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And Psorospermum Corymbiferum (Hochr.) British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(5): 1-10, 2016, Article no.BJPR.27984 ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiacne Activity of Psorospermum febrifugum (Spach) and Psorospermum corymbiferum (Hochr.) Taiwo O. Elufioye 1*, Mary O. Bamgbose 1 and Samuel O. Alabi 2 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out through collaboration among all authors. Author TOE designed the study, wrote the protocol, supervised the study and wrote the final draft. Author MOB carried out the experiments, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author SOA managed the experimental process, analyzed the results and edited the first draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJPR/2016/27984 Editor(s): (1) Othman Ghribi, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Therapeutics, University of North Dakota, USA. Reviewers: (1) Natthanej Luplertlop, Mahidol University, Thailand. (2) Sudipta Das, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/15665 Received 28 th June 2016 Accepted 20 th July 2016 Original Research Article Published 5th August 2016 ABSTRACT Aim: This study investigated the anti-acne activity, lipase inhibitory effects and antioxidant property of Psorospermum febrifugum and Psorospermum corymbiferum of the family Hypericaceae. Study Design: Antimicrobial as well as in vitro anti lipase and antioxidant analysis of extracts and fractions of P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria between 2014 and 2015. Methodology: Preliminary antimicrobial assay of the plant extracts was by agar-well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by agar dilution method. The radical scavenging property was determined using DPPH method and the lipase inhibitory assay of the most potent crude extract was done by direct in vitro measurement of lipase inhibition. Results: Methanolic crude extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acne with zones of inhibition ranging from _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Elifioye et al.; BJPR, 12(5): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BJPR.27984 17.00±0.00 to 30.33±1.67. The MIC for the crude extracts was 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL for P. febrifugum leaf, P. corymbiferum stem, P. corymbiferum leaf and P. febrifugum stem extracts respectively. The IC50 values for P. febrifugum leaf and stem, P. corymbiferum leaf and stem extracts were 0.06, 0.02, 0.12 and 0.04 respectively. At same concentration, the anti-lipase inhibitory activity was higher for P. febrifugum (96%) than Orlistat (82%). Conclusion: The result confirmed the anti-acne and antioxidant activities of the two plants. Keywords: P. febrifugum; P. corymbiferum; Hypericaceae; antioxidants; anti-acne; Staphylococcus. 1. INTRODUCTION plants against some microorganisms implicated in acne. Acne is a multifactorial disease whose etiology and pathogenesis are yet to be completely 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS elucidated [1]. Microbial etiology of acne has been known since the beginning of the last 2.1 Collection and Identification of Plant century [2] and over secretion of lipase leading to Materials excessive production of oil in the sebaceous glands as well as antioxidants effect have also The fresh leaves and stem of P. febrifugum were been linked to acne [3]. The interaction of the collected in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria and was antioxidants with free radicals has been very authenticated at the Forest Herbarium Ibadan useful in managing cases of acne [4]. (FHI) where a voucher specimen (FHI 109498) was deposited. Also, the leaves and stem of P. Acne continues to burden every generation, and corymbiferum were collected from Ile-Apa, despite the multitude of the treatments and University of Ilorin, Kwara State, authenticated at products on the market, there is still no magic Forest herbarium Ibadan where a voucher formula that can guarantee long-term benefit to specimen (FHI 10949) was deposited. all acne patients. Several studies suggest that the emotional impact of acne is comparable with 2.2 Preparation and Extraction of Plant disabling diseases such as diabetes and epilepsy [5]. The social and psychological impacts of acne Samples are sometimes so complicated that they cause serious problems in patients’ self-esteem and The fresh leaves and stems of P. febrifugum and socialization [6]. P. corymbiferum were rinsed, cut into smaller pieces to increase the surface area and then air- In recent years, there has been an immerse dried for about two weeks. The dried plant parts revival in interest in the herbal and homeopathic were pulverized. Powdered plant materials were systems of medicine both of which rely heavily subjected to solvent extraction using 80% on plant source. Undoubtedly, the plant kingdom methanol, filtered and concentrated to dryness still holds many species of plants containing with the rotary evaporator at 40ºC. The extracts substances of medicinal value yet to be were stored in sealed containers and stored till discovered [7]. Many medicinal plants in Africa further use. have been investigated for the chemical components and some of the isolated 2.3 Phytochemical Screening of the compounds have been shown to possess Crude Extract interesting biological activities. Plant based antimicrobials; antioxidants and anti-acne The crude extract was subjected to preliminary represent a vast untapped source of medicine. phytochemical screening using standard These have been explored to have enormous techniques [9] to detect the presence of some therapeutic potential [4] although discovery of secondary metabolites. plant antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti- lipase, anti-acne still need to continue. 2.4 Partitioning of Crude Extract P. febrifugum and P. corymbiferum are use The solvent-solvent partitioning of the most ethno-medicinally to cure several dermal potent of the crude extract ( Psorospermum infections [8]. This study therefore, investigated febrifugum stem) using n-hexane and ethyl- the antioxidant, anti-lipase and antimicrobial acetate was done. The different fractions were activity of the methanolic extracts of the two then concentrated to dryness. Samples were 2 Elifioye et al.; BJPR, 12(5): 1-10, 2016; Article no.BJPR.27984 then kept under suitable condition till when extract ( P. febrifugum stem) against selected test needed. clinical isolates were determined using the agar- dilution method. From the stock concentration 2.5 Collection of Bacterial Isolates (500 mg/mL) of each of the crude extracts and the three fractions, a serial dilution was Bacterial isolates were collected from the made to have four more concentrations of 250, department of pharmaceutical microbiology, 125, 62.5 and 31.3 mg/mL. From each of the University of Ibadan. The isolates were concentration, 2 mL each was introduced into 18 authenticated using standard identification mL molten and cool sterile Mueller Hinton agar to methods by streaking on sterile agar media such give a final concentration of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 as nutrient agar, mannitol salt agar, blood agar, and 3.13 mg/mL in the different agar media. The and incubated for 24 hours at 370C. The 24 hour test bacterial culture was diluted to 0.5 colonies after 24 hours were observed and re- McFarland standard cell suspensions using streaked until pure colonies are obtained. Each sterile distilled water and with the aid of sterile of the colonies was subjected to Gram staining, swab stick, the test isolates were streaked on the catalase test, heamolysis test and coagulase test different agar-extract concentrations (both crude to ascertain their identities. Each of the pure and fractions) and incubated in an inverted colonies was inoculated on an agar-slant and position for 24 hours at 37°C. This procedure kept at 40C for further use. was carried out for all the test crude extracts and most potent crude extract fractions in duplicates. 2.6 Preparation of Inoculums 2.9 Antioxidant Assay Direct colony suspension method was used to make bacteria suspensions for each isolate. This The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was done by suspending three to four colonies of [11,12], the metal chelating activity [13,14], the 24 hour plate culture of each of the bacterial Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay isolate in 5mL sterile distilled water using sterile [15], and the total antioxidant capacity [16]. Of wire loop. The density of the suspension was the four crude extracts were determined. Total adjusted by dilution and compared to match that phenolics content of the different methanolic of 0.5 McFarland standards corresponding to 1× extracts of the two plants was also determined 108 cfu/mL concentration. [17]. 2.7 Antimicrobial Screening of Crude 2.10 Lipase Inhibition Test Plant Extracts Inhibition of lipase by the most potent crude Preliminary screening of the crude extracts was methanolic extract was determined using done using agar-diffusion method [10]. The crude standard assay method [18]. A suspension leaf and stem methanolic
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