DOCSLIB.ORG

Renowned Mathematicians of India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Renowned Mathematicians of India Renowned Mathematicians of India Dr. P. V. Narayanan Nair India has a long-standing tradition of fundamental developments in Mathematics. A brief account is presented here, confined to the work of some famous mathematicians based on available references. tudies indicate that the first geometry, they had simple ways of use of mathematics in India doing different mathematical Swas during the Indus Valley operations. For example, to Civilisation. It was concerned multiply a two-digit number by 11, mainly with weights and measures say, 45 x 11, it can be calculated by and a basic knowledge of geometry. writing down numbers 4 and 5 and There were seven famous inserting between them their sum: ancient mathematicians among 4 (4+5) 5 or 495. whom Baudhyana is the best known. Another interesting rule was for They formulated the four major calculating the square of two-digit Shulba Sutras or rules. One of the numbers ending with five. For rules was later formulated by example, to find the square of 35 you Pythagoras as a theorem. write down 25 and before it, the In addition to advanced product of 3×4. The result is 1225. Bhavan’s Journal, 15 August, 2020 u 153 Classic Period notable works were The period between 400 CE and Panchasiddhantika and Brihat 1500 CE was the golden age of Samhita. He improved the accuracy Indian Mathematics and was of the sine tables of Aryabhata. He called the Classic Period. There was among the first were outstanding mathematicians mathematicians to discover a such as Aryabhata, Varahamihira, version of what is now known as the Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I, Pascal’s triangle and binomial Mahavira and Bhaskara II. coefficients. He invented the first Aryabhata known 4×4 magic square. Aryabhata was born in 476 CE Brahmagupta in Patna, Bihar. Some say he was Brahmagupta was born in 598 born in Kerala. He is famous for CE in Ujjain. His book his work on lunar eclipse and Brahmasphutasiddhanta is the solar eclipse, rotation of Earth on first text that mentions zero as a its axis, reflection of light by number. He gave many algebraic moon, value of pi correctly to 4 and arithmetic concepts and decimal places and calculating the formulae. circumference of Earth with 99.8 Brahmagupta advocated per cent accuracy. He wrote the observation and use of famous Aryabhatiya when he was instruments. He dedicated an just 23 years old. entire chapter to yantras, or simple Varahamihira devices to observe the sky. He He was born in the 6th century explained negative numbers and CE in Ujjain. Varahamihira’s most their properties. Aryabhata Varahamihira Brahmagupta 154 u Bhavan’s Journal, 15 August, 2020 Bhaskara I Mahavira Bhaskara II Bhaskara I unknown. He devised a formula for He was born in Parbhani the area and perimeters of ellipses district, Maharashtra in the 7th and found methods to calculate the century CE. He was the first to write square and cube roots of a number. Hindu-Arabic numerals and zero Bhaskara II with a circle. He gave a unique and Bhaskara II was born in 1114 remarkable rational CE in Bijapur, Karnataka. He is approximation of the sine function known as the greatest in his commentary on Aryabhata’s mathematician of medieval India. work, Aryabhatiyabhashya, written His work Siddhanta Shiromani has in 629 CE. It is among the oldest laid the foundations for many known prose works in Sanskrit on theories in arithmetic, algebra, mathematics and astronomy. He mathematics of the planets, and also wrote Mahabhaskariya and spheres. He conceived differential Laghubhaskariya. coefficient and differential Mahavira calculus, way before Newton and He was a Jain Mathematician Leibniz. He also wrote a treatise born in Gulbarga, Karnataka. His named Karana Kautuhala. work was Ganithasarasangraha. Modern Era The work comprises more than There are outstanding 1,130 versified rules and examples contributions to mathematics, divided in nine chapters on basic during the last century, by scholars operations, reductions of fractions, such as P C Mahalanobis, Narendra and problems involving a linear or Karmarkar, D R Kaprekar, Harish quadratic equation with one Chandra, C R Rao, C S Seshadri, Bhavan’s Journal, 15 August, 2020 u 155 Hemachandra and C P Ramanujan. Well-known women mathematicians include T. A. Sarasvati Amma, Vasanti N. Bhat- Nayak, Ushadevi Bhosle, Vyjayanthi Chari, Nilanjana Datta, Shakuntala Devi, and many, many more. Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 in Tamil Nadu. He is one of the most Shakuntala Devi recognised Indian mathematicians Shakuntala Devi was known as although he had almost no formal the human computer. In Dallas, training in pure mathematics. He USA, she calculated the cube root sent a set of 120 Theorems to Prof. of 188138517 faster than a Hardy at Cambridge University and computer. She also competed was invited to work there. He is against a UNIVAC, then the world’s known for mathematical analysis, fastest computer to solve the 23rd number theory, infinite series, and root of a 201-digit number and won. continued fractions. She had outstanding talent and set world records. Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose was born on January 1, 1894 in Kolkata. He was a theoretical physicist, known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose- Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954. The class of particles that obey Bose-Einstein Srinivasa Ramanujan statistics are called Bosons. 156 u Bhavan’s Journal, 15 August, 2020.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sripati: an Eleventh-Century Indian Mathematician
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector HlSTORlA MATHEMATICA 12 (1985). 2.544 Sripati: An Eleventh-Century Indian Mathematician KRIPA NATH SINHA University of Kalyani, P.O. Kalyani, District Nadia, West Bengal, India Srlpati (fl. A.D. 1039-1056) is best known for his writings on astronomy, arithmetic, mensuration, and algebra. This article discusses Sripati’s arithmetic, the Ganitatilaka, as well as the arithmetical and algebraic chapters of the SiddhdntaSekhara. In addition to discussing the kinds of problems considered by Srlpati and the techniques he used to solve them, the article considers the sources upon which Sripati drew. A glossary of Indian treatises and technical terms is provided. o 1985 Academic PKSS. IOC. Srlpati (actif vers 1039-1056 ap. J.C.) est surtout connu pour ses Ccrits sur I’astronomie, I’arithmetique, le toise, et I’algebre. Dans cet article, nous abordons I’arithmetique de Sripati, le Ganitatilaka, de m&me que les chapitres arithmetiques et algebriques de son SiddhrintaSekh’ara. En plus d’aborder les types de problemes Ctudies par Sripati et les techniques qu’il a employees pour les resoudre, nous exminons aussi les sources auxquelles Srlpati fait appel. Un glossaire des trait& et des termes techniques indiens complete cet article. 0 1985 Academic Press, Inc. Sripati, der zwischen 1039 und 1056 wirkte, ist vor allem durch seine Schriften tiber Astronomie, Arithmetik, Mensuration und Algebra bekannt. In diesem Beitrag werden seine Arithmetik, die Gavitatilaka, und die arithmetischen und algebraischen Kapitel aus SiddhhtaSekhara behandelt. Neben der Art der Probleme, die Srlpati studierte, und den von ihm verwendeten Losungsmethoden werden such die von ihm benutzten Quellen be- trachtet.
    [Show full text]
  • The Saga of Indian Scientists
    BOOK Review scientists, all of them were born before Independence, 25 of them in the 19th century. Hoariest among them is our spirited THE SAGA OF nationalist mathematician, Radhanath Sikdar, famous for measuring the height of Mt. Everest. He is also ‘one of the earliest pioneers of popular science writing in the country’. INDIAN SCIENTISTS He was born in 1813. By Vinod Varshney Most of these scientists were exposed to western scientific culture and conducted some of their important research, if not all, in the well-equipped labs abroad, but their mission had always been to develop science and technology in India. Treading in the footsteps of their seniors, the younger lot too resolutely took upon themselves to grapple with post- independence challenges to promote scientific and technological capabilities constrained with meagre infrastructural resources. They indeed laid a credible foundation of the much-needed science and technology base in the country which has today mushroomed into over 5,000 labs where approximately 5 lakh scientists work. The bio-sketches have been written by seasoned science writers and journalists who have deployed their ingenuity in presenting multiple facets of their scientific work, thinking and personality and also events that helped mould their outlook. But this has been done in a tiny space – only three pages per scientist. In such a niggardly space they could not have satiated readers’ hunger to know the complete complex scenario which existed in their time and blow by blow account of their vision Title: INDIAN SCIENTISTS and spirit. THE SAGA OF INSPIRED MINDS Most bio-piece scribblers have attempted to explore the Author: Biman Basu, Sukanya Datta, heart, soul and time of the scientists, making them pleasurable T.V.
    [Show full text]
  • Brahmagupta, Mathematician Par Excellence
    GENERAL ARTICLE Brahmagupta, Mathematician Par Excellence C R Pranesachar Brahmagupta holds a unique position in the his- tory of Ancient Indian Mathematics. He con- tributed such elegant results to Geometry and Number Theory that today's mathematicians still marvel at their originality. His theorems leading to the calculation of the circumradius of a trian- gle and the lengths of the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral, construction of a rational cyclic C R Pranesachar is involved in training Indian quadrilateral and integer solutions to a single sec- teams for the International ond degree equation are certainly the hallmarks Mathematical Olympiads. of a genius. He also takes interest in solving problems for the After the Greeks' ascendancy to supremacy in mathe- American Mathematical matics (especially geometry) during the period 7th cen- Monthly and Crux tury BC to 2nd century AD, there was a sudden lull in Mathematicorum. mathematical and scienti¯c activity for the next millen- nium until the Renaissance in Europe. But mathematics and astronomy °ourished in the Asian continent partic- ularly in India and the Arab world. There was a contin- uous exchange of information between the two regions and later between Europe and the Arab world. The dec- imal representation of positive integers along with zero, a unique contribution of the Indian mind, travelled even- tually to the West, although there was some resistance and reluctance to accept it at the beginning. Brahmagupta, a most accomplished mathematician, liv- ed during this medieval period and was responsible for creating good mathematics in the form of geometrical theorems and number-theoretic results.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Mathematics
    Indian Mathemtics V. S. Varadarajan University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA UCLA, March 3-5, 2008 Abstract In these two lectures I shall talk about some Indian mathe- maticians and their work. I have chosen two examples: one from the 7th century, Brahmagupta, and the other, Ra- manujan, from the 20th century. Both of these are very fascinating figures, and their histories illustrate various as- pects of mathematics in ancient and modern times. In a very real sense their works are still relevant to the mathe- matics of today. Some great ancient Indian figures of Science Varahamihira (505–587) Brahmagupta (598-670) Bhaskara II (1114–1185) The modern era Ramanujan, S (1887–1920) Raman, C. V (1888–1970) Mahalanobis, P. C (1893–1972) Harish-Chandra (1923–1983) Bhaskara represents the peak of mathematical and astro- nomical knowledge in the 12th century. He reached an un- derstanding of calculus, astronomy, the number systems, and solving equations, which were not to be achieved any- where else in the world for several centuries...(Wikipedia). Indian science languished after that, the British colonial occupation did not help, but in the 19th century there was a renaissance of arts and sciences, and Indian Science even- tually reached a level comparable to western science. BRAHMAGUPTA (598–670c) Some quotations of Brahmagupta As the sun eclipses the stars by its brilliancy, so the man of knowledge will eclipse the fame of others in assemblies of the people if he proposes algebraic problems, and still more, if he solves them. Quoted in F Cajori, A History of Mathematics A person who can, within a year, solve x2 92y2 =1, is a mathematician.
    [Show full text]
  • A Journey to the Scientific World
    A Journey to the Scientific World Ramesh C. Samanta JSPS post doctoral Fellow Chubu University, Japan June 15, 2016 India: Geographical Location and Description Total Area: 32,87,364 km2 (No. 7 in the world) Population: 1,251,695,584 (2015, No. 2 in the world) Capital: New Delhi Time Zone (IST): GMT + 5.30 hrs Number of States and Union Territories: 29 States and 7 Union Territories India: Languages and Religions In the history India has experienced several great civilizations in different part of it and they had different languages. This resulted several different languages: Majority from Indo Aryan civilization, Dravid civilization. Major Languages: Hindi and English Official Languages: Total 23 languages with countless dialect India is well known for its diversity of religious beliefs and practices. All the major religions of the world like Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity are found and practiced in India with complete freedom Weather in India Extreme climate of being tropical country !!! Hot summer (Temperature goes up to 50 oC) Windy monsoon (average rainfall 1000 mm per year) Pleasant Autumn Snowy winter in Northan part of India Indian Food Indian Spices Indian Curry North Indian Food South Indian Food Tourist Attractions in India Taj Mahal, Agra The Ganges, Varanasi Victoria memorial Hall , Kolkata Sea Beach, Goa India’s Great Personalities Netaji Subhas Jawaaharlal Rabindranath Mahatma Gandhi Chandra Bose Nehru Tagore Swami Sarojini Naidu Vivekananda B. R. Ambedkar Sri Aurobindo Indian Nobel Laureates Rabindranath Tagore C. V. Raman Har Gobind Khorana Nobel Prize in Nobel Prize in Physics, 1930 Nobel Prize in Medicine, Literature, 1913 1968 Mother Teresa Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Kailash Satyarthi Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Nobel Prize in chemistry 2009 Nobel Peace Prize 2014 Indian Scientists Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937): Known for pioneering investigation of radio and microwave optics and plant biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Rationale of the Chakravala Process of Jayadeva and Bhaskara Ii
    HISTORIA MATHEMATICA 2 (1975) , 167-184 RATIONALE OF THE CHAKRAVALA PROCESS OF JAYADEVA AND BHASKARA II BY CLAS-OLOF SELENIUS UNIVERSITY OF UPPSALA SUMMARIES The old Indian chakravala method for solving the Bhaskara-Pell equation or varga-prakrti x 2- Dy 2 = 1 is investigated and explained in detail. Previous mis- conceptions are corrected, for example that chakravgla, the short cut method bhavana included, corresponds to the quick-method of Fermat. The chakravala process corresponds to a half-regular best approximating algorithm of minimal length which has several deep minimization properties. The periodically appearing quantities (jyestha-mfila, kanistha-mfila, ksepaka, kuttak~ra, etc.) are correctly understood only with the new theory. Den fornindiska metoden cakravala att l~sa Bhaskara- Pell-ekvationen eller varga-prakrti x 2 - Dy 2 = 1 detaljunders~ks och f~rklaras h~r. Tidigare missuppfatt- 0 ningar r~ttas, sasom att cakravala, genv~gsmetoden bhavana inbegripen, motsvarade Fermats snabbmetod. Cakravalaprocessen motsvarar en halvregelbunden b~st- approximerande algoritm av minimal l~ngd med flera djupt liggande minimeringsegenskaper. De periodvis upptr~dande storheterna (jyestha-m~la, kanistha-mula, ksepaka, kuttakara, os~) blir forstaellga0. 0 . f~rst genom den nya teorin. Die alte indische Methode cakrav~la zur Lbsung der Bhaskara-Pell-Gleichung oder varga-prakrti x 2 - Dy 2 = 1 wird hier im einzelnen untersucht und erkl~rt. Fr~here Missverst~ndnisse werden aufgekl~rt, z.B. dass cakrav~la, einschliesslich der Richtwegmethode bhavana, der Fermat- schen Schnellmethode entspreche. Der cakravala-Prozess entspricht einem halbregelm~ssigen bestapproximierenden Algorithmus von minimaler L~nge und mit mehreren tief- liegenden Minimierungseigenschaften. Die periodisch auftretenden Quantit~ten (jyestha-mfila, kanistha-mfila, ksepaka, kuttak~ra, usw.) werden erst durch die neue Theorie verst~ndlich.
    [Show full text]
  • In Praise of Her Supreme Holiness Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi
    In praise of Her Supreme Holiness Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi 2016 Edition The original Sahaja Yoga Mantrabook was compiled by Sahaja Yoga Austria and gibven as a Guru Puja gift in 1989 0 'Now the name of your Mother is very powerful. You know that is the most powerful name, than all the other names, the most powerful mantra. But you must know how to take it. With that complete dedication you have to take that name. Not like any other.' Her Supreme Holiness Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi ‘Aum Twameva sakshat, Shri Nirmala Devyai namo namaḥ. That’s the biggest mantra, I tell you. That’s the biggest mantra. Try it’ Birthday Puja, Melbourne, 17-03-85. 1 This book is dedicated to Our Beloved Divine M other Her Supreme Holiness Shri MMMatajiM ataji Nirmal aaa DevDeviiii,,,, the Source of This Knowledge and All Knowledge . May this humble offering be pleasing in Her Sight. May Her Joy always be known and Her P raises always sung on this speck of rock in the Solar System. Feb 2016 No copyright is held on this material which is for the emancipation of humanity. But we respectfully request people not to publish any of the contents in a substantially changed or modified manner which may be misleading. 2 Contents Sanskrit Pronunciation .................................... 8 Mantras in Sahaja Yoga ................................... 10 Correspondence with the Chakras ....................... 14 The Three Levels of Sahasrara .......................... 16 Om ................................................. 17 Mantra Forms ........................................ 19 Mantras for the Chakras .................................. 20 Mantras for Special Purposes ............................. 28 The Affirmations ......................................... 30 Short Prayers for the Chakras ............................. 33 Gāyatrī Mantra ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Brahmagupta Triangles Raymond A
    The Brahmagupta Triangles Raymond A. Beauregard and E. R. Suryanarayan Ray Beauregard ([email protected]) received his Ph.D. at the University of New Hampshire in 1968, then joined the University of Rhode Island, where he is a professor of mathematics. He has published many articles in ring theory and two textbooks. Linear Algebra (written with John Fraleigh) is currently in its third edition. Besides babysitting for his grandchild Elyse, he enjoys sailing the New England coast on his sloop, Aleph One, and playing the piano. E. R. Suryanarayan ([email protected]) taught at universities in India before receiving his Ph.D. (1961) at the University of Michigan, under Nathaniel Coburn. He has been at the University of Rhode Island since 1960, where is a professor of mathematics. An author of more than 20 research articles in applied mathematics, crystallography, and the history of mathematics, he lists as his main hobbies music, languages, and aerobic walking. The study of geometric objects has been a catalyst in the development of number theory. For example, the figurate numbers (triangular, square, pentagonal, . ) were a source of many early results in this field [41.Measuring the length of a diagonal of a rectangle led to the problem of approxin~atingfi for a natural number N. The study of triangles has been of particular significance. Heron of Alexandria (c. A.D. 75)-gave the well-known formula for the area A of a triangle in terms of its sides: A = Js(s - a)(s- b)(s- c),where s = (a + b + c)/2 is the semiperimeter of the triangle having sides a,b, c [41.He illustrated this with a triangle whose sides are 13,14,15 and whose area is 84.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Survey of Methods of Solving Cubic Equations Minna Burgess Connor
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 7-1-1956 A historical survey of methods of solving cubic equations Minna Burgess Connor Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Recommended Citation Connor, Minna Burgess, "A historical survey of methods of solving cubic equations" (1956). Master's Theses. Paper 114. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF METHODS OF SOLVING CUBIC E<~UATIONS A Thesis Presented' to the Faculty or the Department of Mathematics University of Richmond In Partial Fulfillment ot the Requirements tor the Degree Master of Science by Minna Burgess Connor August 1956 LIBRARY UNIVERStTY OF RICHMOND VIRGlNIA 23173 - . TABLE Olf CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE OUTLINE OF HISTORY INTRODUCTION' I. THE BABYLONIANS l) II. THE GREEKS 16 III. THE HINDUS 32 IV. THE CHINESE, lAPANESE AND 31 ARABS v. THE RENAISSANCE 47 VI. THE SEVEW.l'EEl'iTH AND S6 EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES VII. THE NINETEENTH AND 70 TWENTIETH C:BNTURIES VIII• CONCLUSION, BIBLIOGRAPHY 76 AND NOTES OUTLINE OF HISTORY OF SOLUTIONS I. The Babylonians (1800 B. c.) Solutions by use ot. :tables II. The Greeks·. cs·oo ·B.c,. - )00 A~D.) Hippocrates of Chios (~440) Hippias ot Elis (•420) (the quadratrix) Archytas (~400) _ .M~naeobmus J ""375) ,{,conic section~) Archimedes (-240) {conioisections) Nicomedea (-180) (the conchoid) Diophantus ot Alexander (75) (right-angled tr~angle) Pappus (300) · III.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy in India
    TRADITIONSKnowledg & PRACTICES OF INDIA e Textbook for Class XI Module 1 Astronomy in India CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India TRADITIONSKnowledg & PRACTICESe OF INDIA Textbook for Class XI Module 1 Astronomy in India CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). Preface India has a rich tradition of intellectual inquiry and a textual heritage that goes back to several hundreds of years. India was magnificently advanced in knowledge traditions and practices during the ancient and medieval times. The intellectual achievements of Indian thought are found across several fields of study in ancient Indian texts ranging from the Vedas and the Upanishads to a whole range of scriptural, philosophical, scientific, technical and artistic sources. As knowledge of India's traditions and practices has become restricted to a few erudite scholars who have worked in isolation, CBSE seeks to introduce a course in which an effort is made to make it common knowledge once again. Moreover, during its academic interactions and debates at key meetings with scholars and experts, it was decided that CBSE may introduce a course titled ‘Knowledge Traditions and Practices of India’ as a new Elective for classes XI - XII from the year 2012-13. It has been felt that there are many advantages of introducing such a course in our education system.
    [Show full text]
  • 31 Indian Mathematicians
    Indian Mathematician 1. Baudhayana (800BC) Baudhayana was the first great geometrician of the Vedic altars. The science of geometry originated in India in connection with the construction of the altars of the Vedic sacrifices. These sacrifices were performed at certain precalculated time, and were of particular sizes and shapes. The expert of sacrifices needed knowledge of astronomy to calculate the time, and the knowledge of geometry to measure distance, area and volume to make altars. Strict texts and scriptures in the form of manuals known as Sulba Sutras were followed for performing such sacrifices. Bandhayana's Sulba Sutra was the biggest and oldest among many Sulbas followed during olden times. Which gave proof of many geometrical formulae including Pythagorean theorem 2. Āryabhaṭa(476CE-550 CE) Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476. Aryabhata called himself a native of Kusumapura or Pataliputra (present day Patna, Bihar). Notabl e Āryabhaṭīya, Arya-siddhanta works Explanation of lunar eclipse and solar eclipse, rotation of Earth on its axis, Notabl reflection of light by moon, sinusoidal functions, solution of single e variable quadratic equation, value of π correct to 4 decimal places, ideas circumference of Earth to 99.8% accuracy, calculation of the length of sidereal year 3. Varahamihira (505-587AD) Varaha or Mihir, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer who lived in Ujjain. He was born in Avanti (India) region, roughly corresponding to modern-day Malwa, to Adityadasa, who was himself an astronomer.
    [Show full text]
  • Stamps of India - Commemorative by Prem Pues Kumar [email protected] 9029057890
    E-Book - 26. Checklist - Stamps of India - Commemorative By Prem Pues Kumar [email protected] 9029057890 For HOBBY PROMOTION E-BOOKS SERIES - 26. FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY DO NOT ALTER ANY DATA ISBN - 1st Edition Year - 1st May 2020 [email protected] Prem Pues Kumar 9029057890 Page 1 of 76 Nos. YEAR PRICE NAME Mint FDC B. 1 2 3 1947 1 21-Nov-47 31/2a National Flag 2 15-Dec-47 11/2a Ashoka Lion Capital 3 15-Dec-47 12a Aircraft 1948 4 29-May-48 12a Air India International 5 15-Aug-48 11/2a Mahatma Gandhi 6 15-Aug-48 31/2a Mahatma Gandhi 7 15-Aug-48 12a Mahatma Gandhi 8 15-Aug-48 10r Mahatma Gandhi 1949 9 10-Oct-49 9 Pies 75th Anni. of Universal Postal Union 10 10-Oct-49 2a -do- 11 10-Oct-49 31/2a -do- 12 10-Oct-49 12a -do- 1950 13 26-Jan-50 2a Inauguration of Republic of India- Rejoicing crowds 14 26-Jan-50 31/2a Quill, Ink-well & Verse 15 26-Jan-50 4a Corn and plough 16 26-Jan-50 12a Charkha and cloth 1951 17 13-Jan-51 2a Geological Survey of India 18 04-Mar-51 2a First Asian Games 19 04-Mar-51 12a -do- 1952 20 01-Oct-52 9 Pies Saints and poets - Kabir 21 01-Oct-52 1a Saints and poets - Tulsidas 22 01-Oct-52 2a Saints and poets - MiraBai 23 01-Oct-52 4a Saints and poets - Surdas 24 01-Oct-52 41/2a Saints and poets - Mirza Galib 25 01-Oct-52 12a Saints and poets - Rabindranath Tagore 1953 26 16-Apr-53 2a Railway Centenary 27 02-Oct-53 2a Conquest of Everest 28 02-Oct-53 14a -do- 29 01-Nov-53 2a Telegraph Centenary 30 01-Nov-53 12a -do- 1954 31 01-Oct-54 1a Stamp Centenary - Runner, Camel and Bullock Cart 32 01-Oct-54 2a Stamp Centenary
    [Show full text]