Apple Varieties of Commercial Interest 11 ABTI.E FACTS

Home , Braeburn, Ralls Janet, Winter Banana (apple)

Apple Varieties - of Commercial Interest 11 ABTI.E FACTS

BRAEBURN SPORTS: Susan K. Brown \ ., While several sports are being tested only Hillwell is available in the US. This sport has not yet fruited at Geneva. Synonyms: None known Origin: Chance seedling discovered in 1952 near Nelson, New Zealand. COMMENTS (The following comments Parentage: Probable parents are Lady Hamilton x Granny Smith. represent a compilation of information Patent Status: The original Braeburn is not patentable in the USA. from the references cited): Red strains from New Zealand are under test. Pruning and training: At planting time FRUIT DESCRIPTION: Braeburn trees that are feathered should have branches headed to prevent blind wood and encourage new growth in the Size range: Medium to large. first year. Braeburn-will do well as a Stem length: Medium. central leader type tree and will fit into a Fruit shape: Oval with crown. high density system with this tree struc- Skin color: Poor grade of red stripe on green. Red strains can be all ture. Management of the top of the treeis red if there is good exposure to sunlight. the key to well structured Braeburn trees Flavor: 1 Excellent. Sweetltart and aromatic. and the production of large quantities of Flesh color: Buff to yellow if mature, pale green if immature. fruit. Texture: Firm, crisp and very juicy. Storage life: Long-six months in common and likely a year in CA. A grower in Oregon has evaluated Maturity date: Late. Probably overlaps with Rome Beauty, Fuji and Braeburn for several years (Waliser, 1989, Granny Smith. Depends on nitrogen level and vigor of 1990). Compared to Gala and Fuji he the tree. More grower testing needed to determine the found Braeburn to be a much weaker maturity indices. growing tree, especially in the top where it tends to produce many limbs, often TREE CHARACTERISTICS: with no dominant central leader. This weak top and tendency to fruit early can Vigor: Low to moderate. May runt out if over cropped. cause Braeburn to runt out and not grow Growth type: Spur type. to its desired volume, reducing ultimate Precocity: Very good, but has shown biennial tendency. bearing surface potential. In the first 3 to Bloom season: Mid season. Has extended bloom. 4 years it is important to allow the trees to Pollination requirements: Any diploid in the same bloom season. Winter Banana grow and fill desired volume beforepro- ducing heavy crops. Proper crop and tree and Red Delicious are being used by some growers as management are more crucial with pollenizers. Braeburn than with many varieties. Cold hardiness status: Appears adequate. Disease status: Susceptible to scab, mildew, Brooks spot, and fire blight. Braeburn characteristically has a weep- Physiological disorders: Braeburn is very susceptibl~'t~~eciallyon ing habit. However, buds will break and young trees with a light crop.. ~iii~din~'otivigor and grow into upright shoots which can be crop load, three to five sprays of ca1ci^u~chlorid6~a~be used to renew fruiting wood and form needed to control this problem. ~iendalbearing. new limbs. Fruits are produced on one Availability sources: Commercially available from many nurserid%. year old wood and on fruit spurs, with Commercial status: Braeburn is well established as an enpo~vafieJdor~ew spurs producing the highest quality fruit. Zealand. While there is increased int~mnthe US, A range of fruit shapes occur, from round . .'-++ Braeburn may not be a success in cool, late season areas. to long to typey. Nitropen: Braeburn is not nitrogen eties Showcase (Marini, 1992). In Vir- friendly (Waliser, 1989). Moderate to ginia, Braeburn matures with or slightly References: high nitrogen with excessivetree vigor after Golden Delicious. The fruit is unat- will contribute to bitter pit, lenticel tractive, develops bitterpit, andpreharvest Ballard, J. 1992 (Feb.). Braeburn breakdown problems and poor stor- drop may be aproblem. The fruit quality profile sheet. Pacific Northwest age life. High nitrogen levels will also may improve as trees get older and settle Fruit Tester's Variety Characteris- result in poor color and quality. into a good fruiting habit. Shoots are tic Profile. susceptible to quince rust. The tree has a Ballard, J. 1993 (March). Don't There is a degree of brittle graft union on M.26 or Mark root- Rootstocks: give up on Braeburn. Good Fruit incompatibilitybetween the stock and stock. In Virginia, the potential is un- Grower:43-44. scion, forming a weak union. This is known andonly limited testplantings are especially true on EMLA 26. recommended. Kupferman, E. M. 1992. Maturity Braeburn trees must be supported dur- and storage of apple varieties new ing the first year toprevent breaking at Fire blight susceptibilitv: In Southwest to Washington State. Washington the bud union. Michigan, 2 and 3-year old trees on M.7a State University Tree Fruit or M.7EMLA were evaluated following Postharvest Journal 3(1): 9-15. a severe fire blight epidemic in 1991. Harvest andstorage: Harvest time in Lehnert, R.L. 1993 (Jan.). Fire Oregon is about a week before Granny Braeburn was highly susceptible. It had blight demands even better man- 26 to 50 % of the tree blighted in July, Smith and about 7 to 10 days before agement. The Great Lakes Fruit with 50 to 75% of the tree blighted by Fuji. Braeburn develops most of its Grower News. p.16. red color during the week before har- September (Lehnert, 1993). vest. Soluble solids should be at least Marini, R. 1992 (Feb). FruitNotes. 10 to 12%, with firmness~of 16-20 Comments specific to NY - A major con- Apple varieties. Vol 12 #2. Vir- pounds at harvest. Two to three pick- cern is whether we can mature Braeburn ginia Cooperative Extension Ser- ings areneeded to harvest Braeburn at inNew York. TheBraeburn that we have vice. in our collection matured within our har- proper color and maturity. Optimum Waliser, T. 1989. My experience vest season in 199 1, but in previous years maturity may bejust before theground growing Braeburn. Proc. Washing- there had been notes of harvest not being color changes from green to yellow. ton State Hort. ~ssoc.p. 99. Braeburn stores comparable to or bet- acceptable. The quality was good in ter than Red Delicious. While 199 1, but the external appearance was Waliser, T. 1990. New Varieties - Braeburn can developa lenticel break- poor. Apples tested out of storage in A look at Braeburn. Proc. 86th down in the skin during storage, this February had penetrometer values of 17 Annual Meeting- Washington State may be associated with fruit from pounds and a nice mix of sugar and acid. Hort. Assoc. p. 183. young trees (Kupferman, 1992). The fruit quality of Braeburn at harvest may be too acid for some tastes. Extreme Regional Testing: Braeburn was dis- susceptibility to fire blight is also a con- cussed at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit Vari- cern.

Susan K. Brown is an Associate Professor of Pomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York.

Apple Facts is a publication of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York Cornell Unversity is an Equal Opportunity Employer Apple Varieties of Commercial Interest

FUJI Availability sources: Susan K. Brown Many nurseries carry Fuji and its sports. Commercial status: Fuji is a major variety in Japan where Synonyms and strains: Tohoku #7 it commands 44% of the market. Origin: Bred by the Tohoku Research Station, Morioka, Japan. Washington and Californianow have Selected in 1939, introduced in 1958 as Tohoku #7, and large plantings of Fuji. named Fuji in 1962. Parentage: Red Delicious x Ralls Janet. SPORTS: FRUIT DESCRIPTION: The following are some of the strains being tested in the US and their patent Size range: Medium. status (Ballard, 1990): Stem length: Medium to long. Fruit shape: Round to conical. BC Type 1 entered Canada as Moriho- Skin color: Similar to standard Delicious, red strains have pin stripes over medium red. Background is green to light buff. Red fu#l. It is an irradiated selection strains have more color if exposed to good light and cold with ared blush color pattern. Most frosty nights prior to harvest. nurseries no longer carry this strain Flavor: Sweet - excellent. Good aromatics. Too sweet for some where BC Type 2 is available. tastes but texture may compensate. BC Type 2 entered Canada as Moriho-fu Flesh color: Yellowish-white. #2. It is an irradiated selection with Texture: Firm and fine. Excellent firmness that is maintained in a striped color pattern. It is re- storage. ported to display stronger red color Storage life: Very good. Can keep up to a full year in CA. In addition than the standard. the shelf life in retail markets is excellent even at room Naga-fu selections are from the Nagano temperature. External breakdown will occur rather than Fruit Tree Experiment Station in internal so retailers and consumers are ensured good Japan. quality fruit. Naga-fu # 2,6, and 12 are consid- Maturity date: Late. May ripen ahead of or with Granny Smith. Maturity ered their best but are not showing can depend upon nitrogen levels. much color as grown in Eastern Washington. TRECO's catalog TREE CHARACTERZSTZCS: states that#6 demonstrates the most consistent and stable striping pat- Vigor: Medium to high vigor. Dwarfing rootstock and French tern, without taking away the qual- Axe training preferred on the West Coast ity. #12 is said to have the same Growth type: Standard with very good spur development. Can produce attributes as #6, but may carry a blind wood. higher degree of color. BC Nagano Precocity: Very good. #1 is not to be confused with Naga- Bloom season: Mid to late. Pollination requirements: Any diploid variety in the same bloom season. fu #l. Cold hardiness status: Presently proving to be adequately hardy, but some Aki-fu selections arefromthe AkitaFruit reports of possible injury in north central Washington. Research Station in Japan. #1 with Less frost tender than Red Delicious, but more tender faint stripe color pattern is consid- than Golden Delicious. ered inferior as tested in Tasmania. Disease status: Susceptible to alternaria spot, mildew, blister spot, and Cannot be called a desirable red strain. ( fire blight. Fuji shows a little resistance to apple scab. Physiological disorders: Scald, watercore and russet have been reported but not at Seiko-fu Red Fuji is an irradiated selec- unacceptably high levels. Russet may be more of a tion from the Morioka Fruit Tree problem under eastern conditions. Experiment Station in Japan. TRECO Red Fuji T.A. C.-1 14 matures 4 summer. He stated that blind wood on harvest will not be a problem in New to 6 days earlier than standard Fuji large branches of nursery trees is also a York. with reports of striped color over 80 problem and suggests heading back any to 95% of the fruit. branches>24" to 14-16",or girdling them. Harvest and storage: Harvest and stor- YatakaT", is an an early sport of Fuji While girdling was successful heading age information on Fuji was presented by found in Japan in 1986 which shows would probably be more cost effective. Dr. E. Kupferman, WSU in 1992. He two to three weeks advance in ma- reported that Fuji requires several pick- turity. ProTree nurseries, TC:Fuji can overset and heavy ings. In Australia the following harvest Brentwood CA has the rights to this thinning is required to produce larger sequence is recommended: first picking variety. Mixed reports on appear- fruit, more even maturity and offset its of all light crop fruit, the main picking ance, flavor and maturity. Perfor- tendency to go biennial. In Oregon three includes normally cropped trees except mance in Massachusetts has been year old Fujis were difficult to thin with for fruit on I-year old wood, and the third promising. A red sport of Yataka, very little results from 314 pint of elgetoll and final picking includes fruit on 1- named Beni-Osho, may be avail- 100 gallons at full bloom and 112 Ib year-old wood (usually of lowerq~iality). able from ProTree in the near fu- Seven per 100 gallons at 10 to 15 mm. ture. Hand thinning was needed to break up Soluble solids concentration is not a use- the clusters on almost every spur. Stems ful harvest guide because of the tremen- Several red sports of Fuji have been found were thick and a little more difficult to dous seasonal variation (I 2 to 199Brix). in Washington orchards and are being thin than spur Red Delicious (Waliser, Somegrowers harvest at the first signs of selected for test. BC clones (Moriho-fu) 1989). watercore in the most mature fruit on the were cleaned up by Agriculture Canada tree. However, Fuji can watercore and and released to nurseries without restric- Fruitirzg: Fuji appearance can be vari- still be very starchy. Selection of fruit to tions. BC#1 shows some stripe, but the able. The skin color can range from adull harvest should begauged by ground color least amount of color. BC#2 shows the muddy brown to a clear bright red. Fuji because by the time the fruit have a most stripe but not when the treeis young. apples growing on a light crop tree ma- golden ground color most will ha\.e se- Wagano 1 is the best colored of the three ture earlier than on a well cropped tree by vere watercore. Tests in Washington but it is not striped. Nagafu #2, 6 & 12 as much as 10 days. Fujis grown on weak suggest that fruits are ready to harvest were put in heat therapy in Prosser and fruiting wood or late flowering young when they start to lose their green ground must be retested after virus removal to spurs mature later than fruit borne on color. see if varietal characteristics are main- older wood. Fruit on young, vigorous tained. Nagafu #6 is reported to have the trees have a dull appearance while fruit Researchers at UMass found that in 1990 most stripe, then 12, then 2, with the on older trees are usually more attractive Fuji maturationcoincided with theend of amount of color just the opposite. (Kupferman, 1992). Several reports in- Golden Delicious harvest and the start of dicate that Fuji does not give good fruit Rome harvest (Greene and Autio, 1990). Availabilitv: BC #1 and 2, Naga-fu 2,6 quality the first couple of years. In gen- &12, TRECO T.A.C. -1 14, and Yataka eral, fruit in the first few years will not Fujis have a reputation as having long are available from nurseries, but the oth- have as much color, stripe, or internal storing ability. Fujis stored in regular ers are not yet named or patented in the quality. One Oregon grower recommends storage at 32-33 F until June remained US. fruiting early to slow the trees down and above 15 Ibs firmness. CA results have get into afruitinghabit. By 3rdor4th leaf depended on the study, but in one test CA COMMENTS (The following comments the N level should be lowered consider- fruit was 3 lbs firmer than that in regular represent a compilation of information ably. In the west they find that good red storage. from the references cited): color and eating quality is only achieved with reduced nitrogen levels, comparable Bruisirtp and stern ~urzctures:Because Pruninrr arzd training: Fuji has the ten- to levels to produce good quality Golden of its light skin color Fuji easily shows dency in the nursery to make one branch Delicious (Waliser, 1989). Fuji is mod- bruising. Skin is easily punctured by very dominant. This must be addressed erately precocious- it can produce fruit thickstems (2-5% reported by some grow- at planting time. Fuji's growth habit is on one year old wood. Blind wood oc- ers). like a standard Delicious. Fuji produces curs but some growers say that it is not a a lot of blind wood, and while much fills problem, it fills in eventually. However, Storage disorders: Fuji is susceptible to in by the end of the third leaf it may not early limb positioning is important. storage scald and DPA is needed to mini- be enough. Tye Fleming of Cameron mize scald. The thin skin of Fuji makes Nurseries (1989), suggests some type of California growers report production at fruit susceptible to storage rots and also manipulation of the central leader during 20 to 30 tonsiacre cornparetl to 30 to 40 to shrivelling in storages with low hu- the growing season to allevialc this prob- tons for Granny S~nith.'They have also midity. While severe watercore car1 de-. lem, whether it be bentling, girclling, leaf noted fruit rots 011the tree anti stcm cntl velop in Fuji very early in tlie harvcst rernovai, pinching or heading in nlitl- cracks associated with late harvest. I,att; season there are reports that slight lo moderate watercore may disappear. In- west Michigan 2 and 3-year old trees on ternal core browning has been reported M.7a or M.7EMLA were evaluated for References: in Washington with some present in fruits fire blight severity following a severe Ballard, J. 1990 (April). Fuji profile at harvest. In Australia moldy core sus- epidemic in 1991. Fuji was rated as sheet. Pacific Northwest Fruit ceptibility (5%) has been reported highly susceptible. It had 26 to 50 % of Tester's Variety Characteristic Pro- (Kupferman, 1992). the tree blighted in July, with 50 to 75% file. Also comments from the an- of the tree blighted by September nual reports. Repionaltestinp: Comments at theMid- (Lehnert, 1993). Atlantic Fruit Varieties Showcase indi- Fleming, T. 1990. New varieties- a cated that Fuji is generating a lot of Comments specifl to NY - This variety lookat Fuji. Proc. Washington State I excitement. The fruit was reported to has been of great interest because of its Hort Assoc. 185- 186. mature before Granny Smith in Virginia. excellent quality, firmness and storage Greene, D.W. and W. Autio. 1990. Processed slices looked and tasted like life. The question still remains whether Commercial potential of red Fuji in York. This variety has enough good we can mature Fuji here. Many years at New England. Fruit Notes qualities in Virginia to be planted on a Geneva it does not fully mature and is iSpring):5-6. trial basis. It appears to be the most small, green and of poor quality. The promising of the new varieties and may other question is whether east coast Fujis Kupferman, E. M. 1992. Maturity have a place as a dual purpose variety can compete with the quality and quan- and storageof apple varieties new to (Marini, 1992). tity of the product produced out west. If Washington State. Washington State you are interested in testing Fuji, the University Tree Fruit Postharvest Fire bli~htsusceptibiliQ: Fuji is very Yataka strain should be tested because it Journal 3(1): 9-15. susceptible. Strikes of fire blight on Fuji is about two to three weeks earlier than Lehnert, R.L. 1993 (Jan.). Fire were so extensive on young trees in New standard Fuji. A red sport of Yataka, blight demands even better manage- York and on the West coast that many named Beni-Osho, will be available in ment. TheGreat Lakes Fruit rower growers were very concerned about the the US in the near future. The extreme News. p.16. future of this variety, especially on sus- susceptibility to fire blight must be con- ceptible rootstocks like M.26. In South- sidered in planting this variety. Lewis, M. 1989. My experience with Fuji in California. Proc. Wash- ington State Hort. Assoc. p.97. Marini, R. 1992 (Feb). Fruit Notes. Apple varieties. Vol12 #2. Virginia Susan K. Brown is an Associate Professor of Pomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. Cooperative Extension Service. Waliser, T. 1989. My experience Apple Facts is a publication of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, with Fuji (in Oregon). Proc. Wash- Geneva, New York ington State Hort. Assoc. Cornell Unversity is an Equal Opportunity Employer Apple Varieties J of Commercial Interest I APPLE FACTS

GALA by the fact that some of the sports have Susan K. Brown shown varying rates of reversion to the standard type. The stability of the sports i J will need to be addressed.

Synonyms: Kidd's D8 The following lists some of the strains .. . -...... Origin: New Zealand. A private breeder, J.H. Kidd, made the and thelrpatentstatus. 'l'he "quotations" selection. Dr. Don McKenzie named it Gala in 1962. from the PZtent office indicates their Parentage: Kidd's Orange x Golden Delicious. prominent differences. This information is from the Pacific Northwest Fruit FRUIT DESCRIPTION: Tester's Variety Characteristics Profile (Ballard, 1992). Size range: Small to medium. -- .- Prult shape: Uniform oval round. bala (~NI),KICLCL'S UE selection (ylant Skin color: Pale to golden yellow with red stripes or blush (depending Patent (PP) 1974-expired). on strain). Royal Gala(Tenroy selection) (PP 1977). Stem length: Long. "Possess an all over bright red color Skin russet: General1y free. overlaid with obscure darker broad Flavor: Very sweet and aromatic. striping". - Texture: Fine, firm and crisp. Imperial Gala (Mitchell selection)- There ( Maturity date: About one week before McIntosh are arguments over whether this is or Storage life: About three months in common storage and about seven isn't the same as Royal. In New in CA. Best if consumed within four months. Loses flavor zealand some feel that Imperial has and crispness if stored too long. more color stability and is slightly longer than Royal. Plant patent was TREE CHARACTERISTZCS: not approved in the US. Regal Gala (Fulford selection). Color Vigor: Vigorous and upright, similar to Golden Delicious. and pattern like Gala although the Growth type: Semi-spur. All strains of Gala have excellent spur devel- percentage of coloration is greater opment. and maturity is a few days earlier. Precocity: Very precocious. Annual bearing. ScarletGala (Creech selection) (PP 1988). Bloom season: Mid-season. "Glossy and bright scarlet red over Pollination requirements: Any diploid in the same bloom season except Golden substantially the whole area of the Delicious or Kidd's Orange. fruit". Cold hardiness status: Has proven hardy for most US apple areas. Reported to Treco Spur Red Gala #42. (Cooper selec- be similar to Red Delicious in susceptibility to late frosts. tion). (PP 1990). "Early and exten- Disease status: Susceptible to mildew, cedar apple rust, and scab. Very sive red coloration while maintain- susceptible to fire blight. Gala is an indicator for rubbery ing a distinctly striped color pattern. wood virus. Spur growth habit of tree". Physiological disorders: Rains during harvest can cause stem end cracking, espe- Galaxy Gala (Kiddle selection) (PP cially in late harvested fruit. 1989). "Solid cherry red coloration present over the entire surface with SPORTS: often indistinct red overstriping". Ultrared Gala. (Obragala selection) (PP The situation with strains of Gala has been compared to that with Delicious. There applied for). "Solid nopal red col- has been aconcern that as we select for increased color we are sacrificing flavor. With oration over 90-100% of the fruit ' i' Gala gaining a reputation as an attractive bi-colored striped apple there is also a surface". Matures a few days earlier concern about establishing a market for striped fruit and then emphasizing blushed than Royal Gala; fruit of lesser color fruit that bear little resemblance to the original variety. The situation is compounded intensity shows hints of striping.

Galaapples have amoreporous skin than Fire bli~htsusceptibilitv: Strikes of fire Red Delicious so they can shrivel in blight on Gala were soextensive on young References: storage unless humidity is high. Storing trees in New York that many growers I in plastic liners is effective, but there were very ~oncernedabout the future of Autio, W.R. 1991. Gala Starch have been some reports of cracking and this variety* especially on susceptible Chart. University of Massachusetts increasedincidenceofrots withliner use. like M.9 or M.26. In south- Cooperative Extension Bulletin #F- west Michigan 2 and 3-year old trees on 106. M.7a or M.~EMLAweie evaluated fol- Optimization of uerformance: Dr. C. lowing a severe fire blight epidemic in Walsh (1990) suggested that in order to Ballard, J. 1992 (April). Gala pro- 199 1. All Gala sports tested were rated as produce high quality fruit, growers must file sheet. Pacific Northwest Fruit moderately to highly susceptible. Spur Tester's ~ariet~~haracteristicPro- pay particular attention to bud quality, Gala Go Red had 7 to 12 % of the tree file. Also comments from the annual crop load, irrigation, and understand that blighted in July,with 26 to 50% of the reports. the fruit grows rapidly during maturation tree blighted by September (Lehnert, and harvest. He reported that best sized 1993). Greene, D.W. and W.R. Autio. 1993. fruits are grown on terminal buds of 3 to Evaluation of red coloring strains of 12 inch long spurs and the terminal buds Comments specific to NY: Gala is be- Gala apple. Fruit Notes (Winter): of last year's shoots. Good sized fruit is coming of interest to the apple industry 15-19. grown on true spurs, and the smallest because of the excellent fruit quality and fruit are borne on lateral buds on last the high degree of consumer acceptance Greene, D.W., W.R. Autio, J. Sincuk, year's shoots. In terms of fruit growth and demand. However, concerns for our J. Krupa, and W. J. Lord. 1992. and crop load, Walsh warns that because area include its extreme susceptibility to Increasing fruit size of Royal Gala. Gala is extremely precocious one should fire blight, competition with west coast Fruit Notes, Spring: 1-4. avoid setting heavy crops borne on lat- production, the tendency for small fruit eral buds in the second and third leaf to size, the need for multiple harvests, the Kupferman, E. M. 1992. Maturity minimize overcropping and small fruit possibility of fruit cracking, and the fact andstorageof apple varieties new to size. ~nestimatin~orchardspacing Gala's that Gala in New York state tends to be Washington State. Washington State scion vigor should be viewed as similar susceptible to scarf skin (a disorder University Tree Fruit Postharvest to the vigor of non-spur Delicious. caused by environmental conditions and Journal 3(1) 9-15. ( perhaps certain fungicides). The fruit has speckled appearance caused by oxygen Lehnert, R.L. 1993 (Jan.). Fire Zrri~ation:Irrigation I is trapped under the skin. Some growers blight demands even better manage- eficial for Gala fruit size, as fruits are state that this has not affected sales, but ment. TheGreat Lakes Fruit Grower maturing in Iate-August to early-sep- this may not always be the case if com- News. p.16. tember when seasonal water deficits are peting with fruit from otherregions. Gala greatest. RapidfruitgrowthoccurSwhen should only be stored for a short time. Marini, R. 1992 (Feb). Fruit Notes. the fruit is maturing. Several growers Rebest quality is maintained in storage Apple varieties. Vol12#2. Virginia report that the fruits behave like they for only about two to four months, after Cooperative Extension Service. have a final swell. which the flavor becomes quite bland. 1 Walsh, C. 1990. Particulars about the Gala apple. New England Fruit Meetings: 122- 125. Susan K. Brown is an Associate Professor of Pomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. Walsh,C. andR. Volz. 1990. 'Gala' and the red 'Gala' sports: A prelirni- Apple Facts is a publication of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, nary comparison of Fruit maturity. Geneva, New York Fruit Varieties Journal 44: 18-22. Cornell Unversity is an Equal Opportunity Employer Apple Varieties of Commercial Interest

GINGER GOLD COMMENTS: (The following com- Susan K. Brown ments represent a compilation of information from the references cited): i J Rootstocks. Tree Growth and Traininp: As grown in PA, the vigor of this cultivar Synonyms and strains: Mountain Cove 509. needs the control of a more dwarfing Origin: Discovered as a chance seedling in a Winesap orchard in rootstock than M7, such as M.26, Mark Virginia in 1980. or M.9. Adams County has received alot Parentage: Unknown. of orders for trees on M.26 but they have Patent Status: PP 7063 and Ginger Gold TM is owned by Adams County not noted incompatibility on any stock. Nursery, Aspers, PA. Tends to produce flat limbs with good FRUIT DESCRIPTION: crotch angles. Blooms profusely on one year wood and although the tree grows in a willowy leggy pattern, the crop vol- Size range: Medium to large. ume, finish and type are all very good. Fruit shape: Round to oblate. Smooth and typey. Stem length: Medium. Quali~:Reported by several testing Flavor: Sweet but mildly tart - "very good". groups and researchers as being the best Skin russet: Only slight at stem end under eastern growing conditions. or one of the best varieties in its season Skin color: Vibrant yellow when treeripe, otherwisegreenish golden. (Marini, 1992). It is well received by Flesh color: White to cream, depending on nitrogen level. Slow consumers. The flavor is reported to be oxidizer. a little more tart than Golden Delicious Texture: Very good. Crisp. but it mellows when stored. Storage life: Good (6 months in regular storage, unknown in CA). Disease Suscevtibilitv: In Southwest Maturity date: Will need to be determined. Adams County likes to have Michigan 2 and 3-year old trees on M.7a it picked just as it turns from green to yellow. That or M.7EMLA were evaluated following corresponds to August I st in PA (6 weeks earlier than a severe fire blight epidemic in 1991. Golden). At this time flesh color is turning from white to Ginger Gold had 26 to 50% of the tree cream and soluble solids are at about 12.5. The longer it blighted in July, with 89-99% of the tree stays on the tree the more the sugars increase. We blighted by September (Lehnert, 1993). evaluated fruit from young trees at Geneva 3 weeks While other areas have reported moder- earlier than we harvested Golden Delicious and the ate susceptibility of Ginger Gold to fire quality was excellent although a slightly blotchy blush blight, a report from the Pacific North- had developed (in a high coloring year). west also reported extensive infection TREE CHARACTERISTZCS: that moved rapidly through the tree. Mildew susceptibilityhas been noted,with several growers stating that mildew con- Vigor: An open spreading tree with medium to high vigor. trol is challenging and essential. Precocity: Good. Bloom season and Comments spec if^ to NY- The quality Pollination requirements: Any early to mid season diploid blooming at the king of this variety does indicate good poten- bloom time. It has an extended bloom like Gala. Good tial for the early season, but reports of results with Red Delicious and Empire. Some suspicion extreme susceptibility to fire blight sug- that it could be self-fertile. gest that trial plantings be initiated before Cold hardiness status: Thought to be the same as Winesap. large numbers are planted. Harvest ma- : Disease status: Most unknown. Susceptible to mildew and fire blight. turity for NY will need to be determined. ' Physiological disorders: None known at this time. May be susceptible to bitter pit. For best quality, fruit may need to hang Availability sources: Adams County Nursery and Van Well Nursery. on the tree longer than suggested for Commercial status: Many growers are planting large numbers of Ginger Gold. other regions. References: Susan K. Brown is an Associate Professor of Pomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York. Ballard, J. 1992 (Feb.). Ginger Gold profile sheet. Pacific North- Apple Facts is a publication of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, west Fruit Tester's Variety Charac- Geneva, New York teristic Profile. Alsocomments from Cornell Unversity is an Equal Opportunity Employer the annual reports.

Marini, R. 1992 (Feb.). Fruit Notes. Apple varieties. Vol 12 #2. Vir- ginia Cooperative Extension Ser- vice.

Lehnert, R.L. 1993 (Jan.). Fire blight demands even better management. The Great Lakes F~it Grower News. p. 16. NUMBER 150 ISSN 0362-0069 New York's Fooa and Life aciences

New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, a Division of the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, A Statutory College of the State University, at Cornell University

I' Varieties of Commercial Interest: 'JONAGOLD'

by Susan K. Brown, Associate Professor Department of Horticultural Sciences

This is an excellent quality apple which has been widely planted throughout Europe and is increasing in importance in the US. 'Jonagold' is suitable for the fresh market and for processing. The best fruit color is obtained on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. There are no accurate varietal production figures. However, NYS 'Jonagold' production in 1995 was reported at 375,000 bushels (New York State Ag-

, - ricultural Statistics Service). In 1995 the Washington State 'Jonagold' crop was estimated at 536,000 bush- \ els (Yakima Valley Growers-Shippers Association). According to the 1990 New York Fruit Tree Survey, there were 66,719 'Jonagold' trees in New York state representing only 1.5% of all dwarf and semi-dwarf plantings. However, 'Jonagold' accounted for 5% of all apple trees planted in New York State between 1988 to 1990, making it the fourth most widely planted variety during that period (NYS Agricultural Statistics Service).

ORIGIN: SYNONYMS: Developed by Cornell University's apple breeding program NY 43013-1 prior to naming. at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, PARENTAGE: Geneva, NY. Selected in 1953 and introduced in 1968. 'Golden Delicious' x 'Jonathan'.

FRUIT DESCRIPTION: Size range: Medium to large. Flesh color: Creamy yellow. Stem length: Long. Texture: Breaking. Fruit shape: Round to conical, similar to Storage life: Ten months CA storage. Skin may Golden Delicious'. get greasy after storage or if har- Skin color: Yellowlgreen background with vested late. Should be consumed red blush +/or stripe (depending on within two months at regular stor- strain). age. Skin russet: Not prone. Maturity date: Between 'Empire' and 'RedDelicious'. Lenticels: Obscure. Some strains mature four to five days Flavor: Outstanding. earlier than standard 'Jonagold' . TREE CHARACTERISTICS: 'Ron~agolcl'(USPP #9541). A limb mutation of 'Jonagold'. It Vigor: Moderately vigorous. Semi-spur is reported to have a broadly striped red color pattern and growth type. excelleilt quality. Precocity: Very good. 'Rubinstar' Jonagold (Herr cv.) (USPP #7590). Originated as a Bloom season: With 'Delicious' bud mutation in Germany in 1980. Assigned to Waflers Pollination requirements: Farm, Inc., Wolcott, NY. Ide~lticalwith standard 'Jonagold' 'Jonagold' is a triploid and thus cannot be used to pollinate except that it matures about four to six days earlier and other varieties. It requires cross pollination with any diploid displays a more intense red coloration over 70 to 90% of the in the same mid-bloom season except 'Golden Delicious' surface with little to 110 striping. Soine testers have com- with which 'Jonagold' is incompatible. mented that the background color can be brownish. but it is Cold hardiness status: not known whether this may relate to immaturity as is the Appears to be less cold tolerant than 'Golden Delicious'. case with 'Jonagored'. 'Jonagold' is susceptible to spring frosts at blosson~time. I11 'Wilmuta'. This sport is not patented, not assigned, and not very Quebec, cold hardiness differences were evident across red. It is a selection from heat treated clone #2361 from sites, with 'Jonagold' not being as hardy as 'Cortland' or Belgiuin. It is very similar to 'New Jonagold'. 'McIntosh' . De Coster (1986) sunlmarized the performance of Bel,'~1i1m- Disease status: grown 'Jonagored' as coloriilg up to 100'36, and having higher Susceptible to scab, mildew and fire blight. acidity, and higher firmness than standard 'Jonagold'. Storage Physiological disorders: was until May, and the color was dark. In clonal selections of 'Jonagold' is susceptible to bitter pit and to sunburn. Cal- 'Jonagold' the sports 'New Jonagold' ancl 'Wilmuta' were ciu~nsprays are recomme~ldedto control bitter pit and are reported to have clear chimeras. These two selectio~lscolor essential for control on young trees. better than normal. but they have sectoral bands that are colored Availability sources: more or less than normal and this has been objectionable. Allnost all nurseries carry 'Jonagold' and its sports. Con~parisonsbetween sports are sometimes difficult because often the age of the trees and the rootstock differ. Replicated SPORTS: plantings of 'Jonagold' sports in several regions of the US are There are over 70 sports of 'Jonagolcl' so that the issue of which needed to effectively coinpare strain performance. Trials of sport to choose is complex. The following are some of the strains standard Jonagold and 5 sports were set out in comnlercial that may be available for testing: orchards in NY in 1996. '~ecoster'~(Swillen cv.). (USPP #8049). This sport originated in Belgiu~nas a whole tree mutation. It has a bright red color. CONIMENTS (The following comments represent a compila- This sport Inay be earlier ripeiliilg than standard 'Jonagold'. tion of illformation from growers. researchers, extension special- 'Jomured' (Belgiurn source). Not patented. Breeders rights ists, and the references cited): applied for. 'Jonagored' (Morren). (USPP #5937). 'Jonagored' is a limb Quality: Nineteen apple experts were polled on their favorite sport of 'Jonagold' discovered inBelgium. It was i~ltrodirced dessert apple and 'Jonagold' was rated as the first choice in 1985. The color tends to be brownish during the 3 week (Norton, 1989). period before harvest but then the color turils to an attractive Trniizirzg aizd ymnirzg: 'Joaagold' is considered a grower solid red. The red is darker (more purplish) than standard friendly tree. Steve Hoying, Cornell Uiliversity Cooperative color in some areas. It is reported to be one of the top selling Extension Regional Fruit Specialist, recommends heading strains in Europe. 'Jonagold' higher than nornlal (34 to 36") to compensate for its 'Jonica' Thl (Schneicacv.). (USPP #7 146). A red fruited mutation droopy growth habit. Tie up to lower branches to inaintain of 'Jonagold' that originated in Germany. The fruit is similar bottom scaffolds. During pru~ling always cut to uprights. to standard 'Jonagold' but with a deeper overcolor and a 'Jonagold' branches freely: and develops nice side branches and faded red hue. Fruit shape is less oblong than standard thus fits nicely in a vertical axis training system. It responds well 'Jonagold'. Its flavor is medium sweet. to renewal pri~nillgof fr~itiilgbranches. 'New Jonagold' (Japan). This sport is not patented in the US and is not consiclered a red strain. It was discovered by M. Saito Vigor mnizcigement: Management of fertility is crucial. If the in the Ao~noriPrefecture. Japan. While it has a deep red trees are too vigorous color clevelopnleilt is poor. However, if stripe overall it is not reclder than standarc1 'Jonagold'; tree vigor is too low the crop load is not finished off. Growers are although it may be harvested slightly earlier. However. some advised to manage nitrogen leaf analysis levels so that they are testers say that coloration is better than standard 'Jonagolcl'. not below 2.0% nitrogen. Excess nitrogen ancl overthinning 'NicobelTh1 Jonagold'. Slightly better recl color than stanclarci results in 'Jonagolci' fruits that are too large for market accep- 'Jonagold', with 50% reci blush (hut reporteel to have less recl tance. In addition. excess vigor increases susceptibility to bitter than 'Jared'). pit ancl storage disortlers. .~icolai's~Jorccl King (Jonagolcl)' (IJSPP N885 1 ). Assignetl to TRECO Nurscry. A iirnb mutation cliaco~ereclin Relgiurii b)- J. Pollincrtio~z:For a pollcnizcr yoi; need somethiiig micl-jeason Nicolai. Iihas 70 to 85% rcd bl~~sh.lt is rcpo~.toclto colorcarly. such as 'Corrland', 'Rcd Delicious' or 'Gala.. l'%in~zirzgandfiecifsize: Mannging ci.op loatls on '.lon:igold' is 'Thesc intick re:iiling5 \\ c1.e sor11c\i hat 111o1.e ;I~J\,;I~ICL'II 111ili1 iixii- the lnost challenging 13arl of manaping this \,arieiy. 'Jonagoltl' is catctl in British Colu~nhin(I,n~i. 1992). strongly biennial. In acidition. escessi\~ecrop loads (lo\\-leal'ro fruit ratios) oftenresuli in slo\\:ecl ~ruitcolor cie\~elopmcnrpro\rid- A iimi1;ir set of sample5 Il.0111 rllesc qamc IVY o~.cllartli\\-ere llelci ing an important incentive for carefill inanagement of crop loads. in regular (:iZeF)air sloragc unlil J;rn~iar>,I .St11 anci esnminccl ihr. Jonagold must be thinned early (soon after petal fall) and ad- disorders af'ter 13 clays at room temperature. These samples eq~latelyto avoid alternate cropping. Steve Hoying, Cornell revealed that some hloclzs of 'Jonagold' \\:ere susceptible to Cooperative Extension Regional Fruit Specialist, states that soggy breakdown and internal brealzclown. Both of these disor- young trees when they first crop can be too easily thinned. so ders should be expected to increase in se\.erity \~itlldelays in thinners should be avoided or used with caution. However as harvest. Sogg): hreal

References: Lau, O.L. 1992. Maturity and storage of Jonagold apples. Washington State Andrews, P.K. and C.R. Rom. 1993. Early performance of four apple cultivars. University Tree Fruit Postharvest Journal 3(4): 10-1 1. supported or free standing, on Mark rootstock. Fluit Var. J. 47(4):198-204. Lau, O.L. 1988. Harvest indices, dessert quality and storability of Jonagold apples Ballard. J. 1994. 'Jonagold' Profile sheet. Pacific Northwest Fruit Tester's in air and controlled atmosphere storage. J. Amer. Soc. Hart Sci. 113:564-569. Association. Lehnert, R.L. 1993 (Jan.). Fire blight delnauds even better management. The Blanpied, G. D. and K. J. Silsby. 1992. Predicting harvest date windows for apples. Great Lakes Fr-tiit Grower News. p. 16. Cotllell Cooperative Extension Publication. Information Bulletin #221. 12 pp. Norton, R.A. 1989. World's best colnlnercial dessert apples. Fruit Var J. Carkner, R., D. Havens, and C. McConnell. 1994. Costs of establishing a 10-acre 43(3):102. Jonagold apple orchard in northwestern Washington. Washington State Univ. Monlton, G. 1995. Growing Jonagold in western Washington. Washington State Coop. Ext. Bulletin EB1763. Pullman, WA. Univ. Coop. Ext. Bulletin EB1804. Dawson, R.F. 1993. Cultural tips for training and managing promising new apple Perry. R.L. 1990. Mark in the apple rootstock arsenal. Compact Fruit Tree 23: varieties. Michigan State Hort Soc. Proc. p.13-19. 1-3. De Caster, J. 1986. New apple cultivars. Compact Fluit Tree 19:144-158 Schechter, I. and J.T.A. Proctor. 1989. 'Jonagold': An apple for the 21st century. Girard, B. and O.L. Lau. 1995. Effect of maturity and storage on quality and Fruit Var. J. 43:4-6. volatile production of 'Jonagold' apples. Food Research International 28:465-47 1. Sonneman, T. 1995. Growing Jonagolds is exacting. but rewarding. Good Fruit Goddlie, P.D. and H. Kemp. 1990. Cultivar trials in Wilhelminadorp. Annual Grower, January 15, 1995. pp. 32-35. Report Research Station for Fruit Growing. Wilhelminadorp. The Netherlands. Way, R.D.. R.L. LaBelle and J. Einset. 1968. Jonagold and Spijon: Two new apples from Geneva. N.Y.S. Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ 12. Kappel, F., M. Dever and M. Bouthillier. 1992. Sensory evaluation of 'Gala' and 'Jonagold' strains. Fruit Var. J. 42(1):37-43. Way, R.D. & S.K. Brown. 1991. 'Jonagold' Apple. Fruit Var. J. 45:62-65. Kupferrnan, E. M. 1992. Maturity and storage of apple varieties new to Williams, R.F.V. 1985. Jonagold- improvement of fruit color by sulnmer Washington State. Washington State University Tree Fluit Postharvest Journal pruning. Rev. Brogdale Expt. Hort. Stn. for 1984:10.12. National Fruit Trials, 3(1): 9-15, Faversham, Kent, England.

Acknowledgmeizts: Iwould like to gl-atejidlg acknowledge tlze coizfr-ibutionsof Steve Hoging, Darl-el Oakes, Tel-erzceRobir~son, Kei~ Silsbg, Wal-yenStiles, David Teny, arzd Chis Watkirzs to this bulletir~.

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