British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5): 1-10, 2016, Article no.BJPR.27984 ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759

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Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiacne Activity of (Spach) and Psorospermum corymbiferum (Hochr.)

Taiwo O. Elufioye 1*, Mary O. Bamgbose 1 and Samuel O. Alabi 2

1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out through collaboration among all authors. Author TOE designed the study, wrote the protocol, supervised the study and wrote the final draft. Author MOB carried out the experiments, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author SOA managed the experimental process, analyzed the results and edited the first draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/BJPR/2016/27984 Editor(s): (1) Othman Ghribi, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, USA. Reviewers: (1) Natthanej Luplertlop, Mahidol University, Thailand. (2) Sudipta Das, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/15665

Received 28 th June 2016 Accepted 20 th July 2016 Original Research Article Published 5th August 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study investigated the anti-acne activity, lipase inhibitory effects and antioxidant property of Psorospermum febrifugum and Psorospermum corymbiferum of the family . Study Design: Antimicrobial as well as in vitro anti lipase and antioxidant analysis of extracts and fractions of P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between 2014 and 2015. Methodology: Preliminary antimicrobial assay of the extracts was by agar-well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. The radical scavenging property was determined using DPPH method and the lipase inhibitory assay of the most potent crude extract was done by direct in vitro measurement of lipase inhibition. Results: Methanolic crude extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acne with zones of inhibition ranging from

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Elifioye et al.; BJPR, 12(5): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BJPR.27984

17.00±0.00 to 30.33±1.67. The MIC for the crude extracts was 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL for P. febrifugum leaf, P. corymbiferum stem, P. corymbiferum leaf and P. febrifugum stem extracts respectively. The IC50 values for P. febrifugum leaf and stem, P. corymbiferum leaf and stem extracts were 0.06, 0.02, 0.12 and 0.04 respectively. At same concentration, the anti-lipase inhibitory activity was higher for P. febrifugum (96%) than Orlistat (82%). Conclusion: The result confirmed the anti-acne and antioxidant activities of the two .

Keywords: P. febrifugum; P. corymbiferum; Hypericaceae; antioxidants; anti-acne; Staphylococcus.

1. INTRODUCTION plants against some microorganisms implicated in acne. Acne is a multifactorial disease whose etiology and pathogenesis are yet to be completely 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS elucidated [1]. Microbial etiology of acne has been known since the beginning of the last 2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant century [2] and over secretion of lipase leading to Materials excessive production of oil in the sebaceous glands as well as antioxidants effect have also The fresh leaves and stem of P. febrifugum were been linked to acne [3]. The interaction of the collected in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria and was antioxidants with free radicals has been very authenticated at the Forest Herbarium Ibadan useful in managing cases of acne [4]. (FHI) where a voucher specimen (FHI 109498) was deposited. Also, the leaves and stem of P. Acne continues to burden every generation, and corymbiferum were collected from Ile-Apa, despite the multitude of the treatments and University of Ilorin, Kwara State, authenticated at products on the market, there is still no magic Forest herbarium Ibadan where a voucher formula that can guarantee long-term benefit to specimen (FHI 10949) was deposited. all acne patients. Several studies suggest that the emotional impact of acne is comparable with 2.2 Preparation and Extraction of Plant disabling diseases such as diabetes and epilepsy [5]. The social and psychological impacts of acne Samples are sometimes so complicated that they cause serious problems in patients’ self-esteem and The fresh leaves and stems of P. febrifugum and socialization [6]. P. corymbiferum were rinsed, cut into smaller pieces to increase the surface area and then air- In recent years, there has been an immerse dried for about two weeks. The dried plant parts revival in interest in the herbal and homeopathic were pulverized. Powdered plant materials were systems of medicine both of which rely heavily subjected to solvent extraction using 80% on plant source. Undoubtedly, the plant kingdom methanol, filtered and concentrated to dryness still holds many species of plants containing with the rotary evaporator at 40ºC. The extracts substances of medicinal value yet to be were stored in sealed containers and stored till discovered [7]. Many medicinal plants in Africa further use. have been investigated for the chemical components and some of the isolated 2.3 Phytochemical Screening of the compounds have been shown to possess Crude Extract interesting biological activities. Plant based antimicrobials; antioxidants and anti-acne The crude extract was subjected to preliminary represent a vast untapped source of medicine. phytochemical screening using standard These have been explored to have enormous techniques [9] to detect the presence of some therapeutic potential [4] although discovery of secondary metabolites. plant antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti- lipase, anti-acne still need to continue. 2.4 Partitioning of Crude Extract

P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum are use The solvent-solvent partitioning of the most ethno-medicinally to cure several dermal potent of the crude extract ( Psorospermum infections [8]. This study therefore, investigated febrifugum stem) using n-hexane and ethyl- the antioxidant, anti-lipase and antimicrobial acetate was done. The different fractions were activity of the methanolic extracts of the two then concentrated to dryness. Samples were

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then kept under suitable condition till when extract ( P. febrifugum stem) against selected test needed. clinical isolates were determined using the agar- dilution method. From the stock concentration 2.5 Collection of Bacterial Isolates (500 mg/mL) of each of the crude extracts and the three fractions, a serial dilution was Bacterial isolates were collected from the made to have four more concentrations of 250, department of pharmaceutical microbiology, 125, 62.5 and 31.3 mg/mL. From each of the University of Ibadan. The isolates were concentration, 2 mL each was introduced into 18 authenticated using standard identification mL molten and cool sterile Mueller Hinton agar to methods by streaking on sterile agar media such give a final concentration of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 as nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, blood agar, and 3.13 mg/mL in the different agar media. The and incubated for 24 hours at 370C. The 24 hour test bacterial culture was diluted to 0.5 colonies after 24 hours were observed and re- McFarland standard cell suspensions using streaked until pure colonies are obtained. Each sterile distilled water and with the aid of sterile of the colonies was subjected to Gram staining, swab stick, the test isolates were streaked on the catalase test, heamolysis test and coagulase test different agar-extract concentrations (both crude to ascertain their identities. Each of the pure and fractions) and incubated in an inverted colonies was inoculated on an agar-slant and position for 24 hours at 37°C. This procedure kept at 40C for further use. was carried out for all the test crude extracts and most potent crude extract fractions in duplicates. 2.6 Preparation of Inoculums 2.9 Antioxidant Assay Direct colony suspension method was used to make bacteria suspensions for each isolate. This The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was done by suspending three to four colonies of [11,12], the metal chelating activity [13,14], the 24 hour plate culture of each of the bacterial Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay isolate in 5mL sterile distilled water using sterile [15], and the total antioxidant capacity [16]. Of wire loop. The density of the suspension was the four crude extracts were determined. Total adjusted by dilution and compared to match that phenolics content of the different methanolic of 0.5 McFarland standards corresponding to 1× extracts of the two plants was also determined 108 cfu/mL concentration. [17].

2.7 Antimicrobial Screening of Crude 2.10 Lipase Inhibition Test Plant Extracts Inhibition of lipase by the most potent crude Preliminary screening of the crude extracts was methanolic extract was determined using done using agar-diffusion method [10]. The crude standard assay method [18]. A suspension leaf and stem methanolic extracts of the two containing 1% (v/v) of triolein, and 1% (v/v) plants were reconstituted with methanol to give Tween 40 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 8) was 200 mg/mL concentration. Twenty milliliters of prepared and emulsified. Assays were then melted and cool (450C) Mueller Hinton agar was initiated by adding 800 µL of the triolein emulsion poured into a sterile petri-dish and allowed to set. to 200 µL of porcine pancreatic lipase (0.5 gm With the aid of 8 mm cup-borer, wells of 8mm in pancreatin in 15 mL 0.1 M phosphate buffer at diameters were bored into the agar and filled with pH 8.0) and, 1000, 500 and 250 mg of the extract three drops of the different extract concentration; (or 0.1 M Phosphate buffer, pH 8). This mixture a well was filled with three drops of methanol as was done in triplicates for each concentrations of negative control while another well was filled with extract. Orlistat was also added in the same 10 µg/mL of gentamicin as positive control. The concentration to serve as the control. The procedure was done in triplicate. The whole set contents were mixed and the absorbance up was placed in an incubator for 24 hours at measured immediately at 450 nm and 37°C. designated as T0. The test tubes were incubated at 37°C for 30 min and at the end of the 2.8 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory incubation; the absorbance at 450 nm was Concentration (MIC) recorded and designated as T30. The variation in absorbance = [A450 (T0) - A450 (T30)] was The MIC of the four methanolic crude extracts calculated for both control and the treatment and and the three fractions of the most potent crude the % inhibition was calculated using the formula:

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% inhibition = A450Control - A450Extract × 100 Alkaloids have also been documented to A450Control possess analgesic [28], antiplasmodic [29], and bactericidal [30] effects while phenolics [31], flavonoids [32] as well as alkaloids [33] have anti 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lipase activity.

Plants have been a major source of medicine 3.2 Identification of Isolates and plant secondary metabolites have been responsible for most of the observed therapeutic Some of the microbial isolates cultured effects [19,20]. P. febrifugum and P. fermented Mannitol salt agar and gave yellow corymbiferum have been implicated in the pigment while others did not. The same set of management of skin infections [21,22] and are test organisms that fermented mannitol salt agar thus selected for evaluation in this study. Correct has distinct pattern of colony when grown on identification and quality assurance of the nutrient agar as well as produced alpha and beta starting materials is an essential pre-requisite to heamolysis resulting in faint yellow and ensure reproducible quality of herbal medicine as transparent regions respectively around the well as contribute to its safety and efficacy. Thus, colonies of the test organisms. All test organisms proper identification and authentication with tested positive to catalase test while some herbarium numbers was ensured for the two were coagulase positive. Microbial isolates species. identified includes; Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus 3.1 Phytochemical Screening epidermidis .

The phytochemical constituents of the two plants 3.3 Preliminary Antimicrobial Screening are as reported in Table 1. In P. febrifugum stem (Sensitivity Testing) powder, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and saponins were present while P. corymbiferum The in vitro antimicrobial screening of the studied leaf has low amount of alkaloids and saponins plants part shows antimicrobial activity against with tannins and anthraquinone absent. gram positive bacteria at different concentrations. Almost all the extracts have antimicrobial Secondary metabolites are known to be property with the most potent being P. febrifugum responsible for different plant activities such as stem extract. The extract of the stem of antioxidants, antimicrobial, antifungal and anti- P. febrifugum showed similar antimicrobial cancer activity [23,24,25]. Several authors have activity as the reference antibiotics gentamicin, reported on flavonoids exhibiting a wide range of on microbial isolate 1 and 7 with the same value biological activities such as antioxidant, anti- of diameter of inhibition of 22.00±1.15 and inflammatory, anticancer and anti-allergic 30.00±0.33 respectively at 200 mg/mL. This activities [25,26]. The antioxidant activity of extract also showed a higher activity than phenolics is often associated with the redox gentamicin on microbial isolate 2 with diameter properties which allow them to act as reducing of 25.67±0.33 compared to 22.00±0.0 of agents, metal chelators and plants having gentamicin. Comparatively, the stem extract of significant medicinal values traditionally have P. febrifugum has more antimicrobial effect than been found to be rich in phenolics and to have the leaf, stem and root extracts of P. antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials [27]. corymbiferum (Table 2).

Table 1. The phytochemical constituents of the plant part extracts

Plants Alkaloids Tannins Saponins Cardiac Anthraquinone Flavonoids glycosides PFL ++ + ++ + _ ++ PFS ++ + ++ + + +++ PCL + _ + + _ ++ PCS ++ + + + _ + Key: PFL - P. febrifugum leaf, PFS - P. febrifugum stem, PCL - P. corymbiferum leaf, PCS - P. corymbiferum stem

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Table 2. Preliminary screening of the crude methanolic extracts of P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum

Test PFL PFS PCS PCL Gentamicin isolates Zones of inhibition (mm) S aureus 1 20.67±0.67 22.00±1.15 20.67±0.67 21.33±0.33 22.00±1.15 S aureus 2 20.67±0.33 25.67±0.33 17.33±0.67 24.67±0.33 22.00±0.00 S aureus 3 13.67±3.67 17.00±0.00 9.00±3.00 8.33±3.00 22.00±0.00 S. epidemidis 4 17.00±1.00 24.67±0.33 20.33±0.33 21.00±0.00 30.00±0.33 S. epidemidis 5 20.67±0.88 28.00±0.58 17.00±0.577 15.00±0.58 30.03±0.00 P. acne 6 20.67±0.88 22.33±0.33 18.00±2.00 22.00±0.58 30.00±2.00 S. epidemidis 7 13.00±0.58 30.00±2.89 19.67±0.33 24.67±0.33 30.00±0.33 S aureus 8 12.67±0.33 17.00±0.00 17.33±0.67 22.33±0.33 22.00±0.00 S aureus 9 11.67±0.33 20.67±0.67 20.33±0.33 15.00±0.58 25.03±0.33 S aureus 10 9.33±3.33 20.67±0.67 19.33±0.33 8.33±3.00 22.00±0.00 S aureus 11 23.33±0.67 23.00±0.58 16.33±0.33 2I.67±0.67 30.03±0.00 S aureus 12 33.00±1.00 30.33±1.67 25.33±0.33 15.00±0.58 35.67±0.67 S aureus 13 18.00±0.58 20.00±1.15 16.67±0.33 18.67±0.67 25.33±0.33 Zones of inhibition for the triplicate screening are expressed as means and SEM in the table. Key: PFL - P. febrifugum leaf, PFS - P. febrifugum stem, PCL - P. corymbiferum leaf, PCS - P. corymbiferum stem

The in vitro antimicrobial screening of the antioxidant potential of the plants. The free fractions of the most potent extract ( P. radical scavenging activity was significant at P < febrifugum stem extract) showed antimicrobial 0.05 in the methanol extracts of all the studied activity against Gram positive bacteria at different plants when subjected to ANOVA statistical concentrations (Table 3). The ethyl acetate analysis. Lower IC50 value indicates higher fraction of P. febrifugum stem showed the antioxidant activity and the IC50 values were highest activity when compared with the other observed as follows: P. febrifugum Leaf (0.059), fractions . P. febrifugum Stem (0.02), P. corymbiferum Leaf (0.12), P. corymbiferum Stem (0.03), AA- 3.4 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Ascorbic Acid (0.04) (Fig. 1). This shows P. Concentration (MIC) febrifugum Stem with lowest IC50 and thus better DPPH radical scavenging activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) has been defined as the lowest concentration of the compounds to inhibit the growth of the microorganisms [34]. Further investigation of the methanolic extracts of the studied plants part and the fractions of the most potent extract showed MIC range of 6.25-50 mg/mL (Table 4). Generally, it can be observed that the extracts have lower MIC than the fractions. The antimicrobial activity is probably due to synergistic effect of the phytochemicals in the plant. Thus purification did not necessarily enhance the activity of the plants. However, Fig. 1. IC- 50 for DPPH radical scavenging comparison of the activity of the studied plants activity in mg/mL of the methanolic crude part extracts with conventional antibiotic, extracts gentamicin confirmed reports of other workers that conventional antibiotics are more active than The extracts were also subjected to other plant extracts [35]. The activity of P. febrifugum antioxidant assays. These include Ferric against E. coli has been reported [21]. Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Metal Chelating Ability (MCA), and Total Antioxidant 3.5 Antioxidant Activity Capacity (TAC). The Total Phenolic Content of the extracts was also determined. All the crude The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract had the ability to reduce ferric ion and extracts was carried out to estimate the chelate metals to different extent. The total

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antioxidant capacity of the methanolic extracts of these phenolic compounds is mainly due to was very high in P. febrifugum stem with its their redox properties which allow them to act as mean ascorbic acid equivalence value of 535.85 reducing agents, hydrogen donators, and singlet mg/mL as compared to P. corymbiferum leaf with oxygen quencher [37]. 85.42 mg/mL. Total phenols content estimation also shows that extract of P. febrifugum stem has The DPPH method is fast and helpful in the rapid the highest value. Total phenolic content mean estimation and assessment of novel antioxidants. values are P. febrifugum leaf (147.60), P. It also is also sensitive, requires small sample febrifugum stem (359.03), P. corymbiferum leaf amount and provide preliminary information of (109.34), and P. corymbiferum stem (278.82) all radical scavenging abilities [38]. It was found that in Gallic Acid Equivalence (GAE) mg/mL (Table the radical scavenging activities of the extracts 5). Phenols have been strongly associated with increased with increasing concentrations. antioxidant activity [36]. The antioxidant activity Reports indicate that higher total phenol and

Table 3. Antimicrobial activity of the fractions of P. febrifugum stem extract

Test isolates HPFS EPFS APFS Gentamicin S aureus 1 11.00±0.58 13.00±0.58 11.00±0.58 22.00±1.15 S aureus 2 11.00±0.58 13.00±0.58 11.00±0.58 22.00±0.00 S aureus 3 11.67±0.88 13.67±0.88 11.67±0.88 22.00±0.00 S. epidemidis 4 11.33±0.33 11.33±0.33 11.33±0.33 30.00±0.33 S. epidemidis 5 11.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 11.00±0.58 30.03±0.00 P. acne 6 11.00±0.58 11.00±0.58 11.00±0.58 30.00±2.00 S. epidemidis 7 6.00±3.00 7.00±3.00 6.00±3.00 30.00±0.33 S aureus 8 12.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 10.00±0.58 22.00±0.00 S aureus 9 0.00±0.00 2.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 25.03±0.33 S aureus 10 3.00±3.00 3.00±3.00 3.00±3.00 22.00±0.00 S aureus 11 6.00±3.00 6.00±3.00 6.00±3.00 30.03±0.00 S aureus 12 12.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 35.67±0.67 S aureus 13 12.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 12.00±0.58 25.33±0.33 Zones of inhibition for the triplicate screening are expressed as means and SEM in the table. Each value is the overall mean of 3 determinations. Key: 0.00- No inhibition, HPFS- P. febrifugum Stem n-hexane fraction, EPFS- P. febrifugum Stem Ethyl acetate fraction, APFS- P. febrifugum Stem Aqueous fraction

Table 4. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the crude methanolic extracts of P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum

Test isolates PFL PFS PCL PCS HPFS EPFS APFS Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) – mg/mL S aureus 1 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 2 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 3 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 S. epidemidis 4 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 S. epidemidis 5 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 P. acne 6 50 12.5 12.5 25 50 50 50 S. epidemidis 7 12.5 6.25 6.25 12.5 50 50 50 S aureus 8 12.5 6.25 6.25 12.5 50 50 50 S aureus 9 50 6.25 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 10 50 6.25 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 11 50 6.25 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 12 50 6.25 12.5 25 50 50 50 S aureus 13 50 6.25 12.5 25 50 50 50 Key: PFL - P. febrifugum leaf, PFS - P. febrifugum stem, PCL - P. corymbiferum leaf, PCS - P. corymbiferum stem, HPFS – Hexane fraction of P. febrifugum stem, EPFS – Ethylacetate fraction of P. febrifugum stem, APFS – Aqueous fraction of P. febrifugum stem

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flavonoids contents lead to better DPPH-radical to the formation of comedones which can scavenging activity [39]. Various studies have become inflamed because of overgrowth of also shown that plant rich in phenolic compounds Propionibacterium acnes [43]. Presence of other possess antimicrobial activity against a wide bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, and range of microorganisms, and also have a better Staphylococcus epidermidis in the follicular canal metal chelating ability [40]. is also common [44]. The pathogenesis of acne is however multifactorial and it include Table 5. Antioxidant assay of the crude seborrhea, microbial proliferation, inflammation, extracts and abnormal desquamation of follicular epithelium [45,46]. Plants TPC FRAP MCA TAC extracts mg/g mg/g mg/g mg/g Antioxidants [47,48] and lipase inhibitors have PFL 147.6 91.4 41.5 183.3 found usefulness in the design of drugs for the PFS 359.0 97.9 65.0 535.8 treatment of acne [49]. Propionibacterium acnes PCL 109.3 83.0 52.3 85.4 produces mild local inflammation by producing PCS 278.8 98.3 85.3 337.6 neutrophil chemotactic factors which get Key: TPC – Total Phenolic Content, FRAP – Ferric attracted to the acne lesions and then releases Reducing Ability of Plasma, MCA – Metal Chelating inflammatory mediators like as reactive oxygen Ability, TAC – Total Antioxidant Capacity, PFL - P. species (ROS) [50]. ROS has been linked to febrifugum leaf, PFS - P. febrifugum stem, PCL - P. irritation and disruption of the integrity of the corymbiferum leaf, PCS - P. corymbiferum stem follicular epithelium and progression of inflammatory acne [51], hence the need for 3.6 Lipase Inhibition antioxidants which combat the effects of ROS. Drugs such as erythromycin, minocycline, The percentage inhibition of pancreatic lipase of metronidazole and tetracycline, are becoming the most active extract and orlistat at various more important and enjoy preference over concentrations is as shown in Table 6. antibiotics [52] because of their antioxidant effect [10]. Also, resistance of P. acnes to antibiotic is Table 6. The percentage inhibition of anti- now a major concern all over the world [53]. This lipase activity of the most potent of the crude has led to the extensive study of antioxidants for extracts ( P. febrifugum stem) extract and their capacity to protect organism and cell from Orlistat damage that are induced by oxidative stress [54].

Concentrations Inhibition (%) Inhibition Relationship between total phenolic content and (mg/mL) extracts (%) antioxidant activity has been observed in many Orlistat plant species [10]. Phenolics are known to exhibit 1000 46 56 redox properties by acting as reducing agents, 500 50 78 hydrogen donators and singlet oxygen 250 96 82 quenchers [55]. Phenolic compounds attack cell walls and cell membranes by affecting their It was observed that percentage inhibition is permeability as well as interfere with membrane inversely related to concentration both for the functions like electron transport, protein extract and the reference drug orlistat. (WHY) It synthesis and enzyme activity [10]. Thus, they has been reported that a pancreatic lipase lead to the destruction of pathogens and also inhibitor, orlistat prevented obesity and contribute directly to the antioxidant action by hyperlipidemia through the enhancement of fat acting as free radical terminators and impairing excretion in feces and the inhibition of pancreatic the inflammatory processes [56]. lipase [41]. Topical preparations are the main treatment in Acne has been closely associated with some life- many patients with acne and they form part of style-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia, the therapeutic regimen in almost all patients hypertension and non-insulin-dependent [57]. Most available therapies act directly on the diabetes mellitus as well as with increased risk of bacteria. For instance Benzoyl peroxide is coronary heart disease [42]. It is a disorder bactericidal, Azelaic Acid has antibacterial and caused by abnormal desquamation of follicular antikeratinizing effect and topical antibiotics such epithelium which results in obstruction of the as erythromycin and clindamycin work directly by pilosebaceous canal with the obstruction leading killing P. acnes [57]. However, because of the

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multifactorial nature of the pathogenesis of acne, assessment. Dermatol Clin. 2012;30:99– a combination of different classes of drugs that 106. affect different areas of pathophysiology will be 6. Safizadeh H, Shamsi-Meymandy S, most appropriate [45]. Naeimi A. Quality of life in Iranian patients with acne. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012; 4. CONCLUSION 20(12):571-576. 7. Trease GE, Evans WC. A textbook of The present study provides preliminary Pharmacognosy, 15th Edition. Reed information on the antioxidant, antimicrobial and Elsevie India Private Limited, India, lipase inhibitory activity of Psorospermum 2006;4,13,382,410. febrifugum and Psorospermum corymbiferum 8. Stevens PF. A recent report suggests that which may be relevant in their use for the species of Psorospermum may be better management of acne. This therefore justifies the placed in the Harugana . Science. inclusion the plants in remedies traditionally used 2007;50:555-556. for the management of various skin disorders. 9. Pandey A, Tripathi S. Concept of standardization, extraction and pre CONSENT phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2014;2(5). It is not applicable. 10. Nand PR, Drabu SU, Gupta RK. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant potential of ETHICAL APPROVAL medicinal plants used in the treatment of acne. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4(1): It is not applicable. 185-90. 11. Brand- Williams W, Cuvelier M, Berset C. COMPETING INTERESTS Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensmittel- Authors have declared that no competing Wissenchaft und- Technologie. 1995;28: interests exist. 25-30. 12. Blois MS. Antioxidant determination by the REFERENCES use of stable free radicals. Nature. 1958;181:1199-2000. 1. Haidar R, Najjar M, Boghossian AD, 13. Singh, Rajini. Natural antioxidants Tabbarah Z. Propionibacterium acnes exploited commercially. In Food causing delayed postoperative spine Antioxidants, Hudson BJF (edition) infection: Review. Scandinavian Journal of Elsevier, London. 2004;99-170. Infectious Diseases. 2010;42(6-7):405- 14. Vinda Martos, et al. Flavonoids: 411. antioxidants or signaling molecules? Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2010;36(7): 2. Nisbet M, Briggs S, Ellis-Pegler R, Thomas 838-849. M, Holland D. Propionibacterium acnes : 15. Benzie IFF, Szeto YT. Total antioxidant An under-appreciated cause of post- capacity of teas by ferric reducing/ neurosurgical infection. Journal of antioxidant power assay. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2007;60(5): Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 1999;47: 1097-1103. 633-636. 3. Brady L, Brzozowski AM, Derewenda ZS, 16. Prieto, et al. Natural antioxidants from Dodson E, Dodson G, Tolley S, et al. A plant material. In Huang IMT, Ho CT, Lee serine protease triad forms the catalytic CY, (Eds.). Phenol compounds in food and centre of a triglyceride lipase. Nature. their effects on health. New York: 1990;343:767-770. American Chemical Society. 1999;54-72. 4. Joon-kwan Moon, Takayuki Shibamoto. 17. Gulcin I, Oktay M, Kufrevioglu IO, Aslan A. Antioxidant assays for plant and food Determination of antioxidant activity of components. Journal of Agricultural and Lichen Cetraria islandica (L.). Arch. J. Food Chemistry. 2009;57(5):1655-1666. Ethnopharmacol. 2004;79:325-329. 5. Knutsen-Larson S, Dawson AL, Dunnick 18. Smeltzer T, Togerson J, Hauptman J, CA, Dellavalle RP. Acne vulgaris : Boldrin M, Sjoustrom L. Chemical in the Pathogenesis, treatment, and needs prevention of diabetes in obese subjects

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