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Ducks_References.qxd 12/14/2004 10:35 AM Page 771 References Aarvak, T. and Øien, I.J. 1994. Dverggås Anser Adams, J.S. 1971. Black Swan at Lake Ellesmere. erythropus—en truet art i Norge. Vår Fuglefauna 17: 70–80. Wildl. Rev. 3: 23–25. Aarvak, T. and Øien, I.J. 2003. Moult and autumn Adams, P.A., Robertson, G.J. and Jones, I.L. 2000. migration of non-breeding Fennoscandian Lesser White- Time-activity budgets of Harlequin Ducks molting in fronted Geese Anser erythropus mapped by satellite the Gannet Islands, Labrador. Condor 102: 703–08. telemetry. Bird Conservation International 13: 213–226. Adrian, W.L., Spraker, T.R. and Davies, R.B. 1978. Aarvak, T., Øien, I.J. and Nagy, S. 1996. The Lesser Epornitics of aspergillosis in Mallards Anas platyrhynchos White-fronted Goose monitoring programme,Ann. Rept. in north central Colorado. J. Wildl. Dis. 14: 212–17. 1996, NOF Rappportserie, No. 7. Norwegian Ornitho- AEWA 2000. Report on the conservation status of logical Society, Klaebu. migratory waterbirds in the agreement area. Technical Series Aarvak, T., Øien, I.J., Syroechkovski Jr., E.E. and No. 1.Wetlands International,Wageningen, Netherlands. Kostadinova, I. 1997. The Lesser White-fronted Goose Afton, A.D. 1983. Male and female strategies for Monitoring Programme.Annual Report 1997. Klæbu, reproduction in Lesser Scaup. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Norwegian Ornithological Society. NOF Raportserie, Univ. North Dakota, Grand Forks, US. Report no. 5-1997. Afton, A.D. 1984. Influence of age and time on Abbott, C.C. 1861. Notes on the birds of the Falkland reproductive performance of female Lesser Scaup. Islands. Ibis 1: 149–67. Auk 101: 255–65. Abraham, K.F. 1980. Moult migration of Lesser Snow Afton, A.D. 1985. Forced copulation as a reproductive Geese. Wildfowl 31: 89–93. strategy of male Lesser Scaup: a field test of some Abraham, K.F. and Jefferies, R.L. 1997. High goose predictions. Behaviour 92: 146–67. populations: causes, impacts and implications. In Arctic Afton, A.D. 1993. Post-hatch brood amalgamation in ecosystems in peril: report of the Arctic Goose Habitat Working Lesser Scaup: female behavior and return rates, and Group,Arctic Goose Joint Venture Spec. Publ. duckling survival. Prairie Nat. 25: 227–35. (ed. B.D.J. Batt), pp.7–72. U.S. Fish & Wildl. Serv., Washington, and Can.Wildl. Serv., Ottawa. Afton, A.D. and Ankney, C.D. 1991. Nutrient- reserve dynamics of breeding Lesser Scaup: a test of Abraham, R.I. 1974.Vocalizations of the Mallard competing hypotheses. Condor 93: 89–97. (Anas platyrhynchos). Condor 76: 401–20. Afton, A.D. and Hier, R.H. 1991. Diets of Lesser Adair, S.E., Moore, J.L. and. Kiel, W.H. Jr 1996. Scaup breeding in Manitoba. J. Field Ornithol. 62: 325–34. Wintering diving duck use of coastal ponds: an analysis Afton, A.D. and Paulus, S.L. 1992. Incubation and of alternative hypotheses. J. Wildl. Manage. 60: 83–93. brood care. In The ecology and management of breeding Adams, J. and Slavid, E.R. 1984. Cheek plumage waterfowl (ed. B.D.J. Batt,A.D.Afton, M.G.Anderson, pattern in Colombian Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis. C.D.Ankney, D.H. Johnson, J.A. Kadlec et al.), Ibis 126: 405–07. pp.62–108. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Ducks_References.qxd 12/14/2004 10:35 AM Page 772 772 References Afton, A.D. and Sayler, R.D. 1982. Social courtship Ali, S. 1960. The Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa and pair bonding of Common Goldeneyes, Bucephala clan- caryophyllacea (Latham). Wildfowl 11: 55–60. gula, wintering in Minnesota. Can. Field-Nat. 96: 295–300. Ali, S. and Ripley, S.D. 1987. Compact handbook of the Afton, A.D., Heir, R.H. and Paulus, S.L. 1991. birds of India and Pakistan together with those of Bangladesh, Lesser Scaup diets during migration and winter in the Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka (2nd edn). OUP. Mississippi Flyway. Can. J. Zool. 69: 328–33. Alisauskas, R.T. 1992. Distribution and abundance of Albertsen, J.O. and Kanazawa,Y. 2002. Numbers and geese in the Queen Maud Gulf Sanctuary. Can.Wildl. ecology of swans wintering in Japan. In Proceedings of the Serv., Saskatoon. Fourth International Swan Symposium, 2001 (ed. Alisauskas, R.T. and Ankney, C.D. 1992. The cost E.C. Rees, S.L. Earnst and J. Coulson), Waterbirds 25. Spe- of egg-laying and its relationship to nutrient reserves in cial Publication 1: 74–85. waterfowl. In The ecology and management of breeding Alder, L.P. 1963. The calls and displays of African and waterfowl (ed. B.D.J. Batt,A.D.Afton, M.G.Anderson, Indian Cotton Pygmy Geese. Wildfowl 14: 174–75. C.D.Ankney, D.H. Johnson, J.A. Kadlec et al.), pp.30–61. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Aldrich, J.W. 1946. Speciation in the white-cheeked geese. Wilson Bull. 58(2): 94–103. Alisauskas, R.T. and Ankney, C.D. 1994a. Costs and rates of egg formation in Ruddy Ducks. Condor 96: 11–18. Aldrich, J.W. and Baer, K.P. 1970. Status and specia- tion in the Mexican Duck (Anas diazi). Wilson Bull. Alisauskas, R.T. and Ankney, C.D. 1994b. Nutrition 82: 63–73. of breeding female Ruddy Ducks: the role of nutrient reserves. Condor 96: 879–97. Alerstam, T. 1981. The course and timing of bird migration. In Animal migration, S.E.B. Seminar Ser., Alisauskas, R.T. and Boyd, H. 1994. Previously No. 13 (ed. D.J.Aidley), pp.9–54. Cambridge Univ. Press. unrecorded colonies of Ross’ and Lesser Snow Geese in the Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary. Arctic 47: 69–73. Alerstam,T. 1990. Bird migration. Cambridge Univ. Press. Alisauskas, R.T.,Ankney, C.D. and Klaas, E.E. Alerstam, T. and Hogstedt, G. 1981. Evolution of 1988.Winter diets and nutrition of midcontinental hole-nesting in birds. Ornis Scand. 12: 188–93. Lesser Snow Geese. J. Wildl. Manage. 52: 403–14. Alerstam, T., Bauer, C-A. and Roos, G. 1974. Alison, R.M. 1975. Breeding biology and behavior of Spring migration of Eiders Somateria mollissima in the Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis L.). Ornithol. Monogr. southern Scandinavia. Ibis 116: 194–210. 18: 1–52. Alerstam, T., Gudmundsson, G.A., Junssen, P.E., Alison, R.M. 1976. Oldsquaw brood behavior. Karlsson, J. and Lindstrom, A. 1991. Orientation, Bird-Banding 47: 210–13. migration routes and flight behaviour of Knots,Turn- Alison, R.M. 1977. Homing of subadult Oldsquaws. stones and Brent Geese departing from Iceland in Auk 94: 383–84. spring. Arctic 43: 201–14. Allen, G.M. 1905. Summer birds of the Bahamas. Alexander, W.C. 1980a. The behavioral ecology and Auk 22: 113–33. sociobiology of nonbreeding diving ducks (Aythyini). Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Clemson Univ., S. Carolina, US. Allen, R.P. 1961. Birds of the Caribbean.Viking Press, New York. Alexander, W.C. 1980b.Aggressive displays in non- breeding Canvasbacks. Auk 97: 198–201. Alliston, W.G. 1975.Web-tagging ducklings in pipped eggs. J. Wildl. Manage. 39: 625–28. Alexander, W.C. 1983. Differential sex distributions of wintering diving ducks (Aythyini) in North America. Alliston, W.G. 1979. Renesting by the Redhead Duck. Am. Birds 37: 26–29. Wildfowl 30: 40–44. Allport, G., Poole, C.M, Park, E.M., Jo, S.R. and Alexander, W.C. 1987.Aggressive behavior of diving Eldridge, M.J. 1991. The feeding ecology, require- ducks (Aythyini). Wilson Bull. 99: 38–49. ments and distribution of Baikal Teal (Anas formosa) in Alferaki, S.N. 1904. Gussi Rossyi. Kuschnerew, Moscow. the Republic of Korea. Wildfowl 42: 98–107. Ducks_References.qxd 12/14/2004 10:35 AM Page 773 References 773 Altmann, J. 1974. Observational study of behavior: Andersen-Harild, P. 1981.Weight changes in Cygnus sampling methods. Behaviour 49: 227–67. olor. In 2nd IWRB Int. Swan Symp., Sapporo, 1980 (ed. G.V.T. Matthews and M. Smart), pp.120–31. IWRB, Alvarez, R. and Olson, S.L. 1978.A new merganser Slimbridge, UK. from the Miocene of Argentina. Proc. Biological Society of Washington 91: 522–32. Anderson, A. 1963. Patagial tags for waterfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 27: 284–8. AMA 1991. Evolución de la población ibérica de Mal- vasía (Oxyura leucocephala). In Plan rector de uso y gestión Anderson, B.W. and Ohmart, R.D. 1988. Structure de las reservas naturales de las lagunas de Cádiz (ed. of the winter duck community on the Lower Colorado M. Jesús Martos and J. Fernández Palacios), pp.145–51. River: patterns and processes. In Waterfowl in Winter Agencia de Medio Ambiente, Córdoba. (ed. M.W.Weller), pp.191–236. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. AMA 1995. International technical meeting on Oxyura leucocephala and Oxyura jamaicensis in the Palearctic Anderson, D.R. and Burnham, K.P. 1976. Population region: conclusions and recommendations.Agencia de ecology of the Mallard VI.The effect of exploitation on survival, Medio Ambiente, Córdoba. Publ., No. 128. US Fish & Wildl. Serv.,Washington. Amadon, D. 1949. The seventy-five percent rule for Anderson, D.R. and Sterling, R.T. 1974. Popula- subspecies. Condor 51: 250–58. tion dynamics of moulting Pintail drakes banded in south-central Saskatchewan. J. Wildl. Manage. 40: Amat, J.A. 1982. The nesting biology of ducks in the 233–42. Marismas of the Guadalquivir, south-western Spain. Wildfowl 33: 94–103. Anderson, M.G. 1985. Social behavior of breeding canvasbacks (Anas valisineria): male and female strategies Amat, J.A. 1984a.Actividad diurna de tres especies de of reproduction. Unpubl. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Minnesota, patos buceadores en la Laguna de Zóñar (Córdoba, Minneapolis, US. España meridional) durante el invierno. Misc. Zool. 8: 203–11. Anderson, M.G.
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  • And Giant Guitarfish (Rhynchobatus Djiddensis)

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    VIRAL DISCOVERY IN BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS) AND GIANT GUITARFISH (RHYNCHOBATUS DJIDDENSIS) BY HISTOPATHOLOGY EVALUATION, METAGENOMIC ANALYSIS AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING by JENNIFER ANNE DILL (Under the Direction of Alvin Camus) ABSTRACT The rapid growth of aquaculture production and international trade in live fish has led to the emergence of many new diseases. The introduction of novel disease agents can result in significant economic losses, as well as threats to vulnerable wild fish populations. Losses are often exacerbated by a lack of agent identification, delay in the development of diagnostic tools and poor knowledge of host range and susceptibility. Examples in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and the giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) will be discussed here. Bluegill are popular freshwater game fish, native to eastern North America, living in shallow lakes, ponds, and slow moving waterways. Bluegill experiencing epizootics of proliferative lip and skin lesions, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, papillomas, and rarely squamous cell carcinoma, were investigated in two isolated poopulations. Next generation genomic sequencing revealed partial DNA sequences of an endogenous retrovirus and the entire circular genome of a novel hepadnavirus. Giant Guitarfish, a rajiform elasmobranch listed as ‘vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List, are found in the tropical Western Indian Ocean. Proliferative skin lesions were observed on the ventrum and caudal fin of a juvenile male quarantined at a public aquarium following international shipment. Histologically, lesions consisted of papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with myriad large, amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions. Deep sequencing and metagenomic analysis produced the complete genomes of two novel DNA viruses, a typical polyomavirus and a second unclassified virus with a 20 kb genome tentatively named Colossomavirus.