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It is also protected by the Creative Commons Licence allowing Attributions-Non-commercial-No derivatives. 7XekdZYefoe\[l[hoj^[i_im^_Y^_iWYY[fj[ZWimehj^o\ehW^_]^[hZ[]h[["ckijX[Z[fei_j[Z_dj^[Kd_l[hi_joe\ I^[ć[bZB_XhWho"m^[h[_jm_bbX[cWZ[WlW_bWXb[\ehXehhem_d]ehYedikbjWj_ed_dWYYehZWdY[m_j^Kd_l[hi_joH[]kbWj_edi$ 7bbijkZ[djih[]_ij[h_d]\hec(&&.¸&/edmWhZiWh[Wbieh[gk_h[ZjeikXc_jWd[b[Yjhed_YYefoe\j^[_hÅdWb"Wffhel[Z j^[i_i$IjkZ[djim^eh[]_ij[h[Zfh_ehje(&&.¸&/cWoWbieikXc_j[b[Yjhed_YWbbo"Xkjj^_i_idejh[gk_h[Z$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies 7kj^eh0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Transnational UK Reception of Contemporary Japanese Horror Film 090210141 J^[i_iJ_jb[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ H[]_ijhWj_edDe0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ For completion by all students: IkXc_j_dfh_dj\ehcedbo\ehZ[fei_j_dj^[Kd_l[hi_joB_XhWho0 IkXc_j_dfh_dj\ehcWdZWbiekfbeWZjej^[White Rose eTheses Online i[hl[h0 ?d\kbb ✔ ;Z_j[Z[J^[i_i Please indicate if there are any embargo restrictions on this thesis. Please note that if no boxes are ticked, you will have consented to your thesis being made available without any restrictions. ;cXWh]eZ[jW_bi0Yecfb[j[edbo_\h[gk[ij_d]Wd ;cXWh]eh[gk_h[Z5 B[d]j^e\[cXWh]e [cXWh]eje[_j^[hoekhfh_djWdZ%eh[J^[i_i _do[Whi Fh_djJ^[i_i O[i De✔ UUUUU [J^[i_i O[i De✔ UUUUU Supervisor: ?"j^[ikf[hl_ieh"W]h[[jej^[dWc[Zj^[i_iX[_d]cWZ[WlW_bWXb[kdZ[hj^[YedZ_j_ediif[Y_Å[ZWXel[$ DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ I_]d[Z0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Student: ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[jej^[dWc[Zj^[i_iX[_d]cWZ[WlW_bWXb[kdZ[hj^[YedZ_j_ediif[Y_Å[ZWXel[$ ?]_l[f[hc_ii_edjej^[Kd_l[hi_joe\I^[ć[bZjeh[fheZkY[j^[fh_djj^[i_i_dm^eb[eh_dfWhj_dehZ[hjeikffboi_d]b[Yef_[i \ehj^[fkhfei[e\h[i[WhY^ehfh_lWj[ijkZo\ehWded#Yecc[hY_Wbfkhfei[$ ?YedÅhcj^Wjj^_ij^[i_i_icoemdmeha"WdZm^[h[cWj[h_Wbiemd[ZXoWj^_hZfWhjo^Wl[X[[dki[ZYefoh_]^jYb[WhWdY[^Wi X[[deXjW_d[Z$?WcWmWh[e\j^[Kd_l[hi_jo½iGuidance on the Use of Unfair Means mmm$i^[ć[bZ$WY$ka%b[ji%Z[i_]d%kd\W_h ?YedÅhcj^WjWbbYef_[ie\j^[j^[i_iikXc_jj[Zjej^[Kd_l[hi_jo_dYbkZ_d][b[Yjhed_YYef_[ied9:%:L:Wh[_Z[dj_YWb_d Yedj[dj$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 07/02/15 I_]d[Z0……………………………………………………………………………Aimee Richmond $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ For completion by students also submitting an electronic thesis (eThesis): ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[j^Wjj^[Kd_l[hi_joe\I^[ć[bZ½i[J^[i_ih[fei_jehoYkhh[djboMH;Em_bbcWa[co[J^[i_iWlW_bWXb[el[h j^[_dj[hd[jl_WWd[dj_h[boded#[nYbki_l[W]h[[c[djWdZj^Wj"m_j^ekjY^Wd]_d]Yedj[dj"MH;EcWoYedl[hjcoj^[i_ijeWdo c[Z_kceh\ehcWj\ehj^[fkhfei[e\\kjkh[fh[i[hlWj_edWdZWYY[ii_X_b_jo$ ?"j^[Wkj^eh"W]h[[j^Wjj^[c[jWZWjWh[bWj_d]jej^[[J^[i_im_bbdehcWbboWff[WhedXej^j^[Kd_l[hi_jo½i[J^[i_ii[hl[h WdZj^[8h_j_i^B_XhWho½i;J^EIi[hl_Y["[l[d_\j^[j^[i_i_iikX`[YjjeWd[cXWh]e$?W]h[[j^WjWYefoe\j^[[J^[i_icWoX[ ikffb_[Zjej^[8h_j_i^B_XhWho$ ?YedÅhcj^Wjj^[kfbeWZ_i_Z[dj_YWbjej^[ÅdWb"[nWc_d[ZWdZWmWhZ[Zl[hi_ede\j^[j^[i_iWiikXc_jj[Z_dfh_djjej^[ Kd_l[hi_jo\ehZ[fei_j_dj^[B_XhWhokdb[ii[Z_j[ZWi_dZ_YWj[ZWXel[$ Aimee Richmond School of East Asian Studies DWc[0²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :[fj0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 07/02/15 I_]d[Z0……………………………………………………………………………Aimee Richmond $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ :Wj[0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ THIS SHEET MUST BE BOUND IN THE FRONT OF THE PRINTED THESIS BEFORE IT IS SUBMITTED ! ! ! Transnational*UK*Reception*of*Contemporary** Japanese*Horror*Film* ! ! Aimee*Richmond* ! Submitted!in!accordance!with!the!requirements!for!the!degree!of!Doctor!of! Philosophy! ! ! The!University!of!Sheffield! ! School!of!East!Asia!Studies! ! June,!2014! ! ! ! ! ! ! i! ! ! The!candidate!confirms!that!the!work!submitted!is!her!own!and!that!appropriate! credit!has!been!given!where!reference!has!been!made!to!the!work!of!others.!This! copy!has!been!supplied!on!the!understanding!that!it!is!copyright!material!and! that!no!quotation!from!this!thesis!may!be!published!without!proper! acknowledgement.!The!right!of!Aimee!Richmond!to!be!identified!as!the!author!of! this!work!has!been!asserted!by!her!in!accordance!with!the!Copyright,!Designs! and!Patents!Act!1888.! ! ©!2014!The!University!of!Sheffield!and!Aimee!Richmond! ! ! This!work!was!supported!by!the!Economic!and!Social!Research!Council!and!the! White!Rose!East!Asia!Centre.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * ! ii! Acknowledgements* Special!thanks!go!to!Peter!Matanle,!Lúcia!Nagib!and!Mika!Ko!for!your!supervision,! support!and!knowledge.!! ! Thank!you!also!to!my!friends!and!family!for!your!copious!amounts!of! proofreading!and!encouragement.!ShoutQouts!in!particular!to:!Alan!Chan!for!his! bad!taste!in!movies,!Neil!Leverett!for!his!encyclopedic!knowledge!of!movies,!and! Michael!Precious!for!his!extreme!reactions!to!movies.!Oliver!Carr!for!picking!me! up!at!my!lowest,!and!Louise!Haymer!and!Laura!Lee!for!being!there!to!celebrate! the!highs.!Noriko!Karube!and!Carlijn!Bakker!for!proof!that!friendship!transcends! geographical!and!cultural!boundaries.!Brad!Kirkland!for!keeping!me!sane!this! past!year,!and!Jennifer!Surtees!for!always!keeping!it!real.! ! Finally,!I!would!like!to!thank!the!ESRC,!the!University!of!Sheffield,!and!Waseda! University!for!supporting!me!in!my!research,!which!luckily!crosses!over!into!my! wildest!dreams.! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * * * * ! iii! Abstract* This!thesis!examines!the!understanding!of!the!contemporary!Japanese!horror! film!genre!in!the!UK,!taking!into!account!the!effects!that!the!specificities!of!the! UK!crossQcultural!context!have!upon!audiences’!meaningQmaking.!Analysis! mainly!revolves!around!six!films!selected!based!upon!frequency!of!mention!by! participants:!Ring!(Nakata,!1998),!Audition!(Miike,!1999),!Ju+on:!The/Grudge! (Shimizu,!2004),!Dark/Water!(Nakata,!2002),!Battle/Royale!(Fukusaku,!2000)!and! Ichi/the/Killer!(Miike,!2001).! ! Four!focus!groups!and!twenty!individual!interviews!were!conducted!with! individuals!aged!between!eighteen!and!thirty!years!of!age,!all!of!whom!selfQ identified!as!British.!Responses!were!analysed!in!order!to!provide!insight!into! three!key!areas:!how!UK!audiences!define!the!genre!of!contemporary!Japanese! horror!film,!the!frameworks!and!processes!they!use!in!their!definitions,!and!the! meanings!that!they!find!in!culturallyQspecific!elements!within!these!films.!Both! the!Japanese!and!UK!reception!landscapes!of!contemporary!Japanese!horror!film! are!outlined!in!order!to!provide!necessary!context.! Ultimately,!the!research!unearths!a!variety!of!interpretations!of!the! contemporary!Japanese!horror!film!genre,!which!are!reflective!of!a!range!of! audience!readings!due!in!part!to!different!levels!of!interQcultural!competence!and! personal!preference.!The!study!finds!new!channels!of!reception!to!be!central!in! influencing!transnational!audience!reception.!Home!viewing!cultures!and!shifts! from!the!original!viewing!context!are!further!linked!to!the!way!in!which! audiences!create!experiences!around!the!films,!the!influence!of!which!lasts!well! beyond!the!point!of!reception.!Alongside!this,!genre!definition!and!film! ! iv! placements!within!those!genres!are!shown!to!be!an!important!factor!in!film! reception,!particularly!in!terms!of!influencing!audience!value!judgments.! Acknowledging!the!fragmented!nature!of!the!audience,!hypotheses!as!to!the! development!of!an!audienceQled!approach!to!transnational!genre!are!outlined.! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ! v! Contents! Chapter!1:!Introduction:!Resurrecting!contemporary!Japanese!horror! film!.......................................................................................................................................................1! ! Aims!and!outline……………………………………………………………………………….!5! What’s!in!a!name?…………………………………………………………………….............7!