doi: 10.15503/jecs20171.23.31 -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB
How successful was Joseph Stalin in establishing the Soviet Union as a superpower?
Jakub Majkowski )DFXOW\RI/HWWHUV8QLYHUVLW\RI:URFãDZ SO8QLZHUV\WHFNL:URFãDZ E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract 7KLVHVVD\ZLOOÀUVWO\DGGUHVVWKHH[WHQWRI-RVHSK6WDOLQ·VDFKLHYHPHQWVLQOHDGLQJ WKHFRXUVHIRUGRPHVWLFSROLF\RIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDQGLWVFRQWULEXWLRQWRZDUGVPDLQ- WDLQLQJWKHFRXQWU\·VVXSUHPDF\LQWKHZRUOGIRUH[DPSOHWKHUDSLGSRVWZDUUHFRYHU\ RILQGXVWU\DQGDJULFXOWXUHDQGVHFRQGO\WKHIRUHLJQSROLF\LQFOXGLQJDPELJXRXVUHOD- WLRQVZLWK&RPPXQLVWJRYHUQPHQWVRIFRXQWULHVIRUPLQJWKH(DVWHUQ%ORFPDLQWDLQLQJ IUDLODOOLDQFHVDQGJURZLQJDQWDJRQLVPWRZDUGVZHVWHUQSRZHUVHVSHFLDOO\WKH8QLWHG 6WDWHVRI$PHULFD 7KHDFWLRQVDQGLQÁXHQFHRI-6WDOLQ·VFORVHVWDVVRFLDWHVLQWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\DQG WKHHIIHFWRI6RYLHWSURSDJDQGDRQWKHVRFLHW\DUHDOVRUHYLHZHG7KLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQZLOO FRYHUWKHSHULRGIURP WR $GGLWLRQDOO\RWKHUIDFWRUVVXFKDVWKHLPSDFWRID SRVWZDUZRUOGZLGHHFRQRPLFVLWXDWLRQDQGDWWLWXGHRIWKHVRFLHW\RIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG Key words 6RYLHW8QLRQ&RPPXQLVP6WDOLQ:RUOG:DUVXSHUSRZHU
Introduction 7KHUHLJQRI-RVHSK6WDOLQUHPDLQVDFRQWURYHUVLDOWRSLFLQ5XVVLD$OWKRXJK 1LNLWD .UXVKFKHY·V GH6WDOLQL]DWLRQ RI WKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ UHYHDOHG WKH H[WHQW RIDWURFLWLHVLQÁLFWHGE\WKHGHFHDVHGOHDGHURQWKHVRFLHW\VXFKDVWKH*UHDW 3XUJHRIWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\DQGUHQRZQHGPLOLWDU\RIÀFLDOVQDWLRQZLGH *XODJFDPSVIRUFHGUHVHWWOHPHQWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQRUQXPHURXVPDVVDFUHV RIFLYLOLDQVWKHIDFWWKDWXQGHU-6WDOLQ·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´OHDGLQJWKH6RYLHWSHRSOH WRYLFWRU\LQWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVVXFKDJUHDWDFKLHYHPHQWWKDWLWRXW - ZHLJKHG WKH 6RYLHW GLFWDWRU·V YLFHV DQG PLVWDNHVµ 3XEOLF RSLQLRQ RI 6WDOLQ LPSURYHVRYHUSDVWIHZ\HDUV²SROOUHVXOWV &RXOGVXFKDVWDQFHEHD UHPQDQWRI-6WDOLQ·VQRWRULRXVFXOWRISHUVRQDOLW\DIWHURYHUKDOIDFHQWXU\D FHUWDLQVHQWLPHQWRIWKHSHRSOHWRZDUGVDVWURQJDUPUpJLPHRUSHUKDSVHYHQ DVXSHULRULW\RIDQDXWKRULWDULDQUXOHRYHUGHPRFUDF\" ,QRUGHUWRÀQGDQDQVZHUWRWKRVHTXHVWLRQVZHQHHGWRH[DPLQHWKHUROH WKLVGHIDFWRGLFWDWRUSOD\HGLQEULQJLQJDERXWWKHVXSUHPDF\RIWKH6RYLHW 8QLRQLQ(XURSHDQGHYDOXDWHWKHPHWKRGVKHXVHGDVZHOODVWKHLUUHVXOW
Domestic policy: the threat of Stalin’s reign and consolidating power within the party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ÀQDOGHFLVLRQVUHJDUGLQJWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ·VIRUHLJQSROLF\DQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\ PDLQWDLQHGVWULFWFRQWURODQGVXUYHLOODQFHRYHUWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\+RZHYHU KHFRXOGQ·WVXSHUYLVHHYHU\GHWDLORIUXOLQJVXFKDYDVWFRXQWU\²WKRVHOD\LQWKH KDQGVRIKLVJURXSRIKHQFKPHQ /DYUHQWL\%HULD1LNLWD.KUXVKFKHY$QDVWDV 0LNR\DQ*HRUJ\0DOHQNRY9\DFKHVODY0RORWRYDQG$QGUHL=KGDQRY'HVSLWH WKHVHHPLQJFRRSHUDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHPHQWKH\ZHUHDOOH[WUHPHO\GLVWUXVWIXO WRZDUGVHDFKRWKHUWKH\ZHUHVS\LQJRQHDFKRWKHUDQGGHQRXQFLQJ6WDOLQDW HYHU\RSSRUWXQLW\ZKLOHDWWKHVDPHWLPHY\LQJWRWDNHRYHUKLVSRVLWLRQDVWKH VXSUHPHOHDGHU 0RQWHÀRUHSS ,Q 2FWREHU RQH RI WKHP 9 0RORWRY ZDV IRU WKH ÀUVW WLPH JLYHQ VXFK D FKDQFH7KHOHDGHU·VSK\VLFDOKHDOWKEHFDPHLQFUHDVLQJO\ZRUVH²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·VWHUURU 7KHSURVSHFWRIFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUGHI\LQJ6WDOLQ·VRUGHUVZDVDFWXDOO\WKHRQO\ WKLQJNHHSLQJ90RORWRY·V¶DVVLVWDQWV·IURPGHWKURQLQJKLP 0RQWHÀRUH SS 7KHWKUHDWRIWKHFROODSVHRISRZHULQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQHVFDODWHG IXUWKHUZKHQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHOHDGHU·VKHDUWDWWDFNZDVOHDNHGWRERWK ZHVWHUQDQGQDWLRQDOQHZVSDSHUVZKLFKVSUHDGUXPRUVDERXWKLV¶LQDELOLW\WR UXOH·7KLVSUREOHPKRZHYHUGLGQRWJRXQQRWLFHGE\-6WDOLQ,QRUGHUWRXQGHU - PLQHWKHUXPRUVDQGÀQGWKHSHUSHWUDWRUV-6WDOLQIHOWWKHQHHGWRH[HUWPRUH FRQWURORYHUWKH3ROLWEXURIURPDIDU$VKHNHSWFRQIURQWLQJ90RORWRYDERXW KLVGHFLVLRQVWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ-6WDOLQDQG90RORWRYKLVVHFRQGLQFRP - PDQGURVH7KHODUJHVWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPZDVLQWKHLUDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV WKH:HVWHUQSRZHUVEHKLQGWKH,URQ&XUWDLQ:KLOH90RORWRYZDVPRUHOLEHUDO DQGHDJHUWRVHFXUHDQDOOLDQFHZLWKWKH:HVW6WDOLQKDGFRQVHUYDWLYHYLHZVDQG ZDQWHGWR´EUHDNWKHIDoDGHRIIULHQGO\UHODWLRQVµZLWKWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV$IWHU 90RORWRYRQ1RYHPEHUVXJJHVWHGDQDOOHYLDWLRQRIFHQVRUVKLSRQIRUHLJQ QHZVSDSHUV-6WDOLQGHFLGHGWRUHPRYHKLPIURPSRZHU+HIRXQGDQH[FXVH WRGRVRZKHQ1HZ Foreign policy: establishment of the Eastern Bloc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ÁXHQFHRYHU(XURSH 5REHUWV SS 7KLVVWUDWHJ\ZDVLQKLQGVLJKWRQHRIWKHPRVWVXEWOHDQGHIÀFLHQW PHWKRGVRIHQVXULQJWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ·VGRPLQDQFHLQ(XURSH:KLOHLWLVWUXH WKDWPDLQWDLQLQJWKH5HG$UP\·VSUHVHQFHLQWKHFRQTXHUHGWHUULWRULHVZRXOG KDYHJLYHQ-6WDOLQDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRWDNHSRVVHVVLRQRIWKHFRXQWULHV·VXSSO\ RIKHDY\PHWDOVDOORZLQJIRUDQHYHQIDVWHUHFRQRPLFUHFRYHU\RIWKH6RYLHW 8QLRQLWZDVDEHWWHUFKRLFHWRHVWDEOLVKDQHWZRUNRIVDWHOOLWHVWDWHVZKLFK ZRXOGUHEXLOGDIWHUWKHORVVHVIURPWKHZDULQDORQJHUSHULRGRIWLPH%HFDXVH RIWKDWWKH6RYLHWIRUFHVZHUHQRORQJHUVSUHDGWKLQDQGWKHZDUYHWHUDQVZHUH DOORZHGWRUHWXUQWRWKHLUKRPHODQGZKHUHWKH\ZRXOGEHSUDLVHGIRUWKHLU VHUYLFHRUGLVSRVHGRILIWKHVXSUHPHOHDGHUZDVWRGHHPWKHPGDQJHURXVWR KLVUHJLPH$OVRWKHLQLWLDOÀQDQFLDOIUDJLOLW\RIWKHQHZO\FUHDWHGFRPPXQLVW VWDWHVHQVXUHGWKHLUGHSHQGHQF\RQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDQGVXVWDLQHG-6WDOLQ·V KHJHPRQ\ +DUGW .DXIPDQ S 7KH GHFLVLRQ DOVR KDG LGHRORJLFDO JURXQGV 7KH 0DU[LVW/HQLQLVW LGHD RI ZRUOGFRPPXQLVPRI%ROVKHYLNVRIROGKDGÀQDOO\EHFRPHDUHDOLW\XQGHUWKH UXOHRI-RVHSK6WDOLQDVUHGEDQQHUVÁHZRYHUPRVWRI(XURSHDQG$VLD +RZHYHU)+LUVFK S UHPDUNVWKDWLQUHDOLW\WKH6RYLHW8QLRQ FDQEHGHÀQHGDV´DQHZW\SHRIPRGHUQL]LQJVWDWH²DQHPSLUHRIQDWLRQVµ $FFRUGLQJWR5+DKQHODQG0$OEHUW WKLVQHZSROLWLFDOERG\ FRQWUDGLFWVWKH0DU[LVW/HQLQLVWLGHDRIGHPRFUDWLFFHQWUDOLVPZKLFKVKRXOG FRQVLVWRI´IUHHGRPRIGLVFXVVLRQµDQG´XQLW\RIDFWLRQµEHFDXVHRIWKHUHSUHV - VLYHQDWXUHRIWKHVDLG¶HPSLUH· -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB $ 1HYHUWKHOHVVDVPXFKDVWKH(DVWHUQ%ORFVWUD\HGIURPWKHFRQYHQWLRQDO LGHRORJ\RIZRUOGZLGHFRPPXQLVWUHYROXWLRQLWVFUHDWLRQZDVXQGRXEWHGO\ WKHÀUVWVWHSWRZDUGVHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDVDZRUOGSRZHU Relations with the USA: Stalin’s refusal of the Marshall Plan 'HVSLWHWKHJUDGXDOO\DSSDUHQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKH:HVWHUQDQG(DVW - HUQ%ORFVWKHUHZDVRQHRFFDVLRQE\ZKLFKWKH,URQ&XUWDLQSRVVLEO\FRXOGKDYH EHHQOLIWHG²WKH(XURSHDQ5HFRYHU\3URJUDPLQLWLDWHGE\WKH86$RQ$SULO ZLGHO\NQRZQDVWKH0DUVKDOO3ODQ7KHÀQDQFLDODLGRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\ EQZDVSURSRVHGWRWKHZKROHRI(XURSHEXWZDVXOWLPDWHO\UHMHFWHGE\ 6WDOLQ$GHFLVLRQWRZKLFKWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDVZHOODVDOO&RPPXQLVWJRYHUQ - PHQWVLQWKH6RYLHW%ORFKDGWRDGKHUH :HWWLJS *:HWWLJ S DOVRPHQWLRQVWKDW´DOWKRXJK6RYLHWUHIXVDOZDVSHUIHFWO\UHDVRQDEOH LWZDVRQHRIWKHNH\FDXVHVRIWKHLQFUHDVHLQWHQVLRQEHWZHHQWKHRSSRVLQJ EORFVZKLFKZDVWKHSUHOXGHRI&ROG:DUµ2QHRIWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKH6RYLHW GHFOLQHRIWKHRIIHUZDVWKH7UXPDQ'RFWULQHDQHZO\LQWURGXFHG$PHULFDQ DQWL6RYLHWSROLF\RQ0DUFK RQO\D\HDUEHIRUHWKHLQLWLDWLRQRIWKH 0DUVKDOO3ODQ 7KHSROLF\PHDQWWRFRPEDWWKHLQÁXHQFHRIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ LQQRQ6RYLHWFRXQWULHV,QOLJKWRIWKLVDJJUHVVLYHVWDQFHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVD VXGGHQO\JHQHURXVSURSRVDORIDÀQDQFLDODLGIURPWKHVDPHFRXQWU\VHHPHG DWWKHYHU\OHDVWVXVSLFLRXVWRWKH6RYLHW*RYHUQPHQWZKLFKDIWHUSRVWSRQLQJ WKHQHJRWLDWLRQVE\VL[ZHHNVXOWLPDWHO\UHMHFWHGHYHU\SURSRVDOJLYHQE\WKH $PHULFDQDQG%ULWLVKJRYHUQPHQWV :DV-6WDOLQ·VIHDUMXVWLÀHGRUGLGKHPLVVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRJUHDWO\LPSURYH WKH6RYLHW8QLRQ·VÀQDQFHV" $FFRUGLQJWR1&KRPVN\DQG*5XJJLHURWKH0DUVKDOO3ODQ·VWUXHJRDO ZDVFRQWUDU\WRWKHRIÀFLDOVWDWHPHQWRIWKH86$QRWRQO\WRLPSURYHWUDGH ZLWK(XURSHDQGPRGHUQL]HLQGXVWU\EXWDOVRWRKDPSHUWKHVSUHDGRIFRP - PXQLVPDURXQGWKHZRUOGE\LPSURYLQJWKHÀQDQFLDOVLWXDWLRQRISRRU(DVWHUQ (XURSHDQVWDWHVDQGWKHUHIRUHHOLPLQDWHWKHLUGHSHQGHQF\RQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ &KRPVN\ 5XJJLHURSS 7KHUHIRUHLQKLQGVLJKW-6WDOLQ·V UHIXVDOZDVDUHDVRQDEOHFKRLFHLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQWKHVWDWXVRIWKH6RYLHW 8QLRQDVDVXSHUSRZHU +RZHYHU WKH UHMHFWLRQ RI 0DUVKDOO 3ODQ ZDV QRW XQDQLPRXV DV WKH 3ROLVK3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLF+XQJDULDQ3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLFDQG&]HFKRVORYDN 6RFLDOLVW5HSXEOLFVWLOOH[SUHVVHGLQWHUHVWLQDFFHSWLQJWKHDLG6WDOLQUHDF - WHGE\IRUELGGLQJWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKRVHFRXQWULHVIURPSDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQWKHFRQIHUHQFHRQWKH(XURSHDQ5HFRYHU\3URJUDPLQ3DULV,QWKHHQG WKRVHFRXQWULHVUHOXFWDQWO\UHMHFWHGWKH0DUVKDOO3ODQ %LGHOHX[ -HIIULHV SS 6XFKDEODWDQWVKRZRIGRPLQDQFHRI-6WDOLQRYHUWKH(DVWHUQ(XURSHDQ VWDWHVUHVXOWHGLQDQLQFUHDVHRIWHQVLRQDQGJDYHYRLFHWRWKHRSSRVLWLRQPRYH - % (WKLFV PHQWVLQWKRVHFRXQWULHV7KHUHIRUHZHFDQVD\WKDWDOWKRXJK-6WDOLQ·VFKRLFH ZDVUHDVRQDEOHWKHH[HFXWLRQRILWOHIWPXFKWREHGHVLUHGDQGUHVXOWHGLQD GHWHULRUDWLRQLQWKH6RYLHW·V8QLRQUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKERWK:HVWHUQSRZHUVDQG WKH(DVWHUQ%ORF Relations with China: Stalin’s signing of the sino-soviet treaty of friendship and alliance 7KH6LQR6RYLHW7UHDW\RI)ULHQGVKLS$OOLDQFHDQG0XWXDO$VVLVWDQFHZDV REMHFWLYHO\ WKH PRVW EHQHÀFLDO DOOLDQFH LQ 6RYLHW 8QLRQ·V IRUHLJQ SROLF\ RQ WKH$VLDQVLGH,WLQFUHDVHGWKHVDIHW\RIWKHVRXWKHUQERUGHUDQGUHGXFHGWKH WKUHDWIURP-DSDQZKLFKZDVXQGHUKHDY\LQÁXHQFHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDIWHU WKHODWWHU·VYLFWRU\LQWKH3DFLÀF:DU,WDOVRDOORZHG6RYLHW8QLRQDQG3HRSOH·V UHSXEOLFRI&KLQDWRFROOHFWLYHO\VXSSRUW1RUWK.RUHDLQWKH.RUHDQ:DURI 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ-6WDOLQDQG0DR7VH7XQJKRZHYHUODFNHGWKH HSRQ\PRXVIULHQGVKLS'XULQJWKH&KLQHVH&LYLO:DUIURP WKH5HG $UP\RIIHUHGRQO\VPDOODVVLVWDQFHWR0DR·VLQVXUJHQWVZKRZHUHKHDYLO\ RXWQXPEHUHG E\ .XRPLQWDQJ 0DR DOVR VWLOO UHPHPEHUHG WKH 6LQR6RYLHW 1RQ$JJUHVVLRQ3DFWLQ EDFNZKHQWKHUHZDVVWLOOD5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD 7KH6RYLHWVLGHEURNHWKHSDFWE\DVVLVWLQJD&KLQHVHZDUORUG6KHQJ6KLFDL ZKLFKOHGWR;LQMLDQJ:DUWKHVDPH\HDU-6WDOLQIRXQGWKHULVLQJFXOWRI0DR DVDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHÀJXUHRI&RPPXQLVWUHYROXWLRQWREHGDQJHURXVWRKLP $VIRUWKHLGHRORJLFDOGLIIHUHQFHV0DRULJKWO\SUHVHQWHGWKHSHDVDQWVDVD FODVVZKLFKSHUSHWUDWHGWKHUHYROXWLRQLQVWHDGRIWKHZRUNHUV$VWKLVYLHZ FRQWUDGLFWHGWKH0DU[LVW/HQLQLVWLGHDRIZRUNHUVDVWKHPDLQUHYROXWLRQDU\ JURXS-6WDOLQZDVDQWDJRQLVWLFWRZDUGVWKH0DRLVWLGHRORJ\ 0RQWHÀRUH SS 1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHWUHDW\ZDVVLJQHGE\ERWKSDUWLHVDQGODVWHGIRUWHQ\HDUV XQWLO 6LQR6RYLHW 6SOLW GXULQJ .KUXVKFKHY·V UXOH $OWKRXJK DFFRUGLQJ WR .XLVRQJ´&KLQD·VFODLPVIDURXWUDQWKHH[SHFWDWLRQVRIWKH6RYLHWVLGHµ7KH\ GHPDQGHGWKDW6RYLHW8QLRQUHQRXQFHWKHOHDVHRI3RUW/VKXQDVDQDYDOEDVH DQG UHWXUQ WKDW SULYLOHJH WR &KLQD UHOHDVH WKH KROG RI &KDQJFKXQ 5DLOZD\ DQGWKHFLW\RI'DOLDQ7KH6RYLHWVLGHLQH[FKDQJHFDOOHGIRUOLIWLQJWD[DWLRQ RQUDZPDWHULDOVWUDQVSRUWHGWKURXJKWKH&KDQJFKXQ5DLOZD\IRUWKUHH\HDUV .XLVRQJS 7KH&KLQHVHKDGFOHDUDGYDQWDJHZLWKWKHVHFRQGLWLRQV EXW-6WDOLQGHFLGHGWRVLJQWKHGRFXPHQWUHJDUGOHVV :KLOHWKHDOOLDQFHZDVQRWDGLSORPDWLFYLFWRU\RI-6WDOLQE\DODUJHPDUJLQ LWSURYLGHG6RYLHW8QLRQZLWKDYHU\VWURQJDOO\LQ$VLD-6WDOLQFDQDWWKH YHU\OHDVWEHFUHGLWHGIRUPDLQWDLQLQJWKHIUDJLOHDOOLDQFHZKLFKHQVXUHGFRRSH - UDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVXSHUSRZHUVXSXQWLOWKH6LQR6RYLHW6SOLWLQ VHYHQ \HDUVDIWHU-6WDOLQ·VGHDWK -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB & Foreign policy regarding the Eastern Bloc: cre- ation of Comecon 'HVSLWH-6WDOLQ·VUHIXVDOWRFRRSHUDWHZLWK:HVWHUQSRZHUVKHZDVDEOHWR WDNHQRWHRIWKHLUVXFFHVVIXOSROLFLHVDQGLQWURGXFHVLPLODUFRQVWUXFWV:KHQWKH 2UJDQLVDWLRQIRU(XURSHDQ(FRQRPLF&RRSHUDWLRQ 2(&& ZDVHVWDEOLVKHG RQWK$SULO IURPWKHLQLWLDWLYHRI)UDQFHWRDVVLVWLQWKHHFRQRPLFJURZWK RIPHPEHUFRXQWULHVDVSDUWRIWKH0DUVKDOO3ODQ-6WDOLQFUHDWHGWKH&RXQ - FLOIRU0XWXDO(FRQRPLF$VVLVWDQFH &RPHFRQ OHVVWKDQD\HDUODWHURQWK -DQXDU\ RXWRIFRQFHUQRIWKH(DVWHUQ%ORF·VHFRQRP\EHLQJVXVFHSWLEOH WRWKH:HVWHUQLQÁXHQFH$ODVGXULQJ-6WDOLQ·VUHLJQ&RPHFRQ·VUROHIRFXVHG PHUHO\RQWUDQVIHUULQJIXHODQGUDZPDWHULDOVIURPWKH6RYLHW8QLRQWR(DVWHUQ (XURSHLQH[FKDQJHIRUVHUYLFHVDQGPDFKLQHVFUHDWHGIURPWKHVDLGPDWHULDOV 7KLVSURFHVVZDVGXHWRWKH(DVWHUQ(XURSHDQWHFKQRORJLFDOO\LQIHULRUIDFWR - ULHVDQGWKHQHHGIRUODUJHUDPRXQWVRIIXHOWRUXQWKHP$GGLWLRQDOO\LQ -RVHSK6WDOLQVHYHUHO\OLPLWHGWKHGXWLHVRI&RPHFRQLQIDYRXURISXUVXLQJ VHOIVXIÀFLHQF\RIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ7KHUHDVRQIRUWKDWDFFRUGLQJWR%ULQH PLJKWEHWKDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDODVSHFWRI&RPHFRQPDGHLWKDUGWREHFRQWURO - OHGE\WKH6RYLHW8QLRQVR-6WDOLQGHFLGHGWRUHYHUWWRWKHWUDGLWLRQDOZD\ RIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQOHQGLQJDLGWRLWVVDWHOOLWHVWDWHV7KH&RXQFLOIRU0XWXDO (FRQRPLF$VVLVWDQFHZRXOGQ·WKDYHDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKH(DVWHUQ%ORFXQWLO DIWHU-6WDOLQGLHGDQG1.KUXVFKHYWRRNRYHU %ULQH SS 7KLVPDNHV&RPHFRQDIDLOXUHRI-6WDOLQHVSHFLDOO\FRPSDUHGWRWKHVXF - FHVVRI2(&&RQWKHRWKHUVLGHRIWKH,URQ&XUWDLQ Tito-Stalin split :LWKRXWGRXEWWKHGLFWDWRU·VJUHDWHVWSROLWLFDOIDLOXUHZDVWKH7LWR6WDOLQ 6SOLWLQ ZKLFKFDPHWRWKHVXUSULVHRIGLSORPDWVLQERWK:HVWHUQ(XURSH DQGWKH(DVWHUQ%ORFVLQFH Conclusion -RVHSK6WDOLQODLGWKHJURXQGZRUNIRUWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ·VURDGWREHFRPHD VXSHUSRZHU+HZDVYHU\VXFFHVVIXOLQGLUHFWLQJGRPHVWLFSROLF\DQGSUHYHQ - WLQJDVSOLWLQWKH&RPPXQLVW3DUW\+LVXVHRIWHUURUDOEHLWUHVXOWLQJLQDJUHDW ORVVRIKXPDQOLIHZDVEHQHÀFLDOIRUWKHFRXQWU\·VHFRQRP\DQGLQGXVWU\2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGKLVPHWKRGRIVLOHQFLQJWKHRSSRVLWLRQERWKLQVLGHDQGRXWVLGH RIWKHSDUW\DQGWKHFXOWRISHUVRQDOLW\EXLOWDURXQGKLPUHVXOWHGLQ-6WDOLQ EHLQJLUUHSODFHDEOHDQGWKXVDIWHUKLVHYHQWXDOGHDWKELQGLQJWKHQH[WOHDGHU WRKDYHOHVVSRZHUDQGDSSHDUZHDNHU +HKDGOLWWOHVXFFHVVLQIRUHLJQSROLF\ZLWKKLVJUHDWHVWIDLOXUHVEHLQJWKH 7LWR6WDOLQ6SOLWDQGLQWKHORQJUXQWKHSUHVVXUHKHSXWRQWKH(DVWHUQ%ORF OLPLWLQJ(DVWHUQ(XURSH·VWHFKQRORJLFDOGHYHORSPHQW+RZHYHULQVSLWHRIKLV XQVXEWOHUHODWLRQVZLWKWKHVDWHOOLWHVWDWHVDQGDOOLHVKHÀUPO\KHOGWKH6RYLHW 8QLRQ·VKHJHPRQ\XSXQWLOKLVGHDWK %DVHGRQWKLVHYLGHQFHZHFDQVWDWHWKDW-RVHSK6WDOLQZDVRQO\SDUWO\VXF - FHVVIXOLQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDVDZRUOGSRZHUEHLQJDVWURQJUXOHU ZLWKLQWKHERUGHUVEXWODFNLQJLQGLSORPDWLFVNLOOVLQIRUHLJQDIIDLUV+HXOWL - PDWHO\FUHDWHGDVXSHUSRZHUEXWRQHZLWKLQKHUHQWÁDZV²UHO\LQJRQWHUURU DQGSURSDJDQGDLQWKH6RYLHWVRFLHW\DQGGHOLEHUDWHZHDNHQLQJRIWKHHFRQR - PLHVRIVDWHOOLWHVWDWHVLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQFRQWURORYHUWKHP -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQ&XOWXUHDQG6RFLHW\1RB ) References >@ $OEHUW0+DKQHO5 6RFLDOLVPWRGD\DQGWRPRUURZ%RVWRQ 6RXWK(QG3UHVV >@ %LGHOHX[ 5 -HIIULHV , $ +LVWRU\ RI (DVWHUQ (XURSH &ULVLV DQG &KDQJH /RQGRQ 5RXWOHGJH >@ %ULQH- &RPHFRQ 7KH5LVHDQG)DOORIDQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW2UJDQL]DWLRQ%LU - PLQJKDP 7UDQVDFWLRQ3XEOLVKHUV >@ &KRPVN\15XJJLHUR* 7KH8PEUHOODRI863RZHU 7KH8QLYHUVDO'HFODUDWLRQRI +XPDQ5LJKWVDQGWKHFRQWUDGLFWLRQVRI86SROLF\1HZ