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Strategi Politik Majapahit Menaklukan Kerajaan Bali 1352- 1380 M

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Strategi Politik Majapahit Menaklukan Kerajaan Bali 1352- 1380 M View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Journal IKIP PGRI Bali Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 Strategi Politik Majapahit Menaklukan Kerajaan Bali 1352- 1380 M Majapahit Political Strategy to Conquer the Kingdom of Bali 1352-1380 Dewa Made Alit Prodi Pendidikan Sejarah FPIPS IKIP PGRI Bali Jl. Seroja Tonja-Denpasar Utara, Bali (80239) *Pos-el: [email protected] Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui strategi politik yang diterapkan oleh Kerajaan Majapahit agar bisa menguasai Bali mengingat banyak dan masifnya perlawanan rakyat Bali Aga terhadap dinasti baru yang ditempatkan di Bali.Rakyat Bali belum bias menerima penaklukan yang dilakukan oleh Gajah Mada terhadap raja Sri astasura Ratna Bumi Banten. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian sejarah sehingga prosedur kerjanya mengikuti urutan-urutan penelitian sejarah meliputi heuristic, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Data dikumpulkan dengan studi pustaka. Data yang terkumpul dikritik dengan kritik sejarah baik kritik ekstern maupun intern untuk mendapatkan fakta yang diperlukan dalam penyusunan cerita sejarah. Fakta yang ada kemudian diinterpretasikan untuk melihat kesalinghubungan antara fakta yang satu dengan fakta yang lainnya serta kedudukan fakta itu dalam kontek cerita sejarah. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi data tersebut kemudian disusun sebuah cerita sejarah dengan mengikuti prinsip serialisasi, kronologi dan kausalitas. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa adanya kekosongan kekuasaan di Bali setelah Majapahit berhasil mengalahkan Dalem Bedahulu (Sri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten sebagai raja bali kuno yang terakhir) maka yang dipilih adalah Sri Kresna Kepakisan yang masih memiliki darah Bali yakni keturunan Daha (Kediri) yang masih memiliki hubungan langsung dengan Airlangga. Airlangga merupakan anak tertua dari pasangan Udayana (Bali) dengan Mahendra data atau Gunapria Dharma Patni (Sindok).Penempatan Sri Kresna Kepakisan sebagai dinasti baru di Bali tetap mendapat penolakan dari masyarakat Bali.Dalam menjalankan pemerintahannya, Sri Kresna kepakisan juga merangkul masyarakat Bali dan mengangkat para arya menjadi pejabat kerajaan. Menghadapi perlawanan dari masyarakat Bali Aga, Sri Kresna kepakisan menggunakan jalur diplomasi. Tuntutan masyarakat Bali Aga agar raja mengubah pandangan dan perlakuannya terhadap masyarakat Bali serta bersedia menjaga kahyangan yang menjadi pusat keyakinan masyarakat Bali aga, maka Balipun bersedia menerima pemerintahan dalem Sri Kresna Kepakisan. Kata Kunci : strategi, Majapahit, , Kerajaan Bali Abstract. This study aims to determine the political strategy adopted by the Majapahit Kingdom in order to gain control of Bali given the many and massive resistance of the Balinese Aga against new dynasties placed in Bali. The people of Bali have not been able to accept the conquest by Gajah Mada against the king of Sri astasura Ratna Bumi Banten. This research is a historical research so that the work procedure follows the sequences of historical research including heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. Data collected by literature study. The collected data is criticized with historical criticism both external and internal criticism to obtain the facts needed in the preparation of historical stories. The existing facts are then interpreted to see the interrelationship between one fact and the other facts and the position of the facts in the context of historical stories. Based on the results of the interpretation of the data then a historical story is prepared by following the principles of serialization, chronology and causality. The results of the analysis found that there Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 was a power vacuum in Bali after Majapahit defeated the Dalem Bedahulu (Sri Astasura Ratna Bumi Banten as the last ancient Balinese king) then chosen was Sri Kresna Kepakisan who still had the blood of Bali namely the descendants of Daha (Kediri) who still had a relationship directly with Airlangga. Airlangga is the eldest son of a Udayana (Balinese) couple with Mahendra Data or Gunapria Dharma Patni (Sindok). Placement of Sri Krishna Krishna as a new dynasty in Bali still received rejection from the Balinese people. In running his government, Sri Krishna also embraced Balinese society and raised the Balinese people the Aryans became royal officials. Facing resistance from the people of Bali Aga, Sri Kresna was concerned using diplomacy. The Bali Aga community demanded that the king change his views and treatment of the Balinese people and be willing to preserve the heaven that became the center of belief in the Balinese people, so Balipun was willing to accept the government of Sri Kresna Kepakisan. Keywords: strategy, Majapahit,Kingdom of Bali PENDAHULUAN Bali sebelum ditaklukan oleh Ide dasar kemaharajaan bagi kerajaan- Gajah Mada, di Bali sudah berdiri kerajaan kerajaan tradisional di Nusantara telah yang pada awalnya berasal dari dinasti muncul sejak zaman Sriwijaya yang secara Warmadewa sesuai denga nisi prasasti fisik wilayah-wilayah pengaruhnya dapat Blanjong (914). Raja Bali Kuno yang dilacak. Pada masa Singosari peranannya terakhir adalah Sri Astasura Ratna Bhumi dalam percaturan politik global telah Banten yang disebut dalam prasasti cukup mapan, sedikit banyak Patapan Langgahan tahun 1337 M. Beliau menguntungkan Majapahit yang mengangkat seorang mangkubumi yang mengklaim sebagai penerusnya. Ekspedisi gagah perkasa bernama Ki Pasunggrigis, pamalayu telah menginspirasi gajah Mada yang bertempat tinggal di Desa Tengkulak mengumandangkan Sumpah Palapanya dekat istana Bedahulu dimana Raja dalam konsep yang sama yaitu Astasura bersemayam. Sebagai kemaharajaan atau persatuan wilayah. pembantunya diangkat Ki Kebo Iwa Kolonisasi baik langsung maupun tidak (Mirsha, 1986 : 119).Sri Baginda Raja telah mentransfer hal-hal yang berbau Astasura, yang sangat bijaksana dan adil Majapahit dengan wilayah-wilayah lain mengendalikan memerintahnnya serta taat dalam berbagai bidang (Wahyudi, 2013 : melakukan agamanya. Karena sangat 91) eloknya beliau dianggap penjelmaan “Lamun buwus kalah Nusantara, isun Sanghyang Asmaradewa” (Ginarsa, 1994 : amukti palapa. Lamun buwus kalah Ring 17),tetapi Negarakertagama gubahan Gurun, Ring Seram, Ring Tanjungpura, Prapanca menyebut raja bali kuno ini Ring Haru, Ring Pabang,Dempo, Bali, adalah raja yang hina. Dalam Sunda, Palembang, Tumasik, samana isun Negarakertagama Nyanyian 49, bait 4 amukti palapa. (Selama aku belum lewat gubahannya Prapanca menyatukan Nusantara, aku tidak akan menulis :Muwah ring sekabdesu masaksi menikmati palapa) (Ilahi, 2009 :70), begitu nabi Ikang Bali nathanya dussila sumpah yang diucapkan oleh Gajah Mada, nicchaDinon ing bala bhrasta telah mendorong Gajah Mada untuk sakwehNasa ars salwiri dusta mangdoh merealisasikan sumpahnya. Salah satu wisastha. Artinya :Selanjutnya pada tahun daerah yang menjadi sasarannya adalah Saka 1265 raja Bali yang jahat dan nista Bali, pulau kecil yang berada di sebelah diperangi oleh tentara Majapahit dan timur Jawa. Faerah kekuasaan Majapahit semua binasa. Takutlah semua pendurhaka sangat luas, selain Jawa juga sampai pergi menjauh (Mirsha, 1986 : 120).Sikap Sumatera, Semenanjung Malaya, Prapanca ini mungkin disebabkan karena Kalimantan, hingga Indonesia timur. Raja Sri Astasura merasa tidak mau Namun wilayah kerajaan Majapahit yang tunduk lagi dibawah pemerintahan Raja sangat luas tersebut masih diperdebatkan putri Tribhuana Tunggadewi, dikarenakan hingga kini. mengingat Bali sudah dari dahulu berada dibawah perlindungan Kerajaan Daha. Vol. 07. NO. 1 Pebruari 2019 ISSN 2301-4695 Perhubungan Raja Bali dengan kerajaan Ki Pasung Grigis sendiri wafat pada tahun Daha sudah berlangsung sejakzamanRaja 1357 di Sumbawa dalam tugas menumpas Gunapriyadharmapadmi dan Dharma pemberontakan Raja Dedela Nata terhadap Udayana Warmadewa yang memerintah di Majapahit. Oleh karena Pasung Grigis Bali dari tahun 989- 1001 M (Mirsha, tidak dapat bertahan lagi maka sejak itu 1986 : 119). terjadi kekosongan pemerintahan di daerah Sikap raja Bali yang tidak mau Bali. Memang sebagian dari tentara tunduk kepada Majapahit, membuat ekspedisi Majapahit ditempatkan di Bali Majapahit mengambil langkah tegas namun mereka tidak mampu menjaga dengan mengutus Gajah Mada ke Bali. ketertiban sepenuhnya dan sering terjadi Tetapi sebelumnya Majapahit telah pemberontakan- pemberontakan kecil di melakukan tipu daya untuk melemahkan berbagai Wilayah di Bali. Banyak terjadi kekuatan raja bali dengan menyingkirkan perselisihan antara orang- orang Bali Aga orang kuat, ahli strategi meliter kerajaan dengan pasukan Majapahit yang ada di Bali yakni Kebo Iwo. Sebagai batu Bali. Kekalahan raja bali dan sikap sandungan politik ekspansinya, gajah masyarakat Bali aga terhadap dinasti baru Mada menghadap raja Bali untuk ini menarik untuk dikaji. Ada beberapa menawarkan jalan perdamaian. Ia pertanyaan yang muncul diantaranya mengundang kebo Iwa untuk dating ke bagaimana strategi politik Majapahit Majapahit dan dinikahkan dengan seorang menghadapi perlawanan rakayat Bali aga, putri dari Lemah Tulis, sebagai tanda bagaimana kebijakan Sri Kresna persahabatan kedua kerajaan. Kebo Iwa Kepakisan agar pemerintahannya bias dibunuh, gugurnya Kebo Iwa diterima oleh masyarakat Bali aga. mempermudah ekspedisi Gajah Mada ke Masalah-masalah itulah yang akan dikaji Bali. dalam penelitian ini. Ekspedisi Majapahit ke Bali dipimpin langsung oleh Gajah Mada yang METODE PENELITIAN didampingi oleh panglima perang Arya Penelitian ini
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