Transnational UK Reception of Contemporary Japanse Horror Film
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Access To Thesis. This thesis is protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No reproduction is permitted without consent of the author. It is also protected by the Creative Commons Licence allowing Attributions-Non-commercial-No derivatives. 7XekdZYefoe\[l[hoj^[i_im^_Y^_iWYY[fj[ZWimehj^o\ehW^_]^[hZ[]h[["ckijX[Z[fei_j[Z_dj^[Kd_l[hi_joe\ I^[ć[bZB_XhWho"m^[h[_jm_bbX[cWZ[WlW_bWXb[\ehXehhem_d]ehYedikbjWj_ed_dWYYehZWdY[m_j^Kd_l[hi_joH[]kbWj_edi$ 7bbijkZ[djih[]_ij[h_d]\hec(&&.¸&/edmWhZiWh[Wbieh[gk_h[ZjeikXc_jWd[b[Yjhed_YYefoe\j^[_hÅdWb"Wffhel[Z j^[i_i$IjkZ[djim^eh[]_ij[h[Zfh_ehje(&&.¸&/cWoWbieikXc_j[b[Yjhed_YWbbo"Xkjj^_i_idejh[gk_h[Z$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies 7kj^eh0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Transnational UK Reception of Contemporary Japanese Horror Film 090210141 J^[i_iJ_jb[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ H[]_ijhWj_edDe0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ For completion by all students: IkXc_j_dfh_dj\ehcedbo\ehZ[fei_j_dj^[Kd_l[hi_joB_XhWho0 IkXc_j_dfh_dj\ehcWdZWbiekfbeWZjej^[White Rose eTheses Online i[hl[h0 ?d\kbb ✔ ;Z_j[Z[J^[i_i Please indicate if there are any embargo restrictions on this thesis. Please note that if no boxes are ticked, you will have consented to your thesis being made available without any restrictions. ;cXWh]eZ[jW_bi0Yecfb[j[edbo_\h[gk[ij_d]Wd ;cXWh]eh[gk_h[Z5 B[d]j^e\[cXWh]e [cXWh]eje[_j^[hoekhfh_djWdZ%eh[J^[i_i _do[Whi Fh_djJ^[i_i O[i De✔ UUUUU [J^[i_i O[i De✔ UUUUU Supervisor: ?"j^[ikf[hl_ieh"W]h[[jej^[dWc[Zj^[i_iX[_d]cWZ[WlW_bWXb[kdZ[hj^[YedZ_j_ediif[Y_Å[ZWXel[$ DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I_]d[Z0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Student: ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[jej^[dWc[Zj^[i_iX[_d]cWZ[WlW_bWXb[kdZ[hj^[YedZ_j_ediif[Y_Å[ZWXel[$ ?]_l[f[hc_ii_edjej^[Kd_l[hi_joe\I^[ć[bZjeh[fheZkY[j^[fh_djj^[i_i_dm^eb[eh_dfWhj_dehZ[hjeikffboi_d]b[Yef_[i \ehj^[fkhfei[e\h[i[WhY^ehfh_lWj[ijkZo\ehWded#Yecc[hY_Wbfkhfei[$ ?YedÅhcj^Wjj^_ij^[i_i_icoemdmeha"WdZm^[h[cWj[h_Wbiemd[ZXoWj^_hZfWhjo^Wl[X[[dki[ZYefoh_]^jYb[WhWdY[^Wi X[[deXjW_d[Z$?WcWmWh[e\j^[Kd_l[hi_jo½iGuidance on the Use of Unfair Means mmm$i^[ć[bZ$WY$ka%b[ji%Z[i_]d%kd\W_h ?YedÅhcj^WjWbbYef_[ie\j^[j^[i_iikXc_jj[Zjej^[Kd_l[hi_jo_dYbkZ_d][b[Yjhed_YYef_[ied9:%:L:Wh[_Z[dj_YWb_d Yedj[dj$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 07/02/15 I_]d[Z0……………………………………………………………………………Aimee Richmond $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ For completion by students also submitting an electronic thesis (eThesis): ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[j^Wjj^[Kd_l[hi_joe\I^[ć[bZ½i[J^[i_ih[fei_jehoYkhh[djboMH;Em_bbcWa[co[J^[i_iWlW_bWXb[el[h j^[_dj[hd[jl_WWd[dj_h[boded#[nYbki_l[W]h[[c[djWdZj^Wj"m_j^ekjY^Wd]_d]Yedj[dj"MH;EcWoYedl[hjcoj^[i_ijeWdo c[Z_kceh\ehcWj\ehj^[fkhfei[e\\kjkh[fh[i[hlWj_edWdZWYY[ii_X_b_jo$ ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[j^Wjj^[c[jWZWjWh[bWj_d]jej^[[J^[i_im_bbdehcWbboWff[WhedXej^j^[Kd_l[hi_jo½i[J^[i_ii[hl[h WdZj^[8h_j_i^B_XhWho½i;J^EIi[hl_Y["[l[d_\j^[j^[i_i_iikX`[YjjeWd[cXWh]e$?W]h[[j^WjWYefoe\j^[[J^[i_icWoX[ ikffb_[Zjej^[8h_j_i^B_XhWho$ ?YedÅhcj^Wjj^[kfbeWZ_i_Z[dj_YWbjej^[ÅdWb"[nWc_d[ZWdZWmWhZ[Zl[hi_ede\j^[j^[i_iWiikXc_jj[Z_dfh_djjej^[ Kd_l[hi_jo\ehZ[fei_j_dj^[B_XhWhokdb[ii[Z_j[ZWi_dZ_YWj[ZWXel[$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 07/02/15 I_]d[Z0……………………………………………………………………………Aimee Richmond $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ THIS SHEET MUST BE BOUND IN THE FRONT OF THE PRINTED THESIS BEFORE IT IS SUBMITTED ! ! ! Transnational*UK*Reception*of*Contemporary** Japanese*Horror*Film* ! ! Aimee*Richmond* ! Submitted!in!accordance!with!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of!Doctor!of! Philosophy! ! ! The!University!of!Sheffield! ! School!of!East!Asia!Studies! ! June,!2014! ! ! ! ! ! ! i! ! ! The!candidate!confirms!that!the!work!submitted!is!her!own!and!that!appropriate! credit!has!been!given!where!reference!has!been!made!to!the!work!of!others.!This! copy!has!been!supplied!on!the!understanding!that!it!is!copyright!material!and! that!no!quotation!from!this!thesis!may!be!published!without!proper! acknowledgement.!The!right!of!Aimee!Richmond!to!be!identified!as!the!author!of! this!work!has!been!asserted!by!her!in!accordance!with!the!Copyright,!Designs! and!Patents!Act!1888.! ! ©!2014!The!University!of!Sheffield!and!Aimee!Richmond! ! ! This!work!was!supported!by!the!Economic!and!Social!Research!Council!and!the! White!Rose!East!Asia!Centre.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * ! ii! Acknowledgements* Special!thanks!go!to!Peter!Matanle,!Lúcia!Nagib!and!Mika!Ko!for!your!supervision,! support!and!knowledge.!! ! Thank!you!also!to!my!friends!and!family!for!your!copious!amounts!of! proofreading!and!encouragement.!ShoutQouts!in!particular!to:!Alan!Chan!for!his! bad!taste!in!movies,!Neil!Leverett!for!his!encyclopedic!knowledge!of!movies,!and! Michael!Precious!for!his!extreme!reactions!to!movies.!Oliver!Carr!for!picking!me! up!at!my!lowest,!and!Louise!Haymer!and!Laura!Lee!for!being!there!to!celebrate! the!highs.!Noriko!Karube!and!Carlijn!Bakker!for!proof!that!friendship!transcends! geographical!and!cultural!boundaries.!Brad!Kirkland!for!keeping!me!sane!this! past!year,!and!Jennifer!Surtees!for!always!keeping!it!real.! ! Finally,!I!would!like!to!thank!the!ESRC,!the!University!of!Sheffield,!and!Waseda! University!for!supporting!me!in!my!research,!which!luckily!crosses!over!into!my! wildest!dreams.! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * * * * ! iii! Abstract* This!thesis!examines!the!understanding!of!the!contemporary!Japanese!horror! film!genre!in!the!UK,!taking!into!account!the!effects!that!the!specificities!of!the! UK!crossQcultural!context!have!upon!audiences’!meaningQmaking.!Analysis! mainly!revolves!around!six!films!selected!based!upon!frequency!of!mention!by! participants:!Ring!(Nakata,!1998),!Audition!(Miike,!1999),!Ju+on:!The/Grudge! (Shimizu,!2004),!Dark/Water!(Nakata,!2002),!Battle/Royale!(Fukusaku,!2000)!and! Ichi/the/Killer!(Miike,!2001).! ! Four!focus!groups!and!twenty!individual!interviews!were!conducted!with! individuals!aged!between!eighteen!and!thirty!years!of!age,!all!of!whom!selfQ identified!as!British.!Responses!were!analysed!in!order!to!provide!insight!into! three!key!areas:!how!UK!audiences!define!the!genre!of!contemporary!Japanese! horror!film,!the!frameworks!and!processes!they!use!in!their!definitions,!and!the! meanings!that!they!find!in!culturallyQspecific!elements!within!these!films.!Both! the!Japanese!and!UK!reception!landscapes!of!contemporary!Japanese!horror!film! are!outlined!in!order!to!provide!necessary!context.! Ultimately,!the!research!unearths!a!variety!of!interpretations!of!the! contemporary!Japanese!horror!film!genre,!which!are!reflective!of!a!range!of! audience!readings!due!in!part!to!different!levels!of!interQcultural!competence!and! personal!preference.!The!study!finds!new!channels!of!reception!to!be!central!in! influencing!transnational!audience!reception.!Home!viewing!cultures!and!shifts! from!the!original!viewing!context!are!further!linked!to!the!way!in!which! audiences!create!experiences!around!the!films,!the!influence!of!which!lasts!well! beyond!the!point!of!reception.!Alongside!this,!genre!definition!and!film! ! iv! placements!within!those!genres!are!shown!to!be!an!important!factor!in!film! reception,!particularly!in!terms!of!influencing!audience!value!judgments.! Acknowledging!the!fragmented!nature!of!the!audience,!hypotheses!as!to!the! development!of!an!audienceQled!approach!to!transnational!genre!are!outlined.! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ! v! Contents! Chapter!1:!Introduction:!Resurrecting!contemporary!Japanese!horror! film!.......................................................................................................................................................1! ! Aims!and!outline……………………………………………………………………………….!5! What’s!in!a!name?…………………………………………………………………….............7!