DOCSLIB.ORG

Vladislav M. Zubok

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vladislav M. Zubok Vladislav M. Zubok Email: [email protected] CURRENT POSITIONS Professor of International History, Department of International History, the London School of Economics (May 2013 - ), London, UK. PUBLICATIONS Books Life and Works of D.S. Likhachev (London: I.B.Tauris, November 2016), 320 p. Dmitry Likhachev. A Life (St. Petersburg: Vita Nova, November 2016), 450 p. A Biography of D.S.Likhachev (in Russian), under contract with Vita Nova, St. Petersburg, Russia. Scheduled for November 2016. 450 p. International Relations, with Eric Shiraev. (New York-London: Oxford University Press, December 2012), 525 pp. D.S.Likhachev v obshchestvennoi zhizni Rossii kontsa XX veka [Dmitry Likhachev in the public life of Russia at the end of the 20th century] (St. Petersburg: Evropeiskii Dom, October 2011), 174 pp. Zhivago’s Children: The Last Russian Intelligentsia, Harvard University Press, 2009, 464 pp. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev.Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press, 2007, 467 pp. Published in translation in Russia, China, Poland, Spain, and Estonia. Received Marshall Shulman Prize of the American Association for Advancement of Slavic Studies as “an outstanding monograph dealing with the international relations, foreign policy, or foreign-policy decision-making of any of the states of the former Soviet Union or Eastern Europe.” Anti-Americanism in Russia: From Stalin to Putin (with Eric Shiraev), New York: Palgrave Press, 2000, 182 pp. 1 Inside the Kremlin's Cold War. From Stalin to Khrushchev (with Constantin Pleshakov), Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1996, xv + 346 pp. Published in translation in Germany, Poland, and China. Received the Gelber Prize in Canada as “the world’s best non-fiction book in English on foreign affairs.” Edited collections Contemporary Scholarship on International Relationship Abroad. 1-3 vols. Edited and annotated collection (in Russian) published in Moscow by the Russian Council for International Relations (with Eric Shiraev), 2015, 3136 pp. I have written the general introduction, and selected the material for the collection. Masterpieces of History: A Peaceful End of the Cold War in Europe, 1989 (with Svetlana Savranskaia and Thomas Blanton), Central European University Press, 2010, 782 pp. Società totalitarie e transizione alla democrazia [Totalitarian society and transition to democracy] (with Tommaso Piffer), il Mulino, Bologna 2011), 537 pp. Works-in-progress 1991. Russia Destroys the Soviet Union. This is a book on domestic and international causes of the Soviet collapse. The draft will be finished in the summer of 2017. Conversations with Stalin (with Christian Ostermann and David Wolff). This is a project to edit, comment on, and publish hundreds of archival records of conversations between Stalin and foreign visitors in 1944-1953. The manuscript will be submitted to the Woodrow Wilson Center Press in November 2016. “The Soviet Union and China in the 1980s: Reconciliation and Divorce,” an article written for the Special issue of Cold War History, April 2017. Articles, Book Chapters, and Review Essays “Russia, the US, and the backstory behind the breakdown,” The Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2016. “Gorbachev, German Reunification, and Soviet Demise,” an expanded and updated version of the article in CWH, in Frederic Bozo, Andreas Roedder, Mary Sarotte, eds., German Unification: An International History (Routledge, 2016) “A Broken Membrane: John Steinbeck, Robert Capa, and Soviet Cultural Diplomacy in 1945- 49,” a chapter in the edited volume: Evgeny Dobrenko, ed., Socialist Realism in Central and Eastern European Literatures: Institutions, Dynamics, Discourses” (Anthem Press, 2016) 2 “Russia, the US, and the Backstory Behind the Breakdown,” The Wilson Quarterly, Winter 2016, http://wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/the-post-obama-world/russia-the-u-s-and-the-backstory- behind-the-breakdown/. “I do not think I am soft…”: Leonid Brezhnev, a chapter in: Steven Casey, Jonathan Wright, eds., Mental Maps in the Era of Detente and the End of the Cold War 1968-91 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 6-23. “With His Back Against the Wall: Gorbachev, Soviet Demise, and German Reunification,” Cold War History, 2014, Vol. 14, No. 4, 619–645. Introduction to Patrik Babiracky, Kenyon Zimmer, eds., Cold War Crossings: International Travel and Exchange Across the Soviet Bloc, 1940s-1960s (Texas A & M University, 2014), pp. 1-13. “Lost in a Triangle: US-Soviet Back-Channel Documents on the Japan Factor in Tripartite Diplomacy, 1969-72,” Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Spring 2013), pp. 51–71. “Sources of Soviet Conduct Reconsidered. Cold War Strategies/Power and Culture – East.” in: Richard Immerman, Petra Goedde (eds.), Oxford Handbook of the Cold War. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 305-322. “Russia and the West: Twenty Difficult Years,” in: Geir Lundestad (ed.), International Relations Since the End of the Cold War. New and Old Dimensions (London: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 209-228. “Soviet intellectuals after Stalin’s death and their visions of the cold war’s end” in: Frédéric Bozo, Marie-Pierre Rey, N. Piers Ludlow, and Bernd Rother (eds.), Overcoming the Iron Curtain: Visions of the End of the Cold War in Europe, 1945–1990. Vol. 11, Contemporary European History (New York: Berghahn Books, 2012), 20 pp. Introduction to H-Diplo Discussion of the book: Elena Aga-Rossi and Victor Zaslavsky. Stalin and Togliatti: Italy and the Origins of the Cold War. Washington D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press; Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2011. Published on February 8, 2012 at: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XIII-18.pdf. H-Diplo Roundtable review of Jonathan Haslam. Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010, pp. 24-26, at: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XIII-12.pdf. “L’Idea di Occidente in Russia: da Stalin a Medvedev”[An Idea of the West in Russia: from Stalin to Medvedev],” in: Vittorio Strada, ed., Da Lenin a Putin e oltre. La Russia tra passato e presente [From Lenin to Putin. Russia between the past and the present] (Milano: Edizione Jaca Book, 2011), pp. 75-106. 3 “Sowjetische Westexperten [Soviet experts on the West],” in: Bernd Greiner/Tim B. Müller/Claudia Weber (Hg.), Macht und Geist im Kalten Krieg. Studien zum Kalten Krieg. Band 5, Hamburger Edition. 2011, pp. 108-135. “Gorbachev’s Policy toward East Asia, 1985-1991,” in: Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, ed., The Cold War in East Asia 1945-1991 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), pp. 265-288. “In memoriam Victor Zaslavsky (1937-2009),” Telos, 152/161 (Summer 2010), 161-169. “Soviet foreign policy from Détente to Gorbachev, 1975-1985,” in: Melvyn Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, Cambridge History of the Cold War, Vol. 3 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010). Silvio Pons, Robert Service, eds. A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), entries for Yuri Andropov, Leonid Brezhnev, Andrei Gromyko, Georgy Malenkov and Andrey Zhdanov. History of Russia in 20th Century (Moscow: AST, 2009) in two volumes, edited by Andrei Zubov (in Russian). My contribution is about 250 pages in the 2000-page work. The New York Times describes this book as the comprehensive history of Russian society written by Russians that is “critical both of czarist and Communist Russia” and that “avoids overt nationalism and anti-Semitism.” “The Soviet Union and détente of the 1970s,” Cold War History, Vol. 8, Issue 4 (November 2008), pp. 427-447. “Soviet Society in the 1960s,” chapter in: Guenter Bischof and Stefan Karner, eds., Die Sowjetunion, Österreich und die internationale Krise 1968 (Wien, 2008). “German Unification from the Soviet (Russian) Perspective,” commentary on Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice’s chapter in: Kiron K. Skinner (eds.), with forewords by Pavel Palazhchenko and George P. Shultz, Turning Points in Ending the Cold War (Stanford University, Hoover Institution Press, 2008), pp. 255-272. Review of Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali. Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W.W. Norton, February 2006. Published in a by H-Diplo, October 16, 2007, Roundtable Reviews, vol. VIII, No. 13 (2007), at: http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/#vol9no1. “La prima crisi della Guerra fredda: Mosca e il petrolio iraniano (1943-1946)” [“The first crisis of the cold war: Moscow and the Iranian oil”] (with Jamil Hasanli), Ventunesimo Secolo 13 (June 2007), pp. 11-44. “Reflessioni sulle Superpotenze passate e presenti: due recenti libri russi,” [“Reflections on the superpowers past and present: review of recent Russian history books”] Mondo Contemporaneo 1 (2007), pp. 119-130. 4 “In Search of Cold War Ideologies,” (with Leopoldo Nuti), chapter in: Saki R. Dockrill and Geraint Hughes, eds., Advances in Cold War History (New York-London: Palgrave- McMillan Press, 2006). “Gorbaciov e il ruolo della personalita nella storia” [“Gorbachev and the role of personality in history”], Ventunesimo secolo, 10 (July 2006). “Unwrapping an enigma: Soviet elites, Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War,” in: Silvio Pons and Federico Romero, eds., Reinterpreting the End of the Cold War. Issues, interpretations, periodizations (London: Frank Cass, 2005), pp. 137-164. “Russia’s Identity Quest,” Orbis (Winter 2005), pp. 183-193. “Il posto degli Stati Uniti nella propaganda e nella societa sovietica dopo Stalin: l’immagine del nemico e i fattori della sua erosione,” in: Pierro Craveri e Gaetano Quagliariello, L’Antiamericanismo in Italia e in Europa nel Secondo Dopoguerra (Rome: Rubbettino Editore, 2004), pp. 367-386. “Russian Historiography of the Cold War: Some Results of the Decade” (with V. Pechatnov), Otechestvennaia istoriia, no. 4, 2003, pp. 143-150; no. 5, pp. 139-162. “The Brezhnev Factor in Détente, 1968-1972,” in: Natalia Yegorova and Alexander Chubarian, eds., Cold War and the Policy of Détente: Problems and Discussions (Moscow: The Institute of General History, 2003), Vol.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Title of Thesis: ABSTRACT CLASSIFYING BIAS
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis Directed By: Dr. David Zajic, Ph.D. Our project extends previous algorithmic approaches to finding bias in large text corpora. We used multilingual topic modeling to examine language-specific bias in the English, Spanish, and Russian versions of Wikipedia. In particular, we placed Spanish articles discussing the Cold War on a Russian-English viewpoint spectrum based on similarity in topic distribution. We then crowdsourced human annotations of Spanish Wikipedia articles for comparison to the topic model. Our hypothesis was that human annotators and topic modeling algorithms would provide correlated results for bias. However, that was not the case. Our annotators indicated that humans were more perceptive of sentiment in article text than topic distribution, which suggests that our classifier provides a different perspective on a text’s bias. CLASSIFYING BIAS IN LARGE MULTILINGUAL CORPORA VIA CROWDSOURCING AND TOPIC MODELING by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Gemstone Honors Program, University of Maryland, 2018 Advisory Committee: Dr. David Zajic, Chair Dr. Brian Butler Dr. Marine Carpuat Dr. Melanie Kill Dr. Philip Resnik Mr. Ed Summers © Copyright by Team BIASES: Brianna Caljean, Katherine Calvert, Ashley Chang, Elliot Frank, Rosana Garay Jáuregui, Geoffrey Palo, Ryan Rinker, Gareth Weakly, Nicolette Wolfrey, William Zhang 2018 Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincerest gratitude to our mentor, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Conspiracy of Peace: the Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Conspiracy of Peace: The Cold War, the International Peace Movement, and the Soviet Peace Campaign, 1946-1956 Vladimir Dobrenko A thesis submitted to the Department of International History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 90,957 words. Statement of conjoint work I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by John Clifton of www.proofreading247.co.uk/ I have followed the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, for referencing. 2 Abstract This thesis deals with the Soviet Union’s Peace Campaign during the first decade of the Cold War as it sought to establish the Iron Curtain. The thesis focuses on the primary institutions engaged in the Peace Campaign: the World Peace Council and the Soviet Peace Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy
    CHAPTER 1 The Historical Legacy for Contemporary Russian Foreign Policy o other country in the world is a global power simply by virtue of geogra- N phy.1 The growth of Russia from an isolated, backward East Slavic principal- ity into a continental Eurasian empire meant that Russian foreign policy had to engage with many of the world’s principal centers of power. A Russian official trying to chart the country’s foreign policy in the 18th century, for instance, would have to be concerned simultaneously about the position and actions of the Manchu Empire in China, the Persian and Ottoman Empires (and their respec- tive vassals and subordinate allies), as well as all of the Great Powers in Europe, including Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, Holland, and Sweden. This geographic reality laid the basis for a Russian tradition of a “multivector” foreign policy, with leaders, at different points, emphasizing the importance of rela- tions with different parts of the world. For instance, during the 17th century, fully half of the departments of the Posolskii Prikaz—the Ambassadors’ Office—of the Muscovite state dealt with Russia’s neighbors to the south and east; in the next cen- tury, three out of the four departments of the College of International Affairs (the successor agency in the imperial government) covered different regions of Europe.2 Russian history thus bequeaths to the current government a variety of options in terms of how to frame the country’s international orientation. To some extent, the choices open to Russia today are rooted in the legacies of past decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of Stalin’ Almost a Soviet Spin on ‘Veep’
    CHICAGOLAWBULLETIN.COM FRIDAY, MARCH 30, 2018 ® Volume 164, No. 63 Serving Chicago’s legal community for 163 years ‘Death of Stalin’ almost a Soviet spin on ‘Veep’ inutes before a which was not as strongly word - Stalin, Beria was keeper and cre - live-broadcast ed as in the movie. ator of Stalin’s lists of those to be Mozart concerto is There was a late-night orches - tortured, exiled or sent to the gu - about to end, the tra round-up; Stalin did lay dying lags. He was a genius at mass ex - Radio Moscow sta - on the floor for hours because his ecution, ghastly humiliation and Mtion manager receives a telephone guards were too fearful to enter perverse sexual exploitation. call from the office of Supreme his room after hearing him fall; REBECCA Iannucci says he began Commander Josef Stal in. The and the Politburo members de - mulling a movie idea about a fic - premier loved the performance, liberated at length whether to L. F ORD tional contemporary dictator says the voice on the other end of call a doctor as Stalin expired, after ending his four-year run as the line, and requests that a fearing the consequences of call - the creator of the Emmy Award- recording of the concert be sent ing the “wrong” doctor. Rebecca L. Ford is counsel at Scharf winning HBO series “Veep.” to him immedi ately. Writer and director Armando Banks Marmor LLC, and concentrates While pondering this prospect, There’s a problem. The con - Iannucci didn’t ask the American her practice on complex litigation, he was given a copy of Fabien cert wasn’t recorded.
    [Show full text]
  • On Stalin's Team
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION When Stalin wanted to temporize in dealing with foreigners, he sometimes indicated that the problem would be getting it past his Polit- buro. This was taken as a fiction, since the diplomats assumed, correctly, that the final decision was his. But that doesn’t mean that there wasn’t a Polit buro that he consulted or a team of colleagues he worked with. That team—about a dozen persons at any given time, all men—came into ex- istence in the 1920s, fought the Opposition teams headed by Lev Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev after Lenin’s death, and stayed together, remark- ably, for three decades, showing a phoenixlike capacity to survive team- threatening situations like the Great Purges, the paranoia of Stalin’s last years, and the perils of the post- Stalin transition. Thirty years is a long time to stay together in politics, even in a less lethal political climate than that of the Soviet Union under Stalin. The team finally disbanded in 1957, when one member (Nikita Khrushchev) made himself the new top boss and got rid of the rest of them. I’ve used the term “team” (in Russian, komanda) for the leadership group around Stalin. At least one other scholar has also used this term, but alternatives are available. You could call it a “gang” (shaika) if you wanted to claim that its activities—ruling the country—had an illegiti- mate quality that made them essentially criminal rather than govern- mental.
    [Show full text]
  • The Methods of Stalinism Condemned at the Soviet Communist Party Congress' from Il Nuovo Corriere Della Sera (18 February 1956)
    'The methods of Stalinism condemned at the Soviet Communist Party Congress' from Il nuovo Corriere della Sera (18 February 1956) Caption: On 18 February 1956, the Italian newspaper Il nuovo Corriere della Sera speculates on the genuine desire for de-Stalinisation shown by Nikita Khrushchev, the new Soviet leader, on the occasion of his submission of the report on Stalin’s crimes to the 20th Soviet Communist Party Congress in Moscow. Source: Il nuovo Corriere della Sera. 18.02.1956, n° 42; anno 81. Milano: Corriere della Sera. "Il congresso del P.C. sovietico condanna i metodi dello stalinismo", auteur:Ottone, Piero , p. 1. Copyright: (c) Translation CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_methods_of_stalinism_condemned_at_the_soviet_com munist_party_congress_from_il_nuovo_corriere_della_sera_18_february_1956-en- d21f39be-519c-497f-9082-49193e08afc6.html Last updated: 05/07/2016 1/3 The methods of Stalinism condemned at the Soviet Communist Party Congress ‘The personality cult, widespread in the past,’ says Suslov, ‘has wrought serious damage’ — Malenkov confirms the principles of collective direction — In a speech, Togliatti endorses Khrushchev’s guidelines on tactics in the ‘capitalist’ countries From our correspondent Moscow 17 February, evening. The Soviet Party Congress has reached its fourth day; mile-long speeches, stuffed with learned citations from Marx and Lenin, have followed one another without respite. Speakers are commenting on Khrushchev’s report or, to be more precise, are praising and paraphrasing it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Golunov Affair
    the harriman institute at columbia university FALL 2019 The Golunov Affair Fighting Corruption in Russia Harriman Magazine is published biannually by Design and Art Direction: Columbia Creative Opposite page: the Harriman Institute. Alexander Cooley Harriman Institute (Photo by Jeffrey Managing Editor: Ronald Meyer Alexander Cooley, Director Schifman) Editor: Masha Udensiva-Brenner Alla Rachkov, Associate Director Ryan Kreider, Assistant Director Comments, suggestions, or address changes may Rebecca Dalton, Program Manager, Student Affairs be emailed to Masha Udensiva-Brenner at [email protected]. Harriman Institute Columbia University Cover image: Police officer walks past a “lone picket” 420 West 118th Street standing in front of the Main Office of the Moscow Police, New York, NY 10027 holding a sign that reads: “I am Golunov” (June 7, 2019). ITAR-TASS News Agency/Alamy Live News. Tel: 212-854-4623 Fax: 212-666-3481 Image on this page: Eduard Gorokhovsky, Untitled, 1988. Watercolor on paper, 21½ x 29½ in. Courtesy of the Kolodzei Collection of Russian and Eastern European Art, For the latest news and updates about the Harriman Kolodzei Art Foundation. www.KolodzeiArt.org Institute, visit harriman.columbia.edu. Stay connected through Facebook and Twitter! www.twitter.com/HarrimanInst www.facebook.com/TheHarrimanInstitute FROM THE DIRECTOR he June arrest of investigative journalist Ivan Golunov, the powerful civic T movement in his support, and his subsequent release marked the start of an eventful summer in Russia. In mid-July, Russians took to the streets again, over the disqualification of opposition candidates from the Moscow City Duma election. In this context, we dedicate the bulk of this issue to contemporary Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY: AMERICAN COLD WAR TRAVELERS and the MAKING of a POPULAR DÉTENTE, 1958-1972 by MICHAEL METSNER Submitted
    GRASSROOTS DIPLOMACY: AMERICAN COLD WAR TRAVELERS AND THE MAKING OF A POPULAR DÉTENTE, 1958-1972 by MICHAEL METSNER Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY May 2018 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of Michael Metsner candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy*. Committee Chair Peter A. Shulman Committee Member Kenneth F. Ledford Committee Member David C. Hammack Committee Member Tatiana Zilotina Date of Defense February 26, 2018 *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: “An adventure into the unknown” 27 Chapter 2: “Smiling faces” 89 Chapter 3: “An Underdeveloped Country” 142 Chapter 4: A New Sparta 201 Conclusion 261 Bibliography 275 i Acknowledgments First and foremost, I wish to thank the members of my dissertation committee for their support and feedback in the process of completing my dissertation. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Dr. Peter Shulman for helping me to refine my main argument and guiding me to the successful completion of this project. A special thanks to Dr. Kenneth Ledford for coining the evocative phrase “popular détente.” Many thanks to my fellow graduate students, past and present, in the History Department for their friendship and camaraderie. I have been fortunate to receive financial support for dissertation research from the History Associates at Case Western Reserve University, the Baker-Nord Center for the Humanities, and the CWRU Department of History.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Fall of Communism
    The Rise and Fall of Communism archie brown To Susan and Alex, Douglas and Tamara and to my grandchildren Isobel and Martha, Nikolas and Alina Contents Maps vii A Note on Names viii Glossary and Abbreviations x Introduction 1 part one: Origins and Development 1. The Idea of Communism 9 2. Communism and Socialism – the Early Years 26 3. The Russian Revolutions and Civil War 40 4. ‘Building Socialism’: Russia and the Soviet Union, 1917–40 56 5. International Communism between the Two World Wars 78 6. What Do We Mean by a Communist System? 101 part two: Communism Ascendant 7. The Appeals of Communism 117 8. Communism and the Second World War 135 9. The Communist Takeovers in Europe – Indigenous Paths 148 10. The Communist Takeovers in Europe – Soviet Impositions 161 11. The Communists Take Power in China 179 12. Post-War Stalinism and the Break with Yugoslavia 194 part three: Surviving without Stalin 13. Khrushchev and the Twentieth Party Congress 227 14. Zig-zags on the Road to ‘communism’ 244 15. Revisionism and Revolution in Eastern Europe 267 16. Cuba: A Caribbean Communist State 293 17. China: From the ‘Hundred Flowers’ to ‘Cultural Revolution’ 313 18. Communism in Asia and Africa 332 19. The ‘Prague Spring’ 368 20. ‘The Era of Stagnation’: The Soviet Union under Brezhnev 398 part four: Pluralizing Pressures 21. The Challenge from Poland: John Paul II, Lech Wałesa, and the Rise of Solidarity 421 22. Reform in China: Deng Xiaoping and After 438 23. The Challenge of the West 459 part five: Interpreting the Fall of Communism 24.
    [Show full text]
  • Accusations Against Stalin Regarding the Great Purge and the Establishment of the Gulags
    International Court of Justice Accusations against Stalin regarding the Great Purge and the establishment of the Gulags Director: Alvaro Ricós Moderator: Carlos Colchero INTRODUCTION The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was founded in 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in 1946. The Court’s duty is to advise on legal questions referred to it by other UN organs or agencies (The Court ICG, n.d.). The Court is composed of 15 judges who are elected by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court is located in the Netherlands, and is therefore the only UN organ that is not located in New York. There are two types of cases involving the ICJ, either legal disputes called Contentious Cases, or advisory opinions on legal questions, which is the case in the upcoming trial. Other UN organs request trials to discuss and determine the legality of specific situations, so the most suitable states are chosen in order to provide the most informed verdict as possible. Furthermore, written and oral proceedings usually take place in order to inform the court of the case and then withdraw a public advisory decision. (The Court ICG, n.d.). First off, once the proceedings begin, the member States are required to file and exchange pleadings signaling their position and a detailed statement of laws or facts leading them to such position during what’s known as the written phase. After that, the State representatives are required to do oral proceedings addressing the court and thus looking forward to reaching a verdict.
    [Show full text]
  • Xi Jinping Consolidates His Power
    Erik Moberg ©: Xi Jinping consolidates his power In the book I give several examples of power shifts in party dictatorships. One possible pattern is that, after the disappearance of a former dictator, a group of competitors appear, and, after that, following a continued power struggle, one single person manages to become the one and only in power. That, for instance, was how Nikita Khrushchev became dictator after having ousted Georgy Malenkov and Nikolai Bulganin. Another similar pattern occurred in China after Mao Zedong, although it started already in Mao’s last years, that is in his lifetime. At that time the so called Gang of Four appeared and challenged Mao. The members were however imprisoned and severely sentenced by Mao’s successor Hua Gofeng. But Hua himself did not last long. After only two years, in 1978, he was forced out by Deng Xiaoping, who then remained in power until his death in 1997. A new dictator thus often feels compelled to consolidate his power and we are now witnessing an interesting process like that in China. Even if there was no open power struggle between several rivals when Xi Jinping became dictator in 2012 he was nevertheless vulnerable since he was not head of any established faction–factions are of great importance in Chinese politics. He has therefore undertaken quite a lot of consolidating measures, basically by substituting members of party sub-organizations or sub-groups at various levels and of different kinds. The basic principle has been to promote people loyal to himself and to suppress intra-party debate.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexei Kojevnikov Alexei Kojevnikov Since 1948, the Lysenko Case Has Become Generally Known As the Symbol of the Ideological
    GAMES OF SOVIET DEMOCRACY IDEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS IN SCIENCES AROUND 1948 RECONSIDERED. Alexei Kojevnikov* Alexei Kojevnikov Alexei Kojevnikov Since 1948, the Lysenko case has become generally known as the symbol of the ideological dic- tate in science and its damaging consequences. It is often explained that in the years following World War II, the Stalinist leadership launched an ideological and nationalistic campaign aimed at the creation of Marxist-Leninist and/or distinctively Russian, non-Western science. Concepts and theories which were found idealistic or bourgeois were banned and their supporters si- lenced. In no other science was this process completed to the same degree as in biology after the infamous Session of the Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences in August 1948, at which Lysenko declared the victory of his "Michurinist biology" over presumably idealistic "formal" genetics. The August Session, in turn, served as the model for a number of other ideological dis- cussions in various scholarly disciplines. This widely accepted interpretation encounters, however, two serious difficulties. The first ari- ses from a selective focus on one particular debate which fits stereotypes the best. It was critics of the Stalinist system who singled out the Lysenko case as the most important example of the application of Soviet ideology to science. The communist party viewed it differently. It did re- gard the event as a major achievement of the party ideological work and a great contribution to the progress of science (until 1964 when the mistake was quietly acknowledged). But what is more interesting and less expected, is that communists claimed five main ideological successes in science rather than one.
    [Show full text]