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Strategi Politik Majapahit Menaklukan Kerajaan Bali 1352- 1380 M

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View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal IKIP PGRI Bali Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 Strategi Politik Majapahit Menaklukan Kerajaan Bali 1352- 1380 M Majapahit Political Strategy to Conquer the Kingdom of Bali 1352-1380 Dewa Made Alit Prodi Pendidikan Sejarah FPIPS IKIP PGRI Bali Jl. Seroja Tonja-Denpasar Utara, Bali (80239) *Pos-el: [email protected] Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui strategi politik yang diterapkan oleh Kerajaan Majapahit agar bisa menguasai Bali mengingat banyak dan masifnya perlawanan rakyat Bali Aga terhadap dinasti baru yang ditempatkan di Bali.Rakyat Bali belum bias menerima penaklukan yang dilakukan oleh Gajah Mada terhadap raja Sri astasura Ratna Bumi Banten. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah sehingga prosedur kerjanya mengikuti urutan-urutan penelitian sejarah meliputi heuristic, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Data dikumpulkan dengan studi pustaka. Data yang terkumpul dikritik dengan kritik sejarah baik kritik ekstern maupun intern untuk mendapatkan fakta yang diperlukan dalam penyusunan cerita sejarah. Fakta yang ada kemudian diinterpretasikan untuk melihat kesalinghubungan antara fakta yang satu dengan fakta yang lainnya serta kedudukan fakta itu dalam kontek cerita sejarah. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi data tersebut kemudian disusun sebuah cerita sejarah dengan mengikuti prinsip serialisasi, kronologi dan kausalitas. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa adanya kekosongan kekuasaan di Bali setelah Majapahit berhasil mengalahkan Dalem Bedahulu (Sri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten sebagai raja bali kuno yang terakhir) maka yang dipilih adalah Sri Kresna Kepakisan yang masih memiliki darah Bali yakni keturunan Daha (Kediri) yang masih memiliki hubungan langsung dengan Airlangga. Airlangga merupakan anak tertua dari pasangan Udayana (Bali) dengan Mahendra data atau Gunapria Dharma Patni (Sindok).Penempatan Sri Kresna Kepakisan sebagai dinasti baru di Bali tetap mendapat penolakan dari masyarakat Bali.Dalam menjalankan pemerintahannya, Sri Kresna kepakisan juga merangkul masyarakat Bali dan mengangkat para arya menjadi pejabat kerajaan. Menghadapi perlawanan dari masyarakat Bali Aga, Sri Kresna kepakisan menggunakan jalur diplomasi. Tuntutan masyarakat Bali Aga agar raja mengubah pandangan dan perlakuannya terhadap masyarakat Bali serta bersedia menjaga kahyangan yang menjadi pusat keyakinan masyarakat Bali aga, maka Balipun bersedia menerima pemerintahan dalem Sri Kresna Kepakisan. Kata Kunci : strategi, Majapahit, , Kerajaan Bali Abstract. This study aims to determine the political strategy adopted by the Majapahit Kingdom in order to gain control of Bali given the many and massive resistance of the Balinese Aga against new dynasties placed in Bali. The people of Bali have not been able to accept the conquest by Gajah Mada against the king of Sri astasura Ratna Bumi Banten. This research is a historical research so that the work procedure follows the sequences of historical research including heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Data collected by literature study. The collected data is criticized with historical criticism both external and internal criticism to obtain the facts needed in the preparation of historical stories. The existing facts are then interpreted to see the interrelationship between one fact and the other facts and the position of the facts in the context of historical stories. Based on the results of the interpretation of the data then a historical story is prepared by following the principles of serialization, chronology and causality. The results of the analysis found that there Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 was a power vacuum in Bali after Majapahit defeated the Dalem Bedahulu (Sri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten as the last ancient Balinese king) then chosen was Sri Kresna Kepakisan who still had the blood of Bali namely the descendants of Daha (Kediri) who still had a relationship directly with Airlangga. Airlangga is the eldest son of a Udayana (Balinese) couple with Mahendra Data or Gunapria Dharma Patni (Sindok). Placement of Sri Krishna Krishna as a new dynasty in Bali still received rejection from the Balinese people. In running his government, Sri Krishna also embraced Balinese society and raised the Balinese people the Aryans became royal officials. Facing resistance from the people of Bali Aga, Sri Kresna was concerned using diplomacy. The Bali Aga community demanded that the king change his views and treatment of the Balinese people and be willing to preserve the heaven that became the center of belief in the Balinese people, so Balipun was willing to accept the government of Sri Kresna Kepakisan. Keywords: strategy, Majapahit,Kingdom of Bali PENDAHULUAN Bali sebelum ditaklukan oleh Ide dasar kemaharajaan bagi kerajaan- Gajah Mada, di Bali sudah berdiri kerajaan kerajaan tradisional di Nusantara telah yang pada awalnya berasal dari dinasti muncul sejak zaman Sriwijaya yang secara Warmadewa sesuai denga nisi prasasti fisik wilayah-wilayah pengaruhnya dapat Blanjong (914). Raja Bali Kuno yang dilacak. Pada masa Singosari peranannya terakhir adalah Sri Astasura Ratna Bhumi dalam percaturan politik global telah Banten yang disebut dalam prasasti cukup mapan, sedikit banyak Patapan Langgahan tahun 1337 M. Beliau menguntungkan Majapahit yang mengangkat seorang mangkubumi yang mengklaim sebagai penerusnya. Ekspedisi gagah perkasa bernama Ki Pasunggrigis, pamalayu telah menginspirasi gajah Mada yang bertempat tinggal di Desa Tengkulak mengumandangkan Sumpah Palapanya dekat istana Bedahulu dimana Raja dalam konsep yang sama yaitu Astasura bersemayam. Sebagai kemaharajaan atau persatuan wilayah. pembantunya diangkat Ki Kebo Iwa Kolonisasi baik langsung maupun tidak (Mirsha, 1986 : 119).Sri Baginda Raja telah mentransfer hal-hal yang berbau Astasura, yang sangat bijaksana dan adil Majapahit dengan wilayah-wilayah lain mengendalikan memerintahnnya serta taat dalam berbagai bidang (Wahyudi, 2013 : melakukan agamanya. Karena sangat 91) eloknya beliau dianggap penjelmaan “Lamun buwus kalah Nusantara, isun Sanghyang Asmaradewa” (Ginarsa, 1994 : amukti palapa. Lamun buwus kalah Ring 17),tetapi Negarakertagama gubahan Gurun, Ring Seram, Ring Tanjungpura, Prapanca menyebut raja bali kuno ini Ring Haru, Ring Pabang,Dempo, Bali, adalah raja yang hina. Dalam Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun Negarakertagama Nyanyian 49, bait 4 amukti palapa. (Selama aku belum lewat gubahannya Prapanca menyatukan Nusantara, aku tidak akan menulis :Muwah ring sekabdesu masaksi menikmati palapa) (Ilahi, 2009 :70), begitu nabi Ikang Bali nathanya dussila sumpah yang diucapkan oleh Gajah Mada, nicchaDinon ing bala bhrasta telah mendorong Gajah Mada untuk sakwehNasa ars salwiri dusta mangdoh merealisasikan sumpahnya. Salah satu wisastha. Artinya :Selanjutnya pada tahun daerah yang menjadi sasarannya adalah Saka 1265 raja Bali yang jahat dan nista Bali, pulau kecil yang berada di sebelah diperangi oleh tentara Majapahit dan timur Jawa. Faerah kekuasaan Majapahit semua binasa. Takutlah semua pendurhaka sangat luas, selain Jawa juga sampai pergi menjauh (Mirsha, 1986 : 120).Sikap Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaya, Prapanca ini mungkin disebabkan karena Kalimantan, hingga Indonesia timur. Raja Sri Astasura merasa tidak mau Namun wilayah kerajaan Majapahit yang tunduk lagi dibawah pemerintahan Raja sangat luas tersebut masih diperdebatkan putri Tribhuana Tunggadewi, dikarenakan hingga kini. mengingat Bali sudah dari dahulu berada dibawah perlindungan Kerajaan Daha. Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 Perhubungan Raja Bali dengan kerajaan Ki Pasung Grigis sendiri wafat pada tahun Daha sudah berlangsung sejakzamanRaja 1357 di Sumbawa dalam tugas menumpas Gunapriyadharmapadmi dan Dharma pemberontakan Raja Dedela Nata terhadap Udayana Warmadewa yang memerintah di Majapahit. Oleh karena Pasung Grigis Bali dari tahun 989- 1001 M (Mirsha, tidak dapat bertahan lagi maka sejak itu 1986 : 119). terjadi kekosongan pemerintahan di daerah Sikap raja Bali yang tidak mau Bali. Memang sebagian dari tentara tunduk kepada Majapahit, membuat ekspedisi Majapahit ditempatkan di Bali Majapahit mengambil langkah tegas namun mereka tidak mampu menjaga dengan mengutus Gajah Mada ke Bali. ketertiban sepenuhnya dan sering terjadi Tetapi sebelumnya Majapahit telah pemberontakan- pemberontakan kecil di melakukan tipu daya untuk melemahkan berbagai Wilayah di Bali. Banyak terjadi kekuatan raja bali dengan menyingkirkan perselisihan antara orang- orang Bali Aga orang kuat, ahli strategi meliter kerajaan dengan pasukan Majapahit yang ada di Bali yakni Kebo Iwo. Sebagai batu Bali. Kekalahan raja bali dan sikap sandungan politik ekspansinya, gajah masyarakat Bali aga terhadap dinasti baru Mada menghadap raja Bali untuk ini menarik untuk dikaji. Ada beberapa menawarkan jalan perdamaian. Ia pertanyaan yang muncul diantaranya mengundang kebo Iwa untuk dating ke bagaimana strategi politik Majapahit Majapahit dan dinikahkan dengan seorang menghadapi perlawanan rakayat Bali aga, putri dari Lemah Tulis, sebagai tanda bagaimana kebijakan Sri Kresna persahabatan kedua kerajaan. Kebo Iwa Kepakisan agar pemerintahannya bias dibunuh, gugurnya Kebo Iwa diterima oleh masyarakat Bali aga. mempermudah ekspedisi Gajah Mada ke Masalah-masalah itulah yang akan dikaji Bali. dalam penelitian ini. Ekspedisi Majapahit ke Bali dipimpin langsung oleh Gajah Mada yang METODE PENELITIAN didampingi oleh panglima perang Arya Penelitian ini
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    NANCY J. SMITH-HEFNER Associate Professor, Associate Chair Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tel.: (617)353-2198/95; Fax: (617)353-353-6408 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYMENT 2001-Present. Associate Professor (tenured), Department of Anthropology, Boston University. 1994-2001. Associate Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology (tenured), Graduate Program in Applied Linguistics; Adjunct Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 1999. Visiting Research Associate, Center for Women’s Studies, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. 1987-1994. Assistant Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology, Graduate Program in Bilingual/English as a Second Language Studies, Department of English, University of Massachusetts, Boston. 1984-1987. Visiting Assistant Professor, Graduate Program in BIL/ESL Studies, Department of English, University of Massachusetts, Boston. l984. Visiting Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts. 1984, Summer. Program Director, Indonesian Language Program, Southeast Asian Summer Studies Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. EDUCATION 1983, Spring. Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Dissertation Title: Language and Social Identity: Speaking Javanese in Tengger. 1978, Summer. U.S. Office of Education Program in Advanced Indonesian, IKIP Malang, East Java, Indonesia. 1977, Summer. Indonesian Summer Studies Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Intensive Indonesian and Javanese Language Study. 1976. Master of Arts, Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1974. Bachelor of Arts in Comparative Literatures, Residential College, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 1972-73. L’Universite de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, France. Comparative Literatures (French and Italian). ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTORSHIPS 2010-present. Associate Chair, Department of Anthropology, Boston University. 2003-2009. Director of Undergraduate Studies, Department of Anthropology, Boston University.
  • Book Reviews

    Book Reviews

    200 WacanaWacana Vol. Vol.15 No. 15 1No. (2013): 1 (2013) 200–210 BOOK REVIEW 201 BOOK REVIEWS Boechari, Melacak sejarah kuno Indonesia lewat prasasti/Tracing ancient Indonesian history through inscriptions; Kumpulan tulisan/Writings of Boechari. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia in collaboration with the University of Indonesia and the École française d’Extrême-Orient, 2012, xxxi + 644 pp., Bibliography, Index. ISBN (Indonesia) 978-979-91-0520-2, ISBN (France) 978- 285-53-9473-2. Price: IDR 59,000 (soft cover). Peter Worsley Department of Indonesian Studies, School of Languages and Cultures, University of Sydney [email protected] The book is a very welcome addition to the library of studies about the ancient history of Island Southeast Asia. In it, the reader will find a collection of essays by Indonesia’s most eminent epigraphist and ancient historian, the late Professor M. Boechari. Boechari enjoyed a distinguished career as a teacher and a researcher in the University of Indonesia, Gajah Mada University, Udayana University, the Archaeological Service of Indonesia, and as member of the committee for major Indonesian research projects which included the Sejarah Nasional Indonesia, the consultative committee for the restoration of the Borobudur, the project for the restoration of the former capital of Majapahit, and the consultative committee for the SEAMEO Project on archaeology and fine arts on which he cooperated with other Southeast Asian archaeologists on the history of Śrīvijaya. His epigraphical contribution to the ancient history of Island Southeast Asia brought him well-deserved international recognition. The thirty-eight studies contained in the present volume published between 1960 and 1991 in both Indonesian and English are an excellent record of Boechari’s interest in a wide number of important historical issues.
  • Curriculum Vitae Richard Fox 3 Materials in Preparation (Continued) • Practices Unseen: an Inquiry Into the World of Balinese Offerings

    Curriculum Vitae Richard Fox 3 Materials in Preparation (Continued) • Practices Unseen: an Inquiry Into the World of Balinese Offerings

    RICHARD FOX 1030 Main Street, Dennis, MA 02638, USA email [email protected] web http:// berubah.org tel +1 508-331-5412 Employment and Other Appointments • Research Associate, Department of Anthropology Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2011-12. • Fulbright Senior Scholar, Indonesia Universitas Udayana (Denpasar, Bali) & University of Chicago, 2010-2011 • Assistant Professor of the History of Religions, University of Chicago Divinity School, 2006-2010 • Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of Religion with an adjunct appointment in Asian Studies Williams College, 2004-2006 • Research Affiliate, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. 2003-04. Education • PhD in Religious Studies and Cultural Anthropology, 2002 School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Dissertation: From Text to Television: Mediating Religion in Contemporary Bali. • MA with Distinction in Oriental and African Religions, 1995 School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Thesis: Gotama, Buddha and Tathāgata: Three Facets of the Identity of Sakyamuni Buddha Exams: Sanskrit Language, Buddhist Studies, Indian Philosophy • BA in Religious Studies with High Honors, Phi Beta Kappa, 1994 University of California at Santa Barbara Honors Thesis: An Ethnographic Study of Religious Practice in a Rural Balinese Village. Teaching and Examining • University of Chicago Divinity School: Graduate Courses: Contemporary Theory for the Study of Religion; Why Media Matter; Contemporary Perspectives on Religion, Media and Society; Mass Media and Religious Violence; Other People’s Practices; History and Complexity; The Idea of Religion in Bali; Religion and Performance in Java and Bali; Reading Courses: Religion and Society in Contemporary Sri Lanka; Issues in the Study of Religion and Society in Contemporary Bali; Qualifying Exams: Contemporary Theory; Globalization and Postcoloniality; Religion and Society in Southeast Asia; Ethnography of Bali.