consecutive years. See: U.S. Army Service Schools, Ft Leavenworth. Annual Report of Commandant...,1906-1919. U415E1. See: 1906, pp. 129-35; 1907, pp. 94-110; 1908, pp. 63-74; 1909, pp. 55-60; and 1910, pp. 41-49. The General Service Schools at Ft Leavenworth published a series of source books to accompany their studies of selected Civil War battle sites. See, for example: U.S. General Service Schools. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Campaign, February, 1861. Source Book, 1923. 1488 p. E472.U65. _____. Source Book of the Peninsula Campaign in Virginia, April to July 1862. Ft Leavenworth: School Press, 1921. 996 p. E473.6.U58. The US Army War College became the third major school to make use of the battlefield sites, as revealed in AWC curricular materials and other collections of personal papers held in MHI Archives. For example, the Andrew Bruce Papers contain background notes and detailed blueprint maps of the late 1920s when the AWC Historical Section prepared terrain studies of the battlefields. The Matthew Forney Steele Papers are also excellent on the earlier Ft Leavenworth rides. For a nice summary of the staff ride within the pre-1940 AWC curriculum, see: Terrell, Richard D. "The Army War College Curriculum--Implications of Design." AWC study project, 1986. pp. 5, 18 & 26-27. Arch. See also these selected items spanning 1909-1939: "Army War College Course in Military Art, 1908-09: Exercises, Solutions, Discussions, Records of Attendance and Miscellaneous Papers." Vol. II, pp. 764-790 + photos. Arch. Unarranged files, 1938-39 (Arch) which include tentative itinerary for the ride, field exercise directive, list of National Park Service personnel for points of contact, and samples of pre-visit correspondence with Park Service officials and private individuals. Hunter, G.B. AWC Historical Ride, 1939: Work Notes and Miscellaneous Data. AWC File #355-39/5, Arch. Staff Rides p.5 The first two documents offer interesting insights into logistical problems encountered by the staff ride action officers. Today, thanks to public ownership of historic sites, such as the Stone House at Manassas, AWC need not worry about renting someone's front yard for an hour a year! Comments and reminiscences of officers who visited battlefields as part of their formal Army Schooling include these: Blumenson, Martin, editor. The Patton Papers. Vol. I: 1885-1940. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972. pp. 172-73. E745.P3.B55v1. Taylor, Maxwell. Oral history transcripts. Sec II, pp. 14-15. Arch. The suspension of War College, 1940-1950 led to various new directions for the curriculum, and after 1951 staff rides no longer formed part of the formal course of study. They continued as an extra- curricular activity. In the 1980s, effort and enthusiasm by then-AWC faculty members Col Harold Nelson and Dr.