DOCSLIB.ORG

Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and Their Services

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and Their Services Technical Report - 2016 - 095 Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe’s ecosystems: Progress and challenges 3rd Report – Final, March 2016 Environment Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://ec.europa.eu). ISBN 978-92-79-55019-5 doi:10.2779/351581 © European Union, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services Mapping and assessing the condition of Europe’s ecosystems: Progress and challenges 3rd Report – Final, March 2016 Summary The mapping and assessment of ecosystems is a key component of the MAES initiative. It is essential to analyse the effects of pressures on ecosystem condition, which will impact the ability of ecosystems to deliver multiple services in the long run. The present report provides an overview about available information on ecosystem condition and is proposing a flexible methodology building on the outcomes of the work undertaken for the last years mainly by the European Environment Agency and based on existing data flows, especially from reporting obligations. Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Why do we need to map and assess ecosystems? ........................................................................... 8 1.2 What is ecosystem mapping and assessment? .................................................................................. 9 1.3 What is the aim of this report? .................................................................................................................. 10 2 FRAMEWORK FOR ECOSYSTEM MAPPING AND ASSESSMENT ........................................................................ 12 2.1 The DPSIR framework ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 The MAES analytical framework ............................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Implementation of the MAES approach using existing data .................................................... 14 2.4 Member State initiatives ............................................................................................................................... 15 3 ECOSYSTEM MAPPING ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1 Typology of ecosystems for mapping ................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Input data and method of aggregation of inputs ........................................................................... 19 3.3 Current ecosystem map of Europe ......................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Analysis of results from mapping European ecosystems .......................................................... 22 3.4.1 The spatial distribution of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems ...................................... 23 3.4.2 The protection status of the mapped ecosystems ......................................................................... 26 4 ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM CONDITION ............................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Pressures on ecosystems ............................................................................................................................. 28 4.1.1 Habitat change ...................................................................................................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Climate change ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 4.1.3 Overexploitation ................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.1.4 Invasive alien species ....................................................................................................................................... 36 4.1.5 Pollution and nutrient enrichment ............................................................................................................ 38 4.2 Condition of ecosystems ............................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.1 Data availability ................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 4.3 Knowledge gaps and next steps ............................................................................................................... 44 4.3.1 Mapping and assessing multiple pressures ........................................................................................ 44 4.3.2 Spatial mapping of condition ....................................................................................................................... 45 4.3.3 Assessing impact of condition on biodiversity and ecosystem service delivery .......... 47 4.3.4 Mapping supply and demand of ecosystem services ................................................................... 47 4.3.5 Summary of knowledge and data gaps ................................................................................................ 47 2 | P a g e Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services 5 SHORT ASSESSMENTS OF THE MAIN ECOSYSTEM TYPES................................................................................. 49 5.1 Urban ecosystems ............................................................................................................................................ 49 5.1.1 Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1.2 Drivers and pressures ....................................................................................................................................... 51 5.1.3 Condition ................................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.1.4 Policy response ..................................................................................................................................................... 57 5.2 Cropland ecosystems ...................................................................................................................................... 59 5.2.1 Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................................... 60 5.2.2 Drivers and pressures ....................................................................................................................................... 61 5.2.3 Condition ................................................................................................................................................................... 67 5.2.4 Policy response ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.3 Grassland ecosystems.................................................................................................................................... 71 5.3.1 Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 5.3.2 Drivers and pressures ....................................................................................................................................... 74 5.3.3 Condition ................................................................................................................................................................... 80 5.3.4 Policy response ..................................................................................................................................................... 82 5.4 Woodland and forest ecosystems ........................................................................................................... 83 5.4.1 Characteristics ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 5.4.2 Drivers and pressures ......................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011
    Appendix E Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011 U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Region Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest April 2011 Appendix E Ecosystem Diversity Report George Washington National Forest Draft EIS April 2011 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. I 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 1 2.0 ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY EVALUATION PROCESS ................................... 3 3.0 ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS .................................................................................................. 7 3.1 Background and Distribution of Ecosystems ..................................................................................................... 7 North-Central Appalachian Acidic Swamp ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2 Descriptions of the Ecological Systems ............................................................................................................ 10 3.2.1 Spruce Forest: Central and Southern Appalachian Spruce-Fir Forest .......................................................... 10 3.2.2 Northern Hardwood Forest : Appalachian (Hemlock)- Northern Hardwood Forest ..................................... 11 3.2.3 Cove Forest: Southern and Central
    [Show full text]
  • 5Th Grade Life Science: Ecosystems Unit
    5th Grade Life Science: Ecosystems Unit Developed for Chapel Hill Carrboro City Schools Northside Elementary School Outdoor Wonder & Learning (OWL) Initiative Unless otherwise noted, activities written by: Lauren Greene, Sarah Yelton, Dana Haine, & Toni Stadelman Center for Public Engagement with Science UNC Institute for the Environment In collaboration with 5th grade teachers at Northside Elementary School: Michelle Gay, Daila Patrick, & Elizabeth Symons ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to Dan Schnitzer, Coretta Sharpless, Kirtisha Jones and the many wonderful teachers and support staff at Northside Elementary for their participation in and support of the Northside OWL Initiative. Thanks also to Shelby Brown for her invaluable assistance compiling, editing, and proofreading the curriculum. Instructional materials and supplies to promote STEM-based outdoor learning were instrumental to the successful implementation of this curriculum. The purchase of these materials was made possible with funding provided by the Duke Energy Foundation to Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools. Curriculum developed June 2018 – July 2019 For more information, contact: Sarah Yelton, Environmental Education & Citizen Science Program Manager UNC Institute for the Environment Center for Public Engagement with Science [email protected] 5th Grade Ecosystems Unit Northside Outdoor Wonder & Learning Initiative Overarching Unit Question How and why do organisms (including humans) interact with their environment, and what are the effects of these interactions? Essential Questions Arc 1: How can I describe and compare different ecosystems? Arc 2: How is energy transferred through an ecosystem? How can I explain the interconnected relationships between organisms and their environments? Transfer Goals o Use scientific thinking to understand the relationships and complexities of the world around them.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Ecology Living Organisms and Their Non Living (Abiotic) Environment Are Interrelated and Interact with Each Other
    1 | P a g e Ecosystem Ecology Living organisms and their non living (abiotic) environment are interrelated and interact with each other. The term ‘ecosystem’ was proposed by A. G. Tansley and it was defined as the system resulting from the integration of all living and non living factors of the environment. Some parallel terms such as biocoenosis, microcosm, geobiocoenosis, holecoen, biosystem, bioenert body and ecosom were used for each ecological systems. However, the term ‘ecosystem’ is most preferred, where ‘eco’ stands for the environment, and ‘system’ stands for an interacting, interdependent complex. Any unit that includes all the organisms, i.e. communities, in a given area, interacts with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to a clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycle within the system, is known as an ecological system or ecosystem. It is usually an open system with regular but variable influx and loss of materials and energy. It is a basic functional unit with unlimited boundaries. Types of ecosystems The ecosystems can be broadly divided into the following two types; 1. Natural ecosystems 2. Artificial (man cultured ecosystems Natural ecosystems The ecosystems which are self-operating under natural conditions with any interference by man, are known as natural ecosystems. These ecosystems may be classified as follows: 1. Terrestrial ecosystems, e.g. Forests, grasslands and deserts 2. Aquatic ecosystems, which may be further classified as i) Freshwater: ecosystem, which in turn is divided into lentic (running water like streams, springs, rivers, etc.) and lentic (standing water like lakes, bonds, pools, swamps, ditches, etc.) ii) Marine ecosystem, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Mapping of World Grassland Types A
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2014) SYNTHESIS Distribution mapping of world grassland types A. P. Dixon1*, D. Faber-Langendoen2, C. Josse2, J. Morrison1 and C. J. Loucks1 1World Wildlife Fund – United States, 1250 ABSTRACT 24th Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, Aim National and international policy frameworks, such as the European USA, 2NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Drive, Union’s Renewable Energy Directive, increasingly seek to conserve and refer- 7th Floor, Arlington, VA 22203, USA ence ‘highly biodiverse grasslands’. However, to date there is no systematic glo- bal characterization and distribution map for grassland types. To address this gap, we first propose a systematic definition of grassland. We then integrate International Vegetation Classification (IVC) grassland types with the map of Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World (TEOW). Location Global. Methods We developed a broad definition of grassland as a distinct biotic and ecological unit, noting its similarity to savanna and distinguishing it from woodland and wetland. A grassland is defined as a non-wetland type with at least 10% vegetation cover, dominated or co-dominated by graminoid and forb growth forms, and where the trees form a single-layer canopy with either less than 10% cover and 5 m height (temperate) or less than 40% cover and 8 m height (tropical). We used the IVC division level to classify grasslands into major regional types. We developed an ecologically meaningful spatial cata- logue of IVC grassland types by listing IVC grassland formations and divisions where grassland currently occupies, or historically occupied, at least 10% of an ecoregion in the TEOW framework. Results We created a global biogeographical characterization of the Earth’s grassland types, describing approximately 75% of IVC grassland divisions with ecoregions.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects on Ecosystems
    10 Effects on Ecosystems J.M. MELILLO, T.V. CALLAGHAN, F.I. WOODWARD, E. SALATI, S.K. SINHA Contributors: /. Aber; V. Alexander; J. Anderson; A. Auclair; F. Bazzaz; A. Breymeyer; A. Clarke; C. Field; J.P. Grime; R. Gijford; J. Goudrian; R. Harris; I. Heaney; P. Holligan; P. Jarvis; L. Joyce; P. Levelle; S. Linder; A. Linkins; S. Long; A. Lugo, J. McCarthy, J. Morison; H. Nour; W. Oechel; M. Phillip; M. Ryan; D. Schimel; W. Schlesinger; G. Shaver; B. Strain; R. Waring; M. Williamson. CONTENTS Executive Summary 287 10.2.2.2.3 Decomposition 10.2.2.2.4 Models of ecosystem response to 10.0 Introduction 289 climate change 10.2.2.3 Large-scale migration of biota 10.1 Focus 289 10.2.2.3.1 Vegetation-climate relationships 10.2.2.3.2 Palaeo-ecological evidence 10.2 Effects of Increased Atmospheric CO2 and 10.2.2.4 Summary Climate Change on Terrestrial Ecosystems 289 10.2.1 Plant and Ecosystem Responses to 10.3 The Effects of Terrestrial Ecosystem Changes Elevated C02 289 on the Climate System 10.2.1.1 Plant responses 289 10.3.1 Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems 10.2.1.1.1 Carbon budget 289 10 3.1 1 Deforestation in the Tropics 10.2.1.1.2 Interactions between carbon dioxide and 10.3.1 2 Forest regrowth in the mid-latitudes of temperature 290 the Northern Hemisphere 10.2.1.1.3 Carbon dioxide and environmental 10 3.1.3 Eutrophication and toxification in the stress 290 mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere 10.2.1.1.4 Phenology and senescence 291 10.3.2 Reforestation as a Means of Managing 10.2.1.2 Community and ecosystem responses to Atmospheric
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Natural Terrestrial Ecosystems
    Chapter 3 Natural terrestrial ecosystems Co-Chairmen: R.B. Street, Canada S.M. Semenov, USSR Lead authors: Unmanaged forests and vegetation W. Westman, USA Biological diversity and endangered species R. Peters and A. Janetos, USA Wildlife H. Boyd and J. Pagnan, Canada Wetlands M. Bardecki, Canada Heritage sites and Reserves R. Wein and N. Lopoukhine, Canada Expert contributors: R.S. de Groot (The Netherlands); L. Menchaca (Mexico); J.J. Owonubi (Nigeria); D.C. Maclver (Canada); B.F. Findlay (Canada); B. Frenzel (FRG); P.R. Jutro (USA); A A. Velitchko (USSR); AM. Solomon (JJASA); R. Holesgrove (Australia); T.V. Callaghan (UK); C. Griffiths (Australia); J.I. Holten (Norway); P. Mosley (New Zealand); A. Scott (UK); L. Mortsch (Canada); O.J. Olaniran (Nigeria) Contents 1 Introduction 3-1 1.1 Reasons for concern 3-1 1.2 Sensitive species and ecosystems 3-3 1.3 Analytical methodologies 3-3 1.4 Historical evidence 3-4 2 Direct impacts of elevated C02 3-5 3 ' Changes in the boundaries of vegetation zones 3-6 3.1 Global overview 3-9 3.2 Specific vegetation zones 3-10 3.2.1 Boreal and tundra 3-10 (i) Global warming of 2°C 3-10 (ii) Global warming of 1°C 3-10 3.2.2 Montane and alpine 3-13 3.2.3 Temperate 3-13 3.2.4 Semi-arid and arid 3-14 4 Changes within ecosystems 3-14 4.1 Water balances in terrestrial ecosystems 3-14 4.2 Ecological interactions 3-16 4.3 Biological diversity and endangered species 3-17 4.4 Pests and pathogens 3-18 4.5 Disturbance variables 3-19 4.5.1 Fire 3-19 4.5.2 Soil and surface stability 3-20 4.6 Sea-level rise 3-21 5 Socioeconomic
    [Show full text]
  • Course Outline Terrestrial Ecosystems BIOL 399 AC
    Course outline Terrestrial Ecosystems BIOL 399 AC Course Number: BIOL 399 AC Course Title: Terrestrial Ecosystems Term/Year: Fall 2021 Times and Location: Lectures: Tuesday and Thursday, 11:30 to 12:45 (all lectures will be on Zoom) Laboratory sessions Tuesday 2:30 pm to 4:30 pm (5 lab sessions (maybe more) on Zoom; see page 2) Excursions: no excursions this year (video of excursion will be viewed and discussed in a lab session) Instructor: Dr. Daniel Gagnon, Professor of Biology ([email protected]) Teaching Assistant: Dana Green ([email protected]) D. Gagnon Office Location: LB 243 Office Hours: please contact me by email for any questions Any student with a disability who may need accommodations should discuss this with the instructor and contact the Coordinator of the Centre for Student Accessibility at 306-585-4631. Course Description: This course will examine factors regulating distribution and functioning of major temperate terrestrial ecosystems, and some tropical ecosystems, as well as their ecosystem processes. Factors: climate, geology, surface deposits, soils, microorganisms, flora, fauna. Processes: disturbances (fire, wind, anthropogenic), succession, productivity and biomass, carbon capture and sequestration. Field Excursions: There will be no excursion this year. We usually have two full days of field excursions, on a weekend early in September. The purpose of these excursions was to sample 4 types of terrestrial ecosystems (conifer plantations, aspen and ash forests, native prairie), to identify major plants and animals, and discuss their ecology and role/importance to their ecosystem. We will see (discuss) during a lab session a video on how to sample forest vegetation plots and understory vegetation, as well as how to sample soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Grassland Ecosystems
    G Grassland Ecosystems Osvaldo E Sala, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Lucı´a Vivanco, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Pedro Flombaum, CONICET and Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina r 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Glossary commissioned by United Nations Environment Convention on biological diversity The Convention was Programme. first enacted in June 1992, has been signed by many Niche complementarity Refers to how the ecological countries, and its objectives are the conservation of niches of species may not fully overlap and complement biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components each other. Consequently, an increase in the number of and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out species that complement each other may result in a larger of the utilization of genetic resources, including by volume of total resources utilized and in higher rate of appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate ecosystem processes. transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all Sampling effect Refers to the phenomenon where rights over those resources and to technologies, and by increases in the number of species increase the probability appropriate funding. of including in the community a species with a strong Functional type A group of species that share ecosystem effect (Huston, 1997). This phenomenon yields morphological and physiological characteristics that result an increase in ecosystem processes with increases in in a common ecological role. diversity without invoking niche complementarity. See Global biodiversity assessment (GBA) The Global Functional Diversity chapter (00061) in this work for ways Biodiversity Assessment is an independent peer-reviewed of distinguishing between niche complementarity and analysis of the biological and social aspects of biodiversity sampling effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Considering Forest and Grassland Carbon in Land Management
    United States Department of Agriculture Considering Forest and Grassland Carbon in Land Management Forest Service General Technical Report WO-95 June 2017 AUTHORS Janowiak, Maria; Connelly, William J.; Dante-Wood, Karen; Domke, Grant M.; Giardina, Christian; Kayler, Zachary; Marcinkowski, Kailey; Ontl, Todd; Rodriguez-Franco, Carlos; Swanston, Chris; Woodall, Chris W.; Buford, Marilyn. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the Forest Service Research and Development Deputy Area for support of this project. In addition, the authors thank Randy Johnson, John Crockett, Elizabeth Reinhardt, Laurie Kurth, Leslie Weldon, and Carlos Rodriguez-Franco for review comments and suggestions that improved this work. PHOTOGRAPHS Cover photos: Kailey Marcinkowski (Michigan Technological University), USDA Forest Service Pages 3, 15, 47: Kailey Marcinkowski Page 5: Maria Janowiak (USDA Forest Service) and USDA Forest Service Page 19: Maria Janowiak and Kailey Marcinkowski Page 45: Zachary Kayler (USDA Forest Service) and Kailey Marcinkowski Page 48: Maria Janowiak, Kailey Marcinkowski, and USDA Forest Service All uncredited photos by USDA Forest Service In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident.
    [Show full text]
  • Predation on Mutualists Can Reduce the Strength of Trophic Cascades
    Ecology Letters, (2006) 9: 1173–1178 doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00967.x IDEA AND PERSPECTIVE Predation on mutualists can reduce the strength of trophic cascades Abstract Tiffany M. Knight,1* Jonathan M. Ecologists have put forth several mechanisms to predict the strength of predator effects Chase,1 Helmut Hillebrand2 and on producers (a trophic cascade). We suggest a novel mechanism – in systems in which Robert D. Holt3 mutualists of plants are present and important, predators can have indirect negative 1 Department of Biology, effects on producers through their consumption of mutualists. The strength of predator Washington University in St effects on producers will depend on their relative consumption of mutualists and Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA antagonists, and on the relative importance of each to producer population dynamics. In 2Institute for Botany, University a meta-analysis of experiments that examine the effects of predator reduction on the of Cologne, Cologne, Germany 3 pollination and reproductive success of plants, we found that the indirect negative effects Department of Zoology, University of Florida, of predators on plants are quite strong. Most predator removal experiments measure the Gainesville, FL 32611, USA strength of predator effects on producers through the antagonist pathway; we suggest *Correspondence: E-mail: that a more complete understanding of the role of predators will be achieved by [email protected] simultaneously considering the effects of predators on plant mutualists. Keywords Food web, indirect effects, meta-analysis, pollination success, predator removal, trophic cascade. Ecology Letters (2006) 9: 1173–1178 Ecologists have long recognized the importance of pred- than terrestrial ones (reviewed in Chase 2000; Shurin et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 Version
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY. DD MM YY 1. Dr. Spase Shumka Biodiversity consultant Transboundary Biosphere Reserve Prespa- KfW support Project to Prespa National Park Designation date Site Reference Number Albania Tel/Fax: 00 355 42 22 839; Mob. 00355 68 2351130 E-mail: [email protected] MSC. Eng. Fatos Bundo Director Directorate of Nature Conservation Policies Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration Rruga e Durresit, Nr.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems* Robert E
    Interactions between Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems* Robert E. Bilby Introduction Terrestrial ecosystems and the aquatic systems that they border are intricately intercon­ nected physically, chemically, and biologically. A direct expression of the influence of the aquatic system on the terrestrial is the formation of the riparian zone, an area ad­ jacent to the watercourse in which soils are often saturated and inundation may occur periodically. The impact of the aquatic system on the riparian zone results ina vegeta­ Jive <;Qmrollnity substantiallydiff~reDtJr9rnthat!lp~lopeJn turn, the terrestrial system may influencethe-aqiiatlc by dictating the channel form of streams, controlling material passing through the system, and providing a primary source of energy and nutrient in­ puts to the channel. These interactions affect the biotic character of riparian areas and of the waterways draining them. This paper will briefly outline the major interactions between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and delineate some of the factors responsible for dictating the relative mag­ nitude of these processes. Streams and rivers will be the aquatic systems considered, since they represent the majority of the land/water interfaces found on forested lands in the Pacific Northwest (Oakleyet al. 1985). Interactions have been separated into two broad categories, those dictating structuraLat~ of the systems (such as soil charac­ teristics, composition of vegetation, and channel morphology) and those primarily in­ fluencing functional char~~s (such as energy flow and nutrient cycling). Special emphasis will be placed on examining the changes in the_r~~tty~}mportance of .the in­ _!era<;.tionsbet\X_~~tl the aquatic and terrestrial systems as a result of changes in stream size.
    [Show full text]