j877

Index

a acetone Abrus precatorius L. (jequirity bean) 804 – BAT value 520, 853 absinth 516 – blood concentration 520 absorption spectrophotometry (AS) 652–656, – clinical interpretation 522 668–671 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 519 ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) – medical assessment 520 inhibitors – toxicity 522 – GC-MS 161 acetonitrile – headspace-GC 171, 173 – HPLC 457 – hepatotoxicity 749 acenocoumarol 303 – protein precipitation 119 – HPLC 305 acetorphine 867 acephate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) – ADI value 596 – BAT value 853 – MAK value 596 – determination 760 – TLC 594 – enzyme stability 763 – half-life of inhibited AChE 762 – TBPE test 179 – metabolite binding 702 acetaldehyde (ethanal) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor – headspace-GC 171, 173 – BAT value 853 acetamidoflunitrazepam acetyldigoxin 336 – HPLC 355 – elimination half-life 841 acetaminophen, see also paracetamol – plasma/serum concentration 841 – antidote 857 867 – clinical interpretation 205 6-acetylmorphine – elimination half-life 204, 841 – elimination half-life 247 – extraction 190 – GC–MS 247 – GC 198 – 247 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 N-acetylprocainamide – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 193 – clinical interpretation 281 – immunoassay 203 – elimination half-life 281 – intoxication 144 – immunoassay 781 – medical assessment 204 – medical assessment 281 – metabolism 206 – metabolism 281 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – serum concentration 281 – serum concentration 204 acetylsalicylic acid 209 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – clinical interpretation 213 acetazolamide – elimination half-life 841 – acid-base balance 752 – extraction 190

Clinical Toxicological Analysis: Procedures, Results, Interpretation. Edited by Wolf-Rüdiger Külpmann Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 978-3-527-31890-2 878j Index

– GC 198 – toxic 830 – HPLC 193 – toxin detection 830 – intoxication 144 – medical assessment 212 – TBPE test 179 – metabolism 209 alkaloid 804 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – clavinet 806 – serum concentration 212 – plant 158 acids 804 – pyrrolizidine 748 allobarbital 873 – TBPE test 180 – immunoassay 346 Aconitum napellus L. (monkshood) 785–786 allopurinol acrolein – elimination half-life 841 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – plasma/serum concentration 841 acrylonitrile allylprodine 867 – hepatotoxicity 749 867 Adamsite 734 alphameprodine 867 ADI (acceptable daily intake) value 561 alphamethadol 867 Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse alphaprodine 867 chestnut) 804 alprazolam 873 aflatoxin 748 – elimination half-life 841 177 – GC–MS 408 – elimination half-life 841 – metabolism 359 – GC 274 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – HPLC 273 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – HPLC 457 – TBPE test 179 – TBPE test 180 aluminium – anemia 751 – BAT value 853 – clinical interpretation 522 Amanita pantherina 813 – headspace-GC 517 Amanita phalloides 751, 811, 819 – highly volatile 511–523 – antidote 857 – medical assessment 520 a-amanitin aldicarb 564 – ELISA 159 – ADI value 574 amanitin 812, 817 – blood/serum concentration 574 – analytical strategy 821 – clinical interpretation 574 – therapy 821 – LD50 value 573 amatoxin 811, 816 – MAK value 574 – antidote 857 – medical assessment 573 – clinical interpretation 820 – toxicity 574 – HPLC 819 aldrin 578 – LC–MS 819 – ADI value 580 – immunoassay 817 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 – intoxication 820 – clinical interpretation 581 – medical assessment 819 – MAK value 580 – nephrotoxicity 749 – medical assessment 580 – screening procedure 816 – poisoning 581 – syndrome 811 – TLC 579 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – toxicity 580 Ambrosia artemisifolia 788 – toxicokinetics 580 ambroxol 873 – HPLC 136 – elimination half-life 841 amezine – plasma/serum concentration 841 – TBPE test 180 algae amfepramone 873 Index j879 amfetamine 873 amfetaminil 871 – elimination half-life 841 amikacin – plasma/serum concentration 841 – elimination half-life 841 amobarbital 873 – immunoassay 781 – elimination half-life 841 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – immunoassay 346 amineptin 871 – plasma/serum concentration 841 e-aminocaproic acid 463–470, 873 – creatine kinase activity 750 – clinical interpretation 469 aminocarb – creatine kinase activity 750 – TLC 572 – drug-induced seizure 750 7-aminoflunitrazepam – elimination half-life 841 – HPLC 355 – GC-MS 109, 112, 116, 158, 467 aminoglycosides – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 467–469 – acid-base balance 752 – immunoassay 466 aminophenazone – medical assessment 469 – extraction 190 – metabolism 464 – GC 198 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – HPLC 193 – plasma/serum concentration 841 871 – TBPE test 179 5-aminosalicylic acid amphotericin B – elimination half-life 841 – acid-base balance 752 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – elimination half-life 841 aminothiol 699 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – GC–MS 700 ampicillin – elimination half-life 841 – clinical interpretation 275 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – elimination half-life 275, 841 amrinone – GC 274 – elimination half-life 841 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 273 amygdalin 806 – medical assessment 275 iso-amyl acetate (iso-pentyl acetate) – metabolism 276 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – plasma/serum concentration 841 n-amyl acetate (pentyl acetate) – serum concentration 275 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – TBPE test 179 215–265 – acid-base balance 752 – GC–MS 408 – group immunoassay 216 414, 432–434 analgesics, nonopioid 189–214 – clinical interpretation 432–434 – GC-MS 158 – elimination half-life 841 analysis, toxicological – GC 405 – chemicals 8 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 – devices 5 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397, 401 – impact 1, 96 – immunoassay 781 – management 7 – medical assessment 432–434 – methods 6 – metabolism 433 – personnel 8 – overdose 434 – technical requirements 7 – plasma/serum concentration 841 analytical assessment 77 – serum concentration 414, 435 analytical result – TBPE test 179 – assessment 77–79 amitriptyline-N-oxide analytical toxicological report 81–86 – GC–MS 408 – delivery 86 – TBPE test 179 anemia 880j Index

– associated drug 751 – oral 615–619 anesthetics – poisoning 753 – acid-base balance 752 antidote 857–859 – drug-induced seizure 750 – monitoring 754 – local 158 antidysrhythmic agent 271–284 angel’s trumpet ( sanguinea L.) – GC–MS 158 785–786 – HPLC 273 angiotensin receptor blockers – immunoassay 272 – GC-MS 161 (H1 antagonists) 867 – antidote 857 aniline – drug-induced seizure 750 – BAT value 853 – GC-MS 158 – headspace-GC 171, 174 anti-inflammatory drug aniline derivative – nonsteroidal 751 – anemia 751 antimalarial agent animal – anemia 751 – diagnosis of poisoning caused by antimony animal 825 – hepatotoxicity 749 – marine 826 – nephrotoxicity 749 – terrestrial 831 antineoplastic drugs – venomous and poisonous 825–834 – IA, HPLC, LC–MS 159 antiparkinsonian agents – TBPE test 179 – antidote 857 anticoagulants 301–311 – GC-MS 158 – anemia 751 – GC-MS 161 – drug-induced seizure 750 – HPLC 303 antipyrine, see also phenazone – 302 – clinical interpretation 208 – screening method 302 – elimination half-life 207, 841 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – GC 198 287–300 – GC–MS 113 – GC-MS 158 – HPLC 113, 193 – HPLC 289 – medical assessment 207 – immunoassay 288 – metabolism 208 393–452 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – color test 394 – serum concentration 207 – drug-induced seizure 750 antirheumatics 189–214 – GC-MS 158 antirheumatics, nonsteroidal – group assay 393 – GC-MS 161 – HPLC 396 Apocynum cannabinum (dog bane) 806 – immunoassay 393 aprobarbital – intoxication 139 – elimination half-life 841 – – immunoassay 346 – antidote 433, 857 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – intoxication 432 Areca catechu (betel nut) 799 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby wood rose) – poisoning 753 806 – Arisaema spp. 789–790 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 antidiabetics 613–621 – elimination half-life 841 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC–MS 408 – GC–MS 161 – plasma/serum concentration 841 – HPLC–MS 615 aromatics (BTEX) 523–531 – LC–MS 618–619 – GC 523 Index j881

– headspace-GC 526 339–350 arsenic – GC-MS 158, 161 – antidote 857 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – liver toxin 748 – poisoning 753 – nephrotoxicity 749 BDB (benzodioxazolylbutanamine) 463–464 arsine Begonia spp. 789–790 – anemia 751 bendiocarb – hepatotoxicity 749 – ADI value 574 – nephrotoxicity 749 – LD50 value 573 assessment of analytical results 77 – MAK value 574 – analytical 77 benomyl – biological 78 – ADI value 574 – nosological 79 – MAK value 574 Artemisia absinthium L. 804 – GC 405 – TBPE test 179 – GC–MS 408 458 – HPLC 397 – elimination half-life 841 – TBPE test 180 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 benzaldehyde – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 457 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – metabolism 458 benzalkonium chloride – plasma half-life 458 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 458, 841 benzbromarone atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 664 – elimination half-life 842 L. (deadly nightshade) 785 – HPLC 305 – antidote 857 – plasma/serum concentration 842 791 – elimination half-life 842 – BAT value 527 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – blood concentration 530 autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) 785 – chlorinated 749 azathioprine – clinical interpretation 530 – elimination half-life 842 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 526 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – hepatotoxicity 749 azinphos-ethyl/ethylguthion – intoxication 530 – LD50 value 596 – medical assessment 527 – TLC 594 – metabolism 528 azinphos-methyl benzethidine 867 – ADI value 596 benzfetamine 867 – LD50 value 596 351–364, 415 – MAK value 596 – antidote 857 – TLC 594 – clinical interpretation 356 – GC 356 b – GC-MS 158 – HPLC 352 – drug-induced seizure 750 – immunoassay 351 – elimination half-life 842 – medical assessment 356 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – metabolism of 1,4- 360 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – elimination half-life 842 – poisoning 753 – plasma/serum concentration 842 benzodioxazolylbutanamine, see BDB barbital 873 3,4-benzopyrene – elimination half-life 842 – nephrotoxicity 749 – immunoassay 346 benzoylecgonine – plasma/serum concentration 842 – elimination half-life 843 882j Index

– GC–MS 485 blood agent 732 benzyl blue-ringed octopus 830 – headspace-GC 171, 174 borate 1- (BZP, A2, Frenzy, – liver toxin 748 Nemesis) 465 bradydysrhythmia beryllium – antidote 857 – hepatotoxicity 749 brain death 104 – nephrotoxicity 749 brallobarbital beta-receptor blocking agents 455–462 – elimination half-life 842 – antidote 859 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – clinical interpretation 457 broadbean 800 – drug-induced seizure 750 brodifacoum 308 – GC 457 – half-life 310 – GC-MS 158 – pharmacokinetics 310 – HPLC 455 – serum concentration 311 – medical assessment 457 – toxicity 310 betacetylmethadol 867 brolamfetamine 867 betameprodine 867 bromadiolone 308 betamethadol 867 – serum concentration 311 betaprodine 867 – toxicity 310 bromazepam 873 – elimination half-life 842 – elimination half-life 842 – HPLC 457 – GC–MS 408 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – HPLC 136 betel nut (Areca catechu) 799 – metabolism 359 bevoniummetil sulphate – plasma/serum concentration 842 – TBPE test 180 bromide 867 – clinical interpretation 380 biguanides – elimination half-life 842 – acid-base balance 752 – ISE 159 biochemical investigation 104, 745–769 – medical assessment 380 biological exposure indices (BEI) value 563 – plasma/serum concentration 842 biological tolerance (BAT) value 563 – serum concentration 380 bromisoval – elimination half-life 842 – extractability 369 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – elimination half-life 842 – TBPE test 179 bromoacetone 734 biphenyls bromodichloromethane – chlorinated 749 – headspace-GC 548 – polybrominated (PBB) 749 bromoform, see tribromomethane – polychlorinated (PCB) 748–749 4-bromophenacyl bromide 695 3,30-bis-chloropropyl sulfide 703 bromophos bismuth – ADI value 596 – hepatotoxicity 749 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – nephrotoxicity 749 – MAK value 596 bisnortilidine – TLC 594 – GC–MS 261 – toxicity 597 bromophos-ethyl 592 – elimination half-life 842 – ADI value 596 – HPLC 457 – MAK value 596 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – TLC 594 N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoro acetamide 695 – GC 405 blister(ing) agent 703–729 – GC–MS 408 Index j883

– HPLC 397 tert-butanol bronchodilator 313–316 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 519 – group assay 313 2-butanone brotizolam 873 – BAT value 853 – elimination half-life 842 butocarboxim – plasma/serum concentration 842 – TLC 568 brucine butocarboxim sulfoxide – TBPE test 179 – TLC 568 Brugmansia sanguinea L. (angel’s trumpet) butoxycarboxim 785–786 – TLC 568 Brugmansia suavolens – antidote 857 – elimination half-life 842 BSTFA 695 – plasma/serum concentration 842 BTEX, see aromatics n-butyl acetate – headspace-GC 171, 173 – acid-base balance 752 tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl chloride (tBDMSC) 695 – elimination half-life 842 i-butyl methylphosphonic acid (iBMPA) 689 – HPLC 457 – GC–MS/MS 698 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – LC–MS 694 n-butyl methylphosphonic acid (nBMPA) 689 – elimination half-life 842 – LC–MS 694 – plasma/serum concentration 842 p-tert-butylphenol – TBPE test 179 – BAT value 853 butyrophenones neuroleptics 415, 434 – TBPE test 179 – antidote 858 216, 873 – clinical interpretation 434 – clinical interpretation 218 – GC 405 – elimination 217 – GC-MS 112, 158 – elimination half-life 842 – HPLC 112, 397 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 217 – medical assessment 434 – HPLC 109, 112, 116 – serum concentration 415 – HPLC-DAD 217 butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) 755 – immunoassay 216 – enzyme stability 763 – medical assessment 217 – plasma 755, 761, 764 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – variability 763 – serum concentration 217 BZ, see 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate BZP, see 1-benzylpiperazine – GC–MS 408 butabarbital c – elimination half-life 842 C-peptide 613 – immunoassay 346 – immunoassay 613–614 – plasma/serum concentration 842 cadmium butalbital 871 – acid-base balance 752 – elimination half-life 842 – antidote 857 – immunoassay 346 – nephrotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 842 caffeine 1,4-butandiol – clinical interpretation 314 – GC 534 – elimination half-life 842 1-butanol – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 314 – BAT value 853 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 313 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – immunoassay 313 iso-butanol – medical assessment 314 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – plasma/serum concentration 842 884j Index

Caladium spp. 789–791 – HPLC 289 blockers 317–325 – GC–MS 292–294 – antidote 857 – metabolism 295 – GC-MS 161 – serum concentration 295 calcium oxalate 791–798 carbamates (pesticides) 564–576 camazepam 873 – antidote 575, 857 – elimination half-life 842 – clinical interpretation 574–576 – metabolism 359 – elimination half-life 842 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – GC–MS 112 camphechlor 578 – general unknown analysis 565 camphor – HPLC 112 – drug-induced seizure 750 – medical assessment 573 – elimination half-life 842 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – poisoning 575 470–479 – TLC 565–573 – clinical interpretation 478 carbaryl 564 – GC–MS 109, 112, 475 – ADI value 574 – HPLC 109, 112, 475 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 574 – immunoassay 470 – clinical interpretation 574 – – medical assessment 478 LD50 value 573 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – MAK value 574 – THC (D9-) – medical assessment 573 metabolism 472 – poisoning 574 – TLC 471 – TLC 568–572 Cannabis spp. (hemp) 806 carbendazim canrenone – ADI value 574 – elimination half-life 842 – MAK value 574 – plasma/serum concentration 842 carbenoxolone capillary electrophoresis (CE) 54 – elimination half-life 842 – injection 54 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – UV 694 carbofuran 564 capsaicin 791 – ADI value 574 Capsicum spp. 787–791 – blood concentration 575 captopril – clinical interpretation 575 – elimination half-life 842 – intoxication 575 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – LD50 value 573 – MAK value 574 – elimination half-life 842 – medical assessment 573 – HPLC 457 – TLC 568–572 – plasma/serum concentration 842 carbon disulfide – TBPE test 180 – BAT value 853 – nephrotoxicity 749 – antidote 857 carbon monoxide 623 – acid-base balance 752 – clinical interpretation 294 – antidote 857 – elimination half-life 842 – AS 159 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 292–294 – BAT value 853 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 289 – creatine kinase activity 750 – immunoassay 288 – drug-induced seizure 750 – medical assessment 294 – clinical interpretation 626 – metabolism 295 – intoxication 624, 627 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – nephrotoxicity 749 – serum concentration 295 – poisoning 753 carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide carbon tetrabromide, see tetrabromomethane Index j885 carbon tetrachloride, see tetrachloromethane – toxicity 679, 681 carbophenothion chill-X 479 – ADI value 596 chinese VX (CVX) 683 – MAK value 596 Chiracanthium punctorium (yellow sack carboplatin spider) 831 – elimination half-life 842 Chironex fleckeri 827 – plasma/serum concentration 842 chlocyclizine carbosulfan – TBPE test 179 – TLC 568 chlofenotane, see DDT carboxyhemoglobin 623 chloral hydrate 381 – BAT value 626 – clinical interpretation 381 – clinical interpretation 626 – elimination half-life 381, 842 – elimination half-life 627 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – medical assessment 626 – GC–MS 109, 112 – oximetry 624 – HPLC 109, 112 – spectrophotometry 625 – medical assessment 381 carbromal 380 – metabolism 381 – clinical interpretation 380 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – elimination half-life 380, 842 – serum concentration 381 – extractability 369 chlorambucil – GC 375 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 chloramphenicol – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 371 – elimination half-life 842 – medical assessment 380 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – metabolism 380 chlorbutadiene – plasma/serum concentration 842 – hepatotoxicity 749 – quality assurance 64 chlordane 578 – serum concentration 380 – ADI value 580 cardenolides 806 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 cardiac glycosides 159, 327–336, 804, 806 – clinical interpretation 582 – antidote 857 – MAK value 580 – IA, LC-MS 159 – medical assessment 580 868 – poisoning 581 – toxicity 580 – elimination half-life 842 – toxicodynamics 581 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – toxicokinetics 580 cassava 800, 806 chlordiazepoxide 136, 873 castor bean 806 – elimination half-life 842 castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) 785 – GC–MS 408 catecholamines – metabolism 359 – acid-base balance 752 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – HPLC determination 53 chlorfenvinphos Catha edulis (khat) 466, 799 – ADI value 596 cathine 873 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – cathinone 868 LD50 value 596 – MAK value 596 – HPLC 457 – TLC 594 cesium-137 – toxicity 597 – antidote 857 chlorinated hydrocarbons 576–582 cetobemidone 871 – clinical interpretation 581 cetylpyridinium chloride – cyclic 576 – TBPE test 179 – drug-induced seizure 750 chemical warfare agents (CWA) 679–734 – general unknown analysis 579 – classification 679–680 – liver toxin 748 886j Index

– medical assessment 580 – intoxication 437 – TLC 579 – medical assessment 434–437 chlormephos – metabolism 436 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 843 chlormethiazole, see clomethiazole – serum concentration 416, 435 chloroacetophenone (CN) 734 – TBPE test 179 chlorobenzene chlorpyrifos – BAT value 853 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – – headspace-GC 171, 173 LD50 value 596 o-chlorobenzylidene malonodinitrile 734 – TLC 594 2-chloroethanol, see ethylene chlorohydrin – toxicity 597 , see trichloromethane chlorpyrifos-methyl chloronaphthalene – ADI value 596 – liver toxin 748 – MAK value 596 chlorophacinone 308 – TLC 594 – HPLC 305 chlorthalidone – serum concentration 311 – elimination half-life 843 – toxicity 310 – plasma/serum concentration 843 chloropicrin 730, 732 chlorthion chloroquine – TLC 594 – antidote 857 chlorthiophos – clinical interpretation 638 – TLC 594 – elimination half-life 842 CHMPA, see cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 choking agent, see lung-damaging agent – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136 755 – intoxication 639 – determination 757 – medical assessment 638 – Ellman assay 757 – metabolism 639 – physiological function 756 – plasma elimination half-life 638 – presence of reversible inhibitor 761 – plasma/serum concentration 842 cholinesterase inhibitors 761 – serum concentration 638 – drug-induced seizure 750 – TBPE test 180 chromate (VI) – TLC 635 – antidote 857 – toxicity 638 chromium 2-chlorovinylarsonous acid (CVAA) 726 – nephrotoxicity 749 – GC–MS 727 Chrysanthemum spp. 787 chlorpheniramine ciclonium bromide – elimination half-life 842 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 842 ciclosporin – drug-induced seizure 750 – elimination half-life 842 – elimination half-life 843 – GC–MS 408 – immunoassay 781 – plasma/serum concentration 842 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – TBPE test 179 Cicuta douglasii 788 616 Cicuta maculate 788 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 Cicuta spp. (water hemlock) 787–788 – LC–MS 619 Cicuta virosa L. 804 – metabolism 616 cicutoxin 804 416, 434 ciguatera 829 – clinical interpretation 437 – elimination half-life 843 – elimination half-life 843 – GC 405 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 Cimicifuga racemosa 799 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397 cineol 793 Index j887 ciprofloxacin – GC 405 – HPLC 136 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 416, 437 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397, 401 – clinical interpretation 437 – immunoassay 781 – elimination half-life 437, 843 – medical assessment 437 – GC–MS 408 – plasma half-life 438 – intoxication 437 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – medical assessment 437 – serum concentration 416, 435 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – TBPE test 179 – serum concentration 416, 435 clonazepam 873 Clark I, see diphenylarsine chloride – antidote 357 Clark II, see diphenylarsine cyanide – clinical interpretation 357 – elimination half-life 357, 843 – elimination half-life 843 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136 – TBPE test 180 – immunoassay 781 clindamycin – medical assessment 357 – elimination half-life 843 – metabolism 358–359 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – plasma/serum concentration 357, 843 clinical toxicological analysis – practicability 59–62 – elimination half-life 843 clinical toxicological investigation – plasma/serum concentration 843 – strategy 95–105 – TBPE test 180 clinical toxicological requirements 102 clonitazen 868 Clitocybe clavipes 811 clobazam 873 – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 843 clorazepate 873 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 – elimination half-life 843 – HPLC 109, 112, 116 – metabolism 359 – immunoassay 781 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – plasma/serum concentration 843 clotiazepam 873 clobutinol – elimination half-life 843 – TBPE test 180 – GC–MS 408 clofencyclane – plasma/serum concentration 843 – TBPE test 179 cloxacillin clofibrate – elimination half-life 843 – creatine kinase activity 750 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – elimination half-life 843 cloxazolam 873 – plasma/serum concentration 843 417, 438 clomethiazole (chlormethiazole) 416 – clinical interpretation 438 – clinical interpretation 382 – elimination half-life 843 – elimination half-life 382, 843 – GC 405, 407 – extractability 369 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 – GC 375 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397, 401 – GC-MS 109, 112, 116, 158, 408 – HPLC–MS 432 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 371 – intoxication 438 – medical assessment 382 – medical assessment 438 – metabolism 383 – metabolism 439 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – plasma half-life 438 – serum concentration 382 – plasma/serum concentration 843 416, 437 – serum concentration 417, 435 – acute poisoning 438 – TBPE test 180 – clinical interpretation 438 CMPA, see cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid – elimination half-life 843 Cnidaria 826 888j Index

cobra 833 – TLC 594 480–488 coumarins 302, 309, 794 – clinical interpretation 486 – antidote 857 – elimination half-life 843 – HPLC 305 – drug-induced seizure 750 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 483 coumatetralyl 308 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 482 – HPLC 305 – immunoassay 481 – toxicity 310 – medical assessment 486 Crassula spp. 787 – metabolism 481 cresol – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – hepatotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 843 Crotalus spp. (rattlesnake) 833 177, 241 curare – antidote 858 – antidote 857 – elimination half-life 247, 843 Cyanea capillata 826 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 247 cyanide 630, 646 – HPLC 109, 112, 116 – absorption spectrophotometry 652–656 – metabolism 242 – acid-base balance 752 – pharmacokinetics 247 – antidote 660, 754, 857–858 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – blood concentration 660 – TBPE test 179 – clinical interpretation 660–661 – D3-codeine elimination half-life 843 – GC–MS 247 – indicator tube method 647–650 codoxime 868 – intoxication 660–661 colchicine – medical assessment 659 – elimination half-life 843 – paper strip 650–652 – nephrotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – poisoning 753 Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus, meadow – potentiometry 656–659 ) 785 Cycas circinalis (false sago palm) 799 color test 175 cyclobarbital 871 cone snail shell 830 – elimination half-life 843 Conium maculatum L. (poison hemlock) 785– – plasma/serum concentration 843 788 cyclohexane Conus spp. 830 – BAT value 853 Convallaria majalis L. 804, 806 – headspace-GC 171, 173 copper cyclohexanol – antidote 857 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – liver toxin 748 cyclohexanone coprine syndrome 811 – headspace-GC 171, 174 Coprinus atramentarius 811 cyclohexyl methylphosphonic acid coral snake 833 (CHMPA, CMPA) 689 Cortinarius orellanus 812 – CE – UV 694 cotinine 640 – GC – MS 697 – clinical interpretation 641 – GC – MS/MS 698 – GC–MS 195, 640 – LC – MS 694 – HPLC 190–194, 640 – LC – MS/MS 694 – immunoassay 640 cyclophosphamide – medical assessment 641 – elimination half-life 843 – metabolism 641 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – plasma elimination half-life 641 cyclosarin (GF) 683 – serum concentration 641 – GC–MS 687 – toxicity 641 cyfluthrin 600 coumaphos – ADI value 602 Index j889

– LD50 value 602 demeton-S-methyl cyhalothrin – LD50 value 596 – ADI value 602 demeton-S-methylsulfon – – LD50 value 602 TLC 594 l-cyhalothrin 600 demeton sulfoxide cypermethrin 600 – TLC 594 – ADI value 602 demoxepam – elimination half-life 843 – TBPE test 179 – metabolism 359 – plasma/serum concentration 843 d desalkylflurazepam dantrolene – plasma/serum concentration 845 – elimination half-life 843 N-desethylamiodarone – plasma/serum concentration 843 – elimination half-life 841 Daphne mezereum L. 805 – plasma/serum concentration 841 dapsone 463 – elimination half-life 843 designer drugs, amphetamine type – plasma/serum concentration 843 – GC-MS 158 stramonium L. (jimsonweed, thorn designer drugs, type apple) 785–789, 791 – GC-MS 158 – antidote 858 designer drugs, type DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, – GC-MS 158 chlofenotane) 576, 578 designer drugs, type – ADI value 580 – GC-MS 158 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 , see also 418, 440 – clinical interpretation 582 – clinical interpretation 432, 440 – hepatotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 843 – liver toxin 748 – GC 405 – MAK value 580 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 – medical assessment 580 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 397, 401 – nephrotoxicity 749 – HPLC-DAD 143 – poisoning 581 – immunoassay 781 – TLC 579 – medical assessment 432, 440 – toxicity 580 – metabolism 441 – toxicodynamics 581 – plasma half-life 440 – toxicokinetics 580 – plasma/serum concentration 843 DDVP, see dichlorvos – serum concentration 435 deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna L.) 785 – TBPE test 179 deanol desmedipham – GC–MS 408 – TLC 572 decane desmethyldiazepam, see nordazepam – headspace-GC 171, 174 868 deferoxamine detajmium – elimination half-life 843 – GC 274 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – HPLC 273 delorazepam 873 dexamfetamine 873 deltamethrin 600 874 – ADI value 602 – LD50 value 602 – elimination half-life 843 demethyldiazepam, see nordazepam – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 demethyldoxepin – HPLC 109, 112, 116 – HPLC-DAD 143 – plasma/serum concentration 843 demeton – TBPE test 179 – TLC 594 871 890j Index

, see also propoxyphene 1,2-dichlorobenzene 218, 871 – BAT value 853 – antidote 858 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – clinical interpretation 222 1,2-dichloroethane – elimination half-life 843 – clinical interpretation 551 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 221 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 219 dichloromethane (methylene chloride) 548 – immunoassay 219 – BAT value 549 – medical assessment 221 – clinical interpretation 551 – metabolism 218 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 548 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – MAK value 549 – serum concentration 221 – medical assessment 548–549 – TBPE test 179 1,2-dichloropropane diamorphine – hepatotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 247 a,a-dichlorotoluene – metabolism 242 – Fujiwara reaction 542 – pharmacokinetics 247 dichlorvos/DDVP diampromide 868 – ADI value 596 diazepam 874 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – antidote 358 – LD50 value 596 – clinical interpretation 358 – MAK value 596 – elimination half-life 358 – TLC 594 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 – toxicity 597 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 355 diclofenac 199 – HPLC-DAD 143 – clinical interpretation 200 – intoxication 139 – elimination half-life 199, 843 – medical assessment 358 – extraction 190 – metabolism 359 – GC 198 – plasma/serum concentration 358, 843 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 diazinon (dimpylate) 592 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 193 – ADI value 596 – medical assessment 199 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – metabolism 200 – – LD50 value 596 plasma/serum concentration 843 – MAK value 596 – serum concentration 199 – TLC 594 dicoumarol – toxicity 597 – elimination half-life 844 diazomethane 695 – HPLC 305 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – elimination half-life 843 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – TBPE test 179 didehydrofalcarinol 794 – elimination half-life 843 Dieffenbachia (dumb cane) 786–789, 792 – GC–MS 408 dieldrin 578 – HPLC 136 – ADI value 580 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 – TBPE test 179 – clinical interpretation 581 dibenzodioxin – MAK value 580 – chlorinated 749 – medical assessment 580 dibromochloromethane – poisoning 581 – headspace-GC 548 – TLC 579 dibromomethane – toxicity 580 – Fujiwara reaction 543 – toxicokinetics 580 dichloroacetic acid – Fujiwara reaction 542 – headspace-GC 171, 173 Index j891 diethylene glycol 531 – elimination half-life 844 – clinical interpretation 538 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – GC 534 – TBPE test 179 – intoxication 538 – medical assessment 535 – GC–MS 247 – metabolism 536 dihydropyridines – nephrotoxicity 749 – GC-MS 161 diethylene glycol monobutyl ether diisopropyl ether – GC 534 – headspace-GC 171, 173 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether diisopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) 683 – GC 534 diethylene glycol monomethyl ether – elimination half-life 844 – GC 534 – GC 274 diethylpentenamide – HPLC 273 – elimination half-life 844 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – TBPE test 180 diethylthiambutene 868 868 difenacoum 308 dimepheptanol 868 – serum concentration 311 dimetan – toxicity 310 – TLC 569 difenoxin 871 dimethamphetamine differential diagnosis 90 – TBPE test 179 Digitalis purpurea L. (foxglove) 786, dimethoate 804, 806 – ADI value 596 – digitoxin 327 LD50 value 596 – clinical interpretation 329 – MAK value 596 – elimination half-life 844 – TLC 594 – GC–MS 109, 112 N,N-dimethylacetamide – HPLC 109, 112 – BAT value 853 – immunoassay 328, 782 dimethylformamide – medical assessment 329 – BAT value 853 – plasma/serum concentration 844 dimethyl nitrosamine – quality assurance 64 – liver toxin 748 – serum concentration 329 dimethyl sulphate digoxin 331 – hepatotoxicity 749 – clinical interpretation 333 dimethylthiambutene 868 – elimination half-life 844 dimetilan – GC–MS 109, 112 – TLC 569–572 – HPLC 109, 112 dimpylate, see diazinon – immunoassay 332, 782 dinitrobenzene – medical assessment 333 – liver toxin 748 – plasma/serum concentration 844 dinitrophenol – poisoning 753 – hepatotoxicity 749 – quality assurance 64 dioxacarb – serum concentration 333 – TLC 572 241, 874 1,4-dioxane – antidote 858 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – elimination half-life 247, 844 dioxaphethyl butyrate 868 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 247 dioxins – HPLC 109, 112, 116 – hepatotoxicity 749 – pharmacokinetics 247 177, 383 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – clinical interpretation 384 – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 383, 844 – extractability 369 892j Index

– GC 375 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 371 – elimination half-life 844 – intoxication 138 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – medical assessment 384 – metabolism 383 – elimination half-life 844 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – GC–MS 408 – serum concentration 383 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – TBPE test 179 – TBPE test 179 diphenol laxatives dothiepin, see dosulepin – GC-MS 158 417, 439 872 – clinical interpretation 439 diphenylarsine chloride (Clark I) 734 – elimination half-life 844 diphenylarsine cyanide (Clark II) 734 – GC 405 868 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 408 dipyrone, see also metamizole – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397, 401 – clinical interpretation 203 – HPLC-DAD 143 – elimination half-life 202, 844 – immunoassay 781 – extraction 190 – medical assessment 439 – GC 198 – metabolism 439 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – overdosage 440 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 193 – plasma half-life 435, 440 – medical assessment 202 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – metabolism 203 – serum concentration 417 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – TBPE test 179 – serum concentration 202 doxepin metabolite diquat 583 – HPLC-DAD 143 – nephrotoxicity 749 384 disclaimer XXXI, 86 – clinical interpretation 384 – elimination half-life 384, 844 – clinical interpretation 277 – extractability 369 – elimination half-life 277, 844 – GC 375 – GC 109, 112, 116, 274 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 273 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 371 – immunoassay 781 – medical assessment 384 – medical assessment 277 – metabolism 384 – metabolism 277 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – serum concentration 384 – serum concentration 277 – TBPE test 179 disulfiram – drug-induced seizure 750 – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 844 dronabinol 874 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – elimination half-life 844 disulfoton – plasma/serum concentration 844 – ADI value 596 drotebanol 868 – – LD50 value 596 drugs of abuse 463 507 – MAK value 596 duloxetin – TLC 594 – GC–MS 408 diterpene ester 793 dumb cane (Dieffenbachia) 786–789, 792 diuretics dyshemoglobin 623–633 – GC-MS 161 e – TBPE test 180 Echiichthys spp. (weeverfish) 827 dodecane ecstasy 463 Index j893

EDAPA – hepatotoxicity 749 – GC–MS/MS 698 – intoxication 515 elderberry 806 – liver toxin 748 electrochemical method 46–53 – medical assessment 514, 520 – calibration 48 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – detection for HPLC 50 – poisoning 753 – inverse voltammetry 49 – quality assurance 64 Ellman method 757 – serum concentration 514–516 – application 766 ethchlorvynol 872 – instrumentation 765 ethinamate 872 emetine 794 – elimination half-life 844 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 844 enalapril ethiofencarb – elimination half-life 844 – ADI value 574 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – MAK value 574 endrin 578 – medical assessment 573 – ADI value 580 – TLC 568–572 – MAK value 580 ethion – medical assessment 580 – ADI value 596 – – TLC 579 LD50 value 596 – toxicity 580 – MAK value 596 enoxacin ethoprophos/ethoprop – elimination half-life 844 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 844 ethorphine 874 Ephedra spp. 466, 789, 792 Ephedra vulgaris 799 – clinical interpretation 295 792 – elimination half-life 295, 844 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – elimination half-life 844 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 289 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – immunoassay 288 – TBPE test 180 – medical assessment 295 epichlorohydrin – metabolism 296 – hepatotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 844 Epipremnum spp. 787–789, 793 – serum concentration 295 eprazinone 2-ethoxyacetic acid – TBPE test 179 – elimation half-life 537 derivative 806 ethyl acetate Erythroxylum coca 800 – headspace-GC 171, 173 Eschscholtzia californica ingredients ethylbenzene – GC-MS 158 – BAT value 527 estazolam 874 – clinical interpretation 530 etacrynic acid – headspace-GC 171, 173, 526 – acid-base balance 752 – medical assessment 527 ethanal (acetaldehyde) – metabolism 528 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – poisoning 530 ethanol ethylbromide – acid-base balance 752 – hepatotoxicity 749 – BAT value 520 ethyl diethanolamine (EDEA) 724 – blood concentration 514–515 ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol) – clinical interpretation 515 – hepatotoxicity 749 – creatine kinase activity 750 ethylene glycol 531 – elimination half-life 844 – acid-base balance 752 – enzymatic determination 512 – antidote 536, 539, 754, 858 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 514, 519 – BAT value 537 894j Index

– blood concentration 536 f – clinical interpretation 538 falcarinol 794 – creatine kinase activity 750 – GC 534 – elimination half-life 844 – intoxication 538 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – medical assessment 536 – metabolism 536 – elimination half-life 844 – nephrotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – plasma half-life 536 – poisoning 753 – elimination half-life 844 ethylene glycol dinitrate – plasma/serum concentration 844 – BAT value 854 fencamfamine 872 ethylene glycol monobutyl ether – TBPE test 179 – BAT value 537 fenetylline 874 ethylene glycol monoethyl ether fenfluramine – BAT value 537 – elimination half-life 844 (2-ethylhexyl) methylphosphonic acid – plasma/serum concentration 844 (EHMPA) 689 fenitrothion ethylloflazepate 874 – ADI value 596 ethyl methyl ketone – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – LD50 value 596 ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) – MAK value 596 689 – TLC 594 – CE-UV 694 – toxicity 597 – GC–FPD 697 fenpropathrin 600 – GC–MS 697 – ADI value 602 – GC–MS/MS 697–698 – LD50 value 602 – GC–NICI-MS 697 fenproporex 874 – GC–NICI-MS/MS 697 222, 874 – ion chromatography 694 – clinical interpretation 227 – LC–MS 694 – drug-induced seizure 750 – LC–MS/MS 694 – elimination half-life 844 ethylmethylthiambutene 868 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 224 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 224 – TBPE test 179 – immunoassay 223 ethylsilicate – medical assessment 227 – hepatotoxicity 749 – metabolism 222 868 – plasma/serum concentration 844 etilamfetamine 872 – serum concentration 227 fenthion – TBPE test 179 – ADI value 596 etomidate – MAK value 596 – elimination half-life 844 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 844 fenvalerate 600 etonitazene 868 – ADI value 602 etoxeridine 868 – LD50 value 602 etrimfos – TLC 594 – elimination half-life 844 etryptamine 868 – plasma/serum concentration 844 Eucalyptus spp. 789, 793 Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) 787–789, 794 Euphorbia spp. 786–789, 793 fish 827 eye irritant 733–734 – poisoning 829 exposure monitoring 766 – tetrodotoxic 829 extrelut extraction 119 – toxin detection 829 Index j895

FK-506 – elimination half-life 844 – elimination half-life 844 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 409 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136 flecainide – HPLC-DAD 146 – clinical interpretation 278 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – elimination half-life 278, 844 – serum concentration 435 – GC 274 flupentixol – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – GC–MS 409 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 273 – TBPE test 179 – medical assessment 278 fluphenazine – plasma/serum concentration 844 – elimination half-life 844 – serum concentration 278 – GC–MS 409 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 844 flocoumafen 308 flurazepam 177, 874 – toxicity 310 – elimination half-life 845 fluanisone – metabolism 359 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 845 flucloxacillin – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 844 fluspirilene – plasma/serum concentration 844 – GC–MS 409 flucytosine fluvoxamine – elimination half-life 844 – elimination half-life 845 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – GC–MS 409 fludiazepam 874 – plasma/serum concentration 845 flumazenil folate – elimination half-life 844 – drug-induced seizure 750 – plasma/serum concentration 844 fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) 523, flunarizine 536, 539 – TBPE test 179 fonofos flunitrazepam 874 – TLC 594 – antidote 360 forensic aspects 93f. – clinical interpretation 358 formetanate – elimination half-life 358, 844 – TLC 568–572 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 formic acid – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 355 – antidote 858 – medical assessment 358 foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) 786 – metabolism 359, 362 furanocoumarins 804 – plasma/serum concentration 360, 844 furathiocarb fluoride 661, 699 – TLC 572 – antidote 858 furethidine 869 – BAT value 854 furfural – clinical interpretation 664 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – medical assessment 663 – plasma elimination half-life 663 – acid-base balance 752 – plasma/serum concentration 663 – elimination half-life 845 – poisoning 663–664 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – potentiometry 661–663 – toxicity 663 g fluoroorganophosphates 700 296 – GC–MS 702 – elimination half-life 296, 745, 845 5-fluorouracil – GC–MS 109, 112 – elimination half-life 844 – HPLC 109, 112 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – plasma/serum concentration 845 fluoxetine Galerina marginata 811 896j Index

– antidote 858 – LC–MS 619 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – elimination half-life 845 616 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 ganciclovir – LC–MS 619 – elimination half-life 845 617 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 gas chromatography 35–38, 151 – LC–MS 619 – headspace analysis, see headspace-gas 617 chromatography – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 – injection 35 – LC–MS 619 – detection 36 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 (GC-MS) 38–39, 152 – LC–MS 619 – data evaluation 153 – metabolism 617 – full scan mode 39 glucocorticoide – instrumentation 38 – anemia 751 – ionization 38 glutethimide 872 – procedure 153 – clinical interpretation 385 – quality assurance 154 – creatine kinase activity 750 – screening 195 – elimination half-life 385, 845 gas chromatography–flame photometric – extractability 369 detection – GC 375 – (GC – FPD) 688 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 gas chromatography–N–P detector – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 371 (GC–NPD) 688 – medical assessment 385 gas chromatography–negative ion chemical – metabolism 385 ionization (GC-NICI-MS) 697 – plasma/serum concentration 845 gases, irritant – serum concentration 385 – antidote 858 glycerol `general unknown' analysis 6, 107–182 – nephrotoxicity 749 – color test 175 glyceryl trinitrate – gas chromatography 151 – elimination half-life 845 – GC headspace analysis 165 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – GC – mass spectrometry 152 glycol ether 531 – HPLC 108 – BAT value 537 gentamicin – clinical interpretation 539 – elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 537 – immunoassay 781 – GC 534 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – intoxication 539 GHB (g-hydroxybutyrate) 488–492 – medical assessment 537 – clinical interpretation 491 – metabolism 537 – elimination half-life 845 glycol monomethyl ether 537 – GC–MS 489 glycols 531–539 – immunoassay 488 – clinical interpretation 535 – medical assessment 491 – GC 532 – plasma half-life 492 – medical assessment 535 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – poisoning 531 – serum concentration 492 glycosides 804 616 – cardiac, see cardiac glycosides – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 – cyanogenic 804, 806 – elimination half-life 845 – digitalis 806 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – strophantidin 806 – HPLC 109, 112, 116 gonyautoxin 828 Index j897 griseofulvin – elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 845 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – plasma/serum concentration 845 heptachlor 578 guanoxon – toxicokinetics 580 – TBPE test 179 n-heptane Gymnopilus spectabilis 813 – headspace-GC 171, 173 Gyromitra esculenta 812 1-heptanol – antidote 858 – headspace-GC 171, 174 gyromitrin 812 heptenophos – TLC 594 h 241 halazepam 874 – antidote 858 – metabolism 359 – creatine kinase activity 750 – nordazepam elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 247 – nordazepam plasma/serum – GC–MS 112 concentration 845 – HPLC 112 – pharmacokinetics 247 – BAT value 854 hexachlorobenzene 578, 582 434 – BAT value 854 – clinical interpretation 434 – metabolite 582 – elimination half-life 845 – nephrotoxicity 749 – GC 405 hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) 576–578 – GC–MS 109, 116, 409 – ADI value 580 – HPLC 109, 116, 397 – MAK value 580 – intoxication 434 – toxicokinetics 580 – medical assessment 434 g- hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) 576–578 – metabolism 436 – ADI value 580 – plasma half-life 434 – BAT value 854 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 – serum concentration 435 – clinical interpretation 581–582 – TBPE test 179 – drug-induced seizure 750 haloxazolam 874 – MAK value 580 – medical assessment 580 – GC-MS 158 – metabolite 582 Hapalochlaena sp. 830 – poisoning 581 hashish 475 – TLC 579 headspace-gas chromatography (headspace- – toxicity 580 GC) 40 – 43, 165 – toxicokinetics 580 – calibration 42 hexachloroethane – multiple headspace extraction 43 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – practicability 43 n-hexane – sample introduction 41 – BAT value 854 – sample preparation 41 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – sampling 40 1-hexanol heavy metals – headspace-GC 171, 174 – AAS, ICP-MS, VM 159 2-hexanone Hedeoma pulegioides 799 – BAT value 854 Hedera helix 789, 794 – headspace-GC 171, 173 hemorrhagic disorder, toxic 751 hexobarbital henbane ( L.) 785–786 – elimination half-life 845 heparin – immunoassay 346 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 845 hepatotoxic chemicals 749 high – performance liquid chromatography, see heptabarbital HPLC 898j Index

homofenazine – elimination half-life 845 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 845 hornet toxin g-hydroxybutyrate, see GHB – creatine kinase activity 750 N7-(2-hydroxyethyl thioethyl) guanine HPLC (high-performance liquid (HETEG) 723 chromatography) 32–35 hydroxypethidine 869 – background correction 128 – condition 120, 149 – GC–MS 409 – dedicated system 400 – TBPE test 179 – design of spectra library 129 791 – detection 33 Hyoscyamus niger L. (henbane) 785–786 – electrochemical detection 50 – antidote 858 – gradient elution 125 hyperthermia – impact of the mobile phase 127 – antidote 858 – impact of pH 127 hypnotics 339–350, 351–364, 367–390 – isocratic system 123 – 339–350 – library of absorption spectra 130 – benzodiazepine 351–364 – limits of identification 128 – clinical interpretation 380 – mechanized 148 – GC 372 – packing material 32 – GC-MS 158 – photodiode array detector (DAD) 108 – HPLC 368 – spectra library 126 – ion-selective electrode 376 – Remedi 150 – medical assessment 380 – sample preparation 108 – photometry (color test) 377 – screening 190 hypo-osmolar infusion – spectra library 149 – drug-induced seizure 750 – uniformity 128 HPLC-DAD 108 i – metabolite profiles 134 813 HPLC-MS 430–432 HPTLC (high-performance thin-layer – clinical interpretation 201 Chromatography 422–429 – elimination half-life 201, 845 hydralazine – extraction 190 – anemia 751 – GC 198 – elimination half-life 845 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 193 hydrazine – medical assessment 201 – antidote 858 – metabolism 201 – hepatotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 845 hydrocarbons – serum concentration 201 – chlorinated, see chlorinated hydrocarbons Ilex aquifolium 787–789, 795 imipramine 177, 418, 432, 440 – elimination half-life 845 – clinical interpretation 432, 440 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – elimination half-life 845 241, 874 – GC 405 – elimination half-life 845 – GC–MS 109, 112, 116, 409 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – HPLC 109, 112, 116, 136, 397, 401 – TBPE test 179 – HPLC-DAD 143 hydrofluoric acid – immunoassay 781 – antidote 858 – medical assessment 432, 440 hydrogen fluoride – metabolism 441 – BAT value 854 – overdose 440 869 – plasma half-life 435, 440 241, 874 – plasma/serum concentration 845 Index j899

– TBPE test 179 – drug-induced seizure 750 imipramine metabolite – elimination half-life 845 – HPLC-DAD 143 – plasma/serum concentration 845 immunoassay 25–29 isopropanol, see 2-propanol – detection 28 indicator tube method 647–650 – TBPE test 179 indometacin itraconazole – anemia 751 – elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 845 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – extraction 190 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116 j – HPLC 110, 113, 116, 193 jellyfish 827 – plasma/serum concentration 845 jequirity bean 804 INH jimsonweed, see L. – elimination half-life 845 judgment – plasma/serum concentration 845 – longitudinal 78 – transverse 79 – abuse 553–555 – clinical interpretation 555 k – GC 555 799 – medical assessment 555 kebuzone insecticide carbamates, see carbamates – extraction 190 insects 832 – GC 198 – venom detection 832 – HPLC 193 insence 479 492–493 insulin 613 – clinical interpretation 493 – clinical interpretation 620 – elimination half-life 493, 845 – half-life 619 – GC–MS 492 – immunoassay 613–614 – HPLC 492 – medical assessment 619 – immunoassay 492 – poisoning 753 – medical assessment 493 inverse voltammetry, see voltammetry – metabolism 493 iodine (radioactive) – plasma/serum concentration 845 – antidote 858 – serum concentration 493 1-iodobutane – headspace-GC 171, 173 – elimination half-life 845 ion chromatography 694 – plasma/serum concentration 845 Ipomoea violacea () 806 ketazolam 874 Iris germanica 789, 795 – elimination half-life 845 iron – metabolism 359 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – anemia 751 – nephrotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 845 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – plasma/serum concentration 845 isofenphos – TBPE test 180 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – TLC 594 – elimination half-life 845 – toxicity 597 – plasma/serum concentration 845 isolan ketones – TLC 569 – clinical interpretation 522 872 – headspace-GC 517 isoniazid – highly volatile 511–523 – acid-base balance 752 – medical assessment 520 – antidote 858 ketoprofen 900j Index

– elimination half-life 845 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116, 409 – HPLC 193 – HPLC 110, 113, 116, 397 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – medical assessment 442 khat (Catha edulis) 799 – metabolism 442 kraits 833 – plasma half-life 441 – plasma/serum concentration 845, 846 l – serum concentration 418, 435 874 – elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 846 – HPLC 457 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – TBPE test 179 – TBPE test 180 869 lacrimator 733 levomoramide 872 LADME (liberation, absorption, distribution, 872 metabolism, and excretion) 776 – elimination half-life 845 296 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – clinical interpretation 296 levophenacylmorphan – elimination half-life 296, 845 – elimination half-life 846 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116, 292–294, 409 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – HPLC 110, 113, 116, 289 lewisite (L, 2-chlorovinylarsine – medical assessment 296 dichloride) 703, 726 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – hemoglobin adduct 729 – serum concentration 295 – hydrolysis 726 – Lantana camara L. 805 LD50 value 681 lanthanum trifluoride electrode 48 – metabolite 727 Lathyrus sativus (chickling pea) 800 – toxicity 681 Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (black widow 177 spider) 831 – clinical interpretation 279 laxatives, anthraquinone-type – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC-MS 161 – elimination half-life 278, 846 laxatives, diphenol-type – GC 274 – GC-MS 158 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116 – LD50 560 HPLC 110, 113, 116, 136, 273 lead – immunoassay 781 – acid-base balance 752 – medical assessment 278 – antidote 858 – metabolism 279 – drug-induced seizure 750 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – nephrotoxicity 749 – serum concentration 278 lectins 797 linamarin 806 869 lindane, see g-hexachlorocyclohexane Leonorus sibiricus 479 lionfish (Pterois spp.) 827 lepidella syndrome 812 liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Lepiota helveola 811 (LC – MS) 43–46 874 – plasma 690–692 levamfetamine 872 – urine 693–694 levodopa lisinopril – elimination half-life 845 – elimination half-life 846 – plasma/serum concentration 845 – plasma/serum concentration 846 418, 441 lithium – acute intoxication 442 – acid-base balance 752 – antidote 858 – AAS, FAES, ISE 159 – clinical interpretation 442 – drug-induced seizure 750 – elimination half-life 845, 846 – elimination half-life 846 – GC 405 – plasma/serum concentration 846 Index j901

– quality assurance 64 m liver toxin 748 Ma huang 799 local anesthetics – GC–MS 158 – nephrotoxicity 749 869 MAK value 562 malathion – elimination half-life 846 – ADI value 596 – GC–MS 409 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – LD50 value 596 – TBPE test 180 – MAK value 596 Lophophora williamsii 498 – nephrotoxicity 749 loprazolam 874 – TLC 594 – elimination half-life 846 – toxicity 597 – plasma/serum concentration 846 833 361, 874 manganese – antidote 362 – hepatotoxicity 749 – clinical interpretation 362 – nephrotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 361, 846 Manihot esculenta (cassava) 800, 806 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116, 409 418, 442 – HPLC 110, 113, 116 – clinical interpretation 442 – medical assessment 362 – elimination half-life 846 – metabolism 359 – GC 405 – plasma/serum concentration 361, 846 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 409 lormetazepam 874 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 397, 400, 401 – antidote 363 – intoxication 443 – clinical interpretation 363 – medical assessment 442 – elimination half-life 362, 846 – metabolism 443 – GC–MS 110, 113, 116 – overdose 442 – HPLC 110, 113, 116, 136 – plasma half-life 442 – medical assessment 363 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – plasma/serum concentration 363, 846 – serum concentration 418, 435 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) 463, 869 – TBPE test 179 – clinical interpretation 498 marihuanilla 479 – creatine kinase activity 750 marijuana 475 – elimination half-life 846 marine animal 826 – GC 498 materials for investigation 11 – GC–MS 110, 113 – containers 15 – HPLC 110, 113, 495 – evaluation 20 – immunoassay 494 – identification – medical assessment 498 – judicial preconditions 11,23 – metabolism 494 – kind of materials – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – request form 19 – plasma concentration 498 – sampling 11, 15 – plasma half-life 498 – storage 22 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – transport 19 lung-damaging agent 729–732 maximum allowable concentration (MAC) b-lyase 715 562 – ESI-LC–MS/MS 708 maximum permissible concentration (MCP) – GC–MS 708, 715–717 562 – GC–MS/MS 708 872 – LC–MS/MS 717 MBDB (methylbenzodioxazolylbutanamine) – metabolite 708 463–470 lysergic acid diethylamide, see LSD MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) lysergide, see LSD 463–470 902j Index

– elimination half-life 846 – clinical interpretation 230 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – drug-induced seizure 750 – HPLC 110, 113, 117 – elimination half-life 229, 846 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – GC–MS 229 MDE – HPLC 229 – GC–MS 110, 117 – immunoassay 228 – HPLC 110, 117 – medical assessment 228 MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxyethylam- – metabolism 228 phetamine, Eve) 463–470 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – metabolism 464 – serum concentration 229 MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymetham- – TBPE test 179 phetamine, Adam) 463–470 – elimination half-life 846 – HPLC 457 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – HPLC 110, 113, 117 – elimination half-life 846 – metabolism 465 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – TBPE test 180 mebendazole 386, 872 – elimination half-life 846 – clinical interpretation 386 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – elimination half-life 386, 846 – extractability 369 – TBPE test 179 – GC 375 mecloqualone 869 – GC-MS 110, 113, 158 mecloxamine – HPLC 110, 113, 371 – TBPE test 179 – medical assessment 386 meclozine – plasma/serum concentration 846 – TBPE test 180 – serum concentration 386 medazepam 874 – elimination half-life 846 – TBPE test 179 – GC–MS 408 mercaptodimethur – HPLC 136 – TLC 572 – metabolism 360 6-mercaptopurine – plasma/serum concentration 846 – acid-base balance 752 medical interpretation 89–91 – elimination half-life 842 – plasma/serum concentration 842, 846 – drug-induced seizure 750 mercury mefenorex 872 – acid-base balance 752 melitracene – antidote 858 – elimination half-life 846 – BAT value 854 – plasma/serum concentration 846 mesalazine – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 846 418 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – elimination half-life 846 498 – GC 405 – metabolism 499 – GC–MS 408 – plasma half-life 499 – HPLC 397 – serum concentration 499 – plasma/serum concentration 846 mesitylene – serum concentration 419 – headspace-GC 171, 174 – TBPE test 179 872 mematine – GC–MS 408 – elimination half-life 850 pulegium 799 – plasma/serum concentration 850 meperidine () 228, 874 – antidote 858 – elimination half-life 846 Index j903

– plasma/serum concentration 846 – nephrotoxicity 749 metabolite – poisoning 753 – identification 131 – serum concentration 521 – shift of relative retention times 132 methanthelinium bromide – UV spectra 132 – TBPE test 179 metamfetamine 872 methaqualone 387, 872 metamizole, see also dipyrone – clinical interpretation 387 – clinical interpretation 203 – elimination half-life 386, 846 – elimination half-life 202, 846 – extractability 369 – extraction 190 – GC 198, 375 – GC 198 – GC–MS 113, 117 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – HPLC 113, 117, 136, 371 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 193 – immunoassay 367 – medical assessment 202 – medical assessment 387 – metabolism 203 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – serum concentration 202 – serum concentration 386 869 methemoglobin 628 metformin – clinical interpretation 630 – elimination half-life 846 – medical assessment 630 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – oximetry 628 230, 874 – spectrophotometry 628–630 – antidote 858 methemoglobin-inducing agents 631 – clinical interpretation 239 – acid-base balance 752 – creatine kinase activity 750 – methemoglobin measurement 159, 628– – elimination half-life 846 630 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 236 methemoglobinemia 631 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 231 – antidote 858 – immunoassay 231 methidathion – metabolism 240 – TLC 594 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 methimazole – L- and D-Methadone 234 – elimination half-life 846 – medical assessment 238 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – plasma concentration 238 methiocarb – plasma/serum concentration 846 – ADI value 574 methamidophos – MAK value 574 – TLC 594 – medical assessment 573 – TLC 569 – elimination half-life 846 methods for toxicological analysis – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – capillary electrophoresis 54 – HPLC 110, 113, 117 – electrochemical detection for HPLC 50 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – electrochemical methods 46 methanol – gas chromatography 35 – acid-base balance 752 – GC – mass spectrometry 38, 152 – antidote 523, 754, 858 – headspace GC 40 – BAT value 520, 854 – HPLC 32 – blood concentration 521 – high-performance TLC 422 – clinical interpretation 522 – immunoassay 25 – elimination half-life 521 – inverse voltammetry 49 – headspace-GC 171, 173, 519 – liquid chromatography – mass – hepatotoxicity 749 spectrometry 43 – intoxication 521–522 – potentiometry 46 – marker of alcoholism 522 – thin-layer chromatography 29 – medical assessment 521 methohexital 340 904j Index

– clinical assessment 345 methyl isobutyl ketone, see 4-methyl – pentane- – elimination half-life 345 2-on – GC 343 4-methyl-pentane-2-on (methyl isobutyl – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 ketone) – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 340 – BAT value 854 – immunoassay 346 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – medical assessment 345 2-methyl-2-pentanol methomyl 564 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – ADI value 574 4-methyl-2-pentanol – blood concentration 575 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – clinical interpretation 575 177, 419, 451, 872, 874 – – LD50 value 573 clinical interpretation 451 – MAK value 574 – elimination half-life 846 – medical assessment 573 – GC–MS 408 – poisoning 575 – medical assessment 451 – TLC 568 – plasma half-life 451 methotrexate – plasma/serum concentration 846 – antidote 858 – serum concentration 435 – immunoassay 781 – TBPE test 179 methotrimeprazine, see levomepromazine methylphenobarbital 874 2-methoxyacetic acid methylphosphonic acid (MPA) – elimation half-life 537 – derivative 689 methoxychlor 576, 582 – GC–FPD 698 – ADI value 580 – GC–MS 697 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 581 – ion chromatography 694 – MAK value 580 – LC–MS 694 – TLC 579 2-methyl-1-propanol methyl acetate – headspace-GC 171, 173 – headspace-GC 171, 173 methyprylone 872 2-methyl-1-butanol – elimination half-life 846 – headspace-GC 171, 173 – extractability 369 2-methyl-2-butanol – plasma/serum concentration 846 – headspace-GC 171, 173 4-methylpyrazole (fomepizole) 523, N-methyl-N(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-trifluoro- 536, 539 acetamide (MTBSTFA) 695 methylxanthines methyl cellulose – drug-induced seizure 750 – nephrotoxicity 749 – GC-MS 158 methyl chloride metildigoxin – hepatotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 847 methylchloroform, see 1,1,1-trichloroethane – plasma/serum concentration 847 methyldesorphine 869 methyl diethanolamine (MDEAN) 724 – elimination half-life 847 methyldihydromorphine 869 – HPLC 457 methylenedioxyamphetamine – plasma/serum concentration 847 – elimination half-life 846 – TBPE test 180 – plasma/serum concentration 846 methylenedioxymethylamphetamine – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 846 – plasma/serum concentration 846 – antidote 858 b-methyldigoxin 336 – elimination half-life 847 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – elimination half-life 846 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 846 metofenazate methyl ethyl ketone, see 2-butanone – HPLC 136 Index j905 870 moclobemide 419 – elimination half-life 847 – elimination half-life 847 – GC–MS 408 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 457 modafinil 452 – metabolism 459 – clinical interpretation 452 – plasma half-life 458 – elimination half-life 452, 847 – plasma/serum concentration 459, 847 – GC–MS 408 – TBPE test 180 – medical assessment 452 Metrology of Qualitative Chemical Analysis – plasma/serum concentration 435, 847 (MEQUALAN) 68 mollusca 830 metronidazole molsidomine – drug-induced seizure 750 – elimination half-life 847 – elimination half-life 847 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – plasma/serum concentration 847 monitoring mevinphos/phosdrin – therapeutic drug, see TDM – ADI value 596 monkshood (Aconitum napellus L.) 785–786 – LD50 value 596 monoamine oxidase inhibitor – MAK value 596 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – TLC 594 monocrotophos – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – clinical interpretation 280 – toxicity 597 – elimination half-life 280, 847 morazone – GC 274 – TBPE test 179 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 morning glory 806 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 273 morpheridine 870 – medical assessment 280 240 – metabolism 280 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – clinical interpretation 248 – serum concentration 280 – elimination half-life 247, 847 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 244, 247 – elimination half-life 847 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 244 – GC–MS 408 – immunoassay 243 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – medical assessment 247 – TBPE test 179 – metabolism 242 midazolam 874 – pharmacokinetics 247 – antidote 364 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – clinical interpretation 364 D3-morphine – elimination half-life 363, 847 – GC–MS 247 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 812 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136 muscazon 813 – medical assessment 364 813 – metabolism 360, 364 muscle relaxants – plasma/serum concentration 363, 847 – acid-base balance 752 minacide – central, GC-MS 158 – TLC 569 – peripheral, LC–MS 159 419, 443 mushroom – clinical interpretation 443 – classification 810 – elimination half-life 443, 847 – detection of toxin 816 – GC–MS 408 – identification 815 – intoxication 444 – poisonous 809–822 – medical assessment 443 – toxic 748–749 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – serum concentration 419, 435 myrophine 870 906j Index

n – plasma/serum concentration 847 874 – poisoning 641, 806 – serum concentration 641 – HPLC 457 – TBPE test 180 – toxicity 641 – TBPE test 179 nicotinic acid nalidixic acid – elimination half-life 847 – drug-induced seizure 750 – plasma/serum concentration 847 317 – elimination half-life 847 – clinical interpretation 318 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – elimination half-life 847 naphthalene – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – chlorinated 749 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 318 – hepatotoxicity 749 – medical assessment 318 Narcissus pseudonarcissus 789, 796 – metabolism 319 neostigmine – plasma/serum concentration 847 – antidote 858 – serum concentration 318 – elimination half-life 847 niflumic acid – plasma/serum concentration 847 – elimination half-life 847 nephrotoxic compound 749 – plasma/serum concentration 847 Nerium oleander (oleander) 806 nimetazepam 874 nerve agent 682–703 nitrazepam 874 – free 684–686 – elimination half-life 847 – GC–MS 685, 695–699 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – LC–MS 690–694 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136 – metabolism 684 – metabolism 360 – metabolite 686 – plasma/serum concentration 847 netilmicin nitriles – elimination half-life 847 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 847 nitrobenzene neuroleptics 393–452 – anemia 751 – clinical interpretation 432 – BAT value 854 – color test 394 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – GC 404 – hepatotoxicity 749 – GC–MS 112, 407 nitrofurantoin – group assay 393 – anemia 751 – HPLC 112, 396 – elimination half-life 847 – HPLC-MS 430–432 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – HPTLC 422–429 nitrogen mustard 723 – immunoassay 393 – antidote 858 – medical assessment 432 – DNA-adduct 725 nicocodine 872 – guanine alkylated with HN-2 726 872 – HN-1 (N-ethyl-2,20-dichloroethyl amine) 870 703, 724 Nicotiana tabacum L. 639, 806 – HN-2 (N-methyl-2,20-dichloroethyl amine nicotine 639 703, 724 – clinical interpretation 641 – HN-3 (tris-(2-chloroethyl amine) 703, 724 – elimination half-life 847 – hydrolysis 723–724 – GC–MS 195, 640 – LC–MS 725 – HPLC 190–194, 640 – LC–MS/MS 724 – immunoassay 640 – LD50 value 681 – medical assessment 641 – metabolite 723 – metabolism 641 – toxicity 681 – plasma elimination half-life 641 nitroglycerin Index j907

– elimination half-life 847 – medical assessment 432–434 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – metabolism 433 1-nitropropane – overdose 434 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – plasma half-life 434 nitroprusside – plasma/serum concentration 841, 847 – elimination half-life 847 – serum concentration 414, 435 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – TBPE test 179 nose and throat irritant 734 – elimination half-life 847 (noxiptyline) – plasma/serum concentration 847 – HPLC 136 – TBPE test 180 – TBPE test 179 nonachlor 582 nutmeg ingredients n-nonane – GC-MS 158 – headspace-GC 172, 173 noracymethadol 870 o 1-octanol – HPLC 401 – headspace-GC 172, 174 norclozapine ofloxacin – HPLC 401 – TBPE test 180 – HPLC – MS 432 419, 444 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – clinical interpretation 444 norcodeine 870 – elimination half-life 444, 847 nordazepam, 360, 874 – GC–MS 408 – elimination half-life 847 – intoxication 444 – GC–MS 408 – medical assessment 444 – HPLC 143, 355 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – serum concentration 419, 435 nordiazepam, see nordazepam oleander 806 omethoate – – HPLC 401 LD50 value 596 – immunoassay 781 – TLC 594 norflunitrazepam opiates 215–265 – HPLC 355 – acid-base balance 752 norfluoxetine – antidote 858 – elimination half-life 844 – clinical interpretation 248 – HPLC-DAD 146 – GC-MS 158 – plasma/serum concentration 844 – group immunoassay 216 norlevorphanol 870 – medical assessment 247 normethadone 874 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 normorphine 870 – pharmacokinetics 247 norpipanone 870 215–265 norpropoxyphene – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 843 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC-MS 158 – GC–MS 261 – group immunoassay 216 – TBPE test 179 – poisoning 753 , see also amitriptyline 414, 419, 432, 445 432–434 – clinical interpretation 445 – clinical interpretation 432–434 – elimination half-life 847 – elimination half-life 841, 847 – GC 405 – GC 405 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 397 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 397, 401 – immunoassay 781 – immunoassay 781 – intoxication 445 908j Index

– medical assessment 445 – TBPE test 180 – plasma half-life 445 oxychlordane 582 – plasma/serum concentration 847 241, 249, 874 – serum concentration 420, 435 – clinical interpretation 252 – TBPE test 180 – elimination half-life 251, 847 orellanine 812 – GC–MS 250 orelline 812 – HPLC 250 organophosphorus compounds (OPC, – immunoassay 250 pesticides) 591–599 – medical assessment 251 – ADI value 596 – metabolism 251 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – clinical interpretation 598 – serum concentration 251 – drug-induced seizure 750 oxydemeton-methyl – enzyme complex 700 – TLC 594 – GC–MS 113 oxytocin – general unknown analysis 593 – drug-induced seizure 750 – HPLC 113 oximetry 624 – intoxication 598 241, 872 – LD50 value 596 – MAK value 596 – TBPE test 180 – spectrophotometry 595 – TLC 593–595 p – toxicity 595, 597 Panaeolus subalteatus 503 osmolal gap 747 pancuronium oxalates 790–792 – elimination half-life 847 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 847 oxalic acid 791–797 pancuronium bromide – nephrotoxicity 749 – TBPE test 180 Oxalis acetosella L. (wood sorrel) 804 Paneolina foensecii 813 oxamyl Paneolina spp. 813 – ADI value 574 pantherine syndrome 813 – LD50 value 573 800 – MAK value 574 oxazepam 874 – elimination half-life 847 – elimination half-life 847 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – GC–MS 408 – TBPE test 180 – HPLC 355 paper strip 650–652 – metabolism 360 paracetamol, see also acetaminophen – plasma/serum concentration 847 – antidote 858 oxazolam 874 – clinical interpretation 205 – metabolism 360 – elimination half-life 204, 847 297 – extraction 190 – elimination half-life 297, 847 – GC 110, 113, 117, 198 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 193 – HPLC 110, 113, 117 – immunoassay 203 – metabolism 297 – liver toxin 748 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – medical assessment 204 – serum concentration 295 – metabolism 206 459 – plasma/serum concentration 847 – elimination half-life 847 – poisoning 753 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – serum concentration 204 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 457 paraldehyde – plasma half-life 457 – acid-base balance 752 – plasma/serum concentration 460, 847 – elimination half-life 848 Index j909

– plasma/serum concentration 848 paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) 828 – HPLC 457 paraoxon – TBPE test 179 – elimination half-life 848 pennyroyal oil 799 – plasma/serum concentration 848 pentachloroethane – toxicokinetics 597 – Fujiwara reaction 542 paraquat 582–591 pentafluorobenzyl bromide 695 – clinical interpretation 591 1-pentanol – color test 159, 583 – headspace GC 172, 173 – GC–MS 113 2-pentanone – general unknown analysis 583 – headspace GC 172, 173 – half-life 591 177, 252, 874 – HPLC 113 – antidote 858 – intoxication 591 – clinical interpretation 257 – – LD50 value 590 drug-induced seizure 750 – liver toxin 748 – elimination half-life 257, 848 – MAK value 590 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 255 – medical assessment 590 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 253 – nephrotoxicity 749 – medical assessment 257 – poisoning 588, 590 – metabolism 253 – spectrophotometry 585–590 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – toxicity 591 – serum concentration 257 parasorbic acid 804 – TBPE test 179 parathion 874 – ADI value 596 – elimination half-life 848 – BAT value 854 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 346 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 345 – clinical interpretation 598 – immunoassay 345–346 – elimination half-life 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – intoxication 598 pentoxifylline – LD50 value 596 – elimination half-life 848 – MAK value 596 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 pentyl acetate – toxicity 597 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – toxicokinetics 597 iso-pentyl acetate parathion-ethyl 592 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – TLC 594 420, 446 parathion-methyl – clinical interpretation 446 – ADI value 596 – elimination half-life 848 – – LD50 value 596 GC 405 – MAK value 596 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 parkinsonian symptoms 858 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 397 – intoxication 446 – elimination half-life 848 – medical assessment 446 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 – plasma half-life 446 – HPLC 110, 113, 117 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – serum concentration 420, 435 Paxillus involutus (poison paxillus) 813 – TBPE test 179 PBB and PCB, see biphenyls perchloroethylene, see 1,1,2,2- PCP, see phencyclidine tetrachloroethene peace lily 789, 797 permethrin 600 Pelagia noctiluca 826 – ADI value 602 – pemoline 874 LD50 value 602 – GC–MS 408 permissible exposure limit (PEL) 562 910j Index

177 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – GC–MS 408 phendimetrazine 872 – TBPE test 179 phenformin pesticides 559–603 – elimination half-life 848 – ADI value 561 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – BAT value 563 – BEI value 563 – elimination half-life 848 – biological monitoring 562 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – classification 559–560 – TBPE test 179 – GC–MS 112, 113 phenmedipham – HPLC 112, 113 – TLC 568–572 – poisoning 563 phenmetrazine 872 – TLV 562 phenobarbital 345, 874 – toxicity 560–561 – antidote 754, 859 pethidine, see meperidine – clinical interpretation 297, 347 phallotoxin 811 – drug-induced seizure 750 phenacetin – elimination half-life 347, 848 – anemia 751 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 292–294 – elimination half-life 848 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 289 – extraction 190 – immunoassay 288, 345–346 – GC 198 – medical assessment 297, 347 – HPLC 193 – metabolism 297, 346 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – pharmacokinetics 347 phenadozone 870 – plasma/serum concentration 848 phenampromide 870 – quality assurance 64 phenarsazine chloride (Adamsite) 734 – serum concentration 347 870 phenol phenazone, see also antipyrine – drug-induced seizure 750 – clinical interpretation 208 – hepatotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 207, 848 phenomorphan 870 – extraction 190 phenoperidine 870 – GC 198 neuroleptics – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – antidote 858 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 193 – GC-MS 158 – medical assessment 207 phenprocoumon 303 – metabolism 208 – elimination half-life 848 – elimination half-life 848 – GC–MS 113, 117 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – half-life 306 – serum concentration 207 – HPLC 113, 117, 305 phencyclidine (1-phenylcyclohexylpiperidine, – pharmacodynamics 307 PCP) 177, 499–502, 870 – pharmacokinetics 306 – clinical interpretation 502 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – creatine kinase activity 750 – serum concentration 307 – drug-induced seizure 750 phenpromethamine 870 – elimination half-life 848 phentermine 874 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 500 – elimination half-life 848 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 500 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – immunoassay 499 phenylbutazone – intoxication 502 – anemia 751 – medical assessment 502 – elimination half-life 848 – metabolism 500 – extraction 190 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – GC 198 – plasma/serum concentration 502, 848 – HPLC 136, 193 – TBPE test 179 – plasma/serum concentration 848 Index j911 p-phenylenediamine Phytolacca americana (Virginian poke) 789, – creatine kinase activity 750 797 870 – elimination half-life 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – GC–MS 408 phenylhydrazine pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid – hepatotoxicity 749 (PMPA) 689 phenylphosphonic acid (PhPA) 689 – CE-UV 694 phenylpropylamine – GC–FPD 697 – creatine kinase activity 750 – GC–MS 697 298 – GC–MS/MS 698 – clinical interpretation 298 – GC–NICI-MS 697 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC–NICI-MS/MS 697 – elimination half-life 848 – ion chromatography 694 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 292–294 – LC–MS 694 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 289 – LC–MS/MS 694 – immunoassay 288 pinazepam 874 – medical assessment 298 – metabolism 360 – metabolism 298 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – elimination half-life 848 – quality assurance 64 – HPLC 457 – serum concentration 295 – plasma/serum concentration 848 Philodendron spp. 786–789, 796 pindone pholcodine 872 – HPLC 305 Pholiotina (Conocybe) cyanopus 813 420, 446 Pholiotina (Conocybe) filaris 811 – acute poisoning 447 phosalone – clinical interpretation 447 – blood/plasma/serum concentration – elimination half-life 848 597 – GC 405 – TLC 594 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 – toxicity 597 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 397 phosdrin, see mevinphos – medical assessment 446 phosgene 730 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – albumin adduct 731 – serum concentration 420, 435 – globin adduct 730 – TBPE test 179 – LC–MS 731–732 Piper methysticum (kava) 799 – LC–MS/MS 730–731 Piper nigrum 797 – metabolite 730 piperazine phosphamidon – elimination half-life 848 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 848 phosphonic acid ester 690 pipradol 874 – GC–MS 695–699 – LC–MS 690–694 – elimination half-life 848 phosphorus – plasma/serum concentration 848 – hepatotoxicity 749 pirimicarb – liver toxin 748 – ADI value 574 phoxim – MAK value 574 – TLC 594 – medical assessment 573 Physalia physalis 826 – TLC 568–572 physostigmine pirimiphos-methyl – antidote 859 – ADI value 596 – drug-induced seizure 750 – MAK value 596 – elimination half-life 848 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 848 875 912j Index

piroxicam – elimination half-life 848 – elimination half-life 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – plasma/serum concentration 848 prednisolone plant, poisonous 785–806 – elimination half-life 848 plant alkaloids (volatile) – plasma/serum concentration 848 – GC-MS 158 primaquine Pluteus salicinus 813 – elimination half-life 848 plutonium – plasma/serum concentration 848 – antidote 859 299 poison – elimination half-life 299, 848 – detection 826 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 292–294 – diagnosis 745 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 289 poison hemlock (Conium maculatum L.) – immunoassay 288 785–786 – medical assessment 299 Poison Information Center (PIC) 90 – metabolism 299 – telephone numbers 861–865 – plasma/serum concentration 848 poisoning – quality assurance 64 – acid-base balance 752 – serum concentration 295 – biochemical investigation 745–769 probenecid – creatine kinase activity 750 – elimination half-life 848 – diagnosis 96, 745 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – diagnosis of poisoning caused by animals 825 – clinical interpretation 281 – epidemiology 95 – elimination half-life 848 – fish 829 – GC 110, 113, 117, 274 – frequency 1 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 273 – monitoring intoxicated patients 767 – immunoassay 781 – plant 788–806 – medical assessment 281 – first diagnostic step 800 – metabolism 281 – identification of plant 801 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – macroscopic identification 802 – serum concentration 281 – microscopic identification 803 – TBPE test 180 – symptoms 97, 788 – toxic agent 97 – elimination half-life 848 – treatment 752 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – venomous and poisonous animal 825–834 – TBPE test 180 polonium profenofos – antidote 859 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 597 polyene 804 – toxicity 597 potentiometry 46, 656–659, 661–663 proheptazine 870 practicability of toxicological analyses 59 proinsulin prajmaline 177 – immunoassay 613–614 – elimination half-life 848 – GC 274 – GC–MS 408 – HPLC 273 – HPLC 136 – plasma/serum concentration 848 promecarb prajmalium bitartrate – TLC 572 – TBPE test 179 420, 447 prazepam 875 – acute poisoning 447 – elimination half-life 848 – clinical interpretation 447 – GC–MS 408 – elimination half-life 848 – metabolism 360 – GC 405 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117, 408 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 397 Index j913

– medical assessment 447 – metabolism 218 – plasma half-life 447 – minimal concentration to be detected 75 – plasma/serum concentration 848 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – serum concentration 420, 435 460 – TBPE test 179 – drug-induced seizure 750 – elimination half-life 849 – clinical interpretation 282 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – elimination half-life 282, 848 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 457 – GC 274 – metabolism 460 – GC–MS 110, 113, 117 – plasma half-life 460 – HPLC 110, 113, 117, 136, 273 – plasma/serum concentration 461, 849 – medical assessment 282 – TBPE test 179 – metabolism 282 propylene carbonate – plasma/serum concentration 282, 848 – headspace-GC 172, 174 propallylonal 1,2-propylene glycol – elimination half-life 848 – GC 534 – plasma/serum concentration 848 i-propyl methylposphonic acid (IMPA) 689 1-propanol – CE-UV 694 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – GC–FPD 697–698 2-propanol (iso-propanol, propan-2-ol) 521, – GC–MS 697 700 – GC–MS/MS 698 – BAT value 520, 854 – GC–NICI-MS 697 – blood concentration 521 – GC–NICI-MS/MS 697 – clinical interpretation 522 – ion chromatography 694 – creatine kinase activity 750 – LC–MS 694 – GC–FID 700 – LC–MS/MS 694 – headspace-GC 173, 519 propyphenazone – medical assessment 521 – elimination half-life 849 – toxicity 522 – extraction 190 properidine 870 – GC 198 propham – HPLC 136, 193 – TLC 568–572 – plasma/serum concentration 849 872 protein precipitation 119, 138 propofol 387 protein– complex 702 – clinical interpretation 387 – LC–MS/MS 702 – elimination half-life 387, 849 – GC 375 – elimination half-life 849 – HPLC 371 – GC–MS 408 – medical assessment 387 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – TBPE test 179 – serum concentration 387 propoxur 564 – elimination half-life 849 – ADI value 574 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – blood concentration 575 – serum concentration 435 – clinical interpretation 575 Prunus spp. 804, 806 – LD50 value 573 – MAK value 574 – elimination half-life 849 – medical assessment 573 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – poisoning 574–575 503, 813 – TLC 568–572 – clinical interpretation 506 propoxyphene, see also – GC–MS 504 dextropropoxyphene 218 – HPLC 503 – drug-induced seizure 750 – medical assessment 506 – elimination half-life 849 Psilocybe mexicana 503 914j Index

Psilocybe spp. 813 – standard 66f. 503, 870 – validation 69 – clinical interpretation 506 – uncertainty and unreliability 71–73 – GC–MS 504 quality assessment – HPLC 503 – external 65–73 – medical assessment 506 – internal 63 – metabolism 507 quality assurance (QA) 63–75 – syndrome 813 – qualitative examination 66 psychopharmaceuticals – quantitative measurement 63 – intoxication 142 quantitative analysis agent 732–733 – report 85 Pyracantha spp. 787 421, 448 pyramat – clinical interpretation 448 – TLC 569 – elimination half-life 448, 849 pyranocoumarin – GC–MS 408 – HPLC 305 – HPLC–MS 432 pyrazophos – medical assessment 448 – TLC 594 – overdose 448 pyrethroids 599–603 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – ADI value 602 – serum concentration 421, 435 – blood/plasma half-life 602 177 – clinical interpretation 603 – clinical interpretation 283 – GC–MS 114, 599, 601 – elimination half-life 283 – HPLC 114 – GC 274 – intoxication 603 – GC–MS 110, 114, 117 – – LD50 value 602 HPLC 110, 114, 117, 273 – medical assessment 601 – immunoassay 781 – metabolism 602 – medical assessment 283 – metabolite 601 – metabolism 284 – toxicity 601, 603 – serum concentration 283 – toxicodynamics 603 quinine – toxicokinetics 602 – TBPE test 179 pyridine 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ) 732–733 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – hydrolysis 733 – hepatotoxicity 749 pyridostigmine r – antidote 859 racemethorphan 871 – elimination half-life 849 racemoramide 873 – plasma/serum concentration 849 873 pyrithyldione – elimination half-life 849 – elimination half-life 849 – extractability 369 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – GC 375 rare elements – HPLC 371 – AAS, ICP-MS, VM 159 – plasma/serum concentration 849 rattlesnake 833 pyrovaleron 873 pyrrolizidine alkaloids – GC–MS 408 – liver toxin 748 b-receptor blocking agents, see beta-receptor blocking agents q red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) qualitative analysis 66–73 – variability 763 – Metrology of Qualitative Chemical Analysis 875 (MEQUALAN) 68 report, analytical toxicological 81 – report 85 – delivery 86 Index j915

– identification 81 Sambucus nigra (elderberry) 806 – qualitative results 85 saponins 794–797, 804 – quantitative results 85 sarin (GB) 683 request 100 – 2D-GC 688 – antidote 859 – anemia 751 – GC–MS 687–688 Rhododendron ponticum 786–787 – GC–NPD 688 Ricinus communis L. (castor oil plant) 785, 804 – HPLC 688 – LD50 value 681 – elimination half-life 849 – radiometric detection 688 – GC–MS 111, 117, 409 – toxicity 681 – HPLC 111, 117 828 – plasma/serum concentration 849 Schefflera spp. 787 rodenticide coumarin derivatives 309 Schrader formula 592 – HPLC 309 scombrotoxism 830 – pharmacokinetics 310 – toxin detection 830 – screening method 309 791 – serum concentration 311 – elimination half-life 849 rodenticides – plasma/serum concentration 849 – antidote 859 scorpionfish (Scorpaena spp.) 827 871 scorpions 831 Russian VX (VR) 683 – venom detection 831 – GC–MS 687 sea snake 833 Russula species 814, 819 sea urchin 827 seafood poisoning 828 s secbutabarbital 873 – elimination half-life 849 – poisoning 753 – plasma/serum concentration 849 salicylamide 212 secobarbital 875 – extraction 190 – elimination half-life 849 – GC 198 – immunoassay 346 – HPLC 193 – plasma/serum concentration 849 salicylate 212 sedatives 351–364, 367–391 – acid-base balance 752 – acid-base balance 752 – anemia 751 – clinical interpretation 380 – antidote 754, 859 – GC 372 – clinical interpretation 213 – HPLC 368 – creatine kinase activity 750 – ion-selective electrode 376 – elimination half-life 212 – medical assessment 380 – GC-MS 111, 114, 117, 161 – photometry (color test) 377 – HPLC 111, 114, 117 seizure – immunoassay 211 – drug-induced 750 – medical assessment 212 selenium – metabolism 209 – hepatotoxicity 749 – photometry 209 sence 479 – poisoning 753 – serum concentration 212 – GC–MS 111, 114, 117 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 – HPLC 111, 114, 117 salicylic acid 209 421, 449 – elimination half-life 849 – clinical interpretation 449 – GC 198 – elimination half-life 449, 849 – HPLC 193 – GC–MS 111, 114, 117, 409 – metabolism 209 – HPLC 111, 114, 117 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – medical assessment 449 916j Index

– overdosage 449 stibine – plasma/serum concentration 849 – antidote 859 – serum concentration 421, 435 stilbine shellfish 828 – anemia 751 – toxin detection 828 stimulants/hallucinogen sildenafil – GC-MS 158 – GC–MS 117 stonefish (Synanceja spp.) 827 – HPLC 117 strategy of investigations silver – brain death 104 – nephrotoxicity 749 – differential diagnosis 103 silver sulfide electrode 47 – drug abuse 104 smok(e) 479 – materials 96 snake 832 – monitoring 103 snake toxin – suspected poisoning – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 streptomycin sodium warfarin 303 – elimination half-life 849 Solanum spp. 787 – plasma/serum concentration 849 solid-phase micro extraction (SPME) 163 Stropharia coronilla 503, 813 solvent 511–555 strychnine 642, 806 soman (GD) 683 – antidote 646 – acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity 688 – clinical interpretation 646 – antidote 859 – creatine kinase activity 750 – enzymatic assay 688 – drug-induced seizure 750 – GC–MS 687–688 – elimination half-life 849 – GC–MS/MS 688 – GC–MS 114 – GC–NPD 688 – HPLC 114 – immunoassay 688 – medical assessment 645 – – LD50 value 681 plasma elimination half-life 645 – TLC 688 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – toxicity 681 – poisoning 643 Sorbus aucuparia L. 804 – serum concentration 645 Sorghum spp. 806 – TBPE test 179 461 – TLC 643 – elimination half-life 849 – toxicity 645 – GC–MS 111, 114, 117 Strychnox nux vomica 806 – HPLC 111, 114, 117, 457 styrene – plasma half-life 461 – BAT value 854 – plasma/serum concentration 461, 849 – headspace-GC 172, 174 space 479 – hepatotoxicity 749 177 succinylcholine L-sparteine – creatine kinase activity 750 – TBPE test 179 875 spasmolytics – elimination half-life 849 – antidote 859 – plasma/serum concentration 849 Spathiphyllum floribundum (peace lily) 789, sulfadiazine 797 – HPLC-DAD 146 spectrophotometry 625, 628 sulfamethoxazole spice 479 – HPLC 136 spider 831 sulfapyridine spider toxin – HPLC 136 – creatine kinase activity 750 sulfhemoglobin 630, 632 spironolactone – spectrometry 632 – elimination half-life 849 1,10-sulfonyl-bis[2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)ethane] – plasma/serum concentration 849 – ESI-LC–MS 708 Index j917

– LC–MS 715 – plasma/serum concentration 849 sulfonylurea 615 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 – elimination half-life 850 – clinical interpretation 621 – GC–MS 111, 114, 117 – medical assessment 620 – HPLC 111, 114, 117, 457 – metabolism 462 – elimination half-life 850 – plasma half-life 461 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – plasma/serum concentration 461, 850 sulfotepp 592 tannic acid 794 – TLC 594 tartrate sulfur mustard (HD, 2,20-bis-chloroethyl – nephrotoxicity 749 sulfide) 703 Taxus spp. 787 – albumin adduct 721 TBPE 175, 177 – antidote 859 – deprotonated 177 – DNA adduct 722 – protonated 177 – GC 705 TDM (therapeutic drug monitoring) 775–782 – GC–MS 706, 719 – analytical method 780 – hemoglobin adduct 719 – blood concentration 778 – LC–MS 722 – interpretation 777 – LC–MS/MS 721 – pharmacokinetics 776 – LD50 value 681 teicoplanin – metabolism 707, 716 – elimination half-life 850 – metabolite 706 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – protein adduct 718–722 temazepam 875 – toxicity 681 – elimination half-life 850 sulindac – HPLC 355 – elimination half-life 849 – HPLC-DAD 143 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – metabolism 360 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – elimination half-life 849 temephos – GC–MS 409 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 849 tenamfetamine 871 – TBPE test 179 871 sultiame tenoxicam – elimination half-life 849 – elimination half-life 850 – plasma/serum concentration 849 – plasma/serum concentration 850 suramin terbufos – elimination half-life 849 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 849 surfactant – elimination half-life 850 – antidote 859 – plasma/serum concentration 850 sympathomimetic drug – drug-induced seizure 750 – elimination half-life 850 systematic toxicological analysis (STA) 103 – plasma/serum concentration 850 terpene 804 t 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tabun (GA) 683 – Fujiwara reaction 543 – antidote 859 – GC artifact in headspace-GC 172, 174 – GC–MS 687 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – hydrolysis 691 tetrabromomethane (carbon tetrabromide) – – LD50 value 681 Fujiwara reaction 542 – toxicity 681 – hepatotoxicity 749 tacrolimus tetrabromophenolphthalein ethyl ester, see – elimination half-life 849 TBPE 918j Index

– liver toxin 748 – TBPE test 179 – medical assessment 671 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane – poisoning 672 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – toxicity 671 – hepatotoxicity 749 thebacon 873 – liver toxin 748 – nephrotoxicity 749 – TBPE test 179 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (tetrachloroethylene, theobromine perchloroethylene) – elimination half-life 850 – BAT value 549 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – clinical interpretation 551–552 theophylline – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – acid-base balance 752 – headspace-GC 548 – clinical interpretation 315 – hepatotoxicity 749 – elimination half-life 850 – medical assessment 548, 550 – GC–MS 111, 114, 117, 315 – nephrotoxicity 749 – half-life 315 tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride) – HPLC 111, 114, 117, 315 – BAT value 549, 551, 853, 854 – immunoassay 315, 782 – clinical interpretation 551, 553 – medical assessment 315 – headspace-GC 172, 173, 548 – pharmacokinetics 315 – hepatotoxicity 749 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – intoxication 553 – poisoning 753 – liver toxin 748 – quality assurance 64 – MAK value 551 – serum concentration 315 – medical assessment 548, 551 diuretics – nephrotoxicity 749 – acid-base balance 752 – toxic hemorrhagic disorder 751 thin layer chromatography (TLC) 29–32 tetrachlovinphos – detection 30 – TLC 594 – limitation 31 tetracycline – procedure 565–573 – elimination half-life 850 – toxic plant 805 – plasma/serum concentration 850 thiobencarb tetraethyl lead – TLC 572 – BAT value 854 thiocyanate D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 472 – elimination half-life 850 – elimination half-life 850 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – plasma/serum concentration 850 thiodiglycol (TDG) 706 tetrahydrofuran – blood plasma 709 – BAT value 854 – cleavage from blood protein 711 – headspace-GC 172, 173 – GC–MS 708, 710–712 tetramethyl lead – GC–MS/MS 708 – BAT value 854 – urine 710 tetrazepam 875 thiodiglycol-sulfoxide – elimination half-life 850 – GC–MS 708, 714 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – reduction to TDG 714 – urine 713 – elimination half-life 850 thiofanox – plasma/serum concentration 850 – TLC 568 thallium 664 thiometon – absorption spectrophotometry 668–671 – ADI value 596 – – antidote 672, 859 LD50 value 596 – atomic absorption spectrometry 664 – MAK value 596 – elimination half-life 672 thiopental – inverse voltammetry 665–668 – clinical interpretation 350 Index j919

– elimination half-life 350, 850 – GC 274 – GC 348 – HPLC 273 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 136, 347 617 – immunoassay 346 – blood/plasma/serum concentration 620 – medical assessment 350 – elimination half-life 850 – pharmacokinetics 350 – LC–MS 619 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – metabolism 617 – serum concentration 350 – plasma/serum concentration 850 421, 435, 449 tolclofos-methyl – clinical interpretation 449 – TLC 594 – elimination half-life 850 – GC 405 – HPLC 457 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 409 – TBPE test 180 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 136, 397 – intoxication 449 – acid-base balance 752 – medical assessment 449 – BAT value 527, 854 – metabolism 450 – clinical interpretation 530 – plasma half-life 449 – creatine kinase activity 750 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – headspace-GC 172, 173, 526 – serum concentration 421, 435 – hepatotoxicity 749 – TBPE test 179 – intoxication 529 thorn apple, see Datura stramonium L. – medical assessment 529 thorotrat (thorium dioxide) – metabolism 529 – liver toxin 748 toxalbumin 804 threshold limit value (TLV) 562 toxaphene 578, 582 – toxicokinetics 580 – elimination half-life 850 toxic plant 785–806 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – investigation of biological material 805 257, 875 – methods for detection 805 – antidote 858 – substances 803 – clinical interpretation 262 – TLC 805 – elimination half-life 262, 850 Toxicodendron spp. 787 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 259 toxicology – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 258 – biochemical investigation 745–769 – medical assessment 261 262 – metabolism 258 – antidote 858 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – clinical interpretation 263 – serum concentration 261 – elimination half-life 263, 850 – TBPE test 179 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 262 cis-tilidine 873 – HPLC 111, 114, 118 – immunoassay 262 – elimination half-life 850 – medical assessment 263 – HPLC 457 – metabolism 264 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – serum concentration 263 – TBPE test 180 – TBPE test 180 tobacco plant 639 tranylcypromine tobramycin – GC–MS 409 – elimination half-life 850 – immunoassay 781 – GC–MS 409 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – HPLC 401 – elimination half-life 850 – elimination half-life 850 920j Index

– plasma/serum concentration 850 – medical assessment 548, 551 triazolam 875 – metabolism 551 – elimination half-life 850 – poisoning 552 – plasma/serum concentration 850 a,a,a-trichlorotoluene triazophos – Fujiwara reaction 542 – TLC 594 trichlorphos (trichlorfon) tribromoethene – TLC 594 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 Tricholoma flavovirens 813 tribromomethane (bromoform) triethanolamine (TEA) 724 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 triethylene glycol – headspace-GC 171, 174, 548 – GC 534 – hepatotoxicity 749 trifluoperazine trichlorfon (trichlorphos) – elimination half-life 850 – TLC 594 – plasma/serum concentration 850 trichloroacetic acid – TBPE test 179 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 trifluperidol trichloro-tert-butanol – GC 405 – Fujiwara reaction 543 – HPLC 397 1,1,1-trichloroethane (methylchloroform) triflupromazine – BAT value 549, 854 – elimination half-life 850 – clinical interpretation 551–552 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 triiodomethane (iodoform) – headspace-GC 172, 173, 548 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – MAK value 550 trimeperidine 871 – medical assessment 548, 550 trimethoprim – metabolism 550 – TBPE test 179 – toxicity 550, 552 trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) 695 1,1,2-trichloroethane 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine – clinical interpretation 551, 552 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – MAK value 550 422, 432, 450 – medical assessment 548, 550 – clinical interpretation 450 – toxicity 552 – elimination half-life 850 2,2,2-trichloroethanol – GC 405 – headspace - GC 172, 174 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 409 trichloroethanol – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 136, 397, 401 – Fujiwara reaction 543 – immunoassay 781 trichloroethene () – intoxication 451 – clinical interpretation 551–552 – medical assessment 450 – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 – overdosage 451 – half-life 549 – plasma half-life 450 – headspace-GC 548 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – hepatotoxicity 749 – serum concentration 422, 435 – medical assessment 548–549 – TBPE test 179 – metabolism 550 trinitrotoluene – poisoning 552 – liver toxin 748 1,1,1-trichlorohydrocarbon triterpene 797 – Fujiwara reaction 540 tryptophan trichloromethane (chloroform) – GC–MS 409 – BAT value 549, 551 – clinical interpretation 551–552 u – Fujiwara reaction 542–543 n-undecane – headspace-GC 548 – headspace-GC 172, 174 – hepatotoxicity 749 uranium – MAK value 551 – nephrotoxicity 749 Index j921 v – clinical interpretation 551 – color test 540 – GC–MS 111, 114 – GC 544–548 – HPLC 111, 114 – medical assessment 548 – immunoassay 288 – poisoning 551 valproic acid 300 voltammetry – clinical interpretation 300 – inverse 49, 665 – elimination half-life 300, 850 VX 683 – immunoassay 781 – antidote 859 – medical assessment 300 – CIEIA (competitive inhibition enzyme – metabolism 299 immunoassay) 688 – plasma/serum concentration 850 – GC–MS 687 – quality assurance 64 – HPLC–ECD 688 vancomycin – hydrolysis 690 – elimination half-life 850 – LC–MS (APCI, atmospheric pressure – immunoassay 781 chemical ionization) 688 – – plasma/serum concentration 850 LD50 value 681 422 – toxicity 681 – elimination half-life 851 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 409 w – HPLC 111, 114, 118 warfarin – plasma/serum concentration 851 – antidote 859 – serum concentration 422 – clinical interpretation 306 venom – elimination half-life 851 – animal 826 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118 320 – half-life 306 – clinical interpretation 324 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 305 – elimination half-life 851 – medical assessment 306 – GC 322 – pharmacodynamics 307 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118, 320 – pharmacokinetics 306 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 136, 320 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – medical assessment 324 – serum concentration 307 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – toxicity 310–311 – serum concentration 324 wasp toxin – TBPE test 179 – creatine kinase activity 750 vesicants 703–729 weeping fig(Ficus benjamina) 794 Vicia faba (broadbean) 800 weeverfish (Echiichthys spp.) 827 vigabatrin wood sorrel 804 – elimination half-life 851 – plasma/serum concentration 851 x m- – GC–MS 409 – BAT value 527, 854 – TBPE test 180 – clinical interpretation 531 vinylbital 873 – elimation half-life 529 – elimination half-life 851 – headspace-GC 172, 173, 526 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – medical assessment 529 vinyl chloride – metabolism 530 – liver toxin 748 o-xylene Vipera spp. (viper) 832–833 – BAT value 527, 854 Virginian poke 789, 797 – clinical interpretation 531 vitamin A – elimation half-life 529 – liver toxin 748 – headspace-GC 172, 174, 526 volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHHC) – medical assessment 529 539 – 553 – metabolism 530 922j Index

p-xylene – BAT value 527, 854 – antidote 859 – clinical interpretation 531 zipeprol 873 – elimination half-life 529 – headspace-GC 172, 173, 526 – GC–MS 409 – medical assessment 529 389, 875 – metabolism 530 – clinical interpretation 389 xylite – elimination half-life 389, 851 – nephrotoxicity 749 – extractability 369 – GC 375 y – GC–MS 111, 114, 118 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 371 – elimination half-life 851 – medical assessment 389 – HPLC-DAD 146 – metabolism 390 – intoxication 145 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – serum concentration 389 – TBPE test 180 390 yucatan fire 479 – clinical interpretation 390 – elimination half-life 390, 851 z – extractability 369 388 – GC 375 – antidote 389 – GC–MS 111, 114, 118 – clinical interpretation 388 – HPLC 111, 114, 118, 371 – elimination half-life 388 – HPLC-DAD 146 – GC 375 – intoxication 145 – HPLC 371 – medical assessment 390 – medical assessment 388 – plasma/serum concentration 851 – metabolism 389 – serum concentration 390 – serum concentration 388 Zantedeschia aethiopica 789, 798 – elimination half-life 851 zectram – GC–MS 409 – TLC 569 – plasma/serum concentration 851 zidovudine – elimination half-life 851 – GC–MS 409 – plasma/serum concentration 851