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Transcript (121.2Kb) Dr. McKim Malville 3 October 2000 Brian Shoemaker Interviewer (Begin Tape 1 - Side A) (000) BS: This is an oral interview with Dr. McKim Malville taken as part of the Polar Oral History Project conducted by the American Polar Society and the Byrd Archival Program of the Ohio State University on a grant provided by the National Science Foundation. The interview was conducted at Dr. Malville's home in Boulder, Colorado, by Brian Shoemaker on the 3rd of October in the year 2000. Dr. Malville, you were a scientist in the field during the International Geophysical Year and you went there - it's important to know why you were selected and how you were selected and why you went. And what you did when you were there. So if you could take us from where you were educated and who your mentors were and bring that forward to what your experience was that took you to the Antarctic and what happened while you were there. Personal experiences, professional and then your observations. And then afterwards, how it affected your later career. 1 McKM: Why, as you know, I had gone to the Antarctic just after graduating from college which was Cal Tech and the idea of going to the Antarctic and the idea of applying Astronomy Department Cal Tech - one of the world's great astrophysicists. And I had, at Cal Tech, had a degree in . BS: Sorry, I interrupted you. McKM: So anyhow, I headed to the Antarctic after graduating from Cal Tech in physics and . BS: Are you from California? McKM: From San Francisco, yeah. And at Cal Tech, I had been interested both in astronomy and physics and in mountain climbing and I had been, I think, president of the Cal Tech Alpine Club for a couple of years and the faculty had known me for my interest in being outside and having adventures outside and I think that was the major reason that one day Jesse Greenstein suggested that the IGY was just starting up and that might be a good opportunity after I graduated from Cal Tech. I had, initially, thought I would be working in cosmic ray measurements. That's what I knew something about because of my interest in physics and I think my initial iinquiry to the IGY was about a possibility of doing cosmic ray work in either the North or the South Pole. And it turned out there were more opportunities for people who were going to work in auroral studies than cosmic rays, so I ended up in a group of, I think, six of us who were the auroral specialists 2 at the Antarctic bases during the first IGY - during the IGY. I think I had really been drawn to the Antarctic because of my background in mountaineering and climbing and I really was fascinated by that kind of landscape. I had also read a lot of material - the books on Scott and Shackleton and Byrd, so I knew something of the history and romance of these great people who had been to the Antarctic earlier. So it was a very, very inspired suggestion for me to consider the Antarctic. When we first started in Boston, at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center in it probably was June of 1956, the person who was organizing the auroral project was Norman J. Oliver who was at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center and I think we were . a number of us had just graduated from college. There was a couple of guys who were, one fellow had a Ph.D. in physics. (50) We all were given a choice of where we wanted to go, and I think I had read about Finn Ronne being one of the leaders of the Antarctic bases and I think I had said that I would prefer Finn Ronne. BS: You chose Finn. McKM: I think I chose Finn. So, Finn Ronne, of course, at that time, was next to Admiral Byrd in terms of experience of an American in leading exploration of the continent and I liked the idea of the Weddell Sea. It was of all of the bases, probably the least explored area. Much of the area 3 where we sailed along the edge of the what we called then the Filchner Ice Shelf, had never been sailed along before, and the initial sites of the base which was the Beaumont Peninula had been picked by Finn Ronne on the basis of his expedition ten years earlier, but it was a, I think like many parts of the Antarctic at that time, it was a remarkably unexplored, unknown area. And it seemed like the Weddell Sea was the least known of them all and so that really intrigued me. So, I think it was the combination of here was the person who had a lot of experience and the Weddell Sea and the Ice Shelf and all of that possibly very fascinating scenery made that particular base, Ellsworth Station, more interesting than going to the Pole, which I thought would be very flat and not having many opportunities for exploring the way I like to explore things, like going on skis or hiking or snowshoeing, or climbing rocks of anything like that. So I think my initial choice of Ellsworth Station was because it was being led by someone who was known to me, who had a reputation of being an experienced Antarctic explorer, and the remoteness of the station, the remoteness of the area. We spent the summer of 1956 largely at Yerkes Observatory after spending our introductory sessions at Boston at the Air Force Cambridge Research Center. We spent most of our time working with Dr. Joe - Joseph Chamberlain who was probably the most experienced scientist in terms of auroral physics, of studying the nature of the phenomena. BS: Where's Yerkes? McKM: Yerkes is in Wisconsin. It is an observatory that is run by the University of Chicago . the Astronomy Department of the University of Chicago. A rather remote part of Wisconsin, it's on the shore of Lake Geneva, an hour's train ride west of Chicago and Yerkes had a number of . 4 . besides a 40" telescope which was the largest refractory telescope in the world, it had a series of instruments that were being used by Joe Chamberlain to study the aurora. So, the spectrograph that we had which had been built just for the IGY to measure the. to determine the elements that were responsible for the colors of the aurora - the radiation - had been built and designed at the Yerkes Observatory. So much of the preparation time was spent during that summer at Yerkes using this equipment that had been designed and built by Joe Chamberlain and his colleagues. BS: Was that spectrograph sent to the Arctic or the Antarctic? McKM: Every one of the American bases had a spectrograph. had that . BS: Had this same one? McKM: Had the same spectrograph and it was a very sophisticated piece of equipment. I often think that I and my colleagues were handed a research project much more advanced than we deserved. I had just graduated from college and I was essentially given sole responsibility for running a number of fairly sophisticated pieces of equipment for observing the aurora. (100) And the project itself was fairly ambitious. And I suspect that people who were more experienced and more deserving, qualified to do this kind of work were not willing to spend . 5 were not willing to venture over in the Antarctic and so that's . I feel like it was a wonderful gift at this time of my career to be given this opportunity for this kind of work. The spectrograph had just been built and designed for the IGY and we used it for the first time ever and like all complex pieces of equipment, it had a whole series of bugs that needed to be worked out. Unfortunately, they had to be worked out by us in the field rather than ahead of time, so we were given a piece of equipment that was probably 80% functioning and we were sort of, you know, given a handshake and we were told good luck with this piece of equipment. I also thought, somewhat naively, that it would be interesting for me, in addition to the science that was formally our responsibility, to have a couple of projects of my own. And so, during that summer, I also built - designed and built - an optical photometer for measuring the radiation of sodium when it appears in the aurora and so with a lot of help from the Air Force Cambridge Research Center physicists, I still, almost on my own, built my own amplifier and receiver and telescope and put together a little research project all of my own to study the radiation of sodium. I think I was the only one of that group who was so, sort of, carried away by the idea of doing something extra in terms of research. BS: Now this is radiation of sodium from the sun? McKM: No, in the atmosphere. The aurora is produced by high energy particles, protons and electrons, that excite the atoms and molecules in the upper atmosphere and it primarily, once the hydrogen and nitrogen and oxygen, but there's also at certain times a very intense sodium glow. BS: Sodium chloride? 6 McKM: Just sodium. Sodium. Ionized sodium. And I had been reading. I had been immersing myself in the research literature of the aurora during that summer and I think I ran across someone's comment that this seemed like a great puzzle - the nature of sodium emission in the aurora - and someone should study it.
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