Development of Pain-Free Methods for Analyzing 231 Multiclass Drugs and Metabolites by LC-MS/MS
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Guidelines for the Forensic Analysis of Drugs Facilitating Sexual Assault and Other Criminal Acts
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel.: (+43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Guidelines for the Forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts United Nations publication Printed in Austria ST/NAR/45 *1186331*V.11-86331—December 2011 —300 Photo credits: UNODC Photo Library, iStock.com/Abel Mitja Varela Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Guidelines for the forensic analysis of drugs facilitating sexual assault and other criminal acts UNITED NATIONS New York, 2011 ST/NAR/45 © United Nations, December 2011. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. List of abbreviations . v Acknowledgements .......................................... vii 1. Introduction............................................. 1 1.1. Background ........................................ 1 1.2. Purpose and scope of the manual ...................... 2 2. Investigative and analytical challenges ....................... 5 3 Evidence collection ...................................... 9 3.1. Evidence collection kits .............................. 9 3.2. Sample transfer and storage........................... 10 3.3. Biological samples and sampling ...................... 11 3.4. Other samples ...................................... 12 4. Analytical considerations .................................. 13 4.1. Substances encountered in DFSA and other DFC cases .... 13 4.2. Procedures and analytical strategy...................... 14 4.3. Analytical methodology .............................. 15 4.4. -
Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites That Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
1521-009X/44/8/1217–1228$25.00 http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/dmd.116.071084 DRUG METABOLISM AND DISPOSITION Drug Metab Dispos 44:1217–1228, August 2016 Copyright ª 2016 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Use of Human Plasma Samples to Identify Circulating Drug Metabolites that Inhibit Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Heather Eng and R. Scott Obach Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut Received April 19, 2016; accepted June 3, 2016 ABSTRACT Drug interactions elicited through inhibition of cytochrome P450 fractions were tested for inhibition of six human P450 enzyme (P450) enzymes are important in pharmacotherapy. Recently, activities (CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and greater attention has been focused on not only parent drugs CYP3A4). Observation of inhibition in fractions that correspond to inhibiting P450 enzymes but also on possible inhibition of these the retention times of metabolites indicates that the metabolite Downloaded from enzymes by circulating metabolites. In this report, an ex vivo method has the potential to contribute to P450 inhibition in vivo. Using whereby the potential for circulating metabolites to be inhibitors of this approach, norfluoxetine, hydroxyitraconazole, desmethyldiltia- P450 enzymes is described. To test this method, seven drugs and zem, desacetyldiltiazem, desethylamiodarone, hydroxybupropion, their known plasma metabolites were added to control human erythro-dihydrobupropion, and threo-dihydrobupropion were iden- plasma at concentrations previously reported to occur in humans -
Aerobic Treatment of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Landfill Leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3
Bergersen et al. Environmental Sciences Europe (2015) 27:6 DOI 10.1186/s12302-014-0035-0 RESEARCH Open Access Aerobic treatment of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in landfill leachate Ove Bergersen1*, Kine Østnes Hanssen2 and Terje Vasskog2,3 Abstract Background: Pharmaceuticals used in human medical care are not completely eliminated in the human body and can enter the municipal sewage sludge system and leachate water from landfill both as the parent compound and as their biologically active metabolites. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have a large potential for unwanted effects on nontarget organisms in the environment. Leachates from active or old closed landfills are often treated with continuous stirring and simple aeration in a pond/lagoon before infiltration into the environment. The aim of this work was to simulate the reduction of five SSRIs (citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline and fluvoxamine) and three of their metabolites (desmethylcitalopram, didesmethylcitalopram and norfluoxetine) during aerobic treatment of leachate from landfills. This landfill leachate-simulation experiment was performed to see what happens with the pharmaceuticals during aerated treatment and continuous stirring of landfill leachate for 120 h. It is important to establish whether different pollutants such as pharmaceuticals can be removed (oxidized or otherwise degraded) or not before infiltration into the environment. Results: All the SSRIs had a significant concentration reduction during the aeration treatment process. Total SSRI concentrations were reduced significantly during aerobic treatment, and the individual SSRIs were reduced by 89% to 100% after 120 h. Among the high-concentration samples, fluoxetine (10 mg L−1) was the least degraded with 93% concentration reduction. -
Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions Among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Pharmacokinetic Drug–Drug Interactions among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients Marta Kara´zniewicz-Łada 1 , Anna K. Główka 2 , Aniceta A. Mikulska 1 and Franciszek K. Główka 1,* 1 Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (M.K.-Ł.); [email protected] (A.A.M.) 2 Department of Bromatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-354 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-(0)61-854-64-37 Abstract: Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important group of drugs of several generations, rang- ing from the oldest phenobarbital (1912) to the most recent cenobamate (2019). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used to treat epilepsy. The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 created new challenges in the effective treatment of epilepsy in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to present data from the last few years on drug–drug interactions among of AEDs, as well as AEDs with other drugs, nutrients and food. Literature data was collected mainly in PubMed, as well as google base. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the chosen 29 AEDs, mechanism of action and clinical application, as well as their biotransformation, are presented. We pay a special attention to the new potential interactions of the applied first-generation AEDs (carba- Citation: Kara´zniewicz-Łada,M.; mazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone), on decreased concentration Główka, A.K.; Mikulska, A.A.; of some medications (atazanavir and remdesivir), or their compositions (darunavir/cobicistat and Główka, F.K. -
Big Pain Assays Aren't a Big Pain with the Raptor Biphenyl LC Column
Featured Application: 231 Pain Management and Drugs of Abuse Compounds in under 10 Minutes by LC-MS/MS Big Pain Assays Aren’t a Big Pain with the Raptor Biphenyl LC Column • 231 compounds, 40+ isobars, 10 drug classes, 22 ESI- compounds in 10 minutes with 1 column. • A Raptor SPP LC column with time-tested Restek Biphenyl selectivity is the most versatile, multiclass-capable LC column available. • Achieve excellent separation of critical isobars with no tailing peaks. • Run fast and reliable high-throughput LC-MS/MS analyses with increased sensitivity using simple mobile phases. The use of pain management drugs is steadily increasing. As a result, hospital and reference labs are seeing an increase in patient samples that must be screened for a wide variety of pain management drugs to prevent drug abuse and to ensure patient safety and adherence to their medication regimen. Thera- peutic drug monitoring can be challenging due to the low cutoff levels, potential matrix interferences, and isobaric drug compounds. To address these chal- lenges, many drug testing facilities are turning to liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for its increased speed, sensitivity, and specificity. As shown in the analysis below, Restek’s Raptor Biphenyl column is ideal for developing successful LC-MS/MS pain medication screening methodologies. With its exceptionally high retention and unique selectivity, 231 multiclass drug compounds and metabolites—including over 40 isobars—can be analyzed in just 10 minutes. In addition, separate panels have been optimized on the Raptor Biphenyl column specifically for opioids, antianxiety drugs, barbiturates, NSAIDs and analgesics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, hallucinogens, and stimulants for use during confirmation and quantitative analyses. -
LZI Buprenorphine Enzyme Immunoassay for in Vitro Diagnostic Use Only 8ºC 0270 (100/37.5 Ml R1/R2 Kit) 0271 (1000/375 Ml R1/R2 Kit) 2ºC
LZI Buprenorphine Enzyme Immunoassay For In Vitro Diagnostic Use Only 8ºC 0270 (100/37.5 mL R1/R2 Kit) 0271 (1000/375 mL R1/R2 Kit) 2ºC Lin-Zhi International, Inc. Intended Use Calibrators and Controls* The Lin-Zhi International (LZI) Buprenorphine Enzyme Immunoassay is *Calibrators and controls are sold separately and contain negative human intended for the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of urine with sodium azide as a preservative. norbuprenorphine (a buprenorphine metabolite) in human urine at a cutoff value NORBUPRENORPHINE Calibrators/Controls REF of 5 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL. The assay is designed for prescription use with a Negative Calibrator 0001 number of automated clinical chemistry analyzers. Control: Contains 3 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0272 The assay provides only a preliminary analytical result. A more specific Cutoff/Calibrator: Contains 5 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0273 alternative analytical chemistry method must be used in order to obtain a Control: Contains 7 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0274 confirmed analytical result. Gas or Liquid Chromatography/Mass Cutoff/Calibrator: Contains 10 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0275 Control: Contains 13 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0276 Spectrometry (GC/MS or LC/MS) are the preferred confirmatory methods Calibrator: Contains 20 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0277 (1, 2). Clinical consideration and professional judgment should be exercised Calibrator: Contains 40 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0278 with any drug of abuse test result, particularly when the preliminary test Calibrator: Contains 75 ng/mL norbuprenorphine 0279 result is positive. Precautions and Warning Summary and Explanation of Test • This test is for in vitro diagnostic use only. Harmful if swallowed. Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from thebaine, an alkaloid of • Reagents used in the assay contain sodium azide as a preservative, which the poppy plant, Papaver somniferum. -
Chapter 25 Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs
Chapter 25 Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs GRAEME J. SILLS Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool _________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The serendipitous discovery of the anticonvulsant properties of phenobarbital in 1912 marked the foundation of the modern pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. The subsequent 70 years saw the introduction of phenytoin, ethosuximide, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and a range of benzodiazepines. Collectively, these compounds have come to be regarded as the ‘established’ antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). A concerted period of development of drugs for epilepsy throughout the 1980s and 1990s has resulted (to date) in 16 new agents being licensed as add-on treatment for difficult-to-control adult and/or paediatric epilepsy, with some becoming available as monotherapy for newly diagnosed patients. Together, these have become known as the ‘modern’ AEDs. Throughout this period of unprecedented drug development, there have also been considerable advances in our understanding of how antiepileptic agents exert their effects at the cellular level. AEDs are neither preventive nor curative and are employed solely as a means of controlling symptoms (i.e. suppression of seizures). Recurrent seizure activity is the manifestation of an intermittent and excessive hyperexcitability of the nervous system and, while the pharmacological minutiae of currently marketed AEDs remain to be completely unravelled, these agents essentially redress the balance between neuronal excitation and inhibition. Three major classes of mechanism are recognised: modulation of voltage-gated ion channels; enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission; and attenuation of glutamate-mediated excitatory neurotransmission. The principal pharmacological targets of currently available AEDs are highlighted in Table 1 and discussed further below. -
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva
REVIEW ARTICLE Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antiepileptic Drugs by Use of Saliva Philip N. Patsalos, FRCPath, PhD*† and Dave J. Berry, FRCPath, PhD† INTRODUCTION Abstract: Blood (serum/plasma) antiepileptic drug (AED) therapeu- Measuring antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in serum or tic drug monitoring (TDM) has proven to be an invaluable surrogate plasma as an aid to personalizing drug therapy is now a well- marker for individualizing and optimizing the drug management of established practice in the treatment of epilepsy, and guidelines patients with epilepsy. Since 1989, there has been an exponential are published that indicate the particular features of epilepsy and increase in AEDs with 23 currently licensed for clinical use, and the properties of AEDs that make the practice so beneficial.1 recently, there has been renewed and extensive interest in the use of The goal of AED therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is to saliva as an alternative matrix for AED TDM. The advantages of saliva ’ fl optimize a patient s clinical outcome by supporting the man- include the fact that for many AEDs it re ects the free (pharmacolog- agement of their medication regimen with the assistance of ically active) concentration in serum; it is readily sampled, can be measured drug concentrations/levels. The reason why TDM sampled repetitively, and sampling is noninvasive; does not require the has emerged as an important adjunct to treatment with the expertise of a phlebotomist; and is preferred by many patients, AEDs arises from the fact that for an individual patient -
PR2 2009.Vp:Corelventura
Pharmacological Reports Copyright © 2009 2009, 61, 197216 by Institute of Pharmacology ISSN 1734-1140 Polish Academy of Sciences Review Third-generation antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and interactions Jarogniew J. £uszczki1,2 Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland Department of Physiopathology, Institute of Agricultural Medicine, Jaczewskiego 2, PL 20-950 Lublin, Poland Correspondence: Jarogniew J. £uszczki, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract: This review briefly summarizes the information on the molecular mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic profiles and drug interac- tions of novel (third-generation) antiepileptic drugs, including brivaracetam, carabersat, carisbamate, DP-valproic acid, eslicar- bazepine, fluorofelbamate, fosphenytoin, ganaxolone, lacosamide, losigamone, pregabalin, remacemide, retigabine, rufinamide, safinamide, seletracetam, soretolide, stiripentol, talampanel, and valrocemide. These novel antiepileptic drugs undergo intensive clinical investigations to assess their efficacy and usefulness in the treatment of patients with refractory epilepsy. Key words: antiepileptic drugs, brivaracetam, carabersat, carisbamate, DP-valproic acid, drug interactions, eslicarbazepine, fluorofelbamate, fosphenytoin, ganaxolone, lacosamide, losigamone, pharmacokinetics, pregabalin, remacemide, retigabine, rufinamide, safinamide, seletracetam, soretolide, stiripentol, talampanel, valrocemide Abbreviations: 4-AP -
A Generic LC-MS Method for the Analysis of Multiple of Drug of Abuse Classes with the Thermo Scientific Exactive TM System
A Generic LC-MS Method for the Analysis of Multiple of Drug of Abuse Classes with the Thermo Scientific Exactive TM System Kent Johnson Fortes lab, Wilsonville Oregon Forensic Toxicology Use Only List of drug of abuse candidates for LC-MS analysis Sample matrix: urine and blood Benzodiazepines Opiates Other drugs group 1 Other drugs group 2 7-Aminonitrazepam Morphine Ketamine Methylphenidate 7-Aminoclonazepam Hydromorphone Norketamine Ritalinic Acid 7-Aminoflunitrazepam Oxymorphone Butorphanol Dextromethorphan 2-Hydroxy-ethyl-flurazepam Codeine Fentanyl Dextrophan Desalkylflurazepam Dihydrocodeine Norfentanyl Propoxyphene Diazepam Hydrocodone Nalbuphine Norpropoxyphene Hydroxy-alprazolam Oxycodone Alfentanil 6-MAM Hydroxy-triazolam Meperidine Sulfentanil Nordiazepam Normeperidine Zolpidem Lorazepam Trazodone Oxazepam Venlafaxine Temazepam Zopiclone Forensic Toxicology Use Only 2 Methods Employed Prior to LC-MS • Benzodiazepines GC-MS • Opiates GC-MS • Other drugs of abuse group 1 ELISA • Other drugs of abuse group 2 not analyzed before Forensic Toxicology Use Only 3 Why switch to LC-MS method? Benefits of replacing GC-MS • Faster less need for chromatographic separation • Less sample prep no derivatization • No thermal instability benzodiazepines analysis • No volatility limitations Benefits of replacing immunoassay • Lower consumables cost • More specific More cost efficient and analytically more universal Forensic Toxicology Use Only 4 Goal • Develop fast, easy to use, generic LC-MS method to analyze multiple classes of drugs -
Fatal Toxicity of Antidepressant Drugs in Overdose
BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 295 24 OCTOBER 1987 1021 Br Med J (Clin Res Ed): first published as 10.1136/bmj.295.6605.1021 on 24 October 1987. Downloaded from PAPERS AND SHORT REPORTS Fatal toxicity of antidepressant drugs in overdose SIMON CASSIDY, JOHN HENRY Abstract dangerous in overdose, thus meriting investigation of their toxic properties and closer consideration of the circumstances in which A fatal toxicity index (deaths per million National Health Service they are prescribed. Recommendations may thus be made that prescriptions) was calculated for antidepressant drugs on sale might reduce the number offatalities. during the years 1975-84 in England, Wales, and Scotland. The We used national mortality statistics and prescription data tricyclic drugs introduced before 1970 had a higher index than the to compile fatal toxicity indices for the currently available anti- mean for all the drugs studied (p<0-001). In this group the depressant drugs to assess the comparative safety of the different toxicity ofamitriptyline, dibenzepin, desipramine, and dothiepin antidepressant drugs from an epidemiological standpoint. Owing to was significantly higher, while that ofclomipramine, imipramine, the nature of the disease these drugs are particularly likely to be iprindole, protriptyline, and trimipramine was lower. The mono- taken in overdose and often cause death. amine oxidase inhibitors had intermediate toxicity, and the antidepressants introduced since 1973, considered as a group, had significantly lower toxicity than the mean (p<0-001). Ofthese newer drugs, maprotiline had a fatal toxicity index similar to that Sources ofinformation and methods of the older tricyclic antidepressants, while the other newly The statistical sources used list drugs under their generic and proprietary http://www.bmj.com/ introduced drugs had lower toxicity indices, with those for names. -
FYCOMPA® • Severe Hepatic Impairment: Not Recommended (2.4) ® Safely and Effectively
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION mg (mild) and 4 mg (moderate) once daily at bedtime (2.4) ® These highlights do not include all the information needed to use FYCOMPA • Severe Hepatic Impairment: Not recommended (2.4) ® safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for FYCOMPA . • Severe Renal Impairment or on Hemodialysis: Not recommended (2.5) ® • Elderly: Increase dose no more frequently than every 2 weeks (2.6) FYCOMPA (perampanel) tablets, for oral use, CIII FYCOMPA® (perampanel) oral suspension, CIII ----------------------DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS----------------- Initial U.S. Approval: 2012 • Tablets: 2 mg, 4 mg, 6 mg, 8 mg, 10 mg, and 12 mg (3) WARNING: SERIOUS PSYCHIATRIC AND BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS • Oral Suspension: 0.5 mg/mL (3) See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. ----------------------------------CONTRAINDICATIONS---------------------- None (4) • Serious or life-threatening psychiatric and behavioral adverse reactions including aggression, hostility, irritability, anger, and homicidal ideation -----------------------WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS-------------------- and threats have been reported in patients taking FYCOMPA (5.1) • Suicidal Behavior and Ideation: Monitor for suicidal thoughts or • Monitor patients for these reactions as well as for changes in mood, behavior (5.2) behavior, or personality that are not typical for the patient, particularly • Neurologic Effects: Monitor for dizziness, gait disturbance, somnolence, during the titration period and at higher doses (5.1) and fatigue