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On Psorospermum Febrifugum Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(1): 216-224 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Pollination efficiency of Dactylurina staudingeri JEZS 2020; 8(1): 216-224 © 2020 JEZS (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Psorospermum Received: 22-11-2019 Accepted: 24-12-2019 febrifugum (Hypericaceae) at Dang (Ngaoundéré, Zra Ganava Venceslas Cameroon) Laboratory of Applied Zoology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Zra Ganava Venceslas, Mazi Sanda and Tchuenguem Fohouo Fernand- Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon Nestor Mazi Sanda Laboratory of Applied Zoology, Abstract Department of Biological To evaluate the impact of Dactylurina staudingeri on fruit and seed yields of Psorospermum febrifugum, Sciences, Faculty of Science, its foraging and pollinating activities were studied in Ngaoundéré, from March 1st to 8th, in 2016 and University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. 2017. The experiments were carried out on 540 flowers divided in four treatments: two treatments Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon differentiated according to whether flower buds were protected or not against insect visits; two other treatments made up of flowers that were protected then exclusively exposed to D. staudingeri, or Tchuenguem Fohouo Fernand- unbagged and reprotected without insect or any other organism visit. Stingless bee seasonal rhythm of Nestor activity, its foraging behavior on flowers, its pollination efficiency, the fruiting rate, the number of seeds Laboratory of Applied Zoology, per fruit and the percentage of normal seeds were evaluated. Results show that, D. staudingeri foraged on Department of Biological P. febrifugum flowers throughout its whole blooming period. Among the 37 insect species recorded on P. Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. febrifugum flowers, D. staudingeri was the most frequent insect with 17.95% of 2373 visits. On flowers, Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon individual bee intensely harvested nectar and slightly collected pollen. The mean foraging speed was 5.03 flowers / min. For the two years, through its pollination efficiency, D. staudingeri provoked a significant increment of the fruiting rate by 66.02%, as well as the percentage of normal seeds by 29.97%. Conservation of D. staudingeri nests close to P. febrifugum populations is recommended to improve fruit production, seed quality and stingless bee honey yield in the region. Keywords: Dactylurina staudingeri, Psorospermum febrifugum, flowers, pollination efficiency, yields Introduction Many species of stingless bees have been kept by farmers for their products (honey, propolis [1] and pollen) (Roubik, 1995) and also for providing pollination services for fruits and vegetables in the tropics (Heard, 1999) [2]. Through pollination, bees contribute to the preservation and maintenance of the genetic diversity of flowering plants (Bradbear, 2010) [3]. Psorospermum febrifugum is a shrub of 1.5 - 6 m high (Ruffo et al., 2002) [4]. The flower is sweet smelling, cream-white, usually densely hairy and glandular, with 5 sepals, 5 hairy petals [4] and many stamens (Ruffo et al., 2002) . The edible fruits round are berries of 6 - 10 mm, bright to dark red, in terminal clusters (Ruffo et al., 2002) [4]. Roots and leaves are used to treat leprosy; roots are also used as a mouthwash for tongue diseases (Ruffo et al., 2002) [4]. For a sustainable development of meliponiculture in Cameroon, investigations are carried out on the stingless bee flora in Ngaoundéré. In this country, the demand for fruits and seeds of P. febrifugum is high, whereas its production is weak, notably because of the absence of published data on the relations between this Hypericaceae and flower visiting insects such as D. staudingeri in the various localities. Before our research, no previous work has been reported on the foraging and pollination activity of D. staudingeri on P. febrifugum. The present work is a contribution to the understanding of the relationships between P. Corresponding Author: febrifugum and D. staudingeri, for their optimal management in Cameroon. It has five main Zra Ganava Venceslas specific objectives: (1) determine the place of D. staudingeri in P. febrifugum floral Laboratory of Applied Zoology, entomofaune; (2) study the activity of D. staudingeri on P. febrifugum flowers; (3) estimate Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, the meliponicultural value of this plant; (4) assess the impact of the flowering insects including University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. D. staudingeri on fruit and seed yields of this Hypericaceae; (5) evaluate the pollination Box 454 Ngaoundéré, Cameroon efficiency of D. staudingeri on P. febrifugum. ~ 216 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com Materials and Methods entomofauna of P. febrifugum (Tchuenguem, 2005) [9]. Data Study site obtained were used to determine the frequency of visits (Fi) Experiments were carried out from February to May, in 2016 of each insect species on P. febrifugum flowers; for each and 2017 at Dang (Latitude 7°25.365 N, Longitude 13°32.572 studied period, Fi = {[Vi / Vt] * 100}, with Vi the number of E and Altitude 1083 m), a village located in the Adamawa visits of insect i on flowers of treatment with unprotected region of Cameroon. This region belongs to the high altitude flowers, and Vt the total number of visits of all recorded insect guinean savannah agro-ecological zone; the climate is species on these flowers (Tchuenguem, 2005) [9]. characterized by two seasons: a rainy season (April to October) and a dry season (November to March). The annual Study of the activity of Dactylurina staudingeri on rainfall is about 1500 mm; the mean annual temperature is 22 Psorospermum febrifugum flowers °C; the mean annual relative humidity is 70% (Amougou et In addition to the determination of the flower visiting insect al., 2015) [5]. The vegetation is represented by crops, frequency, direct observation of the foraging activity of D. ornamental plants, hedge plants and native plant species of the staudingeri on flowers was made in the experimental field. savannah and gallery forests. The floral products (nectar or pollen) harvested by D. staudingeri during each visit were registered based on its Biological materials foraging behavior. Nectar foragers were seen extending their The plant material was represented by P. febrifugum naturally proboscis in the corolla, while pollen gatherers scratched the presents in the study site. The animal material included many anthers using their mandibles and their legs (Jean-Prost, 1987) insects species naturally present in the environment. The [11]. number of D. staudingeri colonies located in the study site In the morning of each sampling day, the number of opened was six in 2016 as well as in 2017. flowers was counted in treatments 1 and 3. During the same days as for the frequency of visits, the duration of individual Determining the reproduction mode of Psorosperum flower visits was recorded (using a stopwatch) according to febrifugum four time frames: 8 - 9 h, 10 - 11 h, 12 - 13 h and 14 - 15 h. On February 29th, 2016, 240 flowers of P. febrifugum in bud Moreover, the number of pollinating visits which was defined stage were labelled among which 120 were left unprotected as visits with contact between the bees and stigma (Jacob- (treatment 1) and 120 were bagged using gauze bags Remacle, 1989) [12] the abundance of foragers (highest number (treatment 2) to prevent insect visits (Delaplane et al., 2013) of individuals foraging simultaneously per flower and per [6]. 1000 flowers) (Tchuenguem, 2005) [9] and the foraging speed On February 28th, 2017, 240 flowers in bud stage were (number of flowers visited by individual bee per minute labelled among which 120 were left unprotected (treatment 3) (Jacob-Remacle, 1989) [12]) were recorded during the same and 120 were bagged using gauze bags to prevent insect visits dates and daily periods as the registration of the duration of (treatment 4). visits. The foraging speed (Fs) was calculated using the For each studied year, eight days after the shedding of the last following formula: Fs = (Nf / dv) * 60, where dv is the labelled flower, the number of fruits was assessed in each duration (sec) given by a stopwatch and Nf the number of treatment. The fruiting index (Fi) was then calculated as flowers visited during dv. [7] described by Tchuenguem et al. (2001) : Fi = Fb / Fa, where Abundance per flower was recorded following the direct Fb is the number of formed fruits and Fa the number of viable counting, on the same dates and daily periods as for the flowers initially set. registration of the duration of visits. The abundance per 1000 The allogamy rate (Alr) from which derives the autogamy rate flowers (A1000) was also recorded: some foragers were counted (Atr) was expressed as the difference in fruiting indexes on a known number of flowers. A1000 was then calculated between treatment X (unprotected flowers) and treatment Y using the formula: A1000 = ((Ax / Fx) * 1000), where Fx and (protected flowers) (Demarly, 1977) [8]. Ax are the number of opened flowers and the number of Alr = [(FiX - FiY) / FiX] * 100, where FiX and FiY are foragers effectively counted on these flowers at time x respectively the mean fruiting indexes in treatments X and Y. (Tchuenguem, 2005) [9]. Atr = 100 - Alr. The disruption of the activity of foragers by competitors or predators and the attractiveness exerted by other plant species Determination of the place of Dactylurina staudingeri in on D. staudingeri were assessed. During each daily period of Psorospermum febrifugum floral entomofauna investigation, a mobile thermo-hygrometer was used to The determination of the frequency of D. staudingeri visits on register the temperature and the relative humidity of the study P. febrifugum flowers was based on observations of flowers station every 30 min, from 7 am to 4 pm. of treatments 1 and 3, every day, from March 1st to 8th, in 2016 and 2017 respectively. Data were taken according to Assessment of the concentration in total sugars of five daily time frames: 7 - 8 h, 9 - 10 h, 11 - 12 h, 13 - 14 h Psorospermum febrifugum nectar and 15 - 16 h.
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