Apples During Air and Controlled Atmosphere Storage Fanjaniaina Fawbush, Jackie Nock and Chris Watkins

Home , Arkansas Black, Braeburn

NEW YORK VolumeVolume 17 NumberNumber 4 NON-PROFIT WWinterinter 2200900 Fruit Quarterly STANDARD New York State Horticultural Society U.S. POSTAGE New York State Agricultural Experiment Station PAID 630 W. North Street GENEVA, NY Geneva, New York 14456-0462 PERMIT NO. 75 Address Service Requested PublishedPublished byby thethe New York State Horticultural SocieSocietyty The Nursery Connection - When Quality and Selection Count New York State Trees Available for Spring 2010 Planting. Horticultural Those that have a line through them may be ordered as pending, or for spring 2011

Acy Mac® Pacific Gala® Braeburn Redmax® Society Adams Apple™ Royal Gala® Lady Rome Taylor Akane Ultima™ Gala Law Red Rome Rogers Red McIntosh Arkansas Black Ultrared Gala Liberty Royal Court™ PP# Autumn Crisp (NY 674) FUJI STRAINS: Linda Mac 10049 Blondee ® PP#19007 Autumn Rose™ Lodi Royal Empire™ www.NYSHS.org Braeburn Auvil™ Fuji Macoun Rubinstar® Jonagold BraeStar™ Aztec Fuji Marquis Idared® Ruby Jon® Cameo™ B.C. 2 Marshall Mac RubyMac® Candy Crisp™ Banning Fuji Melrose Sansa Cortland Coe Fuji™ Midnight® Red Spur Scarlet Spur 2 Crown Empire (Crist) Day Break Fuji™ Delicious Schlect Spur Delicious PP#11201 Morning Mist™ Fuji Mollies Delicious Shizuka Founded in 1855, Dandee Red® Myra Red Fuji uspp9645 Delicious Smoothee® Earligold ™ Rising Sun Fuji Morren’s® Jonagored Snapp™ Stayman PP# Early Red One ™ Semptember Wonder™ Mutsu 11071 Early Spur Rome uspp7328 Fuji Norhern Spy SnappyMac® the mission of the Empire Sun Fuji ™ Northwest Greening Snow Sweet™ Enterprize ™ Top Export Fuji® Oregon Spur® II Spartan Eve™ Braeburn OTHER VARIETIES: Paulared™ Stayman Winesap (201) New York State Grimes Golden Ginger Gold® PP #7063 Pink Lady® ( Cripps Superchief® (Sandidge) Honeygold Golden Del. (Gibson) Pink) PP# 7880 PP# 6190 Jonathan Golden Del. (Mullins) Pioneer™ Mac (Greiner) Sweet Sixteen Horticultural Society Winter Banana Golden Supreme® PP# 7002 Twenty Ounce GALA STRAINS: Goldrush® Pristine® Turley Winesap Autumn Gala® Black Ctv Granny Smith Red Free UltraRed Jonathan™ is to foster the growth, PP#12842 Greening (R.I.) Red Gravenstein Ultragold™ Big Red Gala® Honeycrisp™ Red Haralson Valstar (Elstar) Brookfield Gala® Idared Red Jonaprince™ Wealthy Buckeye Gala® Jonafree Red Rome (Taylor) Williams Pride® development and Crimson Gala™ Jonagold Red York (Ramey) Wolf River Gala (Fulford) PP#7589 Jonagold Decoster® Redchief® Yellow Transparent Galaxy Gala Jonamac Redcort® Zestar!™ profi tability of Gale Gala® Kumeu Crimson® Redfield™ Braeburn the fruit industry Allstar® Encore® Flamin’ Fury® Madison Arctic Gem Fay Elberta (PF 24C Cold Hardy) Newhaven in New York State. Autumnglo Flamin’ Fury® (PF-1) Flamin’ Fury® (PF-25) Redhaven Auntumnstar® Flamin’ Fury® (PF-5B) Flamin’ Fury® (PF-27A) Redskin Goldnine (Arkansas #9) Flamin’ Fury® (PF-5D Flamin’ Fury® Redstar® Baby Gold #5 Big) (PF-28-007) Reliance Beekman Flamin’ Fury® (PF-7) Flamin’ Fury® Risingstar® Belle of Georgia Flamin’ Fury® (PF-35-007) Salem It accomplishes this by: Biscoe (PF-7A Freestone) Flamin’ Fury® Saturn (Doughnut) Blazingstar® Flamin’ Fury (PF-8 Ball) (PF-Lucky 13) Sentry Blushingstar® Flamin’ Fury® Flamin’ Fury® Starfire™ Bounty (PF-9A-007) (PF-Lucky 24B) Summer Pearl™ • Supporting educational Brightstar Flamin’ Fury® (PF-11) Flamin’ Fury® Big Sunhigh Canadian Harmony Flamin’ Fury (Lucky 12) George Sweet Breeze PP#15295 Candor Flamin’ Fury® (PF-12B) Gala Sweet Cap™ (Doughnut) opportunities for Catherina Flamin’ Fury® (PF-15A) Garnet Beauty Sweet N Up PP#15063 Contender Flamin’ Fury® (PF-17) Glenglo™ PP#10652 Venture™ Coralstar® Flamin’ Fury® Glohaven Vinegold Cresthaven (PF-19-007) Glowingstar® Virgil members Earlistar Flamin’ Fury® Harrow Beauty Vulcan Early Loring™ (PF-20-007) Harrow Diamond White Lady Early Elberta (Gleason) Flamin’ Fury® Jersey Dawn Other White Fleshed, • Promoting the industry Early Red Haven (PF-22-007) Jersey Glo Sub-Acid, and Peento Earnie’s Choice Flamin’ Fury® (PF-23) John Boy® Varieities Elberta Flamin’ Fury® Laurol • Representing the Elberta Queen (PF-24-007) Loring

industry in matters of Attika® (Kordia) Emperor Francis Napoleon Sonnet Balaton® Gold North Star Stella Benton™ (Columbia) Golden Heart Radiance Pearl Sumleta™ (Sonata) Bing Hartland™ Rainier Summit public policy Black Gold™ Hedelﬁngen Regina™ Sunset Bing™ Black Pearl Hudson Royal Ann Sureﬁre™ Black York™ Index Sam Sweetheart™ Blushing Gold Jubileum® Sandra Rose™ Tieton™ Cavalier® Kristin Santina™ Ulster Chelan™ Lambert Schmidt Van Cristilina™ (Sumnue™) Lapins Schneider White Gold™ Contact Us: Danube® Selah™ (Liberty Bell) Selah™ Early Robin™ Meteor Skeena™ Ebony Pearl Montmorency Sommerset NYSHS Also, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, PLUMS, PEARS, ASIAN PEARS, SOUTHERN PEACHES, & FLOWERING CRABS... 630 W. North Street Call us for our Complete Inventories! Hedrick Hall Geneva, NY 14456 Van Moore www.NYSHS.org Ph 315-787-2404 Toll Free: (800) 353-6086 t Fx 315-787-221 10#PY $PMPNB .*t'BYt&NBJMOVSTFSZDPOOFDUJPO!ZBIPPDPN [email protected] 4&37*$&4 4IJQQJOH$PPSEJOBUJPOt0SEFS.BOBHFNFOU3FQPSUJOHt4PVSDFGPS$VSSFOU*OEVTUSZ "3&'3&& %FWFMPQNFOUTBOE*OGPSNBUPJOt3FQSFTFOUJOHUIFCFTU/VSTFSJFTJOUIF6OJUFE4UBUFT NYSHSNew York State Horticultural Society Yearly membership includes HortSense Newsletter, Hort Flash Updates, and the New York Fruit Quarterly.

Contact Us: NYSHS 630 W. North Street Hedrick Hall Geneva, NY 14456 www.NYSHS.org Ph 315-787-2404 Fx 315-787-2216 [email protected] www.NYSHS.org

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM Yes! I will support the NYSHS and its mission to Educate, Promote and Protect the New York Fruit Industry Growers $95 $______Young Grower $25 $______Industry Professional $95 $______Academic Professional $45 $______Sponsors: NYSHS Supporter up to $500 $______Bronze level $500 $______Silver level $1250 $______Gold level $2500 $______Platinum $5000 and up $______ADDITIONAL SUPPORT: Areas you’d like NYSHS to spend more effort on: AgJobs $75 $______H2A Reform $50 $______Speaker Programs $50 $______Your Thought______$______TOTAL AMOUNT $______

Name______Company______Mailing address______City______State______Zip______County ______Ph ______Fx ______E-mail ______

Please return application form to: NYSHS, 630 W. North Street, Hedrick Hall, Geneva, NY 14456 If you are already a member, thank you for your support! You may use this form if you wish to consider an additional membership for another person in your organization. Thank You for Your Support!!!

NEW YORK Editorial Fruit Quarterly WINTER 2009 Managed New York Apple Varieties: Are You Ready to Control Your Destiny?

opefully by now you are aware of Cornell University’s intent Currently NYAG and Cornell are undergoing negotiations for exclusive to introduce two new apple varieties under a managed license rights contracts and it is our desire to have these contracts completed by Hcontract with an exclusive partner. Prior to this announcement the end of January. After this we will begin the process of raising capital, by Cornell, a group of apple growers representing all major production creating a defi ned corporate structure, creating variety evaluation and regions in New York State met last Winter and Spring and subsequently quality programs, creating a nursery production plan, developing a formed New York Apple Growers LLC (NYAG) whose primary focus detailed marketing plan and working on all other necessary details was to gain exclusive rights to new and exciting Cornell releases. All involved with the creation of a new entity. Additionally, NYAG wishes apple growers in New York State, who pay AMO dues, were mailed to increase our grower board by at least fi ve new growers. If you are a notice in August regarding the formation of NYAG, which is a new interested, please contact one of the current board members in your grower-owned corporation whose primary mission and objectives district listed below. are as follows: What Action Should New York Apple Growers Take Now? NYAG Mission: To manage the release of new advanced apple Th e initial grower response to the formation of NYAG has been varieties and market these varieties at an accelerated pace that delivers very positive and it is the current board’s goal to get as many quality profi t and long term sustainability to our members and licensing growers aboard to make NYAG a success. New York growers must now partners and to overwhelm our fresh apple consumers with a positive begin to contemplate what their involvement will be with NYAG. All fresh apple eating experience. growers from grower operations of all sizes will be invited to become members of the grower-owned corporation during the founding year. Objectives Capital investments will be acreage based and the minimum and • To introduce outstanding new apple cultivars to the maximum amounts of acreage each grower can obtain are currently marketplace being evaluated. • To allow any NYS Apple Grower the opportunity to become a Th e question for growers to ponder is if and by how much should member during the founding year they invest in NYAG? Th ere has been a lot of interest in managed • To enhance New York State apple grower sustainability, growth, varieties over the past few months and this topic has been reviewed and long term competitiveness by many trade journals. Despite all of the opinions of how managed • To secure exclusive variety contracts that allow its members and varieties will perform in the marketplace, the one fact that cannot licensing partners to profi t from the growing and selling of these be disputed is that the overall quality of the managed variety is the varieties number one deciding factor. Although there is a tremendous amount • To invest funding directly into the Cornell apple breeding of work to be completed in quality evaluation for the fi rst two Cornell program releases, we are very pleased and excited by the potential of these (Continued on p.2)

6.0 Scheduled to meet evaporative demand 5.0 Unscheduled (fixed rate) (B) 4.0 fertigation period * 3.0

N loss (g/tree) 2.0 1.0 0 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 5 11 15 19 23 Contents 5 Nutrient Requirements of ‘Gala’/M.26 19 Results of a New York Blueberry Survey COVER: Blueberries with Phomopsis Apple Trees for High Yield and Quality Juliet E. Carroll, Marc Fuchs and Kerik Cox Canker. Photos courtesy Cathy Lailiang Cheng and Richard Raba Heidenreich and Kevin Iungerman. 23 Assessing Azinphos-methyl Resistance in 11 Fertigation for Apple Trees New York State Codling Moth Populations in the Paciﬁ c Northwest Peter Jentsch, Frank Zeoli & Deborah Breth Denise Neilsen and Gerry Neilsen

15 Antioxidant contents and activity in SmartFresh-treated ‘Empire’ apples during air and controlled atmosphere storage Fanjaniaina Fawbush, Jackie Nock and Chris Watkins

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 1

NEW YORK (Editorial, cont.) selections. In order to command shelf space Fruit Quarterly WINTER 2009 • VOLUME 17 • NUMBER 4 in an ever increasing competitive market, we feel continued variety improvement will be necessary. NYAG is off ering an opportunity for growers to get on board in the managed variety system; our business plan ensures continued investment into the long-term future to create 2008 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY NYS BERRY GROWERS BOARD MEMBERS superior varieties. As a result, when conducting President Walt Blackler, Apple Acres Chair Dale Riggs, Stonewall Hill Farm your fi nancial planning activities for 2010 and 4633 Cherry Valley Tpk. Lafayette, NY 13084 15370 NY Rt 22, Stephentown, NY 12168 beyond, we pose the question: How can you not PH: 315-677-5144 (W); FAX: 315-677-5143 PH: 518-733-6772; [email protected] aff ord to get involved with NYAG? [email protected] Treasurer Tony Emmi, Emmi Farms More details will continue to evolve with Vice President Peter Barton 1572 S. Ivy Trail, Baldwinsville, NY 13027 NYAG through the winter so stay tuned for the 55 Apple Tree Lane, Paughquag, NY 12570 PH: 315-638-7679; [email protected] PH: 845-227-2306 (W); 845-227-7149 (H) communication of more information. If you Executive Secretary Paul Baker FX: 845-227-1466; CELL: 845-656-5217 have any questions or ideas for consideration, 90 Lake St., Apt 24D, Youngstown, NY 14174 [email protected] FAX: (716) 219-4089 please feel free to contact a board member in Treasurer/Secretary Bruce Kirby, Little Lake Farm CELL: 716-807-6827; [email protected] your district. 3120 Densmore Road Albion , NY 14411 Jim Bauman, Bauman Farms PH: 585-589-1922; FAX: 585-589-7872 1340 Five Mile Line Rd., Webster, NY 14580 [email protected] Sincerely, PH: 585-671-5857 Executive Director Paul Baker Bob Brown III, Brown’s Berry Patch New York Apple Growers, 90 Lake St., Apt 24D, Youngstown, NY 14174 14264 Rooseveldt Highway, Waterport, NY 14571 FAX: (716) 219-4089 LLC Executive Board: PH: 585-682-5569 CELL: 716-807-6827; [email protected] Chairman: Roger Lamont, Bruce Carson, Carson’s Bloomin’ Berries Admin Assistant Karen Wilson [email protected] 2328 Reed Rd. 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 Bergen, NY 14416 PH: 315-787-2404; FX: 315) 787-2216 Vice Chairman: Jeff Crist PH: 585-494-1187; [email protected] CELL: 315-521-0852; [email protected] jeff @cristapples.com Jim Coulter, Coulter Farms Cornell Director Dr. Terence Robinson, NYSAES 3871 N. Ridge Road, Lockport, NY 14094 Treasurer: Walt Blackler 630 W. North Street PH: 716-433-5335; [email protected] Hedrick Hall, Room 125, Geneva, NY 14456 [email protected] PH: 315-787-2227; FX: 315-787-2216 John Hand, Hand Melon Farm Secretary: Bob Norris, CELL: 315-521-0435; [email protected] 533 Wilber Ave., Greenwich, NY 12834 [email protected] PH: 518-692-2376; [email protected] Director Dan Sievert Lakeview Orchards, Inc. Craig Michaloski, Green Acres Farm Member Relations: Mason Forrence, 4941 Lake Road, Burt, NY 14028 3480 Latta Road, Rochester, NY 14612 [email protected] PH: 716-778-7491 (W) PH: 585-225-6147; [email protected] FX: 716-778-7466; CELL: 716-870-8968 [email protected] Terry Mosher, Mosher Farms RD #1 Box 69, Bouckville, NY 13310 APPLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ADVISORY BOARD 2008 Director Roderick Dressel, Jr., Dressel Farms PH: 315-893-7173; [email protected] 271 Rt 208, New Paltz, NY 12561 Chairman Walt Blackler, Apple Acres PH: 845-255-0693 (W); 845-255-7717 (H) Greg Spoth, Greg’s U-Pick 4633 Cherry Valley Tpk. Lafayette, NY 13084 FX: 845-255-1596; CELL: 845-399-6767 9270 Lapp Rd., Clarence Center, NY 14032 PH: 315-677-5144 (W); FAX: 315-677-5143 [email protected] PH: 716-742-4239; [email protected] [email protected] Director Robert DeBadts, Lake Breeze Fruit Farm Alan Tomion, Tomion Farms Alan Burr 6272 Lake Road, Sodus, NY 14551 3024 Ferguson Corners Rd., Penn Yan, NY 14527 7577 Slayton Settlement Road, Gasport, NY 14067 PH: 315-483-0910 (W), 315-483-9904 (H) PH: 585-526-5852; [email protected] PH: 585-772-2469; [email protected] FX: 315-483-8863; CELL: 585-739-1590 Tony Weis, Weiss Farms Steve Clarke [email protected]; (Summer – use FAX only) 7828 East Eden Road, Eden, NY 14057 40 Clarkes Lane, Milton, NY 12547 Director Tom DeMarree, DeMarree Fruit Farm PH: 716-992-9619; [email protected] PH: 845-795-2383; [email protected] 7654 Townline Rd. Rod Farrow Williamson, NY 14589 12786 Kendrick Road, Waterport, NY 14571 PH: 315-589-9698; FX: 315-589-4965 NEW YORK PH: 585-589-7022 CELL: 315-576-1244; demarreeff @aol.com Fruit Quarterly Mason Forrence Director Doug Fox, D&L Ventures LLC WINTER 2009 • VOLUME 17 • NUMBER 4 2740 Route 22, Peru, NY 12972 4959 Fish Farm Rd., Sodus, NY 14551 This publication is a joint eff ort of the New York State Horticultural Society, PH: 518-643-9527; [email protected] PH: 315-483-4556; FX: 315-483-4342 Cornell University’s New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at [email protected] Geneva, the New York State Apple Research and Development Program, Ted Furber, Cherry Lawn Farms 8099 GLover Rd., Sodus, NY 14551 Director William R. Gunnison and the NYSBGA. PH: 315-483-8529 Gunnison Lakeshore Orchards Editors Terence Robinson and Steve Hoying 3196 NYS Rt. 9W & 22, Crown Point, NY 12928 Dept. of Horticultural Sciences Dan McCarthy PH: 518-597-3363 (W); 518-597-3817(H) New York State Agricultural Experiment Station NY State Dept. of Agriculture & Markets FAX: 518-597-3134; CELL: 518-572-4642 Geneva, New York 14456-0462 10B Airline Drive, Albany, NY 12235 [email protected] PH: 315-787-2227; FX: 315-787-2216 PH: 518-457-8857; [email protected] Director John Ivison, Helena Chemical Co. [email protected] Peter Ten Eyck, Indian Ladder Farms 165 S. Platt St, Suite 100 [email protected] 342 Altamont Road Albion, NY 14411; PH: 585-589-4195 (W) Subscriptions Karen Wilson Altamont, NY 12009 FX: 585-589-0257; CELL: 585-509-2262 & Advertising NYSHS, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 PH: 518-765-2956; [email protected] [email protected] PH: 315-787-2404; [email protected] Robert Deemer, Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group Design Elaine L. Gotham, Gotham City Design, Naples, NY Director Chuck Mead, Mead Orchards LLC 4363 Rte.104 PH: 585-374-9585; [email protected] 15 Scism Rd., Tivoli, NY 12583 Williamson, NY 14589 PH: 845-756-5641 (W); CELL: 845-389-0731 Production Communications Services, NYSAES, Geneva, NY PH: 315-589-9695 ext. 713 FAX: 845-756-4008 PH: 315-787-2248; [email protected] [email protected] 2 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REARS POWERBLAST SMARTSPRAY from DW A powerful and adaptive machine On board computer and tractor with PTO drive and the patented mounted controller. Targets trees Constant Velocity Hitch (CVH). that need spraying. 400 or 500 gallon tank.

NEW!!! Small trailer sprayers REARS PAK TANK 36" wide sprayer, Vanguard engine, 50, 100, 150 or 200 gallon tank. 20" fan. Hypro D30 diaphragm pump. PTO 3PT hitch. D30-2 diaphragm, 50 or 100 gallon tank. Great for use 9 GPM/550 PSI pump. with ATV or small garden tractor!

Service, Parts & Accessories for MOST Sprayers

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 3 Begin well. End well.

Adams County Nursery recognizes the importance of starting with quality nursery stock. We know it is your goal to produce high quality fruit. We strive to produce quality trees for the commercial industry. Let us help you get started.

Begin with us. Begin well.

Adams County Nursery, Inc. • Aspers, PA (800) 377-3106 • (717) 677-4124 fax • email: [email protected] • www.acnursery.com

7ORKSALLYEARROUND (ARVESTINGs0RUNINGs4HINNINGs4REE4RAINING HYDRALADA Twin Lift

In this business, money does grow on trees.

When crops are your livelihood, you can’t afford to eat a loss for something that could have been covered by insurance.

Have you reviewed your coverage lately? Farm Family’s Special Farm Package® can be customized to meet your specific needs.

We Take A Personal Interest — Protecting What You Value Most. !DJUSTABLE7IDTH For more information call: PAYMENT PLANS AVAILABLE from 5' to 8.5'. James Gray Agency CALL US NOW TO DISCUSS YOUR OPTIONS One of the 98 South Main Street (585) 278-1142 or toll free (866) 467-2133 MOSTUTILIZED Manchester, NY 14504 pieces of machinery Members of the American National E-mail: [email protected] family of companies (866) 573-1344 in today’s modern orchard. Property/casualty insurance products offered by United Farm Family Insurance Company, Glenmont, NY, in MD and PA, and 98 Halstead Street Farm Family Casualty Insurance Company, Glenmont, NY, in CT, DE, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, RI, VT, and WV. A DIVISION OF WNY LIFTS, LLC Rochester, NY 14610

4 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Nutrient Requirements of ‘Gala’/M.26 Apple Trees for High Yield and Quality

Lailiang Cheng and Richard Raba Departments of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

This paper was presented at the 2009 Cornell In-depth Fruit School on Mineral Nutrition.

utrient management plays a more important role in trees/acre) at Cornell Orchards. Th ese trees were trained as tall ensuring good tree growth, cropping and fruit quality spindles. Th ey had produced regular crops over the previous three Nfor apple trees on dwarfi ng rootstocks in high-density years. Nutrient supply to these trees was based on a previous study plantings than for (Xia et al., 2009). Briefl y, all trees were fertigated with four liters those on vigor- of 15N-ammonium nitrate (210 ppm N) balanced with all other “Shoots and leaves have a high demand ous rootstocks as nutrients in Hoagland’s #2 solution twice a week from May 2 to one period for nutrients from bloom to end dwarf apple trees month before fruit harvest except during active shoot growth when of shoot growth whereas fruits have crop earlier and the trees were fertigated three times per week. Fertigation contin- a high demand period from the end have higher yield ued from one month before harvest to fruit harvest but nitrogen and smaller root was provided at half the concentration for the fi rst two weeks and of shoot growth to fruit harvest. Our systems. With the then was completed omitted from the fertigation solution in the research has shown that at harvest, development of two weeks immediately preceding fruit harvest. After fruit harvest, fruit contain more K than any other leaf nutrient anal- each tree was fertigated with four liters of the Hoagland’s solution nutrient followed by N, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, ysis and its wide at an N concentration of 210 ppm twice (September 22 and Oc- S, Mn, B, Zn, and Cu. Understanding adoption for diag- tober 2). Each tree received a total of 30 grams of actual nitrogen tree nutrient requirements will help nosis of tree nutri- during the entire growing season (equivalent to 75 lbs actual N ent status (Bould, per acre). Th e cropload of these trees was adjusted to 8.2 fruit per in developing improved fertilization 1966; Stiles and cm2 trunk cross-sectional area via hand-thinning at 10mm king programs in apple orchards.” Reid, 1991; Neilsen fruit (104 fruit per tree), and this cropload was maintained to fruit and Neilsen, 2003), harvest. Irrigation was provided with two spray sticks per tree and fertilization prac- the trees were well watered throughout the growing season. No tices in orchards foliar application of nutrients was applied to these trees. All the are now routinely adjusted by comparing leaf analysis results trees received standard disease and insect control throughout the against the optimal range of leaf nutrient concentrations. How- growing season. A copper spray was put on at budbreak to control ever, eff ective nutrient management to these dwarf trees still fi re blight, but the spray made it diffi cult to accurately determine requires a good understanding of their nutrient demand in terms the accumulation patterns of total Cu in the new growth and the of amount and timing because optimal leaf nutrient concentra- whole tree during the early part of the season. tions do not refl ect the actual amount and timing of tree nutrient At each of the 7 key developmental stages throughout the requirements. annual growth cycle (budbreak, bloom, end of spur leaf growth, Due to the diffi culty of destructive sampling of entire trees end of shoot growth, rapid fruit expansion period, fruit harvest, multiple times during the annual cycle of tree growth and de- and after leaf fall), a set of four trees was excavated. Each tree velopment, the actual demand of dwarf apple trees for all the was partitioned to spurs, shoots, spur leaves, shoot leaves, fruit, macro- and micro-nutrients in terms of timing and amount has one year-old stem, branches, trunk, upper shank, lower shank not been examined in detail. In this study, we took an approach and roots. All the samples were dried in a forced-air oven, and of growing apple trees in sand culture to achieve optimal tree the dry weight of each tissue was recorded. Each sample was nutrient status, high yield and good quality, and using sequential ground twice to pass a 40 mesh screen and measured for N, P, K, excavation of entire trees to determine the magnitude and sea- Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn using combustion analysis and sonal patterns of the accumulation of macro- and micro-nutrients inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. Total N, P, in apple trees on dwarfi ng rootstocks. Th e sand culture system K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in each organ type and the eliminates competition for nutrients between any adjacent trees whole tree were calculated based on its concentration and dry grown in the fi eld in high-density plantings, and allows good weight data. control of nutrient supply and better recovery of the entire root system at excavation. Results Fruit yield, size and quality at harvest. Fruit yield was 18.8 kg per Experimental Procedures tree (equivalent to 1113 bushels/acre) with an average fruit size Six-year-old Gala/M.26 trees were grown in 55-L plastic containers of 181 g. Fruit soluble solids concentration was 14.5% and fruit in acid-washed sand (pH 6.2) at a spacing 3.5 by 11.0 feet (1129 fi rmness was 16.8 lbs. NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 5 Table 1. Leaf and fruit nutrient status. Leaf nutrients were from samples taken on August 9, 2006. Fruit nutrients were from the samples taken at harvest (September 13, 2006). Macronutrients are expressed as % dry weight whereas micronutrients are in ppm.

Macronutrients (%) Tissue N P K Ca Mg S Leaves 2.00 0.18 1.61 1.10 0.39 0.13 Fruit 0.25 0.06 0.80 0.05 0.04 0.02 Micronutrients (ppm) Tissue B Zn Cu Mn Fe Leaves 27.3 27.3 8.3 143.8 83.5 Fruit 21.8 3.5 3.8 7.8 25.3

matter of shoots and leaves increased rapidly from bloom to the end of shoot growth in early July, and then remained unchanged till fruit harvest. Th e total dry matter in shoots and leaves at fruit harvest only accounted for about 17.3% of the net dry matter gain of the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest. Total dry matter of fruit increased slowly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, then rapidly in a linear fashion till fruit harvest. Th e total dry matter of fruit accounted for about 72.2% of the net dry matter gain of the whole tree. At fruit harvest, approximately 10.5% of the net dry matter gain was found in the woody perennial parts (branches, central leader, shank and roots) of the tree. No signiﬁ cant increase was observed in the dry matter of roots between budbreak and fruit harvest. Accumulation of nutrients in the whole tree. Total tree N increased very rapidly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, and then continued to increase, but at a slower rate to fruit harvest (Figure 3A). Total P, K, Ca, Mg, S and B in the tree increased slightly from budbreak to bloom and then in a near linear manner from bloom to fruit harvest, although accumulation of Ca, Mg, and B slowed starting from one month before harvest (Figure 3B-G). Both total Zn and total Mn in the tree showed a gradual Figure 1. The concentration of nitrogen (A), phosphorus (B), potassium (C), calcium (D), magnesium (E), sulfur (F), boron (G), zinc (H), iron (I) increase from budbreak to the end of spur leaf growth, and then and manganese (J) in leaves and fruit of 6-year-old ‘Gala’/‘M.26’ a rapid increase till one month before fruit harvest, followed by apple trees from bloom to fruit harvest. The fi ve points in each a slow increase to fruit harvest (Figure 3H, J). Total Fe in the line correspond with bloom, end of spur leaf growth, end of tree increased rapidly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, shoot growth, rapid fruit expansion period, and fruit harvest, respectively. Each point is mean ± SE of four replicates. followed by a slower increase till fruit harvest (Figure 3I). Leaf and fruit nutrient status. Th e concentration of N, P, K, Th e net gains of S, Zn and Fe in both leaves and fruit decreased from bloom to total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, fruit harvest, with concentrations being higher in leaves than in and S from budbreak fruit from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest (Figure 1A, to fruit harvest were B, C, F, H and I). Th e concentration of Ca, Mg, and Mn in leaves 19.8, 3.3, 36.0, 14.2, decreased from bloom to the end of spur leaf growth, and then 4.4 and 1.6 g/tree, and increased thereafter, whereas fruit Ca, Mg, and Mn concentra- those for B, Zn, Cu, tions decreased from bloom to fruit harvest (Figure 1D, E, and J). Mn, and Fe were 93.6, Th e B concentration was higher in fruit than in leaves at bloom, 60.9, 46.5, 184.8 and but both had similar B concentrations from the end of spur leaf 148.7 mg/tree, which Figure 2. Dry matter accumulation of the growth to fruit harvest (Figure 1G). were equivalent to whole tree, shoots and leaves, and Leaf samples taken at the regular time recommended for fruit of 6-year-old ‘Gala/M.26’ trees 49.3, 8.2, 89.4, 35.4, from budbreak to fruit harvest in nutrient analysis (90 days after bloom), and fruit samples taken 10.9 and 4.0 lbs/acre the 2006 growing season. The six at harvest, showed that both leaf and fruit nutrient status were for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, points in each line correspond with in the satisfactory range for this cultivar (Table 1). and S, and 105.7, 68.8, budbreak, bloom, end of spur leaf Dry matter accumulation and partitioning. Total dry matter growth, end of shoot growth, rapid 52.5, 208.6 and 167.9 fruit expansion period, and fruit of the tree showed an expolinear increase from budbreak to fruit grams/acre for B, Zn, harvest, respectively. Each point is harvest, with a net dry matter gain of 4.3 kg (Figure 2). Total dry Cu, Mn, and Fe at a mean ± SE of four replicates.

6 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Table 2. Net accumulation of nutrients in the entire tree from budbreak to harvest, and the total accumulation of nutrients in new growth (shoots, leaves and fruit) at harvest at a fruit yield of 1113 bushels/acre (52.45 metric tons per hectare).

Macronutrients (lbs/acre) N P K Ca Mg S Net gain 49.3 8.2 89.4 35.4 10.9 4.0 New growth 50.7 8.0 86.5 27.5 9.9 3.7 Micronutrients (grams/acre) B Zn Cu Mn Fe Net gain 105.7 68.8 52.5 208.6 167.9 New growth 98.6 40.0 23.0 152.6 146.5

in the whole tree (Figs. 3A, 4A), and total N in new growth at fruit harvest accounted for 100% of net N accumulation in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest. Th e accumulation patterns of total S in shoots and leaves and fruit were similar to those for total N (Figure 4F). At fruit harvest, total S in fruit accounted for 42.6% of S in new growth, and total S in new growth accounted for 91.8% of its net gain in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest. Total P, K, B and Fe in shoots and leaves increased very rapidly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, then remained unchanged till fruit harvest (Figure 4B, C, G, I). In contrast, total P, K, B and Fe in fruit increased gradually from budbreak to the end of shoot growth, and then rapidly in a linear fashion till fruit harvest. Th e increase of P, K, B and Fe in fruit from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest made up 74.9%, 77.4%, 77.2%, and 61.0% of their total amount at fruit harvest, respectively. Total P, K, B and Fe in fruit at fruit harvest accounted for 60.7%, 71.3%, 77.7% and 60.4% of their total amount in new growth, respectively. Total P, K, B, and Fe in new growth showed a linear or near linear increase from bloom to fruit harvest. Total P, K, B, and Fe in new growth at fruit harvest accounted for 97.6%, 96.7%, 93.3%, and 87.2% of Figure 3. Total accumulation of nitrogen (A), phosphorus (B), potassium their net accumulation in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit (C), calcium (D), magnesium (E), sulfur (F), boron (G), zinc (H), harvest, respectively. iron (I) and manganese (J) in 6-year-old ‘Gala/M.26’ apple trees from budbreak to fruit harvest. The six points in each line Total Ca and Mn in new growth showed a slight increase from correspond with budbreak, bloom, end of spur leaf growth, end budbreak to bloom, then a very rapid increase from bloom to one of shoot growth, rapid fruit expansion period, and fruit harvest, month before harvest, followed by a slow increase to fruit harvest respectively. Each point is mean ± SE of four replicates. (Figure 4D, J). Total Ca and Mn in shoots and leaves accounted for most of the total Ca and Mn in new growth. Total Ca and tree density of 1129 trees/acre (Table 2). Mn in fruit increased throughout the entire fruit growth period, Accumulation of nutrients in the new growth (fruit, shoots with 61.7% and 73.3% of their respective accumulation occurring and leaves) Because fruit and shoots and leaves are the most dy- from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. However, total Ca namic parts of the tree, determining their nutrient accumulation and Mn in fruit at harvest, however, accounted for only 14.0% patterns may help us understand their diﬀ erential requirements and 17.8% of the total Ca and Mn in new growth, respectively. for nutrients. At fruit harvest, total Ca and Mn in new growth accounted for Total N in shoots and leaves followed the same pattern as 77.8% and 73.2% of their net accumulation in the whole tree from dry matter (Figures 2, 4A). It increased slowly from budbreak to budbreak to fruit harvest, respectively. bloom, very rapidly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, and Both total Mg and total Zn in shoots and leaves increased rap- then remained unchanged till fruit harvest. In contrast, total idly from bloom to the end of shoot growth, and then increased N in fruit increased gradually from bloom to the end of shoot slowly till fruit harvest (Figure 4E, H). In contrast, total Mg and growth, and then increased rapidly till fruit harvest. Th e increase total Zn in fruit increased slowly from bloom to the end of shoot of total N in fruit from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest growth and then rapidly from the end of shoot growth to fruit made up 65.4% of fruit N accumulation, and accounted for all of harvest, with 67.8% and 58.1% of the total accumulation taking the increase in total N in the new growth, because the total N place during the latter period. Total Mg and total Zn in fruit at in shoots and leaves did not change during this period. At fruit fruit harvest accounted for 31.3% and 30.8% of the total Mg and harvest, total N in fruit accounted for 37.6% of N in new growth. total Zn in new growth, respectively. Total Mg and total Zn in Total N in new growth showed almost the same pattern as total N new growth at fruit harvest accounted for 90.4% and 58.1% of

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 7 Table 3. Comparison of total amounts of nutrients in ‘Gala’ fruit at harvest obtained in this study with those obtained in the Nelson region of New Zealand by Palmer and Dryden (2006) at a fruit yield of 1113 bushels/acre (52.45 metric tons per hectare).

Macronutrients (lbs/acre) Study N P K Ca Mg S Palmer & Dryden (2006) 18.7 4.6 57.8 3.0 2.7 N/A Cheng & Raba (2009) 19.1 4.9 61.6 3.9 3.1 1.5 Micronutrients (grams/acre) Study B Zn Cu Mn Fe Palmer & Dryden (2006) 54.5 10.3 30.7 9.1 31.0 Cheng & Raba (2009) 76.5 12.3 13.3 27.2 88.5

set for ‘Gala’/‘M.26’ trees trained in tall spindle. It is interesting to note that the accumulation of nutrients in new growth (fruit plus shoots and leaves) accounted for over 90% of the net gain for total N, P, K, Mg, S, and B in the entire tree and a large proportion of the net gain for Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe (ranging from 58.1% in Zn to 87.2% in Fe) from budbreak to fruit harvest in this study (Table 2). Th erefore, future studies of this type might gain most of the information on tree nutrient needs by just focusing on new growth (fruit, shoots and leaves). Although the trees we used in this study were grown in sand culture, our data on total nutrient accumulation in fruit (or fruit nutrient removal at harvest) are very similar to those reported by Palmer and Dryden (2006) on ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Braeburn’, and Drahorad (1999) on several apple cultivars for commercial apple orchards (Comparison of our data with the data from Palmer and Dryden on Gala are shown in Table 3), when the fruit yield was adjusted to the same level. Th is high similarity indicates that the estimates of nutrient requirements obtained in this study may be applicable to fi eld-grown trees. If we assume the ratio between net accumulation of each nutrient in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest and its amount in fruit remains constant Figure 4. Total accumulation of nitrogen (A), phosphorus (B), potassium across the range of fruit yield encountered in commercial apple (C), calcium (D), magnesium (E), sulfur (F), boron (G), zinc (H), iron production, one can readily calculate the total requirement for (I) and manganese (J) in shoots and leaves, fruit, and new growth (fruit plus shoots and leaves) of 6-year-old ‘Gala’/‘M.26’ apple each nutrient at any expected fruit yield by using the data gener- trees from budbreak to fruit harvest. The six points in each line ated in this study (See Table 4 for an example). It’s clear that the correspond with budbreak, bloom, end of spur leaf growth, end requirement for each nutrient increases as fruit yield increases. of shoot growth, rapid fruit expansion period, and fruit harvest, Of the macronutrients required by ‘Gala’ apple trees, K is the respectively. Each point is mean ± SE of four replicates. one whose amount in the fruit at harvest accounted for the largest proportion of its net gain in the entire tree from budbreak to fruit their net accumulation in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest, i.e. more than two thirds of the total tree K requirement harvest, respectively. was found in fruit although fruit K concentration was only about half of that in leaves on a dry weight basis (Table 1, Figure 4C). Discussion Because of this large demand for K by fruit, apple trees on dwarf- Since the trees used in this study had optimal nutrient levels ing rootstocks need adequate K supply to achieve high yield and in both leaves and fruit (Table 1, Figure 1) and they produced good quality. However, it is possible that too much K can negatively a high fruit yield (equivalent to 52.45 metric tons per hectare) aff ect fruit quality as K may compete with the uptake of Ca and with good fruit size and quality, the observed accumulation of Mg. It should be noted that the widely cited work of Haynes and nutrients represents the nutrient requirements of these trees. Goh (1980) on nutrient budget of apple orchards signifi cantly over- Th e net accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S in the whole tree estimated the amount of K in fruit. Based on the amount of K in from budbreak to fruit harvest was 19.8, 3.3, 36.0, 14.2, 4.4 and fruit and fruit dry matter reported in Haynes and Goh (1980), the 1.6 g/tree and that for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe was 93.6, 60.9, 46.5, calculated fruit K concentration would be over 2% on a dry weight 184.8 and 148.7 mg/tree, which was equivalent to 49.3, 8.2, 89.4, basis. Either the trees used in their experiment were in luxury 35.4, 10.9 and 4.0 lbs per acre for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and 105.7, consumption of K, or an error was made by the authors (Haynes 68.8, 52.5, 208.6 and 167.9 grams per acre for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and and Goh, 1980) in measuring or calculating the total amount of K Fe at a tree density of 1129 trees per acre. Th is study, for the fi rst in fruit. However, the former does not seem to be the case as leaf time, has generated a comprehensive nutrient accumulation data K concentration was only 1.2% at the end of the season. 8 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY HOW DO YOU LIKE THEM APPLES? One Bushel Crates Storage Control Systems, Inc. has been a manufacturer and worldwide supplier of atmosphere modifying and monitoring equipment for over 25 years, offering a full line of Permea Nitrogen Generators, Gas Analyzers & Controllers and Carbon Dioxide Scrubbers. Our control systems are custom designed for each application of post harvest storage of fruits and vegetables. This dedication to quality design and construction has helped build lasting relationships with customers throughout the world. We are very proud to be a part of the world of technology and will strive to bring state-of-the-art equipment to the marketplace for the ultimate storage life of all commodities.

In addition to equipment, we offer a line of MCP Treatment chambers in a variety of styles, and every tent is custom-made to suit your specific space and needs.

Need more than a chamber? Let us designde your full CA room! Both in existingisti spaces as well as outfitting new Well built and reliable, these boxes will construction,ruc we make the dream of havinghavi ana efficient, reliable, second-to-noneond- one storage system a reality. protect your produce. In bulk, $5.00 each

Call us today,ay, oro visitit usu on the web to let us know how we ccan helpelp you. Hamlin Sawmill 1873 Redman Rd. Hamlin, NY 14464 STORAGE CONTROL SYSTEMS 585-964-3561 420 SOUTH STATE STREET • SPARTA MICHIGAN 49345 [email protected] T 800.487.7994 • P 616.887.7994 • F 616.887.1128 WWW.STORAGECONTROL.COM • [email protected] www.OneBushelCrate.com

Fruits, shoots and leaves have diff erential nutrient accumula- the end of shoot growth. Nutrient accumulation in fruit largely tion patterns (Figure 4). Our data indicate that the most rapid ac- followed its dry matter accumulation, and a large proportion of cumulation of all nutrients in shoots and leaves took place during the nutrient accumulation (ranging from 58.1% of Zn to 77.4 % active shoot growth, from bloom to the end of shoot growth, and of K) occurred from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. the accumulation pattern of most nutrients corresponded well Th e diff erential patterns of nutrient accumulation between fruit with the accumulation of dry matter, with continued accumula- and shoots and leaves, and the similarity between dry matter action observed only in total Ca and Mn in shoots and leaves after cumulation and accumulation patterns of most nutrients within each organ (Figures 2B, 4), indicate that nutrient accumulation is Table 4. Calculated requirement for each nutrient as a function of fruit demand-driven. Th e linear increase in both P and K in the whole yield (bushels/acre) based on the nutrient requirement data tree, and in new growth from bloom to harvest (Figures 3B, C, obtained in this study, assuming that the ratio between net 4B, C) indicates a constant demand for both nutrients during this accumulation of each nutrient in the whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest and its amount in fruit remains constant across period. Th e demand by shoots and leaves before the end of shoot the range of fruit yield. growth accounted for a larger proportion of the total demand for both P and K, whereas the demand by fruit from the end of Macronutrients (lbs/acre) shoot growth to fruit harvest made up nearly the entire demand Fruit yield (b/a) N P K Ca Mg S for new growth and for the whole tree. At fruit harvest, shoots 500 22.1 3.7 40.2 15.9 4.9 1.8 and leaves had more N, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and Mn, whereas fruit 750 33.2 5.5 60.2 23.9 7.3 2.7 had more P, K, B, and Fe. It should be noted that B had the high- 1000 44.3 7.4 80.3 31.8 9.8 3.6 est proportion (77.7%) partitioned to fruit among all nutrients 1250 55.4 9.2 100.4 39.8 12.2 4.5 1500 66.4 11.1 120.5 47.7 14.7 5.4 (Figure 4G) and was the only nutrient that had a much higher 1750 77.5 12.9 140.6 55.7 17.1 6.3 concentration in fruit (fl owers) than in leaves at bloom (Figure Micronutrients (grams/acre) 1G), which clearly indicates the importance of B to fruit growth and development. Fruit yield (b/a) B Zn Cu Mn Fe Although the Ca concentration in leaf samples taken in early 500 47.5 30.9 23.6 93.7 75.4 August was at the lower end of the optimal range, fruit had a 750 71.2 46.4 35.4 140.6 113.1 1000 95.0 61.8 47.2 187.4 150.9 good Ca level with a Ca to Mg ratio at 16 in this study. However, 1250 118.7 77.3 59.0 234.3 188.6 it should be pointed out that the net accumulation of Ca for the 1500 142.5 92.7 70.8 281.1 226.3 whole tree from budbreak to fruit harvest obtained in this study 1750 166.2 108.2 82.5 328.0 264.0 might be an underestimate of Ca requirements for apple cultivars

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 9 that are more susceptible to Ca-defi ciency induced disorders rela- 56:445-457. tive to ‘Gala’. Neilsen, G. H. and D. Neilsen. 2003. Nutritional requirements of Ca accumulation in ‘Gala’ fruit was found to continue through- apple, p267-302. In: Ferree D. C. and I. J. Warrington (eds.). out its entire growth period from bloom to harvest, with 61.7% Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, of total accumulation occurring from the end of shoot growth to Cambridge, MA, USA. harvest in this study (Figure 4D). Th is contrasts with some of the Palmer J.W. and G. Dryden. 2006. Fruit mineral removal rates from earlier studies suggesting that Ca accumulation primarily takes New Zealand apple (Malus domestica) orchards in the Nelson place in the fi rst few weeks after bloom (Faust, 1989; Wilkinson, region. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 1968). Th e lack of continued increase in fruit Ca content previ- 34:27-32. ously observed in New York (Faust, 1989) may have been related Rogers, B.L. and L.P. Batjer. 1954. Seasonal trends of six nutrient to drought conditions during the summer, as most orchards were elements in the fl esh of Winesap and Delicious apple fruits. not irrigated then. Th e continued accumulation of Ca throughout Proceedings of American Society for Horticultural Science fruit growth observed in central Washington under irrigated con- 63:67-73. ditions (Rogers and Batjer, 1954) is also consistent with the idea Stiles W. C. and W. S. Reid 1991. Orchard nutrition management. that soil moisture may play an important role in determining Ca Cornell Cooperative Extension Bulletin 219. accumulation patterns in apple fruit. Wilkinson (1968) observed Wilkinson, B.G. 1968. Mineral composition of apples IX. Uptake that more Ca was accumulated during the cell expansion stage of of calcium by the fruit. Journal of the Science of Food and fruit development in wet years or under irrigation than in dry years Agriculture 19:646-647. without irrigation. Th e fact that Ca accumulation occurs during the Xia, G., L. Cheng, A. N. Lakso, and M. Goffi net. 2009. Eff ects of entire fruit growth period suggests a wide window for enhancing nitrogen supply on source-sink balance and fruit size of ‘Gala’ fruit Ca levels via irrigation and foliar applications of Ca. apple trees. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. Conclusions Nutrient requirements of ‘Gala’/M.26 trees from budbreak to fruit Lailiang Cheng is a research and extension professor of harvest are estimated to be 49.3, 8.2, 89.4, 35.4, 10.9 and 4.0 lbs per Horticulture at Cornell University’s Ithaca Campus. He acre for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, and 105.7, 68.8, 52.5, 208.6 and 167.9 leads Cornell’s research and extension program in mineral grams per acre for B, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe at a density of 1129 trees/ nutrition. Rich Raba is a research technician who works with acre to achieve high yield and good fruit size and quality. Shoots Dr. Cheng. and leaves and fruit have diff erential patterns of nutrient requirements: the high demand period for shoots and leaves is from bloom to end of shoot growth whereas that for fruit is from the end of shoot growth to fruit harvest. At harvest, fruit contains more P, K, Since 1932 B, and Fe whereas shoots and leaves have more N, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, and Mn. When developing fertilization programs in apple orchards, soil nutrient availability and tree nutrient status must be taken into 4HE consideration along with tree nutrient requirements. Acknowledgments "EST Th is work was primarily supported by a generous gift from Dr. Da- vid Zimerman, Cornell Pomology Ph.D. 1954. Additional support was provided by the New York Apple Research and Development "ERRY Program. Th e ‘Gala’ trees used in this study were generously do- nated by Van Well Nursery in Wenatchee, WA. We thank Andrea Mason, Louise Gray, Scott Henning, and Cornell Orchard crew for technical assistance 0LANTS YEARS References 3TRAWBERRIES RASPBERRIES BLUEBERRIES Bould, C. 1966. Leaf analysis of deciduous fruits, p. 651-684. In: BLACKBERRIES GOOSEBERRIESANDMORE N.F. Childers (ed.). Temperate to tropical fruit nutrition. Hort. Publ., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 7HERETHEPROSGOFORPLANSANDPLANTS Cheng, L. and R. Raba. 2009. Accumulation of macro- and micronutrients and nitrogen demand-supply relationship of #ALLFORAFREECATALOGAND ‘Gala’/M.26 trees grown in sand culture. Journal of American PLASTICULTUREGUIDE Society for Horticultural Science 134(1): 3-13. Drahorad, W. 1999. Modern guidelines on fruit tree nutrition. 41 River Road Compact Fruit Tree 32:66-72. South Deerfield Massachusetts 01373 Faust, M. 1989. Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. Haynes, R.J. and K.M. Goh. 1980. Distribution and budget of www.noursefarms.com 413.665.2658 nutrients in a commercial apple orchard. Plant and Soil

10 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Fertigation for Apple Trees in the Paciﬁ c Northwest

Denise Neilsen and Gerry Neilsen Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Paciﬁ c Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, BC, Canada

This paper was presented at the 2009 Cornell In-depth Fruit School on Mineral Nutrition.

ertigation is the application of nutrients through irriga- zone is shown in Figure 1 and shows how fertigation might help tion lines, during watering. In general, it is more read- N fertilizer use effi ciency. Soil solution concentrations of nitrate ily adapted for use in micro-irrigation systems such as nitrogen quickly declined when the fertilizer was broadcast and F sprinkler irrigation was used (Figure 1a). In contrast, an almost micro-sprinkler, micro- “Fertigation has the advantage of jet and drip than to more constant concentration in the root zone was maintained when nitrogen was supplied daily through fertigation at diff erent times allowing fl exibility in the timing extensive systems such as sprinkler or furrow. It has (Figure 1b) allowing nitrogen supply to be managed with more of nutrient additions, and under the advantage of allowing precision than when broadcast. micro-irrigation, targeting the fl exibility in the timing of In irrigated production systems the supply of nitrogen and nutrients into the tree root zone nutrient additions, and water are closely linked. As nitrate is highly mobile, irrigation with higher precision than possible under micro-irrigation, with sprinkler or rain fed watering. targeting the nutrients 100 (A) It is particularly well suited to into the tree root zone Fertilizer with higher precision broadcast high-density production systems.” than possible with high- ) 80 pressure irrigation or -1 rain-fed watering. It is particularly well suited to high-density 60 production systems. Injection of nutrients into the irrigation line can be either passive (Venturi-type) or through pumps, which can proportion the amount of nutrient added to the fl ow. Th is 40

paper will emphasize nutrient management with fertigation, not Nitrate-N (mg.l the design of fertigation systems. 20 Nutrient uptake by trees is determined by the availability of nutrients in the soil, interception of nutrients by the roots and by 0 tree demand. Nutrient availability in the soil is related to native soil 140 160 180 200 220 240 fertility. Soils with a coarse texture (sandy and gravelly) or with low Day of the year organic matter content tend to be less fertile than soils that are fi ne textured (loamy, silty, clayey) or have high organic matter content. 200 (B) Delivery of nutrients to the tree is aff ected by nutrient mobility. (N1 Mobile nutrients such as nitrogen and boron are dissolved in soil ) 160 (N3 solution and move easily to roots. Less mobile nutrients such as -1 calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium are somewhat soluble but are also easily detached from soil particles. In some soils, potas- 120 sium also falls into the class of immobile nutrients, which includes, phosphorus and zinc. Th e immobile nutrients are fi xed onto soil 80 particles, have low soil solution concentrations and tend to move Nitrate-N (mg.l slowly to the root by diff usion. Apple trees also have sparse roots 40 and so cannot easily intercept immobile nutrients. A fi nal factor is retention in the root zone. For mobile nutrients, movement of nutrients out of the root zone with water prevents interception; for 0 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 immobile nutrients the issue is retaining the nutrient in solution long enough for root interception and uptake to occur. Day of the year Figure 1. Soil solution nitrate-N concentration measured throughout Mobile Nutrients the growing season at 30cm depth in (A) plot receiving a single application of broadcast N fertilizer and weekly high impact Nitrogen (N). Careful management of water and nitrogen is sprinkler irrigation and (B) plot receiving daily N fertigation important because fruit trees are very ineffi cient in their use of and drip irrigation at diff erent times N1(triangle) and N3 nitrogen. A comparison of retention of applied nitrogen in the root (square). NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 11 management is key to the retention of nitrate in the root zone 200 Scheduled to meet evaporative demand and hence to nitrate availability to the tree. Several strategies can Unscheduled (fixed rate) (A) be employed to reduce the over application of water which leads to losses of both water and nitrogen beneath the tree root zone. **

Th ese include the use of conservative micro-irrigation systems loss (L/tree) 100 to reduce total water inputs (Figure 1), the use of irrigation * scheduling techniques to match water supply to demand and * Water loss (L/tree) mulching to reduce water losses from the soil surface through evaporation. Th e eff ect of scheduling irrigation to meet crop water demand and thereby reducing nitrate losses beneath the 0 root zone illustrates the relationship between water and nitrogen May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. management (Figure 2). In this example an automated system, 6.0 Scheduled to meet evaporative demand which is based on estimates of evaporative demand using a commercially available electronic atmometer (Etgage Co., 5.0 Unscheduled (fixed rate) (B) Loveland Colorado) was used to control irrigation. Water (Figure 4.0 fertigation period 2a) and nitrate-nitrogen (Figure 2b) losses were greater beneath * the root zone of trees receiving a fi xed irrigation rate than for 3.0 those receiving irrigation scheduled to meet evaporative demand N loss (g/tree) 2.0 as described above. Th ere were no diff erences in tree growth between the sets of trees receiving the two types of irrigation. 1.0 Effi cient use of nitrogen requires an estimate of the size and 0 timing of tree N demand. We have used a variety of measurements May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. to determine the nitrogen demand of dwarf apple tree including total tree excavation and partitioning, the use of labeled nitrogen Figure 2. Water drainage (A) and N fl ux (B) beneath the root zone in fertilizer and assessment of annual removal in leaves and fruit. response to drip irrigation applied at either maximum rate or scheduled to meet evaporative demand using an atmometer During the fi rst few years after planting, these values ranged either maximum rate or scheduled to meet evaporative demand from 8 lb/acre to 38 lb/acre of nitrogen for trees grown on M.9 using an atmometer. rootstock that were newly planted to six year-olds respectively. Recommended rates of fertilizer are often higher ranging from 40 to 100 lb N/acre. 18 It has been well documented for apple and other fruit trees 16 0 K that N is withdrawn from foliage prior to leaf fall, stored in woody ) -1 14 15g K tissues and roots and that in spring N is remobilised from stor- 12 age to support new growth. For apple trees, development of the spur leaf canopy is largely dependent on remobilised N. Both 10 remobilisation and current season uptake supply N for shoot leaf 8 canopy growth and high root uptake commences around bloom. 6 Fruit N requirements are met mainly by remobilisation during 4

cell division, but mainly by root uptake during cell expansion. Soil solution K (mg.l 2 Th us application of fertilizer N can be timed to match maximum demand for shoot leaf canopy development, that is, during the six 0 Year 1 Year 2Year 3 Year 4 weeks after bloom, without necessarily having a potential negative Figure 3. Soil solution K concentration at 30cm beneath drip emitters in impact on fruit quality by elevating fruit N concentration. response to K applications of 0 and 15 g.year-1 per tree.

Less Mobile Nutrients

Potassium (K). Th e mobility of K in soil is generally reduced Fertigated Broadcast compared to N but greater than P. Th e mobility of surface- 100 Calc. (17.5g P/tree (60 kg/ha) applied K is highest in sandy soils, reduced for soils with high 72.5 exchange capacity (higher clay and organic matter content) and 80 ~58kg/ha) very limited for soils known to fi x K. Potassium defi ciency can 60 Daily Non-calc. dose be increased in drip-irrigated orchards on sandy soils where root 35 36 distribution can be restricted by poor lateral spread of applied 40 Single 30 water. Defi ciency symptoms appear fi rst in spur leaves adjacent dose to fruit. Th ese leaves develop an irregular chlorotic leaf surface 20 1.3 during midsummer which progresses into interveinal browning Irrigation applied (cm) 0 and marginal leaf scorch by fruit harvest. Skaha loamy Quincy Warden However, soil K status at the main rooting depth can be eas- sand sand silt loam ily altered. Daily fertigation of K from mid-June to mid-August Figure 4. Fertilizer phosphorus mobility in the soil in response to irrigation. at a rate of 15 g (0.83 oz) /tree/year increased the concentration Amount of water required to move the same amount of fertilizer of K in the soil solution (Figure 3). Th ese application rates were 6 inches into the root zone.

12 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY suffi cient to prevent the development of defi cient leaf K con- Table 1. Eff ect of K-fertilizer form on K-nutrition of >Jonagold= on M.9 centrations during the fi rst fi ve years for four apple cultivars on rootstock grown on sandy loam soil, 2000-2002. M.9 rootstock. Fertigation treatment (Kg/tree) y Mid-July leaf K concentration (% DW) Th ere appears to be little eff ect of the form of K fertilizer on 2000 2001 2002 tree response as demonstrated in a three year experiment with ‘Jonagold’ on M.9 rootstock in which K in diff erent forms was fer- Control (0g) 1.38c 1.58c 1.46c KCI (15 g ) 1.60b 1.81b 1.73b tigated daily over a six week period from late June to mid-August KCI (30 g ) 1.67ab 1.96b 1.83ab (Table 1). Th ere were no major diff erences in leaf K concentration KMag (15 g) 1.66ab 1.89ab 1.74b among K forms which was generally above leaf defi ciency levels KMag (30 g) 1.72a 1.98a 1.85ab (1.3%) regardless of treatment. K2SO4 (30 g) 1.66ab 2.00a 1.91a K thiosulfate (30 g ) 1.76a 2.01a 1.94a Signifi cance **** **** **** Immobile Nutrients y Phosphorus (P). Poor downward movement of surface applied 15g = 0.83 oz; 30g = 1.66 oz *,**,***,**** signifi cantly diff erent at p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 P-fertilizer into the root zone of many orchard soils has long Within columns diff erent values followed by diff erent letters are signifi cantly been recognized. Th e mobility of P through soil can be further diff erent reduced in fi ner-textured and other soils with a high P-sorption capacity. Table 2. Cumulative yield per tree of apples from 2nd - 5th leaf for selected Th is is illustrated from fi eld studies in Washington State treatments averaged over all cultivars (Silken, Cameo, Fuji, Gala and British Columbia which measured changes in soil P values and Ambrosia). with depth after surface fertilizer application (Figure 4). To move P-fertilizers distances as short as six inches requires the applica- Fertigation Treatment Cultivar Cumulative yield (pounds/tree) tion of large quantities of water, particularly for calcareous fi ne High early N + P pulse All 86.5a textured soils such as the Warden silt loam (Figure 4). Around High N (all times) All 73.5b

30 times the amount of water was required to move P using daily Within columns diff erent values followed by diff erent letters are signifi cantly fertigation or a broadcast application compared with a single diff erent fertigated dose. Th e single fertigated application temporarily saturates the P fi xing sites in the soil allowing more downward Table 3. Soil chemical changes at 30 cm depth directly beneath the movement of P. Similar responses occur with high rates of mono- emitter, in 20 orchards (3-5 years old) receiving drip irrigation ammonium phosphate-fertilizer mixed in the planting hole, and fertigation with NH4–based fertilizers especially on fumigated, replanted orchard sites or in orchards z with low available P. pH Ca (ppm) Mg (ppm) K (ppm) B (ppm) Few responses to broadcast fertilizer P have been reported. Between rows 7.0 1235 144 211 0.97 However, fertigation of P in fi rst year results in the same benefi - Beneath emitter 6.2 911 114 88 0.19 Signifi cance *** ** ** ** **** cial eff ects associated with planting hole P applications, namely increased leaf P concentration and improved tree establishment z pH (1:2 soil:water); Ca, Mg, K extracted in 0.25M acetic acid + 0.015M NH4F; B and initial fruiting. A single annual pulse application of fertilizer (hot water extractable). P to fi ve diff erent apple cultivars (Gala, Fuji, Cameo, Ambrosia, *,**,***,**** signifi cantly diff erent at p<0.05, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 Silken) planted on M.9 rootstock at high densities (3 foot by 10 is absorbed by soil particles unless extremely high application foot spacing) improved cumulative yield performance of these rates are made. Th ere are some diff erences among soils with less cultivars during the fi rst fi ve growing seasons. Th e experiment adsorption on noncalcareous sandy soils, which have reduced tested a range of fertigation treatments including low (28 ppm capacity to fi x Zn. N in irrigation water) and high (168 ppm) nitrogen applications, Th ere have been limited studies investigating fertigation of each applied for four weeks at three diff erent times after bloom Zn. Zn fertigation research has been undertaken in an experimen- including early (fi rst 4 weeks postbloom), mid season (four-eight tal block of four diff erent apple cultivars on M.9 rootstock at the weeks postbloom) and late applications (8-12 weeks postbloom). Pacifi c Agri-Food Research Centre at Summerland, BC (Figure Th e treatment involving high early N plus a pulse of P (4.6 oz/ 5). If no Zn was applied (1992 and 1993) all trees, regardless of tree of ammonium polyphosphate (10-34-0)) in the week im- cultivar, had leaf Zn concentrations below the 14 ppm defi ciency mediately following bloom has produced the most fruit over all threshold. In 1994, application of dormant zinc sulphate and cultivars (Table 2). foliar Zn chelates, postbloom in early summer, resulted in very Zinc (Zn). Zinc defi ciency is a common problem in apple. high leaf Zn concentrations across cultivars, probably through Symptoms of Zn defi ciency are most usually observed in the contamination from surface residues from the foliar Zn sprays. spring and include chorosis (yellowing) of the youngest shoot Commencing in 1995, eff orts were made to fertigate Zn as zinc leaves that are often somewhat undersized and narrower than sulphate (36% Zn) dissolved in the irrigation water and applied normal (referred to as little leaf). Th e defi ciency may also result in for four weeks during the growing season. Th e application rate blind bud and rosetting (small basal leaves which form on short- ranged from 0.34 oz liquid zinc sulphate (36% Zn) per tree (3.5 g ened terminals and lateral shoots of current year’s growth). Zn per tree) in 1995 and 1996 to double these rates in 1997 and Zinc occurs in the soil in relatively insoluble forms and is to 1.7 oz liquid zinc sulphate per tree (17.5 g Zn per tree) in 1998. easily precipitated on solid surfaces of carbonates and iron and Regardless of the fertigated Zn application rate, leaf Zn concentra- manganese oxides. As a result, it is considered relatively im- tion did not generally increase above defi ciency thresholds for any mobile in the soil and a large fraction of Zn applied to the soil

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 13 cultivar. Since the site was a sandy soil, these results imply that correction of inadequate Zn nutrition via fertigation of mineral zinc sulphate will be diﬃ cult. Fertigation of more expensive chelated Zn forms may be more eﬀ ective but have not undergone extensive testing.

Effects Of Fertigation On Soil Properties Fertigating ammoniacal forms of N and P can aff ect the base status of soils as transformation of ammonium to nitrate is an acidifying process, which may also acceler- ate leaching. Th e widespread nature of this problem was indicated in a survey of 20 commercial orchards on coarse- textured soils which had undergone three to fi ve yrs. of NP-fertigation in British Columbia. Soil pH, extractable soil bases and soil B measured at 0 to 15 cm depth directly beneath the drip emitter, were all reduced (Table 3). In response to this survey, a soil test was designed to determine the susceptibility of soils to acidifi cation An acidifi cation resistance index (ARI) was developed from analysis of buff er curves for 50 soils of diff ering composition and was defi ned as the amount of acid required to reduce soil pH from initial status to pH 5.0. Th ese values were then compared to common soil test analysis data and a relationship defi ned between the acidifi cation resistance index, soil pH and soil extractable bases. It was recommended that soils with a low acidifi cation resistance index be fertigated with Sodus, NY Florida, NY NO3 –based rather than NH4 –based fertilizers. (315) 483-9146 (845) 651-5303 Fancher, NY Addison, VT Denise Neilsen is a research scientist at the (585) 589-6330 (802) 759-2022 Pacifi c Agri-Food Research Centre of Ag Canada in Summerland British Columbia who specializes in Milton, NY Cohocton, NY orchard nutrient management. (845) 795-2177 (585) 384-5221

14 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Antioxidant contents and activity in SmartFresh-treated ‘Empire’ apples during air and controlled atmosphere storage

Fanjaniaina Fawbush, Jackie Nock and Chris Watkins Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

This work was supported in part by the New York Apple Research and Development Program.

any consumers think that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is SmartFresh storage technology based on 1-methylcyclopropene the major antioxidant in fruits and vegetables, but in (1-MCP), an inhibitor of ethylene perception, has raised the Mfact it is increasingly recognized that phenolic com- question about its eff ects on the nutritional quality of apple fruit. pounds often rep- Knowledge about responses of fruit in both air and controlled resent the majority atmosphere (CA) storage is important. CA can prolong the im- “Our results show that 1-MCP has little of health-related pact of 1-MCP on both physical and sensory responses of apple eff ect on the concentrations of ascorbic antioxidant activ- and the two technologies generally are most eff ective when used acid, total phenolics, fl avonoids and ity in plant prod- in combination. anthocyanins of Empire apples in either ucts. Th e phenolic To date, studies on the eff ects of 1-MCP on antioxidant air or CA storage. Total antioxidant compounds also components are limited. MacLean et al. (2006) found that 1-MCP treatment inhibited an increase in chlorogenic acid in peel tissues activity in peel tissues of fruit stored in contribute to appearance, as well of Red Delicious apples during storage, and resulted in higher air was sometimes higher in Smartfresh- as taste and fl avor. fl avonoid concentrations. MacLean et al. (2003) also found that treated fruit than untreated fruit. Apples are one of total antioxidant activity was higher in peels of 1-MCP-treated However, the health benefi ts of apples the best sources than untreated Empire and Red Delicious apples during storage. are realized primarily through phenolic of antioxidant and Th e total antioxidant activity (DPPH) of Golden Smoothee fl esh concentrations and these compounds phenolic com- was unaff ected by 1-MCP treatment, but total ascorbic acid concentrations were slightly lower after 30 and 90 days of air storage are stable after harvest. The bottom line pounds of all fruit, and are especially (Vilaplana et al., 2006). is that ‘an apple a day keeps the doctor beneficial to our Th e objective of the current study was to investigate the away,’ regardless of storage technology.” diet because they eff ects of 1-MCP treatment during air and CA storage on anti- are available year- oxidant components and antioxidant activity of peel and fl esh round. Research tissues of the Empire apple. Th is research was carried out as part from the Cornell laboratories of Drs. Cy Lee and Rui Hai Liu, of a PhD program and has been published in full (Fawbush et al., as well as elsewhere, has shown that apples provide protection 2009). Here, we highlight the main fi ndings of importance to the against cardiovascular disease and various cancers. Of the top 25 New York apple industry. fruits consumed in the United States, apples are the number one source of phenolics in the American diet and provide Americans Materials and Methods with 33% of the phenolics they consume (Boyer and Liu, 2004). Th e Empire apple fruit used in these experiments were all har- For apples, the major focus on health-related properties vested on the same day from mature trees growing at the Cornell has been on phenolic compounds, including fl avonoids such as University orchards at Lansing. Th e IEC, fl esh fi rmness, SSC and the anthocyanins that are responsible for red color of the fruit. starch index of the fruit at harvest were 2.7 ppm, 16.6 lb-f, 12.5% Apple varieties vary greatly in antioxidant components and indi- and 5.7 units, respectively. Fruit were randomly sorted into ex- vidual phenolic compounds have diff erent antioxidant potential. perimental units for either air or CA storage experiments. Interestingly, reactions among individual compounds may be For air storage, four replicates of 100 fruit were pre-cooled synergistic, and therefore, total antioxidant activities potentially overnight at 33oF and then they were either untreated or treated provide a better estimate of the overall contributions of antioxi- with 1 ppm 1-MCP (SmartFresh powder) for 24 hours. Fruit dant components than individual components alone. Phenolic were stored for up to fi ve months. For CA storage, replicates of and fl avonoid contents are consistently higher in the skin than 55-60 fruits were cooled overnight at 36oF, and either untreated in the fl esh, and peel tissues have the highest antioxidant activity or treated with 1ppm 1-MCP. Four replicates of fruit for each and anti-proliferation activity. treatment and temperature were stored in steel chambers, with In general, the total phenolic concentrations in both peel 2 or 3% O2 (with 2% CO2). Final atmosphere regimes were estab- and fl esh tissues of apples remain relatively stable during stor- lished within 48 hours and were maintained within 0.2% of target age, although individual components may vary. Th e advent of atmospheres. CA storage was carried out for 9 months. NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 15 Ten fruit per treatment replicates were taken at harvest concentrations in peel tissues were also unaff ected by 1-MCP for assessment of internal ethylene concentration (IEC), fl esh treatment (data not shown). fi rmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC) and starch pattern Th e total antioxidant activity in peel tissues was not aff ected indices. IEC and fi rmness were measured on 10 fruit replicates by 1-MCP (Table 5), but the total antioxidant activity was higher in after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months for the air-stored fruit, and after 4.5 fl esh tissues of 1-MCP treated than untreated fruit, being 1.40 and and 9 months for the CA stored fruit, plus 1 day at 68oF. At the 1.25 mmol kg-1, respectively. Interactions among all storage factors last removal from storage, all remaining fruit were kept at 68oF were detected, however, and overall trends were inconsistent. for 7 days and then assessed for disorders. For extraction of phenolic and other compounds, 10 fruit per treatment replicate were taken on the day of removal of fruit from air and CA storage. Total phenolics, fl avonoids, anthocyanins, total antioxidant activity and total ascorbic acid were measured on apple peel and fl esh using standard procedures as described by Fawbush et al. (2009).

Results Air storage. 1-MCP prevented any increase in the internal ethylene concentrations (IEC) during storage, while the IEC in untreated fruit reached 43.9 ppm after 5 months of storage (Figure 1). Untreated fruit softened during this time to 11.4 lb-f, compared with 14.0 lb-f in 1-MCP treated fruit (Figure 1). No storage disorders were observed in air stored fruit. At harvest, the phenolic concentrations in peel and fl esh tissues were 2.82 and 1.24 g kg-1, respectively (Figure. 2). Overall, the phenolic concentration was signifi cantly higher (2.56 g kg-1) in peel tissues of 1-MCP treated fruit than in those of untreated fruit (2.16 g kg-1). In the fl esh, total phenolic concentrations of untreated fruit were signifi cantly higher at 0.90 g kg-1 than the 0.84 g kg-1 of 1-MCP treated fruit. No eff ect of storage time was detected for either tissue type. Total fl avonoid and anthocyanin concentrations in the peel were aff ected only by storage time, but the patterns of change were inconsistent (results not shown). In fl esh tissues, total fl avonoids were not aff ected by either 1-MCP treatment or storage time. At harvest, the total ascorbic acid concentrations in the peel and fl esh were 0.55 and 0.11 g kg-1, respectively, and these concentrations declined in both untreated and 1-MCP-treated fruit during storage (Figure 3). Th ere was no signifi cant eff ect of 1-MCP treatment on peel concentrations, although in the fl esh tissues, the total ascorbic acid concentrations were slightly lower Figure 1. Internal ethylene concentrations (A) and fl esh fi rmness (B) of in 1-MCP-treated tissues than untreated tissues, averaging 0.07 Empire apples either untreated or treated with 1 ppm 1-MCP and stored at 33°F in air for up to 5 months. and 0.06 g kg-1, respectively. However, eff ects were evident at only some time points. Th e total antioxidant activity in the peel was 2.82 mmol kg-1 at harvest, and overall, the activity in peel tissue from 1-MCP treated fruit was 2.64 mmol kg-1, compared with 2.12 mmol kg-1 in untreated fruit. However, diff erences between treatments were evident only at months 1 to 3 (Figure 3). Total antioxidant activity in fl esh tissues was also signifi cantly higher in 1-MCP treated fruit than untreated fruit, averaging 1.14 and 0.95 mmol kg-1, respectively. Total antioxidant activity was not aff ected by storage time. CA storage. Th e IEC was much lower, and fi rmness higher, in 1-MCP treated fruit than in untreated fruit (Table 1). No ex- ternal or internal disorders were detected after 4.5 months of CA storage, but a high incidence of fl esh browning was observed in fruit after 9 months of storage. Th e total phenolics, total fl avonoid and ascorbic acid con- Figure 2. Total phenolic concentrations (gallic acid equivalents, mg kg−1) in centrations in peel and fl esh tissues were not consistently aff ected peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples either untreated or treated by 1-MCP treatment (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Total anthocyanin with 1 ppm 1-MCP and stored at 33°F in air for up to 5 months.

16 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Discussion Table 2. Total phenolic concentrations (gallic acid equivalents, g kg-1) in peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples, either untreated or Th e eﬀ ects of storage conditions on antioxidants in the absence treated with 1 ppm 1-MCP, and stored in controlled atmospheres of 1-MCP treatment have been well studied, and in general, of 2% or 3% oxygen with 2% carbon dioxide at 36oF for 4.5 and total phenolics, total antioxidant activity and radical scavenging 9 months. Diff erent letters associated with means indicate that capacity are stable or increase during storage. Th e results of our there are diff erences between treatments for a tissue type. study also largely indicate that concentrations of total phenolics, ﬂ avonoids, anthocyanins and total antioxidant activity are Storage time 1-MCP Peel Flesh (months)

2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 4.5 -2.56a 1.81g 0.96bc 1.01abc + 2.47b 2.27d 0.90c 1.12a

9 - 2.37c 2.12e 1.08ab 0.66d + 1.90f 2.15e 0.98bc 1.01abc

Table 3. Total fl avonoid concentrations (catechin equivalents, g kg-1) in peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples, either untreated or treated with 1 ppm 1-MCP, and stored in controlled atmospheres of 2% or 3% oxygen with 2% carbon dioxide at 36oF for 4.5 and 9 months. Diff erent letters associated with means indicate that there are diff erences between treatments for a tissue type.

Storage time 1-MCP Peel Flesh (months) −1 Figure. 3. Total ascorbic acid concentrations (mg kg ) in peel and fl esh 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 tissues of Empire apples either untreated or treated with 1 ppm 4.5 - 0.91a 0.88a 0.39b 0.49ab 1-MCP and stored at 33°F in air for up to 5 months. + 1.01a 1.14a 0.56a 0.42b

9 - 1.12a 1.17a 0.49ab 0.44b + 0.92a 1.19a 0.54a 0.49ab

Table 4. Total ascorbic acid concentrations (g kg-1) in peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples, either untreated or treated with 1 ppm 1-MCP, and stored in controlled atmospheres of 2% or 3% oxygen with 2% carbon dioxide at 36oF for 4.5 and 9 months. Diff erent letters associated with means indicate that there are diff erences between treatments for a tissue type.

Storage time 1-MCP Peel Flesh (months) 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 4.5 - 0.37a 0.35a 0.11a 0.09bc + 0.35a 0.31a 0.10ab 0.09bc

Figure 4. Total antioxidant activity (vitamin C equivalents, mmol kg−1) 9 - 0.38a 0.33a 0.10ab 0.09bc in peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples either untreated or + 0.36a 0.33a 0.09bc 0.08c treated with 1 ppm 1-MCP and stored at 33°F in air for up to 5 months.

Table 1. Internal ethylene concentrations (IEC), fl esh fi rmness and fl esh -1 browning of Empire apples, either untreated or treated with 1 Table 5. Total antioxidant activity (vitamin C equivalents, mmol kg ) in ppm 1-MCP, and stored in controlled atmospheres of 2% or 3% peel and fl esh tissues of Empire apples, either untreated or treated oxygen with 2% carbon dioxide at 36oF for 4.5 a nd 9 months. with 1 ppm 1-MCP, and stored in controlled atmospheres of 2% or o Diff erent letters associated with means indicate that there are 3% oxygen with 2% carbon dioxide at 36 F for 4.5 and 9 months. diff erences between treatments. Diff erent letters associated with means indicate that there are diff erences between treatments for a tissue type. Storage 1-MCP IEC (ppm)Firmness (lb-f) Flesh time browning (%) Storage time 1-MCP Peel Flesh (months) (months) 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 2% O2 3% O2 4.5 - 167a 216a 13.0c 11.7d 0 0 4.5 - 3.04a 2.66abc 1.32bc1.52b + 2.3c 1.5c15.3a 15.4a 00 +2.55abcd 2.72abc1.86a 1.03d

9 - 234a 170a 11.9d 9.0e84a 60b 9 - 2.07cd 2.84ab 1.28bcd 1.32bc +32b56b 14.3b 14.4b84a87a + 1.91d 2.37bcd 1.19cd 1.16cd

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 17 relatively stable during air and CA storage. However, the eff ects Fawbush, F., Nock J.F., Watkins, C.B., 2009. Antioxidant contents of 1-MCP on individual phytochemical groups were variable. and activity of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)-treated In air-stored fruit, total phenolic concentrations were higher in ‘Empire’ apples in air and controlled atmosphere storage. peel tissues, but lower in fl esh tissues, of 1-MCP treated fruit Postharvest Biol. Technol. 52, 30-37. compared with untreated fruit. No eff ects of 1-MCP were found MacLean, D.D., Murr, D.P., DeEll, J.R., 2003. A modifi ed total for total fl avonoid or anthocyanin concentrations, except that oxyradical scavenging capacity assay for antioxidants in plant fl avonoid concentrations were higher in 1-MCP treated fruit tissues. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 29, 183-194. than untreated fruit during CA storage. MacLean, D.D., Murr, D.P., DeEll, J.R., Horvath, C.R., 2006. Total antioxidant activity, assayed using a recently developed Postharvest variation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) method (Adom and Liu, 2005), was higher in both peel and fl esh fl avonoids following harvest, storage, and 1-MCP treatment. tissues of 1-MCP-treated fruit compared with untreated fruit, J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 870-878. although higher only in fl esh tissues of CA-stored fruit. Higher total antioxidant activity in 1-MCP treated peel tissues of air- Fanjaniaina Fawbush was a graduate student working stored Empire and Delicious apples was also found by MacLean with Chris Watkins. Jackie Nock is a research support et al. (2003). Th e reasons for higher antioxidant activity in air- specialist who works with Chris Watkins. Chris Watkins stored 1-MCP-treated fruit are uncertain. Both total phenolic is a research and extension professor in the Department concentrations and total antioxidant activity were higher in peel of Horticulture at Cornell’s Ithaca Campus who leads tissues, and these two factors have been strongly correlated with Cornell’s program in postharvest biology of fruit crops. each other in other studies. Ascorbic acid concentrations declined in both peel and fl esh tissues during air storage, while in CA storage, patterns of change over time were inconsistent, depending on the O2 concentration. Surprisingly little information is available concerning changes in ascorbic acid concentrations in apple fruits during storage, espe- LOCAL FARMS, cially in CA, and even less is known about the eff ects of 1-MCP. Th e signifi cance of decreased ascorbic acid concentrations during storage with and without 1-MCP-treated fruit in this study and LOCAL FOOD. others is uncertain. Although ascorbic acid is generally considered ® to be important in nutrition, it represents a minor component of Farm Bureau is driving the total antioxidant activity of apples. Ascorbic acid, however, is a critical component of antioxidative processes in plant cells, customers to farm stands. interacting enzymatically and non-enzymatically with damaging Why not yours? oxygen radical and reactive oxygen species.

Conclusion 1-MCP delays fruit ripening of Empire apples, but the eﬀ ects of treatment on phytochemical groups are relatively small. Th e results show that eating apples, regardless of storage technology, is the right thing to do to keep the doctor away!

Acknowledgments Th is research was supported by the New York Apple Research and Development Program, AgroFresh, Inc., and the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, federal formula funds, Project NE-1018, received from the Cooperative State With publicity and advertising, Research, Education and Extension Service, U.S. Department of Farm Bureau drives customers to your Agriculture. We thank Dr. Adom and Dr. Liu for advice on the total antioxidant assay. retail market or farm stand for fresh produce and a “members only” References discount. You get a solid commission Adom, K.K., Liu, R.H., 2005. Rapid peroxyl radical scavenging for every new membership you sell. capacity (PSC) assay for assessing both hydrophilic and lipo- philic antioxidants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 6572-6580. Join the 65 farms already participating. 800-342-4143 Boyer, J., Liu, R., 2004. Apple phytochemicals and their health Another great reason to be a member of Farm Bureau. beneﬁ ts. Nutr. J. 3, 5.

18 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Results of a New York Blueberry Survey

Juliet E. Carroll1,2, Marc Fuchs2 and Kerik Cox2 1 New York State IPM Program 2 Dept. of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe-Biology New York State Ag. Exp. Station, Cornell University Geneva, NY

ell-managed blueberry plantings can remain productive for 25 years or more. Canker and dieback diseases rob plants of fruiting wood and reduce W Figure 1. Highbush blueberry plant with high incidence planting longevity. The two most of Phomopsis canker. “Our blueberry survey found that common canker Phomopsis canker was most frequent diseases identifi ed or freeze-damaged stems are more prone to Phomopsis infec- in NY. Tobacco ringspot viruses were by J. Carroll tion. associated with serious decline of in specimens Phomopsis cankers are brownish with a lighter brown cen- submitted to the ter, while Fusicoccum cankers are redder and may have a target blueberry in NY. Our results have plant pathology pattern of alternating bands of light and dark reddish-brown. As prompted us to consider research on diagnostic lab in infected stems age, Phomopsis cankers turn gray and the canes fungicide treatments for Phomopsis the 1980’s were become fl attened because the infected side of the stem fails to canker and to undertake a survey for viral Phomopsis canker put down new wood. diseases in blueberry.” and Fusicoccum Management relies principally on proper site selection and (Godronia) canker, maintaining vigorous plants: proper soil pH, plant nutrition, ir- prompting her to rigation, avoiding frost pockets and winter injury. IPM principals undertake a survey of sanitation and canopy management are paramount. Prune out for these diseases. diseased and dead canes. Remove prunings from the planting and While cultural practices to manage these two canker diseases are destroy them by chopping or burning. Be mindful of restrictions similar, intensive management to bring the cankers under control against burning, but do not neglect the importance of removing in severely aff ected plantings may need to rely on pathogen- prunings from the planting. Manage the planting to allow for specifi c fungicide programs over a two to three year period, rather rapid drying of the plant canopy after rain: manage weeds, prune than a one-size-fi ts-all approach. out old canes, orient rows with prevailing winds, and select sites Infection by canker fungi causes leaves to turn reddish- with good air drainage. brown, wilt and remain attached to shoots. Typically, symptoms fi rst occur when fruit is present and temperatures are warm. Survey Methods Cankers are often found near the base of the aff ected canes, but Extension educators in each of the growing regions assisted with can occur higher in the canopy on branches. When pruning the surveys and received reports on the results found. Th eir co- out aff ected canes, look for tan, pink, or brown discoloration in operation is gratefully acknowledged; they included: the wood in cross-section. Fungal spores, produced on infected • Deborah Breth, Cornell Cooperative Extension Lake Ontario wood, spread the diseases within and among the plants so it is Fruit Program very important to rid the planting of this inoculum. • Cathy Heidenreich, Department of Horticulture, Cornell Fusicoccum spore release occurs during rain events essen- University tially all season long, from bud break to leaf drop, with peak spore • Kevin Iungerman, Cornell Cooperative Extension North- production and release during bloom (Caruso & Ramsdell 1995). eastern New York Fruit Program Phomopsis spore release occurs during rain events from blossom • Laura McDermott, Department of Horticulture, Cornell bud swell (pink bud) through late August. As little as 0.15 inch of University rain can trigger spore release. Infections occur within 48 hours • Steven McKay, Cornell Cooperative Extension Hudson Valley in the presence of free water, warm temperatures (50F-80F), and Fruit Program susceptible tissues. • Molly Shaw, Southern Tier Ag Team, Tioga County Cornell Fusicoccum cankers on one-to-two-yr-old canes typically Cooperative Extension develop from infections that occurred the previous year, while During June and July, 33 farms were visited, seven in 2007 those from Phomopsis canker can develop in the same year of (Tioga, Orleans, and Niagara counties) (Carroll 2007b), 12 in 2008 infection. Wounds are not required for infection by Fusicoccum. (Essex, Washington, Saratoga, Albany, Columbia, and Dutchess Although this is also true for Phomopsis, mechanically wounded counties), and 14 in 2009 (Oswego, Onondaga, and Yates coun-

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 19 ties). Plantings were traversed randomly, unless specifi c areas Table 1. Prevalence of canker and dieback diseases found in 33 blueberry were identifi ed by the grower as having problems, and plants farms surveyed during the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009. examined. Canker / Dieback W NY E NY C NY Total of Suspicious canes were removed and brought back to the Farms Farms Farms Disease laboratory for analysis. Subsamples of the canes and branches Phomopsis a 312 8 23 were incubated in a moist chamber to encourage sporulation Fusicoccum b 5 04 9 of fungi which were identifi ed microscopically. Identity of fungi Anthracnose c 20 3 5 was based on characteristic size, shape and color of the fungal Botryosphaeria d 13 0 4 fruiting bodies and spores (stroma, pycnidia, acervuli, conidio- Botrytis e 02 1 3 phores, cirrhi, and conidia) (Caruso & Ramsdell 1995, Farr et al. Number of Farms7 12 14 1989). Samples with suspected virus infection were tested with a Phomopsis canker, Phomopsis vaccinii Shear. virus-specifi c antisera and via indicator plants. b Fusicoccum canker or Godronia canker, anamorph (conidial stage) Fusicoccum putrefaciens Shear and teleomorph (ascospore stage) Godronia cassandrae Peck. Results Ascospore infections are relatively unimportant in the disease cycle. c Th e farms surveyed ranged in size from under one to over 20 Twig blight caused by the anthracnose fruit rot or ripe rot pathogens, Colletotri- chum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. or C. acutatum J.H. Simmonds. acres, with plantings from one to over 25 yrs old. One farm had d Botryosphaeria stem blight, putative identifi cation of Fusicoccum aesculi Corda long-established plantings still producing well that were pushing (conidial stage) of Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.:Fr.) Ces. & De Not. 100 years old. Th e majority of the plantings had irrigation. Th ose e Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. with good weed management used sawdust or wood chip mulch within the plant row. Plantings with vigorous, high-yielding plants were pruned primarily to remove old canes, allowing canes to achieve their natural height of fi ve to eight ft (Pritts & Hancock 1992), had drip irrigation, were mulched, and had excellent weed control. Phomopsis was the most prevalent canker disease in the New York blueberry plantings surveyed, especially in Eastern NY where Fusicoccum was not found. By contrast, in Western NY farms Fusicoccum canker was more frequently found (Table 1). Phomopsis canker was associated with the most severely aff ected plantings with 10-50% infected plants. Typically, incidence of cankers within a planting was low, ranging from 2-5% infected plants. When canker incidence was ~10% infected plants, growers became concerned. Most often only one infected cane was found per plant, and therefore, the disease would go unnoticed. But, when incidence in the planting exceeded 10%, several canes per plant were infected (Figure 1). Severe Phomopsis canker incidence approaching 50% infected plants was found in three plantings in NY. On four of the 33 farms surveyed, no canker diseases were found. Figure 2. Microscopic view of squashed fruiting body and spores of asexual Canker incidence varied among cultivars. It is known state of Botryosphaeria dothidea (400X magnifi cation). that certain cultivars are very susceptible to Phomopsis canker (Weymouth, Earliblue, and Berkeley) and to Fusicoccum canker (Jersey, Earliblue, and Bluecrop) (Pritts et al. 2009). While only some growers had good records of which cultivars were found in their plantings, this information can be fundamental to IPM and to advancing blueberry production in NY. Botryosphaeria stem blight (Figure 2) was tentatively identifi ed from four farms in NY (Table 1). Th is disease on blueberry had not been previously described from NY. Th is fungus has a broad host range, attacking deciduous trees and shrubs including maple, birch, sumac, elm, viburnum, apple, buckthorn, etc.) Management practices for this disease would be similar to those for the other canker diseases. Twig blights were found associated with infection by Colletotrichum spp. and Botrytis cinerea, anthracnose ripe rot and Botrytis blight, respectively, were also found. A Pestalotia-like fungus was found on a small number of samples collected in 2007 and 2008 and may be the same as one reported from blueberry plantings in Chile Pestalotiopsis clavispora (Espinoza et al 2008). Figure 3. Cross-section of mummy-berry-infected immature blueberry Mummy berry primary infections can also cause small fruit.

20 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY twig blight symptoms in the absence of fruit infections. Lack of fruit infection may result from dry, hot conditions following a wet spring, from fl owering time not coinciding well with production of spores on blighted leaves and twigs, perhaps from early abscis- sion of infected fruit, or from well-timed fungicide sprays protecting blossoms. In 2009, likely favored by the wet growing season, mummy berry on fruit (Figure 3) was found in half of the plantings visited and aff ected up to 70% of the fruit in two of the 14 surveyed plantings. In prior years it was found only in one planting in 2007. Weed management problems were most frequently encountered in plantings that had recently changed hands, where time allotted to farm management was insuffi cient, and where herbicide applications were poorly timed or inadequate. Instances where perennial weeds had en- croached on plantings, serious economic impact on yield resulted. One interesting weed was found in two Eastern NY plantings. It was groundnut, Apios americana, a perennial vine which grows from edible tubers (Iungerman 2008) (Fig- ure 4 ABCD). Symptoms of viral disease were found on 12 farms surveyed and samples brought Figure 4. A, B. Groundnut vines overgrowing blueberry plants. C. Close-up of groundnut vine on blueberry plant. back for analysis (Carroll D. Entire plant showing length of vine and tubers. E. Close-up of infl orescence in leaf axil. F. Groundnut 2007a). Of these, samples from fl owers. G, H. Edible groundnut tubers. four farms tested positive for the presence of tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) (Figure 5) and ad- antioxidants. Th is survey was undertaken primarily to determine ditional samples from one of these four farms tested positive for the prevalence of canker pathogens in blueberry plantings, but tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) which causes the disease known also to survey for other problems impacting blueberry production as necrotic ringspot of blueberry (Converse 1987) (Figure 6). in NY. It will benefi t our blueberry industry to gain knowledge Th e prevalence of virus symptoms in plantings and the concern about factors that limit production. expressed by the growers and extension specialists has prompted Th is survey uncovered Phomopsis canker as a principal the authors to embark next spring on a statewide survey of viral canker disease in NY, being found more often than other canker diseases in blueberries. diseases and, on three farms, causing severe disease. Canker management relies almost exclusively on proper pruning and Discussion plant health maintenance. Although Phomopsis canker can be New York ranked 10th in the nation in blueberry production, with associated with winter injury, occurring on weakened branches, it 700 acres producing 2.3 million pounds valued at $3.37 million can be a serious primary causes of plant damage, as was found on in 2007 (Anonymous 2006). Th e demand for blueberry and blue- three farms. Intensive management to bring cankers under con- berry products has increased given the interest in foods high in trol in severely aff ected plantings may need to be supplemented

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 21 by aggressive fungicide programs over a two to three year period, spanning the disease cycle. Re- search on specifi c treatments for managing this disease under NY conditions is needed. Botryosphaeria stem blight, previously unreported from NY, was uncovered by this survey. Th e importance of mummy berry as a limiting factor in blueberry production was also underlined by the survey. Interestingly, while the ringspot viruses are soil born an IPM practice for mummy berry, which is to bury the mummies, could contribute to spreading the nematode vector of ToRSV Figure 6. Symptoms of necrotic and TRSV within and among ringspot on cv. Bluecrop plantings. Here is an example Figure 5. Symptoms on cv. Patriot associated with tomato ringspot virus associated with tobacco of why it is crucial to know the infection. ringspot virus infection. pest complex in your blueberry plantings in order to best apply IPM practices. Virus diseases Acknowledgements can be propagated with infected, symptomless blueberry cuttings Th is work was supported with base funding for the Fruit IPM and lead to serious decline of plantings. Research on the extent Coordinator provided by the NYS Department of Agriculture and and impact of viral diseases in blueberry will be addressed in an Markets. Support from Cornell Cooperative Extension County upcoming survey in the spring of 2010. Associations and Regional Programs is gratefully acknowledged. Assistance with virus confi rmation provided by Robert Martin, Literature Cited USDA-ARS, Corvallis, OR is appreciated. Anonymous. 2008. New York Agricultural Statistics 2007-2008 Annual Bulletin. 88 pp. Photo Credits Carroll, J. 2007a. Blueberry survey is uncovering viruses in New Figures 1, 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D - Kevin Iungerman. Figures 2 and York . New York Berry News 6(9):6. 6 - Juliet Carroll. Figures 3 and 5 - Molly Shaw Carroll, J. 2007b. Preliminary survey of blueberry cankers. New York Berry News 6(8):11-12. Juliet E. Carroll is the Fruit IPM coordinator for the NYS Caruso, F.L. and Ramsdell, D.C., eds. 1995. Compendium of Blue- IPM Program in Cornell Cooperative Extension. Marc berry and Cranberry Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul. 87 pp. Fuchs is a research and extension assistant professor Converse, R.H. 1987. Virus Diseases of Small Fruits. Agriculture in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at Cornell’s Geneva Handbook No. 631. USDA ARS, Washington, DC. 277 Experiment Station who specializes in virus diseases. pp. Kerik Cox is a research and extension assistant professor Espinoza, J.G., Briceno, E.X., and Latorre, B.A. 2008. Identifi ca- in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at Cornell’s Geneva tion of species of Botryoshaeria, Pestalotiopsis and Phomop- Experiment Station who specializes in the diseases of sis in blueberry in Chile. Phytopathology 98:S51. tree fruit and berries. Farr, D.F., Bills, G.F., Chamuris, G.P., and Rossman, A.Y. 1989. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. APS Press, St. Paul. 1252 pp. Iungerman, K. 2008. Apios Americana (the groundnut): a major weed of blueberries. i, NE NY Area Fruit Program, Cornell, Vol 12, No 7, 2 pp. Pritts, M.P. and Hancock, J.F. (eds) 1992. Highbush Blueberry Pro- duction Guide. NRAES-55. NRAES, Ithaca, NY. 200 pp. Pritts, M., Heidenreich, C., Gardner, R., Helms, M., Smith, W., Loeb, G., McDermott, L., Weber, C., McKay, S., Carroll, J.E., Cox, K., and Bellinder, R. 2009. 2009 Pest Management Guidelines for Berry Crops. Cornell Cooperative Extension, Ithaca. 102 pp.

22 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Assessing Azinphos-methyl Resistance in New York State Codling Moth Populations

Peter Jentsch1, Frank Zeoli1 & Deborah Breth2 1Cornell University’s Hudson Valley Laboratory, Highland, NY 2Cornell Cooperative Extension, Albion, NY

This work was supported in part by the New York Apple Research and Development Program.

Figure 1. Eff ect of Guthion 50W (azinphos-methyl) on mortality of adult codling populations trapped from Western NY orchards, a he codling moth (CM) Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus), laboratory strain (Benzon) and study group baseline (Barnes/ a European native, is a principal insect pest of pome Moffi t). Tfruit throughout much of the world. A member of the lepidopteran family Tortricidae, it “Codling moth populations throughout the is a bivoltine moth, in the season the second generation of CM larval emergence Eastern tree fruit-producing region have having two gen- overlaps, at least in part, with other principle fruit pests, including become increasingly tolerant to insect erations in most of the obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) Choristoneura rosaceana the U.S. including (Harris), apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), oriental pest management practices. We have New York State. A fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, and the lesser apple worm Gra- observed in this study greater tolerance partial third gen- pholita Prunivora Walsh. Management of these insects provides to azinphos-methyl in adult codling eration exists in fair to excellent levels of CM control depending on a number of moth populations trapped in commercial the Pacifi c North- management and biotic factors. Recent restrictions placed on the processing blocks when compared to west. Introduced organophosphate class of insecticides, such as worker re-entry Eastern NY commercial fresh market to the New World intervals, lengthened days to harvest and limits on total appli- during the earli- cations per season, have substantially reduced late season OP orchards. ” est years of pome use. Th is shift in insecticide use may require the control of these fruit production insects through the use of multiple and more species-specifi c the codling moth classes of insecticides, and incorporation of mating disruption has historically been a very diffi cult insect to control. It was to achieve comparable control yet increasing the cost of pome not until the development of the synthetic insecticides, broad- fruit production. spectrum materials with extended residual, contact and feeding Insects with multiple generations, which maintain a constant effi cacy, that economic damage imposed by this insect was, for presence in commercial orchards, are exposed to the selection a period, curtailed. pressure insect pest management tool impose. Th is constant Th e larvae overwinter in cocoons on the trunk and limbs, exposure provides the mechanism for insecticide resistance de- emerging as adults during the tight cluster through bloom period velopment. Over the last two decades codling moth populations of apple. Shortly after mating, the female deposits her eggs onto throughout North America have become increasingly tolerant of foliage and fruit, giving rise to larva that cause signifi cant feeding pest management practices, with increasing levels of insecticide damage to the surface, fl esh, core and seed of the fruit if unman- resistance to the organophosphate class of chemistries used in aged. A mechanism of survival contributing to the codling moth pome fruit pest management. Insecticide resistance to azinphos- persistent success are the well-developed feeding habits of the methyl (Guthion) has been well documented in codling moth larva. Larva emerging from eggs laid onto the fruit often begins populations throughout the western Unites States fruit growing burrowing through the egg covering, directly into the fruit, with regions for the past 20 years (Varela, et al., 1993; Reidhl et al., little to no surface activity. To evade toxins present on the surface 1986, Steenwyck and Welter, 1998). Ohio, Michigan and Pennsyl- or skin of the fruit, the newly emerged larva will chew and excrete vania have seen increasingly high internal lepidopteran damage the skin prior to entry, only then proceeding into the fruit to feed. levels in harvested fruit. Over the past nine years western New Th is tactic of fruit skin disposal reduces the amount of toxin the York processing blocks of apple have seen increasing numbers of larva consumes while feeding. damaged fruit due to internal worm infestations. Infested fruit Emergence of the CM fi rst generation larva coincides with sampled from these orchards contained larvae from a complex the immigration of adult plum curculio (PC) Conotrachelus of internal worm, consisting of the codling moth, the oriental nenuphar (Herbst) into commercial orchards. For more than 50 fruit moth and the lesser apple worm. In 2002 infestations were years, the CM has been eff ectively managed through the use of found to contain predominately oriental fruit moth larvae, yet the organophosphate class of insecticides against the PC. Later in 2005, a year in which 100 loads from 60 farms were ticketed

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 23 24 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Azinphos-methyl LD90 Levels of Adult Codling Moth Populations from processing centers by USDA inspectors, the predominate in NY Orchards, 2009 species was and continues to be the codling moth. 2.0 Given the dramatic increase in the presence of the internal More Susceptible Less Susceptible 1.8 worm complex in processing fruit, we were hard-pressed to 1.6 ask to the question; ‘Has there been an increase in tolerance 1.4 or resistance of the internal worm population in western NY’ 1.2 or is this simply related to a shift in specifi c practices used in 1.0 managing processing apple blocks? Historically, insecticide 0.8 0.6 resistance development in CM populations has been a Azinphos-methyl (µg/µl ) 0.4 reoccurring and economically devastating event, and as such, 0.2 it seemed prudent to investigate state wide CM populations 0.0 for levels of susceptibility to commonly used insecticides. In collaboration with the Lake Ontario Fruit Team (LOFT) and ENY Dressel ENY Knights ENY Morello ENY Truncali WNY Wolcott 1 WNY Verbridge the Hudson Valley Laboratory, a study was initiated to establish WNY Williamson WNY Wolcott 2 ENY Indian Ladder Benzon Susceptible the insecticidal tolerance of azinphos-methyl in regional adult NY Orchard codling moth populations given its seasonal use patterns. Figure 2. The concentration of Guthion 50W (azinphos-methyl) required to A concurrent evaluation was also made of currently used produce morality in 90% of the adult codling population trapped insecticides to determine the effi cacy of these materials against from Eastern (ENY) and Western (WNY) orchards. susceptible CM adult and 1st instar larva. To determine insect population levels of resistance to a specifi c chemical or insecticide class, comparison bioassay Codling Moth Larvae Bioassay (susceptible ‘Benzon’ Colony), studies to both fi eld collected and susceptible populations to NYSAES, Highland NY 2009 the specifi c insecticide in question are conducted. In a classic Efficacy of Treatments at Highest Labeled Field Rate case study, shortly after azinphos-methyl was released for Percent Mortality After 2hrs.1 Percent Mortality After 24hrs.2 use in commercial orchards, Barnes and Moffi t (1963) at the d d c c c c c d University of California-Riverside conducted a resistance study 0 b b 100 0 b 90 c on codling moth populations obtained in commercial and 0 8 80 0 70 b b 0 6 a 60 abandoned orchards. Th ey determined that fi eld populations b 0 a 50 of codling moth had a lethal dose or LD90 level of 0.158 μg/μl 0 4 40 0 a 30 of azinphos-methyl, considered to be the standard susceptible a a 0 20 level of mortality to this insecticide. Helmut Riedl conducted a 0 10 0 0 0 follow-up study in 1985 to confi rm that New York orchards still Belt SC Warrior Belt SC Warrior sail 30SG Proclaim Proclaim Calypso 4F Imidan 70W Calypso 4F Imidan 70W As had susceptible populations of codling moth with adults taken Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus from a site in Geneva, NY exhibiting LD90 levels of 0.350 μg/μl Treatment of azinphos-methyl. Although this concentration was two fold higher than the Barnes and Moffi t study population, it was not Figure 3. Percent mortality of 1st instar laboratory reared susceptible codling moth larva topically exposed to highest labeled fi eld rate considered to be resistant. insecticides. Results: Adult Bioassay In our first series of tests conducted in 2008-09 on adult codling moths, we collected adults from four western NY processing

e d e e e orchards in Williamson and Wolcott and five Hudson Valley b c d e 100 1 c d e 1 100

b c b c d d 2

d 4 90 b c 90 fresh market orchards in Marlboro, Milton, Highland, b 80.8 .8 80 Altamont, Burnt Hills to compare levels of susceptibility to 70 70 60.6 .6 60 c After 24hrs. 50 50 Aft 24h azinphos-methyl. Approximately 20-100 CM traps were set at a 40.4 .4 a b c b c 40 st a b c each site to collect adults from the 1 generation flight. Moths 30 30 20.2 .2 a b 20 10 flying between dawn and dusk were captured on pheromone 10 a 0 0 0 0 90 90 trap cards and returned to the laboratory within 24 hours. e 80 80

Adults were then treated using 1 μl (micro liter) droplets of Percent Mortality 70 70

1 d 3 laboratory grade acetone, applied to our control population, 60 c d c c 60 50 50 b c and serial dilutions of 98.9% concentration of azinphos- 40 b c 40 a b After 2hrs. 30 a b a b 30 Aft 2h methyl (Pestanal; Sigma-Aldrich, Atlanta, GA), dissolved in a b a b a a 20 a 20 a 10 10 acetone to achieve rates of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 part per million a a a a 0 0 concentrations, equivalent to μg/μl (microgram per micro Belt SC Trt Warrior Trt Warrior Proclaim Belt SC Proclaim Calypso 4F Calypso 4F Assail 30SG Imidan 70W Imidan 70W liter) doses. Applications of these concentrations were made Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus to the dorsal thoratic plate of the moth with mortality assessed Treatment using two evaluations at 24 and 48 hours after treatment. st Moths were scored as live or dead based on antenna-stimulated Figure 4. Percent mortality of 1 instar laboratory reared susceptible codling moth larva exposed to apple4residue using the highest labeled and or probed movement response of the adult. In order to fi eld rate insecticide, and the percent of apples to which CM larva establish differences in levels of insecticide tolerance, mortality had burrowed after 2 and 24 hours.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 25 curves were used to determine degrees of CM susceptibility against 1st instar larva than other insecticides after 2 hours but to azinphos-methyl (Figure 1). not statistically diff erent from Calypso 4F, Delegate WG, Imidan From the data generated in this portion of the study we 70WP or Sevin XLR after 24 hours. Th e least amount of feeding observed lower levels of susceptibility in all study groups after 24 hours was observed in the Assail 30SG, Calypso 4F, compared to the previous studies mentioned. Levels of reduced Delegate WG, Imidan 70WP, Sevin XLR and Warrior treatments. susceptibility were evident in western NY orchards, primarily However, after 3 days, the organophosphates Guthion 50WP, in Verbridge and Williamson (Figure 2). Laboratory reared Imidan 70WP, Lorsban 75WG and the pyrethroid Warrior populations (‘Benzon susceptible strain’), and populations demonstrated increased residual activity with the least amount collected from most eastern NY orchards exhibited an LD90 of feeding observed in the Assail 30SG, Calypso 4F, Delegate of < 0.85 μg/μl for azinphos-methyl with the exception of the WG, Guthion 50WP, and Warrior treatments. After seven days, ‘Morello’ orchard. Th e western NY strains in Verbridge displayed Delegate WG, Guthion 50WP, Imidan 70WP, and Warrior an LD90 of 1.86 μg/μl for azinphos-methl, approximately 2.2 fold demonstrated increased residual activity with the least amount less susceptible than the Benzon strain. Given the fi ndings that all NY strains demonstrated a higher tolerance to azinphos-methyl compared to that of the Riedl and Barnes/Moffi t studies implies Codling Moth Larvae Bioassay (susceptible ‘Benzon’ Colony), reduced susceptibility levels across the state, with lower levels NYSAES, Highland NY 2009

Efficacy of Treatments 3 Days After Application of susceptibility in WNY processing orchards. Th e overall low 100 d c d c d c d d 90 100 d

b c

2 levels of azinphos-methyl susceptibility of NYS codling moth 90 80 4 b 80 b b 70 populations coupled with reduced levels of susceptibility in 70 b b c c 60 b c 60 a b c 50 these processing blocks, may have contributed, at least in part, to After 24hrs. 50 4 40 40 4 a b a 30 insecticide failure resulting in infested loads observed during the 30 a a 20 20 a past seven years. Further evaluations in 2010 will help determine 10 10 the degree to which these populations are comprised of tolerant 0 0 90 90 Trt Trt or resistant population levels of susceptibility. 80 80 Percent Mortality

70 70 Percent Burrowing

After 24hrs. After 1 60 60 3 d 50 50 c d c d b c d c d Results: CM Larval Studies of Insecticide Contact 40 c c c 40 b c After 2hrs. 30 a b c a b c 30 After 2hrs. a b c Activity 20 a b c a b 20 a b c a b a b 10 10 a a a Additional studies were conducted using topical bioassays 0 0 on susceptible strains of larva using conventional and new Trt Belt SC Trt Warrior Warrior Proclaim Belt SC Proclaim Calypso 4F Calypso 4F Assail 30SG Imidan 70W Imidan 70W st Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG insecticide chemistries. ‘Benzon’ 1 instar larva were evaluated Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Treatment Bioassay conducted on 1st instar codling moth larva transferred to a 2.4 cm diameter red delicious apple disk dipped in a treatment solution and placed in chambers at 70ºF. for susceptibility to 10 commercial insecticides, in which larva (Superscript 1.[df = 3, F-value = 1.693, P-value = 0.0896]; 2.[df = 3, F-value = 10.561, P-value = 0.0001]; 3.[df = 3, F-value = 3.328, P-value = 0.0007]; 4.[df = 3, F-value = were placed onto moistened fi lter paper affi xed to the lid of 9.874, P-value = 0.0001]). 25 ml plastic cups. Applications to the larvae were then made Figure 5. Percent mortality of 1st instar laboratory reared susceptible using the highest labeled fi eld rate for each product using a codling moth larva exposed to apple residue using the highest micro-applicator and 1 ml syringe employing 1 μl applications. labeled fi eld rate insecticide, and the percent of apples to which Larvae were rated for mortality and evaluated at 2 and 24-hour CM larva had burrowed after 2 and 24 hours. intervals. Larva exposed to Guthion 50WP (azinphos-methyl) exhibited 100% mortality at 2 and 24-hour evaluation intervals, Codling Moth Larvae Bioassay (susceptible ‘Benzon’ Colony), statistically equivalent to Warrior (lambda-cyhalothrin), Sevin NYSAES, Highland NY 2009 Efficacy of Treatments 7 Days After Application 100 XLR (carbaryl) and Calypso (thiacloprid), which provided 92.5% f e f e f d e f 90 100 c d e d

2 & 100%, 85.0% & 97.5 % and 60.0% & 100.0% mortality levels 90 c d e 80 4 80 b c b c d c d 70 b b c d respectively (Figure 3). 70 b c 60 a b c 60 a b 50

After 24hrs. 50 a 4 40 40 a a a a 30 Results: CM Larval Studies of Insecticide Residual and 30 20 20 Feeding Activity 10 10 0 0 st 90 90 Residue and feeding studies to ‘Benzon’ 1 instar larvae were Trt 80 Trt 80 Percent Mortality

70 70 Percent Burrowing

conducted to evaluate 10 commercial insecticides on susceptible After 24hrs. After 1 60 60 3 d strains of larva. Treated ‘Delicious’ apple were submersed in a 50 50 b c d 40 4 b b 40 a b b c a b c After 2hrs. dilute insecticide solution using the highest labeled ﬁ eld rate 30 a b a b c 30 After 2hrs. a b o 20 a b a b a b a b 20 of each insecticide for three seconds and held indoors at 70 F, a 10 a a a a 10 0 0 oﬀ ering no exposure to rain or sunlight for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21-day

arrior Trt arrior Belt SC W Belt SC W periods. Ten (10) 2.5 cm apple discs were removed from two Trt Proclaim Proclaim Calypso 4F Calypso 4F Assail 30SG Imidan 70W Imidan 70W Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus treated fruit and secured onto the lid of plastic cups, onto which Treatment Bioassay conducted on 1st instar codling moth larva transferred to a 2.4 cm diameter red delicious apple disk dipped in a treatment solution and placed in chambers at 70ºF. (Superscript 1.[df = 3, F-value = 2.592, P-value = 0.0068]; 2.[df = 3, F-value = 7.176, P-value = 0.0001]; 3.[df = 3, F-value = 3.716, P-value = 0.0002]; 4.[df = 3, F-value = 5.134, were placed CM larvae. Th e larvae were evaluated for mortality P-value = 0.0001]). and feeding damage 2 and 24 hour intervals (Figures 4-8). Results demonstrated that larva exposed to azinphos-methyl treated Figure 6. Results of a 2 and 24 hour evaluation of 1st instar, laboratory apple exhibited lower levels of mortality at both the 2 hr and 24 reared susceptible codling moth larva showing percent mortality hour evaluation intervals compared to most other insecticides. of larvae exposed to apple residue using the highest labeled fi eld Assail 30SG (Acetamiprid), a recently developed neonicotinoid rate insecticide after 7 days, and the percent of apples to which insecticide, had signiﬁ cantly higher levels of fruit residual activity CM larva had burrowed. 26 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY of feeding observed in the Assail 30SG, Calypso 4F, Delegate surrounded by woodlands and or abandoned orchards. In most WG, Guthion 50WP, and Warrior treatments. After 21 days, the Hudson Valley orchards, the presence of these woodlots or highest level of residual eﬃ cacy was observed with Assail 30SG, abandoned orchards lead to higher insect pressure, increasing Lorsban 75WG and Proclaim with the least amount of feeding insecticide rate requirements. However, the pest complex mi- observed in the Delegate WG treatment, followed by Assail 30SG, grating in from ‘the edge’ typically has greater levels of genetic Proclaim, Sevin XLR, Warrior and Calypso 4F treatments. diversity leading to greater insecticide susceptibility. Fruit quality, size and color requirements for fresh market demands me- Discussion thodical management including intensive crop load reductions, In this study we’ve observed a 2.2 fold greater tolerance to as sales depend on visually appealing large fruit. Intensive crop azinphos-methyl in adult codling moth populations trapped in load management in fresh market fruit fosters king fruit to set commercial processing blocks when compared to the majority of Eastern NY commercial fresh market orchards and a susceptible control group of adult codling moths. Yet, a number of factors Codling Moth Larvae Bioassay (susceptible ‘Benzon’ Colony), NYSAES, Highland NY 2009 may contribute to the failure of azinpho-methyl to manage the Efficacy of Treatments 14 Days After Application 100 d d d d c 90 internal worm complex in other parts of the state. Th ese also 100 c d c d

2 90 b c 80 4 include the loss of insecticides used successively in the past to 80 8 b 70 b 70 a b 60 manage this insect. One in particular, Lorsban 75WG, a very ef- a a b 60 6 a b 50 a b After 24hrs. 50 fective material when used at petal fall, is no longer available for a b 40 40 4 a a a 30 30 use as a foliar insecticide beyond the pre-bloom stage of apple, 20 20 2 thus removing it from use against the 1st generation ﬂ ight of 10 10 0 0 0 90 90 codling moth. Lorsban has been found by researchers to have Trt 80 Trt 80 Percent Mortality excellent eﬃ cacy against the adult CM, and demonstrates a 70 70 Percent Burrowing

After 24hrs. After 1 60 60 3 d negative cross-resistance to azinphos-methyl, allowing it to 50 50 c d 40 40 maintain eﬀ ectiveness even when resistance to Guthion fails to a b c b c After 2hrs. 30 b b 30 After 2hrs. a b c a b c control CM (Steenwyck and Welter, 1998). Th e movement of 20 a b a b a b a b a b a b 20 10 a a a a a a 10 azinphos-methyl resistant CM individuals from western states 0 0

Trt such as Washingtom State and California, to the east by way of Belt SC Warrior Warrior Proclaim Belt SC Proclaim Calypso 4F Trt Calypso 4F Assail 30SG Imidan 70W Imidan 70W Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG storage bin transport, has also been implicated as the cause of Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Treatment Bioassay conducted on 1st instar codling moth larva transferred to a 2.4 cm diameter red delicious apple disk dipped in a treatment solution and placed in chambers at 70ºF. resistant population build-up, especially in and around process- (Superscript 1.[df = 3, F-value = 1.497, P-value = 0.1480]; 2.[df = 3, F-value = 11.694, P-value = 0.0001]; 3.[df = 3, F-value = 4.007, P-value = 0.0001]; 4.[df = 3, F-value = 4.570, P-value = 0.0001]). ing centers. Another facet of discussion regarding the loss of CM control includes a possible shift in the emergence pattern of Figure 7. Results of a 2 and 24 hour evaluation of 1st instar, laboratory codling moth later into the season for both generations (Boivin, reared susceptible codling moth larva showing percent mortality 1999). Pheromone trapping peaks, often called the ‘B Peaks’, imply of larvae exposed to apple residue using the highest labeled fi eld rate insecticide after 14 days, and the percent of apples to which adult emergence delays, and have been observed in trap graphs of CM larva had burrowed. Western and Eastern orchards. A delay in adult and subsequent larval emergence would prolong the presence of newly hatching larva beyond prediction models and insecticide residual activity, allowing for increasing levels of damage.

Codling Moth Larvae Bioassay (susceptible ‘Benzon’ Colony), Another important factor in New York appears to be the NYSAES, Highland NY 2009

Efficacy of Treatments 21 Days After Application diﬀ erences in fresh market and processing production meth- 100 d e d e e 90 ods between regions with regards to application techniques. In 100 c d c d

2 90 80 4 d b c b c c d general, apples grown in Western NY sites for processing are 80 b b c d 70 70 b b c d 60 produced in larger acreages often bordering contiguous orchards 60 a b c d 50 a b a b c After 24hrs. 50 a b a b 40 of neighboring processing blocks. Large blocks have a tendency 40 a 30 30 a 20 to ‘promote’ endemic populations. Th ese orchards have for many 20 10 10 years exclusively used azinphos-methyl in season long manage- 0 0 90 90 ment programs. In processing blocks of apple, fruit can be ac- Trt 80 Trt 80 Percent Mortality

70 70 Percent Burrowing ceptably sold at reduced visual standards when compared to retail 24hrs. After 1 60 60 3 fresh fruit market standards with regards to color, size and overall 50 50 40 b 40 After 2hrs. appearance. In some orchards this may have led to reductions in 30 a a a a 30 After 2hrs. a a b a b a a insecticide rates, alternate row application methods, stretched 20 a a 20 10 a a a a a a a a 10 intervals, reductions in horticultural practices such as summer 0 0

Trt Belt SC Warrior Belt SC Warrior pruning, all of which hinder eﬀ ective insecticide coverage and Trt Proclaim Proclaim Calypso 4F Calypso 4F Assail 30SG Imidan 70W Imidan 70W Delegate WG Assail 30SG Delegate WG Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus Guthion 50WP Lorsban 75WG Sevin XLR Plus subsequent insect control. Th ese practices promote greater in- Treatment Bioassay conducted on 1st instar codling moth larva transferred to a 2.4 cm diameter red delicious apple disk dipped in a treatment solution and placed in chambers at 70ºF. sect survival, higher levels of selection pressure with regards to (Superscript 1.[df = 3, F-value = 2.516, P-value = 0.0086]; 2.[df = 3, F-value = 14.843, P-value = 0.0001]; 3.[df = 3, F-value = 1.711, P-value = 0.0857]; 4.[df = 3, F-value = 2.242, P-value = 0.0194]). insecticide resistance development and ultimately less susceptible strains of insects as we have observed in this study. Figure 8. Results of a 2 and 24 hour evaluation of 1st instar, laboratory Comparatively, apples grown in the Eastern part of the state reared susceptible codling moth larva showing percent mortality are primarily produced for fresh market or pick-your-own sales, of larvae exposed to apple residue using the highest labeled fi eld rate insecticide after 21 days, and the percent of apples to which produced in smaller acreages often isolated from other orchards, CM larva had burrowed.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 17 . NUMBER 4 . WINTER 2009 27 and remain, while eliciting clustered fruit to drop, signifi cantly Steenwyk, R.A., S.C. Welter. 1998. Evaluation of Codling Moth reduces insect harborage that would typically occur in and around Resistance to Guthion and Lorsban. Proceedings of the the fruit cluster, off ering insects less protection from insecticide 72nd Annual Western Orchard Pest & Disease Management applications and residue. Conference. Proc. WOPDMC 72:93-94. Varela, L. G.; Welter, S. C.; Jones, V. P.; Brunner, J. F.; Riedl, H. Conclusions 1993. Monitoring and Characterization of Insecticide Th is study has demonstrated new insecticide chemistries to Resistance Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in exhibit eff ective control of the early instar stages of the codling Four Western States. Journal of Economic Entomology 86 moth larva with regards to both mortality and feeding inhibi- (1):1-10. tion. Th rough the rotation of these insecticides, a diff erent class of pest management tools can target each generation. Th is will Acknowledgements eff ectively reduce the selection pressure exerted by any one ac- We gratefully acknowledge the Apple Research Development tive ingredient or insecticide class, thus reducing the resistance Program for funding this project. We also wish to thank the New potential and prolonging the effi cacy of these new materials for York apple producers assisting in the collection of codling moth years to come. adults including orchards in Verbridge, Williamson and Wolcott, Indian Ladder Farms in Altamont, Truncalli Farm in Marlboro, References Dressel Farm and Moriello Farm in New Paltz, Knights Orchards Barnes, M.M and H.R. Moffi t. 1963. Resistance to DDT in the in Burnt Hills, the LOFT fruit team for their help and support in adult codling moth and references curves to Guthion and making this project possible. Carbaryl. Journal of Economic Entomology 56:722-725. Boivin, T., J.C. Bouvier, D. Beslay and B. Sauphanor. 1999. Phe- nological segregation of insecticide resistance alleles in the Peter Jentsch is an Extension Associate in the Department codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): of Entomology at Cornell’s Hudson Valley Laboratory a case study of ecological divergences associated with adap- specializing in arthropod management in tree fruits, tive changes in populations. Umr Ecologie Des Invertébrés, grapes and vegetables. Frank Zeoli is a research Inra Site Agroparc, 84 914 Avignon Cedex 09, France. technician at the Hudson Valley Laboratory. Deborah Riedl, H. L. A. Hanson and A. Seaman. 1986. Toxicological re- Breth is an extension specialist on the Lake Ontario Fruit sponse of codling moth (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) popula- Team of Cornell Cooperative Extension who specializes tions from California and New York to azinphosmethyl Ag- in integrated pest management. riculture, Ecosystems & Environment 16 (3-4): 189-201.