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Hawaii's Invasive Plant Species References

Hawaii's Invasive Plant Species References

’s Invasive Species References (as of November, 2009)

Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense (Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Imada et al. 2007)

Salviniaceae Salvinia molesta (Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008)

Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Odontonema tubiforme (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Anacardiaceae Schinus terebinthifolius (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Semecarpus nigroviridis (Dassanayake & Fosberg 1983; Imada et al. 2007)

Annonaceae Artabotrys hexapetalus (Staples et al. 2000; Whistler 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Apocynaceae Cryptostegia grandiflora (Marohasy & Forster 1991; Staples et al. 2000; Whistler 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cryptostegia madagascarensis (Marohasy & Forster 1991; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Araliaceae actinophylla (Randall et al. 1996; Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Schefflera arboricola (Staples et al. 2000; Whistler 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Schefflera insularum (Imada et al. 2007; Bureau of Plant Industry 2009)

Asteraceae Acroptilon repens (Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Flora of Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Scher 2008; Texasinvasives.org 2008) Ageratina adenophora (Wagner et al. 1999; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Ageratina riparia (Wagner et al. 1999; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Chromolaena odorata (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cirsium arvense (Weber 2005; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Scher 2008) Delairea odorata (Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Elephantopus tomentosus [mollis] (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Lagascea mollis (Steussy 1978) Mikania micrantha (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Mikania scandens (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Montanoa hibiscifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) madagascariensis (Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Sonchus arvensis (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Sphagneticola trilobata (Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Vernonia elliptica (Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008a)

Basellaceae Anredera cordifolia (Staples et al. 2000; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009)

Bignoniaceae Macfadyena unguis-cati (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Spathodea campanulata (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Floridata 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Boraginaceae Cordia alliodora (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Brassicaceae Cardaria pubescens [Lepidium appelianum] (Agriculture 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Scher 2008) Lepidium latifolium (Weber 2005; Agriculture 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b)

Cactaceae Cereus hildmannianus [uruguayanus] (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Anderson et al. 2001; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Harrisia [Eriocereus] martinii (Wagner et al. 1999; Anderson et al. 2001; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; National Strategy 2008) Pereskia aculeata (Leuenberger 1986; Anderson et al. 2001; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pereskia bleo (Leuenberger 1986; Anderson et al. 2001; Imada et al. 2007) Pereskia grandifolia (Leuenberger 1986; Anderson et al. 2001; Imada et al. 2007) Pereskia lychnidiflora (Leuenberger 1986; Imada et al. 2007)

Caprifoliaceae Centranthus ruber (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; The seed site 2009) Leycesteria formosa (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; National Weeds Strategy 2008) Lonicera japonica (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Floridata 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; University of 2008)

Casuarinaceae Casuarina cunninghamiana (Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Casuarina equisetifolia (Randall et al. 1996; Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Plant Conservation Alliance 2009)

Chenopodiaceae (Wagner et al. 1999; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) Enchylaena tomentosa (Imada et al. 2007; Australian National Botanic Gardens 2008) Halogeton glomeratus (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) [tragus] (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Clusiaceae Hypericum canariense (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Hypericum perforatum (Wagner et al. 1999; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis (Wagner et al. 1999; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Ipomoea carnea (Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Merremia peltata (Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Merremia tuberosa (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Corynocarpaceae Corynocarpus laevigatus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata (Randall et al. 1996; Motooka et al. 2003; Tenaglia 2008)

Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccana (Wagner et al. 1999; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; World Agroforestry Centre 2008) Euphorbia amygdaloides (Clapham et al. 1987; Stace 1991; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Euphorbia esula (Stace 1991; Randall et al. 1996; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008; Plant Conservation Alliance 2009) Homalanthus populifolius (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Hura crepitans (Imada et al. 2007; Ithaka Harbors 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Jatropha curcas (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Jatropha gossypiifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis (Randall et al. 1996; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia farnesiana (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Deveze 2004; Spies & March 2004; ABRS 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Acacia mangium (Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia mearnsii (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia melanoxylon (Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia nilotica (Deveze 2004; Spies & March 2004; Cook et al. 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Acacia parramattensis (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia pennata subsp. insuavis (Imada et al. 2007) Acacia podalyriifolia (Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia retinodes (Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Acacia saligna (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Shire of Dalwallinu et al. 2009) Adenanthera pavonina (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; ABRS 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Aeschynomene americana (Cook et al. 2005; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Aeschynomene indica (Cook et al. 2005; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Caesalpinia decapetala (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cytisus palmensis [proliferus] (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007) Cytisus scoparius (Randall et al. 1996; Wagner et al. 1999; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) Derris elliptica (Smith 1985; Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Desmanthus virgatus [pernambucanus] (Wagner et al. 1999; Cook et al. 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Dichrostachys cinerea (Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; World Agroforestry Centre 2008) Genista monspessulana (Weber 2005; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) Lespedeza cuneata (Wagner et al. 1999; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Leucaena leucocephala (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Cook et al. 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Mimosa diplotricha [invisa] (Whistler 1994; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Mimosa pigra (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Deveze 2004; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Mucuna pruriens (Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Parkinsonia aculeata (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Deveze 2004; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Floridata 2008; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pithecellobium dulce (Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Platymiscium stipulare (Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007) Prosopis juliflora (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pueraria montana var. lobata (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pueraria phaseoloides (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Spartium junceum (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) Tipuana tipu (Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007) Ulex europaeus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 2008) Vigna speciosa (Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007)

Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis hebecarpa (Morton 1987; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007)

Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus karwinskyanus (Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Lamiaceae Hyptis pectinata (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Hyptis suaveolens (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Lauraceae Cinnamomum camphora (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cinnamomum verum (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis (Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Malvaceae Hibiscus makinoi (Imada et al. 2007; Japanese Society for Plant Systematist 2008) Malachra alceifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Melochia umbellata (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Triumfetta rhomboidea (Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Triumfetta semitriloba (Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Urena lobata (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Melastomataceae Clidemia hirta (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Medinilla crassata 'lalique' (Elmer 1911; Imada et al. 2007) Medinilla cumingii (Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Medinilla magnifica (Whistler 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Medinilla scortechinii (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Medinilla venosa (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Melastoma candidum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Melastoma sanguineum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Miconia calvescens (Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Oxyspora paniculata (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Tetrazygia bicolor (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Tibouchina granulosa (Imada et al. 2007) Tibouchina herbacea (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Tibouchina longifolia (Croat 1978; Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007) Tibouchina multiflora Tibouchina urvilleana (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Topobea maurofernandeziana (Imada et al. 2007) Topobea parasitica (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Meliaceae Melia azedarach (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009)

Moraceae Dorstenia contrajerva (Croat 1978; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008) Ficus religiosa (Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008)

Muntinginaceae Muntingia calabura (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Myricaceae Morella cerifera (Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Morella faya (Wagner et al. 1999; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Myrtaceae Acca [Feijoa] sellowiana (Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Floridata 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; World Agroforestry Centre 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009) Eugenia uniflora (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Leptospermum scoparium (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Landcare Research 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Melaleuca quinquenervia (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Floridata 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Metrosideros excelsa (Imada et al. 2007; Landcare Research 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Metrosideros kermadecensis (Imada et al. 2007; Landcare Research 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Psidium cattleianum (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Plant Conservation Alliance 2009) Psidium guajava (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Oleaceae Jasminum fluminense (Randall et al. 1996; Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Ligustrum lucidum (Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Ligustrum sinense (Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Olea europaea var. cuspidata (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Onagraceae Oenothera [Gaura] lindheimeri (Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b)

Papaveraceae Bocconia frutescens (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Passifloraceae pulchella [bicornis] (Killip 1938; Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Passiflora quadrangularis (Killip 1938; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Killip 1938; Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007) (Killip 1938; Croat 1978; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007)

Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa (Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b)

Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca dioica (Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009) Trichostigma peruvianum (Imada et al. 2007)

Piperaceae Piper aduncum (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Piper auritum (Croat 1978; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum undulatum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pittosporum viridiflorum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Paulowniaceae Paulownia tomentosa (Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Emex spinosa (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Polygonum [Persicaria] capitata [capitatum] (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Primulaceae Ardisia elliptica (Randall et al. 1996; Langeland & Craddock Burks 1998; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Little & Skolmen 2003; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Floridata 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Rosaceae Acaena novae-zelandiae (Botanic Gardens Trust 2008; Landcare Research 2008) Cotoneaster pannosus [pannosa] (Randall et al. 1996; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Botanic Gardens Trust 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pyracantha angustifolia (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pyracantha fortuneana [crenatoserrata] (Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b) Pyracantha koidzumii (Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b) Rosa multiflora (Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Rubus argutus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Rubus discolor (Motooka et al. 2003; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Rubus ellipticus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Plant Conservation Alliance 2009) Rubus niveus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Rubus sieboldii (Wagner et al. 1999)

Rubiaceae Cinchona pubescens (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Paederia foetida (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum (Wagner et al. 1999; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Scrophulariaceae Buddleja davidii (Randall et al. 1996; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Floridata 2008; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Buddleja madagascariensis (Randall et al. 1996; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Striga spp. (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008) Verbascum thapsus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima {Invasive Species Specialist Group, 2008 #17; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk, 2008 #48; Weber, 2005 #61; Imada, 2007 #66}

Solanaceae Solanum carolinense (Tenaglia 2008) Solanum robustum (Wagner et al. 1999; Starr et al. 2003a; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Solanum torvum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Staples & Herbst 2005; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008)

Tamaricaceae Tamarix aphylla (Staples et al. 2000; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; California Invasive Plant Council 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Tamarix parviflora (Imada et al. 2007; California Invasive Plant Council 2008; Floridata 2008; Invasive.org 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009)

Urticaceae Urtica urens (Wagner et al. 1999; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008)

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Staples et al. 2000; Whistler 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Duranta erecta (Staples et al. 2000; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Lantana camara (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009) Lantana montevidensis (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Phyla spp. (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; National Weeds Strategy 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Whistler 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Vitex agnus-castus (Imada et al. 2007; Floridata 2008)

Vitaceae Leea indica (Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b) Tetrastigma leucostaphylum? rafflesiae? [lanceolarium] (Imada et al. 2007) Tetrastigma pubinerve (Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Missouri Botanical Garden 2008b; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Tetrastigma voinieranum (Staples et al. 2000; Staples & Herbst 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Agavaceae Phormium tenax (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Amaryllidaceae Allium vineale (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Invasive.org 2008)

Arecaceae Euterpe oleracea (Henderson & Galeano 1996; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Washingtonia filifera (Staples et al. 2000; Starr et al. 2003b; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 2009) Washingtonia robusta (Staples et al. 2000; Zona 2000; Starr et al. 2003b; Imada et al. 2007; Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden 2009; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009)

Asparagaceae densiflorus [aethiopicus] (Staples et al. 2000; Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Staples & Herbst 2005; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Asparagus setaceus (Parsons & Cuthbertson 2001; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cyperus involucratus (Flora of North America Editorial Committee 2008)

Poaceae Andropogon bicornis Andropogon virginicus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Arundo donax (Randall et al. 1996; Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; University of Florida 2008; Plant Conservation Alliance 2009; Universitat de les Illes Balears 2009) compressus (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Axonopus fissifolius (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Bambusa vulgaris (Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Bromus diandrus (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cenchrus ciliaris (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cenchrus echinatus (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Chloris barbata (Wagner et al. 1999; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Coix lacryma-jobi (Wagner et al. 1999; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cortaderia jubata (Randall et al. 1996; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cortaderia selloana (Randall et al. 1996; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cymbopogon refractus (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Cynodon dactylon (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Digitaria ciliaris (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Digitaria insularis (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Elymus [Elytrigia] repens (Weber 2005) Imperata cylindrica (Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Lolium perenne (Wagner et al. 1999; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Melinis repens (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Miscanthus floridulus (Floridata 2008) hirtellus (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Panicum maximum (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Panicum repens (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) conjugatum (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Paspalum dilatatum (Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Paspalum notatum (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Paspalum virgatum (Wagner et al. 1999) Pennisetum clandestinum (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pennisetum purpureum (Wagner et al. 1999; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Pennisetum setaceum (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Phragmites australis (Weber 2005) Phyllostachys nigra (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Schenodorus arundinaceus (Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Schizachyrium condensatum (Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Setaria verticillata (Imada et al. 2007; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Stenotaphrum secondatum (Wagner et al. 1999; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Themeda villosa (Wagner et al. 1999; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Urochloa [Brachiaria] mutica (Wagner et al. 1999; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Imada et al. 2007; Invasive Species Specialist Group 2008; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008; Scher 2008; University of Florida 2008)

Smilacaceae Eustrephus latifolius (Imada et al. 2007)

Zingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008) Hedychium gardnerianum (Wagner et al. 1999; Staples et al. 2000; Motooka et al. 2003; Weber 2005; Erickson & Puttock 2006; Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk 2008)

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