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Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science
The Advent of Recursion & Logic in Computer Science MSc Thesis (Afstudeerscriptie) written by Karel Van Oudheusden –alias Edgar G. Daylight (born October 21st, 1977 in Antwerpen, Belgium) under the supervision of Dr Gerard Alberts, and submitted to the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc in Logic at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Date of the public defense: Members of the Thesis Committee: November 17, 2009 Dr Gerard Alberts Prof Dr Krzysztof Apt Prof Dr Dick de Jongh Prof Dr Benedikt Löwe Dr Elizabeth de Mol Dr Leen Torenvliet 1 “We are reaching the stage of development where each new gener- ation of participants is unaware both of their overall technological ancestry and the history of the development of their speciality, and have no past to build upon.” J.A.N. Lee in 1996 [73, p.54] “To many of our colleagues, history is only the study of an irrele- vant past, with no redeeming modern value –a subject without useful scholarship.” J.A.N. Lee [73, p.55] “[E]ven when we can't know the answers, it is important to see the questions. They too form part of our understanding. If you cannot answer them now, you can alert future historians to them.” M.S. Mahoney [76, p.832] “Only do what only you can do.” E.W. Dijkstra [103, p.9] 2 Abstract The history of computer science can be viewed from a number of disciplinary perspectives, ranging from electrical engineering to linguistics. As stressed by the historian Michael Mahoney, different `communities of computing' had their own views towards what could be accomplished with a programmable comput- ing machine. -
TCM Report, Summer
Board of Directors Corporate Donors Contributing Members John William Poduska. Sr. Benefactor-$lO.ooo or more Pathway Design. Inc. Patron-$SOO or more Chairman and CEO AFIPS. Inc." PC Magazine Anonymous. Ray Duncan. Tom Eggers. Belmont Computer. Inc. American Exr.ress Foundation Peat. Marwick. Mitchell & Co. Alan E. Frisbie. Tom and Rosemarie American Te ephone & Telegraph Co." Pell. Rudman. Inc. Hall. Andrew Lavien. Nicholas and Gwen Bell. President Apollo Computer. Inc." Pencept. Inc. Nancy Petti nella. Paul R. Pierce. The Computer Museum Bank of America" Polese-Clancy. Inc. Jonathan Rotenberg. Oliver and Kitty Erich Bloch The Boston Globe" Price Waterhouse Selfridge. J. Michael Storie. Bob National Science Foundation ComputerLand" Project Software & Development. Inc. Whelan. Leo R. Yochim Control Data Corporation" Shawmut Corporation David Donaldson Data General Corporation" Standard Oil Corporation Sponsor-$250 Ropes and Gray Digital Equipment Corporation" Teradyne Hewlett-Packard Warner & Stackpole Isaac Auerbach. G. C . Beldon. Jr .. Sydney Fernbach Philip D. Brooke. Richard J. Clayton. Computer Consultant International Data Group" XRE Corporation International Business Machines. Inc." " Contributed to the Capital Campaign Richard Corben. Howard E. Cox. Jr .. C. Lester Hogan The MITRE Corporation" Lucien and Catherine Dimino. Philip H. Fairchild Camera and Instrument NEC Corporation" Darn. Dan L. Eisner. Bob O. Evans. Corporation Raytheon Company Branko Gerovac. Dr. Roberto Guatelli. Sanders Associates M. Ernest Huber. Lawrence J. Kilgallen. Arthur Humphreys The Travelers Companies Core Members Martin Kirkpatrick. Marian Kowalski. ICL Wang Laboratories. Inc." Raymond Kurzweil. Michael Levitt. Carl Theodore G. Johnson Harlan E. and Lois Anderson Machover. Julius Marcus. Joe W .. Charles and Constance Bachman Matthews. Tron McConnell. -
Turing — the Father of Computer Science”
Towards a Historical Notion of \Turing | the Father of Computer Science" Third and last draft, submitted in August 2013 to the Journal History and Philosophy of Logic Edgar G. Daylight? Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Technology Management [email protected] Abstract. In the popular imagination, the relevance of Turing's the- oretical ideas to people producing actual machines was significant and appreciated by everybody involved in computing from the moment he published his 1936 paper `On Computable Numbers'. Careful historians are aware that this popular conception is deeply misleading. We know from previous work by Campbell-Kelly, Aspray, Akera, Olley, Priestley, Daylight, Mounier-Kuhn, and others that several computing pioneers, in- cluding Aiken, Eckert, Mauchly, and Zuse, did not depend on (let alone were they aware of) Turing's 1936 universal-machine concept. Further- more, it is not clear whether any substance in von Neumann's celebrated 1945 `First Draft Report on the EDVAC' is influenced in any identifiable way by Turing's work. This raises the questions: (i) When does Turing enter the field? (ii) Why did the Association for Computing Machin- ery (ACM) honor Turing by associating his name to ACM's most pres- tigious award, the Turing Award? Previous authors have been rather vague about these questions, suggesting some date between 1950 and the early 1960s as the point at which Turing is retroactively integrated into the foundations of computing and associating him in some way with the movement to develop something that people call computer science. In this paper, based on detailed examination of hitherto overlooked pri- mary sources, attempts are made to reconstruct networks of scholars and ideas prevalent to the 1950s, and to identify a specific group of ACM actors interested in theorizing about computations in computers and attracted to the idea of language as a frame in which to understand computation. -
Interview an Interview with Maurice Wilkes
viewpoints VDOI:10.1145/1562164.1562180 David P. Anderson Interview An Interview with Maurice Wilkes Maurice Wilkes, the designer and builder of the EDSAC—the first computer with an internally stored program—reflects on his career. RESENTED HERE ARE excerpts What was your role? from an interview with Sir The university took me on as the boy Maurice Vincent Wilkes, the who did the work! Analog computers developer of the Electronic were much in the air then and a differ- Display Storage Automatic ential analyzer was ordered. We were PCalculator (EDSAC), microprogram- starting up this mathematical labora- ming, symbolic labels, macros, and tory when I received an invitation to subroutine libraries. Wilkes, the 1967 join in the war effort working on radar. ACM A.M Turing Award recipient and Of course, I didn’t know the exact na- winner of the ACM lifetime member- ture of the work at the time of the invi- ship award, is a former member of tation but I was one of a small group of Olivetti’s Research Strategy Board people from the Cavendish who were and an emeritus professor at the Uni- let into the secret. versity of Cambridge Computer Labo- ratory in the U.K. David P. Anderson, Who was it that told you? Principal Lecturer in the History of It was [Robert] Watson-Wattb himself at Computing at the School of Creative the Air Ministry. So, I went off to do that, Technologies, University of Ports- deserting Lennard-Jones very ungrate- mouth, U.K., conducted the interview fully because he’d got it all fixed up. -
Computer Laboratory
An introduction to Computer Laboratory Ross Anderson Professor of Security Engineering 1/40 An introduction to Computer Laboratory An academic Department within the University that encompasses Computer Science, along with related aspects of Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology. 1/40 Menu I Some history I Teaching I Research I Entrepreneurship I 2009 Research Students Fund 2/40 Some history 3/40 Mathematical Laboratory (1937-69) In the beginning: one Director. J.E. Lennard-Jones (Prof. Theoretical Chemistry) . and one staff member, M.V. Wilkes (University Demonstrator). 4/40 Mathematical Laboratory (1937-69) In the beginning: Mechanical calculators 4/40 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) Maurice Wilkes, May 1949 Practical computer: I 650 instructions/s I 1k x 17 bits I paper tape input I teletype output I 4m x 3m I 3000 valves I 12kW 5/40 Mathematical Laboratory (1937-69) Post-war: One computer to rule them all. EDSAC (’49–’58) EDSAC II (’58–’65) Titan (’64–’73) First ever book on computer programming: Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill (Addison-Wesley, 1951) 6/40 Professors Wilkes, Wheeler, and Needham in 1992 7/40 Bosses and Buildings 1937 Lennard-Jones 1946 Maurice Wilkes 1970 Computer Laboratory, New Museums Site 1980 Roger Needham 1995 Robin Milner 1999 Ian Leslie 2001 Move to the William Gates Building (Computer Lab and Computing Service get divorced.) 2004 Andy Hopper 8/40 William Gates Building 9/40 Computer Laboratory today Part of the School of Technology and the Faculty of Computer Science & Technology. Staff I 35 -
Using History to Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines
Computing Research Association Using History T o T eachComputer Science and Related Disciplines Using History To Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines Edited by Atsushi Akera 1100 17th Street, NW, Suite 507 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Washington, DC 20036-4632 E-mail: [email protected] William Aspray Tel: 202-234-2111 Indiana University—Bloomington Fax: 202-667-1066 URL: http://www.cra.org The workshops and this report were made possible by the generous support of the Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation (Award DUE- 0111938, Principal Investigator William Aspray). Requests for copies can be made by e-mailing [email protected]. Copyright 2004 by the Computing Research Association. Permission is granted to reproduce the con- tents, provided that such reproduction is not for profit and credit is given to the source. Table of Contents I. Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………. 1 1. Using History to Teach Computer Science and Related Disciplines ............................ 1 William Aspray and Atsushi Akera 2. The History of Computing: An Introduction for the Computer Scientist ……………….. 5 Thomas Haigh II. Curricular Issues and Strategies …………………………………………………… 27 3. The Challenge of Introducing History into a Computer Science Curriculum ………... 27 Paul E. Ceruzzi 4. History in the Computer Science Curriculum …………………………………………… 33 J.A.N. Lee 5. Using History in a Social Informatics Curriculum ....................................................... 39 William Aspray 6. Introducing Humanistic Content to Information Technology Students ……………….. 61 Atsushi Akera and Kim Fortun 7. The Synergy between Mathematical History and Education …………………………. 85 Thomas Drucker 8. Computing for the Humanities and Social Sciences …………………………………... 89 Nathan L. Ensmenger III. Specific Courses and Syllabi ………………………………………....................... 95 Course Descriptions & Syllabi 9. -
Oral History of Sir Antony Hoare
Oral History of Sir Antony Hoare Interviewed by: Jonathan P. Bowen Recorded: September 8, 2006 Cambridge, United Kingdom CHM Reference number: X3698.2007 © 2006 Computer History Museum Oral History of Sir Antony Hoare Jonathan Bowen: Hello, Tony. Would you like to introduce yourself briefly? Sir Antony Hoare: I’m Tony Hoare, principal researcher at Microsoft Research Limited in Cambridge. Thank you for coming here to talk to me. Bowen: Thank you, Tony. I’m looking forward to our talk together. It would be interesting to know, first of all, how you grew up, and what your mother and father did. Hoare: My father was a colonial civil servant, and my mother was the daughter of a tea planter in Ceylon. She was called out to Ceylon to act as social secretary for my grandfather, and they met in Ceylon, married there, and I was born there. Bowen: And do you have any memories of Ceylon? Hoare: Oh, yes, I have quite vivid memories of going to school there. In those days it was still quite a wild place, and we used to go out to the country -- indeed into the forest -- to see animals and elephants and tigers. Had quite exciting adventures there in the school party. Bowen: And you had brothers and sisters? Hoare: I have two younger brothers and two younger sisters. My second brother was also born in Ceylon. Bowen: And you all got on well together? You were a happy family? Hoare: Oh, yes, in the end anyway. Bowen: Yes, like all families. Yes. Hoare: We still have the opportunity to meet quite frequently. -
Famous Computer Scien Sts Word Search
! Famous Computer Scien1sts Word search Words can appear horizontally, vertically or diagonally, running backwards or forwards. Different names can cross and overlap. Find the following famous computer scientist’s names in the word search grid. Their first and second names may be in different places. Spaces, accents and hyphens are not included. ADA LOVELACE, ANITA BORG, BARBARA LISKOV, DANA ULERY, DOROTHY DENNING, FRAN ALLEN, GRACE HOPPER, JEANNETTE WING, KAREN SPARCK-JONES, MARISSA MAYER, MUFFY CALDER, URSULA MARTIN, WENDY HALL ALAN TURING, CHRIS STRACHEY, EDGAR CODD, EDSGER DIJKSTRA, JOHN VON NEUMANN, MAURICE WILKES, MOHAMMED AL-KHWARIZMI, NIKLAUS WIRTH, PHILIP EMEAGWALI, SERGEY BRIN, TIM BERNERS-LEE, TONY HOARE, VINT CERF Which extra name appears in the grid: a forgotten genius of Bletchley Park? N K R E C S N I R U T J E A L U S R U A A E F R E C A C N I U E W V N H O J M R O M A K B R I T M O R N H F B Y V H E A D A L O V E L A C E I M R R S P C N N I W I R T H O O O P K R A I E H L S I J P W E N D Y H A L L E N N R I E P T K K K N V O K S I L A Y I F G L W A A S C H M A U R I S E U A V Z E I N R G T A W E E L T R U M S M R S Y P O C G R O B G E F A J E A N N E T T E D K Y A A N W X G A R D R L A D I M M R J H G I C O D D A Z S T O S L M O E O O T W O O E S O H J G I O S A Z H A G N O N T P I H E D S E N P I C I A G R E R E H R Y E O B A R B A R A R M W A S O U H N C I J P D C G K A L A M A C B D C O I U H E L P M N Y M M W E L E O S T R A C H E Y D E I C R N H D I L R P U D E N N I N G E R O O E K B P E N A W S R E N R E B M U F F Y L R Q E M V O N N E U M A N N T D A N A U A Computa1onal Thinking Hint You may be able to use your natural pa0ern matching abili5es to spot some words. -
History of ENIAC
A Short History of the Second American Revolution by Dilys Winegrad and Atsushi Akera (1) Today, the northeast corner of the old Moore School building at the University of Pennsylvania houses a bank of advanced computing workstations maintained by the professional staff of the Computing and Educational Technology Service of Penn's School of Engineering and Applied Science. There, fifty years ago, in a larger room with drab- colored walls and open rafters, stood the first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, or ENIAC. It spanned 150 feet in width with twenty banks of flashing lights indicating the results of its computations. ENIAC could add 5,000 numbers or do fourteen 10-digit multiplications in a second-- dead slow by present-day standards, but fast compared with the same task performed on a hand calculator. The fastest mechanical relay computers being operated experimentally at Harvard, Bell Laboratories, and elsewhere could do no more than 15 to 50 additions per second, a full two orders of magnitude slower. By showing that electronic computing circuitry could actually work, ENIAC paved the way for the modern computing industry that stands as its great legacy. ENIAC was by no means the first computer. In 1839, an Englishman Charles Babbage designed and developed the first true mechanical digital computer, which he described as a "difference engine," for solving mathematical problems including simple differential equations. He was assisted in his work by a woman mathematician, Ada Countess Lovelace, a member of the aristocracy and the daughter of Lord Byron. They worked out the mathematics of mechanical computation, which, in turn, led Babbage to design the more ambitious analytical engine. -
Historical Perspective and Further Reading
Gresham's Law (“Bad Historical Perspective and Further money drives out Good”) for 3.10 computers would say, “The Reading 3.10 Fast drives out the Slow even if the Fast is wrong.” This section surveys the history of the floating point going back to von Neumann, including the surprisingly controversial IEEE standards effort, plus the rationale W. Kahan, 1992 for the 80-bit stack architecture for floating point in the IA-32. At first it may be hard to imagine a subject of less interest than the correctness of computer arithmetic or its accuracy, and harder still to understand why a sub- ject so old and mathematical should be so controversial. Computer arithmetic is as old as computing itself, and some of the subject’s earliest notions, like the eco- nomical reuse of registers during serial multiplication and division, still command respect today. Maurice Wilkes [1985] recalled a conversation about that notion during his visit to the United States in 1946, before the earliest stored-program computer had been built: . a project under von Neumann was to be set up at the Institute of Advanced Studies in Princeton. Goldstine explained to me the principal features of the design, including the device whereby the digits of the multiplier were put into the tail of the accumulator and shifted out as the least significant part of the product was shifted in. I expressed some admiration at the way registers and shifting circuits were arranged . and Goldstine remarked that things of that nature came very easily to von Neumann. There is no controversy here; it can hardly arise in the context of exact integer arithmetic so long as there is general agreement on what integer the correct result should be. -
Pioneercomputertimeline2.Pdf
Memory Size versus Computation Speed for various calculators and computers , IBM,ZQ90 . 11J A~len · W •• EDVAC lAS• ,---.. SEAC • Whirlwind ~ , • ENIAC SWAC /# / Harvard.' ~\ EDSAC Pilot• •• • ; Mc;rk I " • ACE I • •, ABC Manchester MKI • • ! • Z3 (fl. pt.) 1.000 , , .ENIAC •, Ier.n I i • • \ I •, BTL I (complexV • 100 ~ . # '-------" Comptometer • Ir.ne l ' with constants 10 0.1 1.0 10 100 lK 10K lOOK 1M GENERATIONS: II] = electronic-vacuum tube [!!!] = manual [1] = transistor Ime I = mechanical [1] = integrated circuit Iem I = electromechanical [I] = large scale integrated circuit CONTENTS THE COMPUTER MUSEUM BOARD OF DIRECTORS The Computer Museum is a non-profit. Kenneth H. Olsen. Chairman public. charitable foundation dedicated to Digital Equipment Corporation preserving and exhibiting an industry-wide. broad-based collection of the history of in Charles W Bachman formation processing. Computer history is Cullinane Database Systems A Compcmion to the Pioneer interpreted through exhibits. publications. Computer Timeline videotapes. lectures. educational programs. C. Gordon Bell and other programs. The Museum archives Digital Equipment Corporation I Introduction both artifacts and documentation and Gwen Bell makes the materials available for The Computer Museum 2 Bell Telephone Laboratories scholarly use. Harvey D. Cragon Modell Complex Calculator The Computer Museum is open to the public Texas Instruments Sunday through Friday from 1:00 to 6:00 pm. 3 Zuse Zl, Z3 There is no charge for admission. The Robert Everett 4 ABC. Atanasoff Berry Computer Museum's lecture hall and rece ption The Mitre Corporation facilities are available for rent on a mM ASCC (Harvard Mark I) prearranged basis. For information call C.