Explaining Hezbollah's Effectiveness: Internal and External Determinants of the Rise of Violent Non-State Actors
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Terrorism: Individuals: Atta [Mahmoud] Box: RAC Box 8
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library Digital Library Collections This is a PDF of a folder from our textual collections. Collection: Counterterrorism and Narcotics, Office of, NSC: Records Folder Title: Terrorism: Individuals: Atta [Mahmoud] Box: RAC Box 8 To see more digitized collections visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/archives/digital-library To see all Ronald Reagan Presidential Library inventories visit: https://reaganlibrary.gov/document-collection Contact a reference archivist at: [email protected] Citation Guidelines: https://reaganlibrary.gov/citing National Archives Catalogue: https://catalog.archives.gov/ WITHDRAWAL SHEET Ronald Reagan Library Collection Name COUNTERTERRORISM AND NARCOTICS, NSC: Withdrawer RECORDS SMF 5/12/2010 File Folder TERRORISM: INDNIDUALS: ATTA [ITA, MAHMOUD] FOIA TED MCNAMARA, NSC STAFF F97-082/4 Box Number _w;:w (2j!t t ~ '( £ WILLS 5 ID Doc Type Document Description No of Doc Date Restrictions Pages 91194 REPORT RE ABU NIDAL ORGANIZATION (ANO) 1 ND Bl B3 - ·-----------------·--------------- ------ -------- 91195 MEMO CLARKE TO NSC RE MAHMOUD ITA 2 5/6/1987 B 1 B3 ---------------------- ------------ ------ ------ ----- ----------- 91196 MEMO DUPLICATE OF 91195 2 5/6/1987 Bl B3 91197 REPORT REATTA 1 ND Bl 91198 CABLE STATE 139474 2 5112/1987 Bl 91199 CABLE KUWAIT 03413 1 5/2111987 Bl -- - - - - --------- - - -- - ----------------- 91200 CABLE l 5 l 525Z MAR 88 (1 ST PAGE ONLY) 1 3/15/1988 Bl B3 The above documents were not referred for declassification review at time of processing Freedom of Information -
Terrorist Links of the Iraqi Regime | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 652 Terrorist Links of the Iraqi Regime Aug 29, 2002 Brief Analysis n August 28, 2002, a U.S. federal grand jury issued a new indictment against five terrorists from the Fatah O Revolutionary Command, also known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), for the 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 in Karachi, Pakistan. Based on "aggravating circumstances," prosecutors are now seeking the death penalty for the attack, in which twenty-two people -- including two Americans -- were killed. The leader of the ANO, the infamous Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal (Sabri al-Banna), died violently last week in Baghdad. But his death is not as extraordinary as the subsequent press conference given by Iraqi intelligence chief Taher Jalil Haboush. This press conference represents the only time Haboush's name has appeared in the international media since February 2001. Iraqi Objectives What motivated the Iraqi regime to send one of its senior exponents to announce the suicide of Abu Nidal and to present crude photographs of his bloodied body four days (or eight days, according to some sources) after his death? It should be noted that the earliest information about Nidal's death came from al-Ayyam, a Palestinian daily close to the entity that may have been Abu Nidal's biggest enemy -- the Palestinian Authority. At this sensitive moment in U.S.-Iraqi relations, Abu Nidal could have provided extraordinarily damaging testimony with regard to Saddam's involvement in international terrorism, even beyond Iraqi support of ANO activities in the 1970s and 1980s. In publicizing Nidal's death, the regime's motives may have been multiple: • To present itself as fighting terrorism by announcing that Iraqi authorities were attempting to detain Abu Nidal for interrogation in the moments before his death. -
Report on Fact-Finding Mission to Lebanon 2 - 18 May 1998
The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon 2 - 18 May 1998 List of contents Introduction 1. Political situation A. General political situation in Lebanon at present Continued Israeli presence Taif agreement and Syrian influence Main political issues and events B. Presence of Syrians C. Main Palestinian organisations in Lebanon and their significance D. Lebanese view of Palestinians at present and in future Official position Views of independent sources Palestinian comments Conditions for Palestinians in Syria and Jordan 2. Security conditions A. General security situation in Lebanon at present, including southern Lebanon Territory under the authorities' control Situation in southern Lebanon Security in the camps B. Palestinians' relationship with Lebanese C. Palestinians' relationship with Syrians D. Inter-Palestinian conflicts 3. Palestinians' legal status A. Residence status Legal basis Types of residence status B. Obtaining of identity papers and travel documents, including renewability etc. Travel documents and laissez-passers C. Naturalisation legislation D. Lebanese legal system E. Law enforcement Crime trends Report on fact-finding mission to Lebanon Syrian authority 4. Social and economic conditions A. General living conditions B. Palestinians' access to and entitlement to take up employment and self-employment Legal basis Actual access to employment Self-employment C. Palestinians' entitlement and access to education and training D. Palestinians' access to housing and right to own property E. Other civil rights and duties for Palestinians F. Freedom of movement for Palestinians 5. UNRWA A. UNRWA's role and activities Health Education Social and emergency aid B. -
Foreign Terrorist Organizations
Order Code RL32223 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Foreign Terrorist Organizations February 6, 2004 Audrey Kurth Cronin Specialist in Terrorism Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Huda Aden, Adam Frost, and Benjamin Jones Research Associates Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Foreign Terrorist Organizations Summary This report analyzes the status of many of the major foreign terrorist organizations that are a threat to the United States, placing special emphasis on issues of potential concern to Congress. The terrorist organizations included are those designated and listed by the Secretary of State as “Foreign Terrorist Organizations.” (For analysis of the operation and effectiveness of this list overall, see also The ‘FTO List’ and Congress: Sanctioning Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations, CRS Report RL32120.) The designated terrorist groups described in this report are: Abu Nidal Organization (ANO) Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade Armed Islamic Group (GIA) ‘Asbat al-Ansar Aum Supreme Truth (Aum) Aum Shinrikyo, Aleph Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) Communist Party of Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA) Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) Hizballah (Party of God) Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) Jemaah Islamiya (JI) Al-Jihad (Egyptian Islamic Jihad) Kahane Chai (Kach) Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK, KADEK) Lashkar-e-Tayyiba -
Wresearch NOTES
RESEARCH NOTES The WASHINGTON INSTITUTE for Near East Policy w1828 L Street, NW, #1050, Washington, D.C. 20036 • Phone (202) 452-0650 • Fax (202) 223-5364 • www.washingtoninstitute.org November 1998 Number 5 A CHRONOLOGY OF MIDDLE EAST STATE SUPPORT FOR INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM, 1997: A SUPPLEMENT TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT'S PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM By Eytan J. Fisch The U.S. State Department currently lists five states in the Middle East as sponsors of international terror- ism: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Sudan. To be classified as a state sponsor, a state must usupport interna- tional terrorism either by engaging in terrorist activity themselves or by providing arms, training, safehaven, diplomatic facilities, financial backing, logistic and/or other support to terrorists. " The most recent State Department report, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1997, does not enumerate specific actions by each state sponsor of terrorism explaining why it earned them the designation. The following data on state-sponsor- ship of terrorism in 1997 is offered as a complement to that report. It provides details on the actions of four of the state sponsors: Iran, Libya, Syria, and Sudan. Generally, only specific acts—and not ongoing behav- ior, such as provision of safe haven or permission to use radio transmitters—are enumerated here. IRAN he agreed—regarding the example of terrorism The United States placed Iran on its list of state spon- against Israel—that "killing innocent men and women sors of international terrorism in 1984. According to I who are not involved in confrontations is terrorism." the State Department's Patterns of Global Terror- I This appears to be a similar position to the one taken ism, 1997 (subsequently referred to as Patterns I by his predecessor, former Iranian president 'Ali 1997), the United States considered Iran to be the \ Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. -
Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election
ا rلeمtركnزe اCل لبeنsانneي aلbلeدرLا eساThت LCPS for Policy Studies r e p a 9 Analysis of Platforms 1 P 0 2 y a y M in Lebanon's 2018 c i l o Parliamentary Election P Nizar Hassan Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. Copyright© 2019 The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Dolly Harouny Sadat Tower, Tenth Floor P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T: + 961 1 79 93 01 F: + 961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election 1 1 Nizar Hassan The author would like to thank Sami Nizar Hassan is a former researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. He Atallah, John McCabe, and Georgia Dagher for their contributions to this paper. holds an M.Sc. in Labour, Social Movements and Development from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. At LCPS, his work focused on Lebanese political parties and movements and their policy platforms. His master’s research examined protest movements in Lebanon and he currently researches political behavior in the districts of Chouf and Aley. Nizar co-hosts ‘The Lebanese Politics Podcast’, and his previous work has included news reporting and non-profit project management. 2 LCPS Policy Paper Introduction Prior to the May 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Election, a majority of 2 2 political parties and emerging political groups launched electoral Henceforth referred to as 'emerging platforms outlining their political and socioeconomic goals and means groups'. -
The Genesis of Hezbollah
POSITION PAPER The Genesis of Hezbollah June 12, 2016 Rachel Naguib INTRODUCTION In the late twentieth century, the Middle East has witnessed a rise of Arab nationalism and a resurgence of Islamic wave that is prominent in both its strength and scope. After being known as “the Switzerland of the Middle East”, Lebanon plunged into the law of the jungle. More specifically, the Islamic movement became the powerful resistance to the existent order, politically and socially that undermine the Lebanese state’s sovereignty. A Shiite movement such as Hezbollah in Lebanon is a clear example of this phenomenon. In the rural region of South Lebanon, 85% of the Shiites were over- represented among the poor working classes.1 Hezbollah began by the transition from groundwork preparation and being marginalized to not only having an organized institution based on norms and rules but also its members serve in both legislature and the cabinet, while simultaneously maintaining an armed militia. In this paper I will analyze what is particular about Hezbollah and what are the circumstances that made it possible for Hezbollah to become a local, regional and international player in the political arena. I will discuss the historical dynamics of the ‘Party of God’ emergence locally, regionally and internationally and its ideology. THE EMERGENCE OF HEZBOLLAH To begin with, the unique characteristics of Hezbollah’s emergence are influenced by numerous factors internally and regionally. The socio-economic and political conditions in Lebanon created by the ongoing Civil War (1975-90), Syria and Iran’s Islamic 1 Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar. In the Path of Hizbullah. -
Political Posters of the Lebanese Civil War and Hezbollah by Megan
Momentary Memorials: Political Posters of the Lebanese Civil War and Hezbollah By Megan Elizabeth Miller Department of Art and Art History, University of Colorado Boulder Defended on 4 November, 2014 Thesis Advisor: Dr. Kira van Lil Defense Committee: Dr. Kira van Lil, Department of Art and Art History Dr. Robert Nauman, Department of Art and Art History Frances Charteris, Program for Writing and Rhetoric Miller 2 Abstract The Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) is a product of its diverse participating factions. With more than a dozen political, religious, and social parties, the streets of Lebanon became flooded with contradicting political imageries, influencing public perception of the ‘other’ and inciting military action. Their unique role in Lebanon’s political atmosphere allows such graphics to transcend mere propaganda to become physical sites of memorialization, despite their ephemerality. Posters exhibiting martyrs, political icons, and spiritual references control viewers’ field of vision and prompt their physical accumulation around the images, much like one would see at a funeral or sculptural memorial. These images give cause for public commemoration. Though several militias are disbanded at the end of the civil war, Hezbollah gains notoriety for its rapid advancement, made possible, in part, by the party’s media strategies. Once dominated by images of martyrs, Hezbollah posters begin to memorialize moments in time – their subject matter as ephemeral as their medium. This thesis is an examination of political poster aesthetics and how such is situated within the larger discourses of art history and graphic design, ultimately arguing for Lebanon’s prominent role as an artistic hub in the Middle East. -
21St May 2020 Lebanon Abroad Australia Sydney Website
21st May 2020 Lebanon Abroad Australia Sydney Website: www.lebanonabroad.org Email: [email protected] Phone: +61 400 777 773 Committee Secretariat Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade P.O.Box 6021 Parliament House Canberra ACT 2600, Australia Re: Enquiry into Australia to examine and implement sanctions based on Magnitsky Act. Dear Honourable Members of the Committee, Lebanon abroad is an NPO based in Sydney Australia that fully supports the Magnitsky sanction Act to sanction or ban any human rights abuses in all shape and form. "Corruption and terrorism violate and destroy all human rights in society." Political corruption and terrorism in Lebanon are taking place as you read this submission. Both occupy a dominant place to such an extent that it has become an integral part of governance and administration policies that have had an impact and affecting the Lebanese society economically, socially and in environmental terms and has been taking place for decades. All politicians in Lebanon (without exception) abuse their power and their dominant position for private gain. The practice of corruption, terrorism, clientelism, embezzlement of public funds, lobbying, conflicts of interest, favoritism, Ponzi schemes, fuel smuggling, violence, murder, nepotism, unlawful arrests and torture, money laundering and all kinds of unhealthy pressures and influences practiced in all public sectors from the highest hierarchy to the most subordinate function. Bribery has become commonplace and official practice to facilitate business in Lebanon. Many laws against corruption have been enacted but never implemented, either because the necessary decree or law of the application were never issued or because the stipulations of the law made its application impossible (law against illicit enrichment) or because relevant authorities never exercised competences in applying the law. -
The Palestinians: Background and U.S
The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations Jim Zanotti Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 17, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34074 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Palestinians: Background and U.S. Relations Summary This report covers current issues in U.S.-Palestinian relations. It also contains an overview of Palestinian society and politics and descriptions of key Palestinian individuals and groups— chiefly the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Palestinian Authority (PA), Fatah, Hamas, and the Palestinian refugee population. The “Palestinian question” is important not only to Palestinians, Israelis, and their Arab state neighbors, but to many countries and non-state actors in the region and around the world— including the United States—for a variety of religious, cultural, and political reasons. U.S. policy toward the Palestinians is marked by efforts to establish a Palestinian state through a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; to counter Palestinian terrorist groups; and to establish norms of democracy, accountability, and good governance within the Palestinian Authority (PA). Congress has appropriated assistance to support Palestinian governance and development amid concern for preventing the funds from benefitting Palestinian rejectionists who advocate violence against Israelis. Among the issues in U.S. policy toward the Palestinians is how to deal with the political leadership of Palestinian society, which is divided between the Fatah-led PA in parts of the West Bank and Hamas (a U.S.-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization) in the Gaza Strip. Following Hamas’s takeover of Gaza in June 2007, the United States and the other members of the international Quartet (the European Union, the United Nations, and Russia) have sought to bolster the West Bank-based PA, led by President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Salam Fayyad. -
Private Discounts to Print
Dissent and Reform in the Arab World: Empowering Democrats A Report of the American Enterprise Institute Dissent and Reform in the Arab World Project Edited by Jeffrey Azarva, Danielle Pletka, and Michael Rubin The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute WASHINGTON, D.C. AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W. Washington D.C., 20036 www.aei.org/books © 2008 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. Printed in the United States of America Contents INTRODUCTION, Jeffrey Azarva, Danielle Pletka, and Michael Rubin 1 PART I: ESSAYS BY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS 9 1. BAHRAIN 11 Challenging Government Control of Media Omran Salman 11 2. EGYPT 19 Challenges to Democratization Ayat M. Abul-Futtouh 19 3. IRAQ 26 Pluralism—Its Wealth and Its Misery Haider Saeed 26 The Development of Shi’ite Islamic Political Theory Sama Hadad 32 4. JORDAN 41 Building a Political Will Jamil al-Nimri 41 The Challenge of Progress Emad Omar 51 5. LEBANON 59 Together: Equal but Different Jad al-Akhaoui 59 Hezbollah and the Problem of State Control Lokman Slim 63 A Country to Be Born Najat Sharafeddine 71 6. -
OF LEBANON: WHAT WIKILEAKS TELLS US ABOUT AMERICAN EFFORTS to FIND an ALTERNATIVE to HIZBALLAH December 22, 2011 Gloria-Center.Org
http://www.gloria-center.org/2011/12/the-%e2%80%9cindependent-shi%e2%80%99a%e2%80%9d-of-lebanon-what-wikileaks-tells-us-about-american-efforts-to-find-an-alternative-to-hizballah/ THE “INDEPENDENT SHI’A” OF LEBANON: WHAT WIKILEAKS TELLS US ABOUT AMERICAN EFFORTS TO FIND AN ALTERNATIVE TO HIZBALLAH December 22, 2011 gloria-center.org By Phillip Smyth U.S. diplomatic cables released by Wikileaks have given a new insight into American policy in Lebanon, especially efforts to counter Hizballah. Hizballah’s willingness to use a combination of hard power through violence and coercion, combined with a softer touch via extensive patronage networks has given them unmatched control over the Shi’a community since the 2005 Cedar Revolution. Using these released cables, this study will focus on efforts, successes, and failures made by so-called “independent” Shi’i political organizations, religious groups, and NGOs to counter Hizballah’s pervasive influence among Lebanon’s Shi’a. I sat in on a fascinating meeting yesterday with some independent Shia Muslims – that is to say, Shias who are trying to fight against Hezbollah’s influence in Lebanon. They’re an admirable group of people, really on the front lines of history in a pretty gripping way… To make a long story short, the March 14 coalition pretty much screwed them… However: you know how everyone says Lebanon is so complicated? Well, it is, but once you understand a few basic particulars on why things are structured as they are, it’s really not so different from other places. – Michael Tomasky, American journalist, March 13, 2009.[1] INTRODUCTION Leaked cables emanating from Wikileaks have provided a unique insight into a realm of U.S.