Ecology of Terrestrial Ecosystems 515

Answers occur inaterrestrialecosystem. ecological relationshipsthat should beabletodescribethe By theendofthislesson,you ecosystems? terrestrial in occur relationships What ESSENTIAL QUESTION of Ecology Ecosystems and terrestrialecosystems they occurinfoodwebswithinmarine, freshwater, predator/prey, as andparasite/hostrelationships 512 T errestrial Terrestrial 8.11A Unit 9Ecosystems describe producer/consumer, Lesson 2 and otherprey atnight. forests. It hunts mice lives intemperate rain The northern spotted owl

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (bg) ©William Stevenson/SuperStock © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (r) ©Image Source/Corbis terrestrial: Synthesize 3 Sentence usingknownword: Relate 1 aquatic plantsandterrestrialplants. There aremanytypesofvegetation,including Example sentence meaning oftheword below tomakeaneducatedguessaboutthe roots inotherlanguages.UsetheLatinword abiotic prey predator parasite host that includesthewordyouknowbest. never heardtheterm.Then,writeasentence are notsurewhatitmeans,ora( term well,a(?)ifyouhaveheardthebut the spacesprovided,placea( terra ai odMeaning Latin word Active Reading Read thefollowingvocabularyterms.In Many Englishwordshavetheir earth, land terrestrial. + ) ifyouknowthe − ) ifyouhave Describe 2 Lesson 2EcologyofTerrestrial Ecosystems • Parasites inaFoodWeb Lab Exploration • Examining FeedingRelationshipsinan • Biomes andEcosystems Labs Quick and discussyouranswerwithapartner. this pictureneedtoliveinthedesert?Share Ecosystem Apply 4 remember themeaningofterm. your owndefinitionorsketchtohelpyou vocabulary terminthelesson,create • biome • Vocabulary Terms As youlearnthedefinitionofthis What adaptationsmighttheowlin 513 5. Answers of sunlight,andamountwater. On On 5 Identify List 6 514 terrestrial ecosystems. the abioticfactorsthataffect that affectthisforestecosystem? Active Reading What aretheabioticfactors Visualize It! As youread,underline Firm What arethecharacteristicsofa limits number the of plants that can grow on dark the forest floor. live there. However, lack the of light insome of thick forests these in atropical rain forest allow many different of types plants to canfungi live inagrassland. High temperatures and humidity high nutrients. Therefore, many different of types plants, and bacteria, live inan ecosystem. For example, soils inagrassland are rich in factors interrestrial ecosystems. temperature, amount of water, and amount of sunlight are abiotic Abiotic factors are nonliving the of parts an ecosystem. type, Soil ecosystems? What abiotic factors affect terrestrial biotic factors inaterrestrial ecosystem. ecosystems. organisms These and interactions their make up the fungi, worms, squirrels, birds, and bearscan live interrestrial A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem on land. Trees, grasses, terrestrial ecosystem? Abiotic factors of influence types the organisms that can Ground trees, andblack bears White-tailed deer, oak forest ecosystem. are biotic factors inthis

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What is a biome? A biome (BY•ohm) is a major regional or global community of organisms. A biome is much larger than an ecosystem. Many different ecosystems can be found in any biome. Biomes are characterized by their climate conditions and plant communities. Each biome has a distinct set of climate conditions. These include a typical temperature range and amount of precipitation. Climate affects the plant communities that can live in the biome. For example, a tropical rain forest biome has a warm, moist climate. This climate can support many layers of plants, such as orchids, banana trees, and rubber trees. Latitude is one factor that affects climate. Latitude is the distance of a place north or south of Earth’s equator. Areas at lower latitudes get more sunlight and have warmer temperatures than areas at higher latitudes. Similar climate conditions explain why certain biomes are found at similar latitudes around the world. Visualize It! 7 Relate Use the map to find the biome that you live in.

Earth’s Biomes ARCTICARCTIC OCEAN OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN

PACIFICPACIFIC ATLANTICATLANTIC OCEANOCEANPACIFIC OCEANOCEANATLANTIC OCEAN OCEAN EquatorEquator

Equator PACIFICPACIFIC INDIANINDIAN OCEANOCEAN OCEANOCEANPACIFIC INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN

SOUTHERNSOUTHERN OCEAN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN

DesertDesert TemperateTemperate deciduous deciduous forest forest

TropicalTropical grassland Desertgrassland TemperateTemperateTemperate rain rain forest forest deciduous forest TemperateTemperateTropical grassland grassland grassland TaigaTaiga Temperate rain forest TropicalTropical rain Temperaterain forest forest grasslandTundraTundra Taiga Tropical rain forest Tundra

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7/13/2012 8. Answers leaves thatcanstorewater. Identify 8 animals are active at night, it when is cooler. animals sleepinburrows during day. the These rodentsdesert get water from eating Many seeds. to extreme temperatures and lack of water. Some prevent water animals are loss. Desert adapted have also They spines leaves) (modified that rains. have Some cacti stems that store water. have shallow roots to up take water it when with few nutrients. issoil dry plants Some desert day.the At night, can drop they to 0 °C.Desert temperaturesDesert can reach 40–50 °Cduring centimeters each year. of inadesert rain fall is driest the biome.Desert Often only afew Desert conditions. cold Tundra plants and animals have adaptations for wolves, and tundra. inthe polar bearscan survive caribou, arctic ground squirrels, arctic foxes, flowering plants grow tundra. inthe Lemmings, yearall long. Mosses, lichens, and grasses, some hassoil a layer of permafrost, which stays frozen than 38cm,which includes melted snow. Tundra 4 °C insummer. Yearly precipitation less can be temperatures can range from –32 °Cinwinter to Tundra is cold and dry. In arctic tundra, Tundra 9 Describe Around 516 found ineachbiome. the generalclimateconditions picture isadaptedtosurviveinthedesertbiome. Active Reading Unit 9Ecosystems As youread,underline List onewaythataplantoranimalinthis can live inabiome on depend its climate. has adistinctclimate. of The types plant and animal that species forest, temperate rain forest, and tropical rain forest. biome Each tropical grassland, temperate grassland, taiga, temperate deciduous has eight majorEarth biomes. biomes These are tundra, desert, What arethemajorbiomes? the World the Tundra Desert

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (tr) ©Rolf Hicker/All Canada Photos/Corbis; (br) ©Visual&Written SL/Alamy © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (cl) ©John E Marriott/All Canada Photos/Corbis; (tl) ©Oleg Znamenskiy/Fotolia; (bl) ©Joel Sartore/Getty Images Tropical grassland Tropical rainforest Taiga species nestspecies taiga inthe during summer. the lynx are animals that can live there. Many bird taiga. Moose, deer, owls, mink, wolves, and as spruce and pine are common plants inthe year.all Mosses and cone-bearing trees such short summers. Taiga soils can stay frozen forest biome. It has long, cold winters and Taiga, or boreal forest, is northernmost the Taiga antelope are found insavannas. pronghorn are found inprairies. Zebras and aregrasses common biome. inthis Bison and to 0 °Cduring winter. Hoofed animals that eat Temperatures intemperate grasslands can fall more precipitation than temperate grasslands. Tropical grasslands are warmer and may have grasslands. Savannas are tropical grasslands. grasslands. Prairies and steppes are temperate fires prevent most trees from growing in Grasses dominate grassland biomes. Frequent Grassland are common animals biome. inthis squirrels, deer, woodpeckers, and black bears trees that leaves their lose Mice, fall. inthe and cougars. Temperate deciduous forests have treesbearing and animals such as owls, elk, and birds. Temperate rain forests have cone- trees and vines, sloths, monkeys, insects, The inhabitants of tropical rain forests include less precipitation than rain forests. forests have temperature seasonal changes and temperature changes. Temperate deciduous rain forests have wet climates and seasonal warm, wet climates year all round. Temperate forest biomes. Tropical rain forests have and temperate deciduous forests are other Tropical rain forests, temperate rain forests, Forest Biomes Compare 10 Lesson 2EcologyofTerrestrial Ecosystems temperate deciduousforest? makes atemperaterainforestdifferentfrom Animal and plant life is rich inforests. What isthemainabioticfactorthat 517 Answers 11. food or abiotic factors. Eat Up! What are the feeding relationships Active Reading in a terrestrial ecosystem? Plants are the producers in a terrestrial ecosystem. During 11 Identify Underline the photosynthesis, plants use energy from sunlight to produce sugars. different roles within feeding relationships that occur in a Plants then store these sugars or use them to fuel cell processes. terrestrial ecosystem. Primary consumers in an ecosystem eat producers. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. In the desert food web shown, mesquite is the producer. Grasshoppers and kangaroo rats that eat mesquite are primary consumers. The great horned owl that eats kangaroo rats and grasshoppers is a secondary consumer. A great horned owl is also considered a predator. Many types of animals are its prey. Predators are animals that kill and eat other animals. Prey are animals that are eaten by predators. Some organisms can gain energy and nutrients from other organisms without killing them. For example, an ear tick can attach to the skin of a pronghorn. The tick gains energy by sucking the pronghorn’s blood. In this case, the tick is a parasite. The pronghorn is its host. Although a parasite does not generally kill its host, it can cause the host to become weak or sick. How do terrestrial organisms compete with one another? All types of organisms compete for resources in a terrestrial ecosystem. Plants compete for abiotic factors such as sunlight, water, space, and soil nutrients. In a forest, for example, trees compete for the sunlight that allows them to perform photosynthesis. Leaves of the tallest trees may prevent sunlight from reaching shorter trees. Lack of sunlight can cause the shorter trees to die. Animals often compete for territory, mates, water, and food sources. In the desert, great horned owls and coyotes may compete with one another for kangaroo rats and other prey.

Think Outside the Book Inquiry 12 Apply With a classmate, write a short play that describes the ways animals in a terrestrial habitat near the school may compete, both within the same species and with members of different species. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (bg) ©Natphotos/Getty Images 518 Researchers, Inc.; (cr) ©Rich Reid/National Geographic/Getty Images; (tr) ©USDA-Agricultural Research Service © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (tl) ©C.K. Lorenz/Photo Researchers; (tc) ©Craig K Lorenz/Photo Researchers/Getty Images; (cl) ©Craig K. Lorenz/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (c) ©C. Allan Morgan/Peter Arnold/Getty Images; (bc) ©Dan Suzio/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (cr) ©Rich Reid/National Geographic/Getty Images; (tr) ©USDA-Agricultural Research Service grasshopper 3 Identify 13 mesquite coyote ear tick pronghorn grasshopper great horned owl rat kangaroo great owl horned describe eachorganism. living thinginthefoodweb.Morethanonetermmaybeusedto raimPoue osmrPrst Hs rdtrPrey Predator Host Parasite Consumer Producer Organism Visualize It! Place an X inthechartundertermthatdescribeseach mesquite coyote kangaroo rat X This afood diagramshows The inthefood arrows web show how energy from how flows show web for adesert ecosystem. one organism tothenext. pronghorn X ear tick relationship. circles show a parasitic Overlapping X 519 X shouldbeplacedinthetableto Answers 14. abiotic 15. prey 16. tropical rain forest Visual Summary To complete this summary, fill in the blanks with the correct words. Then, use the key below to check your answers. You can use this page to review the main concepts of the lesson.

Terrestrial ecosystems exist on land. These ecosystems contain biotic and abiotic factors.

Competition and feeding relationships occur in terrestrial ecosystems.

15 A coyote is a predator and a kangaroo rat is its

Ecology of 14 The main factors that affect a terrestrial ecosystem are Terrestrial amount of water, amount of sunlight, temperature, and soil type. Ecosystems

Biomes are major regional 16 The or global communities of biome this sloth lives in has a

organisms. warm, wet climate.

16 tropical rain forest rain tropical 16 Answers: 14 abiotic; 15 prey; prey; 15 abiotic; 14 Answers:

17 Describe Which biome would you most like to visit? Describe the characteristics of this biome and what you would like to see there.

520 Unit 9 Ecosystems © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: (b) ©Joel Sartore/Getty Images ; (tr) ©C. Allan Morgan/Peter Arnold/Getty Images DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” LONumber=LC182113; CorrectionKey=A

Lesson Review Lesson 2 Vocabulary Critical Thinking Fill in the blanks with the terms that best Use this drawing of a grass–prairie dog–badger complete the following sentences. food chain to answer the following questions. 1 A is a major regional or global community of organisms. 2 A is an animal that kills and eats a prey animal. 3 A may live for years while a parasite feeds on it.

Key Concepts 7 Describe Use the terms predator, prey, producer, and consumer to describe the feeding 4 Apply In which two biomes are organisms able relationships between these organisms. to get water most easily? Explain.

8 Apply Name two abiotic factors and describe 5 Compare Name one way in which tundra and how they relate to this food chain. desert biomes are similar. Name one way in which they are different.

9 Apply Name one way that flowering plants could compete with one another in a grassland.

6 Contrast What is the difference between a 10 Assess terrestrial ecosystem and a biome? Loggers are planning to cut down trees in a small forest near your community. What are two ways in which their actions could affect this terrestrial ecosystem?