NCAR/TN-327+IA Guide to Historical Resources in the Atmospheric

NCAR/TN-327+IA NCAR TECHNICAL NOTE January 1989

Guide to Historical Resources in the Atmospheric Sciences:

Archives, Manuscripts, and Special Collections in the Washington, D.C. Area

James R. Fleming Colby College

FOREWORD

Historical research is based on the explication of various forms of source material. Thus, the depth of an historical study depends on one's ability to locate these sources. This technical note serves as an invaluable tool for such investigations. Dr. Fleming has compiled a guide to atmospheric science resources located in the Washington, D.C. area. This guide will save those interested in the history of the atmospheric sciences innumerable hours of work. It is hoped that the guide finds a wide audience among historians, archivists, and those scientists interested in the beginnings of their particular field of research. NCAR Jeffrey T. Kiehl January 1989 Climate and Global Dynamics Division i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ii Historical Overview of Meteorology in America iv Table 1: Periodization of the History of Meteorology in the United States v Acknowledgements ix

Depositories Surveyed: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STILL MEDIA RECORDS CENTER 2 FAIRFAX COUNTY -- ARCHIVES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT 3 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 4 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, MANUSCRIPT DIVISION 5 MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTER 27 MARTIN LUTHER KING MEMORIAL LIBRARY 28 MOUNT VERNON LADIES ASSOCIATION OF THE UNION 29 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ARCHIVES 30 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION 42 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 134 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 135 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 136 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES 136 JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS 145 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM 146 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147 ARCHIVES CENTER 147 DIBNER LIBRARY 150 DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES 150 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 152 U.S. AIR FORCE HISTORY OFFICE 152 U.S. ARMY CENTER FOR MILITARY HISTORY 154 U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS 154 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 155 Index 156 About the Author 167 INTRODUCTION Archival and manuscript materials are the fundamental building blocks of history. Like the interactions of molecules which determine the macroscopic properties of a gas, the interactions of individuals in history are the fundamental units of historical experience. Notebooks, letters, and administrative records document these interactions in their most candid and unadulterated form, before they have been "sanitized" for publication. These materials form the foundation for quality historical reconstructions and interpretation. While the history of science in general has developed rapidly in the past 30 years, the history of the atmospheric sciences remains, as yet, relatively undeveloped. The pioneering works of W.E.K. Middleton on the meteorological instruments, David M. Ludlum on American weather, and Donald R. Whitnah on the U.S. Weather Bureau, all of considerable value, were written in the 1960s.1 Unlike other scientific fields (e.g. astronomy or nuclear physics), however, the historical literature in meteorology is still rather "thin." Nevertheless, hopeful signs of renewed interest and increased activity are now emerging. The American Meteorological Society sponsors a series of "Historical Monographs," and supports the activities of a "Committee on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences" (CHAS).2 The American Geophysical Union is beginning a historical survey project in geophysics which will include important aspects of the recent history of atmospheric science. Moreover, topics in meteorology are receiving increased attention from historians of science who employ archival sources in their writing. 3 Archives and manuscripts should be of interest to scientists as well as historians. Not only are they important cultural resources and "heirlooms" of the present atmospheric science community, they may also have an important role to play in current research efforts. For example, descriptions of instruments and observing techniques used by early scientists are found in the archival records. This information may help climate researchers evaluate and possibly recover portions of the massive historical data sets collected by earlier generations. Consider the historical climatic reconstructions possible from a single collection in the Records of the Weather Bureau in the National Archives: DAILY OBSERVATIONS OF METEOROLOGY AT MILITARY POSTS, 1819-1916: ca. 660 vols. 60 ft.! 4

1E.g. W.E.K. Middleton, The Invention of the MeteorologicalInstruments (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1969); David M. Ludlum, The History of American Weather, 4 vols. (1963-70); and Donald R. Whitnah, A History of the United States Weather Bureau (Urbana, IL: Univ, of Illinois Press, 1961).

2AMS Historical Monographs include H. H. Frisinger, The History of Meteorology to 1800 (1977); and Gisela Kutzbach, The Thermal Theory of Cyclones: A History of MeteorologicalThought in the Nineteenth Century (1979). Additional titles are forthcoming.

3 James R. Fleming, "Summary of Papers Presented on the History of the Atmospheric Sciences at the History of Science Society Meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina, October, 1987," Bull. Amer. Metl. Soc. 69 (1988): 760-63; Robert M. Friedman, Appropriatingthe Weather: Vilhelm Bjerknes and the Construction of a Modern Meteorology (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1988); and Fleming, Meteorology in America, 1814-1874 (Forthcoming from the Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.)

4See entry 59 on page 61 of this guide. iii

At the Conference on Science Manuscripts sponsored by the National Science Foundation and held in Washington, D.C. in 1960, Edward Lurie issued a call for directories of unpublished documents in the history of science: There is an obvious need for topical guides to manuscript materials in the history of American science similar to those available to scholars in other branches of historical study. 5 However, little has been done to date in any of the scientific specialties to respond to this call.6

This volume, a "Guide" to archival and manuscript holdings in the Washington, D.C. area, is a partial response to Lurie's call and a modest first step in a proposed national, multi-volume survey of unpublished records in the atmospheric sciences. Washington D.C., because of its enormous libraries and its role as home to the National Weather Service and its predecessors, was a logical place to begin. To compile this volume, the collections of the largest depositories, the Library of Congress, the National Archives, and the Smithsonian Institution, were searched by the author and his able assistant, Jon Kutner. Other institutions with relatively fewer archival holdings were surveyed by mail, with follow-up visits and phone calls to those reporting relevant holdings. Included in this volume are the locations and descriptions of significant documents, personal papers, special collections, taped interviews, and historical maps and instruments found during a survey of 19 major depositories. Entries for collections at obvious locations like the NOAA Library appear along with those from surprising ones, such as the Archives of the Circuit Court of Fairfax County. Small collections, occupying less than a page in the guide, are included along with the giant collections of the National Archives which take 90 pages to describe even briefly. References to biographies and bibliographies of prominent atmospheric scientists and administrators are also included in many entries. A machine-readable version of this guide is available in Macintosh SE format from the author and from the Climate and Global Dynamics Division at NCAR in Boulder, Colorado. Thus this survey may be updated and amended as the need arises.

5Edward Lurie, "Some Observations on Research in Nineteenth-Century American Science," in Nathan Reingold, et. al. "The Conference on Science Manuscripts," Isis 53 (March 1962): 21-30. This volume also contains the following relevant articles: Harry Wolf, "Manuscripts and the History of Science," 3-4; Richard H. Shryock, "The Viewpoint of an Historian and a Manuscript Librarian," 9-13; R.G. Hewlett, "A Pilot Study in Contemporary Scientific History," 31-38; A Hunter Dupree, "What Manuscripts the Historian Wants Saved," 63-66; Harry Alpert, "Science Records: Viewpoints of the Sociology of Science," 67-71; Hugh Odishaw, "What Shall We Save in the Geophysical Sciences?," 80-86; Nathan Reingold, "Subject Analysis and Description of Manuscript Collections," 106-12; and H. Bentley Glass, "The Scientist and the Preservation of Science Manuscripts," 136-42.

6A notable exception is Gavin D. R. Bridson, et. al. compls., Natural History Manuscript Resources in the British Isles, (London and New York, Mansell and R.R. Bowker Co., 1980). Historical Overview of Meteorology in America A general overview of the history of meteorology in the United States (see Table 1), reveals four major periods from colonial times to the present: (1) The colonial and early national period of isolated, individual diarists before 1814; (2) the period of expanding observational systems between 1814 and 1874; (3) an era characterized by government service under the U.S. Army Signal Office and the Department of Agriculture, 1870-1920; and (4) the current disciplinary and professional period which began in the 1920s and continues today. Before 1814 individual diarists, typically without adequate instruments or means of intercommunication, were limited to their personal first-hand impressions and their literal line-of-sight horizon -- a few miles at best. Their contribution to meteorological science consisted primarily of their more or less reliable long term record of the climate in their locale. Americans speculating on matters meteorological could claim no serious attention from European savants. Without observational standards or institutions to coordinate and support their research, individual observers and theorists were literally voices crying in the wilderness. During the second period, American meteorology emerged as a large-scale, organized activity with peculiar theoretical problems. Between 1814 and 1825, the Army Medical Department, the General Land Office, the Academies in the State of New York, and a group of college professors in New England established limited, predominantly climatological observing programs. Outstanding questions in meteorology during this period included illustrating the origin of disease, testing the influence of the moon, checking for changes in the climate,and providing standard barometric height surveys for canals and railroads. Some of these topics, by twentieth-century standards, seem far removed from meteorology today -- yet every generation produces its own scientific mix. Between 1834 and 1859, center stage was occupied by the American storm controversy. Competing theories were developed by three prominent scientists: William Redfield, Espy, and Robert Hare. Hotly debated issues included the cause of storms, their phenomenology, and the proper methodology for investigating them. While it came to no clear intellectual resolution, the storm controversy stimulated the development of an observational "meteorological crusade" by the American Philosophical Society, the Franklin Institute, the Army Medical Department, the Navy Department, and the Smithsonian Institution which transformed meteorological theory and practice. Table 1: Periodization of the History of Meteorology in the United States

PERIOD CULTURE PATRONS PROBLEMS INSTRUMENTS INSTITUTIONS /JOURNALS

1650-1814 Individuals None Astro-Meteo Non-Standard None / Private Journals: Lightning Climate Change

1814-1870 Emerging Army Medical American Standardized Ad Hoc / General: Systems, Dept., Amer. Storms, by 1850s, Silliman's Journal, Volunteers Phil. Soc., Climate, Surface obs. APS Proc., FI Journal, Frankl. Inst., Medical only, Smithsonian Reports Navy, N.Y., geography Telegraph Smithsonian, Patent Office

1870-1920 Service and Signal Service, Forecasts, Telegraph, Federal & State/ Specialized: Forecasting, Dept. of Vertical Balloons, U.S. Weather Bureau, Military, Agriculture Structure, Mt. Stations, New England Meteorological Soc., Government Agriculture Self-Recording Monthly Weather Review, Instruments American Journalof Meteorology

1920- Disciplinary, Government, Polar Front, Aircraft, Nmerous / Very Specialized: Professional, Universities, Computer Radio, American Meteorological Soc. Sub- Foundations, Modelling, Radar, National Center for Disciplines Industry Remote Rockets, Atmospheric Research, Sensing, Air Computers, Bull. Amer. MeteorologicalSoc., Pollution, Satellites Journalof the Atmospheric Sci., Long Range J. Climate & Applied Meteo., Forecasts, Journalof GeophysicalResearch, Weather etc. Modification, Climatic Change The Smithsonian meteorological project, begun in response to the storm controversy and organized on the pattern established by the Joint Committee on Meteorology of the American Philosophical Society and the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, grew from 150 observers in 1850 to over 600 by 1860. At its greatest extent, Smithsonian observers reached to the west coast, into Canada, Mexico, Latin America and the Caribbean. The Smithsonian project provided standardized instruments, uniform procedures, free publications, and a sense of scientific unity which extended beyond the normal reach of colleges and local scholarly societies. Data compilations shifted from private diaries to published volumes; from local series lasting several years to more universal collections spanning the continent and the century. It was America's "grand meteorological crusade," similar in zeal and scope to the British magnetic crusade. The Smithsonian meteorological project formed a "seedbed" for the continued growth of theories rooted in data. To increase knowledge of the atmosphere it sponsored original research on storms, climatic change, and phenology; to diffuse knowledge it published and distributed reports and translations. The practical tasks of exploring, describing, and mapping the continent for science fell naturally to institutions like the Smithsonian. In addition, the secretary of the Smithsonian, Joseph Henry, established cooperative programs with the telegraph companies, the Navy Department, the states of New York and Massachusetts, the Canadian Government, the Coast Survey, the Army Engineers, the Patent Office, and the Department of Agriculture. 7 After 1865, the war-damaged Smithsonian system was gradually rebuilt, but it never recovered its antebellum significance or reputation. Congressional legislation created a federal storm-warning service in 1870 under the U.S. Army Signal Office. This system subsumed all others by 1874, signaling the end of the era dominated by volunteer observers. While the Smithsonian spent about $4,000 per annum on its meteorological project, the Signal Office budget for storm warnings soon topped $400,000 per year. By the end of the decade the observational horizons of meteorology had reached the worldwide level, and the Signal Office began to publish an InternationalBulletin of Simultaneous Observations. This represented surprisingly "big" science in the nineteenth century. The center of meteorological theory (however much there was) was located in a small "study room" run by Cleveland Abbe in the Signal Office. A. Hunter Dupree refers to this period in general as "the decline of science in the military services." 8 In 1891, the link between meteorology and agriculture -- always rather strong -- was formalized when the Signal Office relinquished its work to the U.S. Weather Bureau of the Department of Agriculture. Soon the budget for governmental meteorological services topped $1,000,000. Although the Weather Bureau employed 1000 individuals in 1897, and 2,051 by 1912, they were not meteorologists as we would think of them today: they were paid station attendants whose duties included reading the instruments, launching balloons and wiring data to Washington. Their training was primarily "on the job" with the exception of a six to ten week training session to teach them the mechanics of observing and maintaining station instruments. 9 In general, the period from 1870 to about 1930 was dominated by government service in meteorology

7For details see James R. Fleming, "Meteorology inAmerica, 1814-1874: Theoretical, Observational, and Institutional Horizons" (Princeton Univ.: Ph.D. Dissertation; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, #88- 09302, 1988). 8A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the FederalGovernment: A History of Policies and Activities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1957), Ch. IX.

9Margaret Rossiter, "The Organization of the Agricultural Sciences," in A. Oleson and J. Voss (eds.) The Organizationof Knowledge in Modern America, 1860-1920 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1979), .p.218, Table 2. vii

The current, "disciplinary" period of growth in the atmospheric sciences began rather late compared to parallel developments in other sciences. University and graduate education, well-defined career paths, and specialized societies and journals all began in the 1920s. 10 Indeed, anyone planning to write a disciplinary history of meteorology in the United States would be wise to begin with this fourth period of history. By 1920 Vilhelm Bjerknes' program to establish the theoretical basis of dynamic meteorology using the equations of hydrodynamics and thermodynamics had attracted considerable international attention and agreement. His model of atmospheric change, however, was limited by the availability of only surface observational data in Norway during World War I. Information on the vertical structure of the atmosphere allowed his son Jacob to extend the model to include the dynamics of an inclined surface of discontinuity separating two distinct air masses, the front. These developments provided meteorologists with a three dimensional model which could be used to impose a semblance of order on the amorphous (and huge) collections of data. 11 Although the Bergen School was slow to gain acceptance in the United States, it was becoming clear that prediction of future atmospheric configurations was now theoretically possible by integrating the time-dependent equations of atmospheric motion given suitable boundary conditions.12 The advent of electronic computers allowed scientists to experiment with mathematical models of the atmosphere and to compare their results with observations. The efforts of meteorologists over the past seven decades have gone largely toward solving the big problem of atmospheric dynamics. Problems, subject matter, approaches, techniques, methods and instruments define the modem subdisciplines of the atmospheric sciences, viz. Cloud Physics, Atmospheric Chemistry, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Atmospheric Radiation, Tropical Meteorology, etc. The dynamic modelers, using results from all of the sub-specialties claim the theoretical high ground by claiming to deal with the big picture of global circulation and climate. Those building new instruments, investigating particular phenomena, and administering observational networks counter by reminding the modelers that their computer printouts may or may not resemble the "real atmosphere." Modelers and measurers, however, find common ground in the large global measuring and modeling projects such as the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP), a

10But it was not until well into the 1950's that significant numbers of meteorologists had been trained in Ph.D. programs. J.B. Macelwane, "A Survey of Meteorological Education in the United States and Canada," Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety,.33 (1952): 53-55, reports that in the academic year 1949-50 there were only 17 Ph.D. degrees granted at four U.S. institutions: NYU (8), MIT (7), Penn State (1), and UCLA (1). The first academic departments were those at MIT (1929-30) and Penn State (1935).

11Roben Mark Friedman, "Constituting the Polar Front, 1919-20," Isis 73 (1982): 343-62.

12But oh those boundary conditions! Fronts are not isolated from cyclones, nor are cyclones from anti- cyclones, and North American weather is only part of a larger system of global atmospheric circulation. Furthermore, friction, among other variables, has not been included mathematically. Thus the limerick of L.F. Richardson, the first author to advocate numerical weather prediction: Big whirls have little whirls That feed on their velocity, And little whirls have lesser whirls And so on to viscosity. series of international cooperative experiments designed to collect data on the interaction of small, medium, and large-scale atmospheric phenomena with the aim of improving both forecasting and our understanding of the physics of the atmosphere. The (ultimate?) goal of such activities is to measure (or should I say monitor) all of the world's weather through direct and remote sensing, feed the data as quickly as possible (instantaneously?) into computers running the most comprehensive atmospheric models, gain deeper understanding of the complex interactions in the atmosphere, and issue the best possible short- and long-range forecasts. Through the broadcast and print media, the products of the modem atmospheric sciences reach more people on a daily basis than any other science. While some local forecasts may fall short of complete accuracy, images of the weather generated by satellite photographs and radar networks are familiar to almost everyone. Moreover, recent social concerns such as acid rain, desertification, and inadvertent climate modification (by increases in C02, decreases in ozone, or smoke from fires ignited by nuclear explosions) have placed the atmospheric sciences at the focus of national and international attention. The development of atomic weapons and nuclear energy thrust the community of nuclear physicists into the limelight in the 1940s and 50s. The launch of earth satellites and the manned space program has had a similar effect on astronomers and space scientists since the late 1950s. In both cases there was a noticeable and widespread surge of interest in the scientific specialty itself and its history. With issues of global atmospheric changes foremost in today's headlines, the meteorological community needs and deserves to know more about its rich heritage. It is a necessary step in the maturation of a scientific discipline and interesting as well to a growing number of non-specialists. ix

Acknowledgements: This work was sponsored in part by the American Meteorological Society while the author was serving as a historical consultant to the Society. Jon Kutner served as an able research assistant. Office support was provided at the editorial offices of Meteorological and Geo-astrophysicalAbstracts in Washington, D.C. The staff of MGA deserves a note of thanks for the warm hospitality and friendship I experienced while there. Inspiration to begin this survey and to persevere was provided by Nathan Reingold and Bill Deiss at the Smithsonian Institution, "Zed" David at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Marjorie Ciarlante at the National Archives, Bernie Mergen at the George Washington University, Jeff Kiehl and Warren Washington at NCAR, and Ron Taylor at NSF. I would also like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of the historians, archivists, and librarians at the numerous depositories surveyed. The final version of the manuscript was prepared at Colby College with the assistance of Theresa Fox and Rurik Spence. 1 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 1333 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 326-6400 Archivist: Dr. Michele Aldrich Assistant Archivist: Tangela G. Roe The objectives of the American Association for the Advancement of Science are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among them, to foster scientific freedom and responsibility, to improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public understanding and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress. Cf. Kohlstedt, Sally G. The Formationof the American Scientific Community: The American Associationfor the Advancement of Science, 1848-1860. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1965, 1976.

OLDER HISTORICAL MATERIALS Portrait in Oil of William C. Redfield, first president of the AAAS, 1848-49. Painted ca. 1840. Loaned to the AAAS by the Redfield Family. "Record Book of the Names of Members of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Containing their Signatures to the Rules of the Association at the First Meeting Convened in the City of Philadelphia on Wednesday, Sept. 20th, 1848." AAAS Miscellaneous Papers, 1846-1856, with materialsto 1870. 1 bound volume. Contains printed circulars, signatures of members in attendance, and minutes of meetings.

OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE The AAAS Office of International Science (OIS) administers programs and activities related to international science and engineering. These include bilateral and multilateral projects and exchanges with scientific and engineering organizations in the U.S. and other countries.

CORPORATE RECORDS OF THE OIS (10 BOXES) These records were generated by Dave Burs, Program Director (Climate) of the Office of International Science. They were transferred to the AAAS Archives on March 28, 1988 (10 Boxes). Most of the records document the activities of the AAAS COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE. The Committee on Climate organizes meetings of scientists and public officials with the aim of an improved understanding of the impacts of climate change and variability on human affairs, and the resulting public policy implications. Activities include meetings and publications cosponsored under the U.S. National Climate Program, the World Climate Program of the WMO, and the Carbon Dioxide Research Division of the 2 U.S. Department of Energy. Special initiatives include studies of the effect of climatic change and variability on water resources and food production. Folder headings include: American Geophysical Union, Climate modelling, Climatic history, C02 and Climate Change, C02 Newsletter, DOE proposals, Drought, Food & Climate, History of Agriculture, Impacts (5 folders), National Climate Program, NCAR Networkshop, Oceans, Ozone, Paleoclimatology, Water and Climate. COMMITTEE ON ARID LANDS (COAL), 1976-83,7 boxes. COAL coordinates scientific symposia and workshops, sends representatives to national and international conferences, and provides documentation and advice on the status of current research and results from workshops and meetings. See UN Conference on Desertification. UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON DESERTIFICATION, 1977-78, 5 boxes. These records pertain to an international desertification seminar in Africa held in conjunction with the West African Science Association, the East African Academy, and the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment. Finding aid available. See also COAL.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STILL MEDIA RECORDS CENTER Anacostia Naval Air Station (Code LGP-R) Building 168 Washington, D.C. 20374-1681 (202) 433-2166

The Department of Defense (DOD) Still Media Records Center maintains the official photographic records of the four branches of the U.S. armed forces. It contains a collection of approximately 1.2 million photographic negatives and transparencies which represent the activities of the Air Force since 1954, the Army since 1955, the Marines since 1941, and the Navy since 1958. Photographs are organized under both geographic and subject headings. Since there is no general catalog, an appointment with a member of the research staff is necessary. There is a fee for photographs and services. Orders take 4-6 weeks to process. Sample topics related to atmospheric science include storms, tornadoes, rough seas, aviation weather, etc. Photographic records predating this collection for the Army, Marines, and Navy are available from the National Archives, Still Pictures Branch. Information on early Air Force photographs is available from the National Air and Space Museum, Records Management Division. 3 FAIRFAX COUNTY -- ARCHIVES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT Archives Room, Room 38 Judicial Center 4110 Chain Bridge Road Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 246-4168 The Archives has custody of the official manuscript records of Fairfax County, the home of founding fathers George Washington and George Mason. Cf. Official Records of the Colonial Periodin Fairfax County. The Circuit Court Archives contains original deeds, wills, court orders, summons, suit papers, and other documents recorded in the Fairfax Court since 1742. There are no records on meteorology especially pertinent, except a curious entry by the Clerk at the beginning of the 1772-1774 court orders which reads: Memorandum: Be it remembered that on the eleventh day of June in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy three it rain'd Hail'd snow'd and was very cold. (True by my Journal)

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Special Collections Division The Gelman Library The George Washington University 2130 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20052 Dr. William B. Keller, Head The library specializes in collecting Washingtoniana, and does not have many items or collections related directly to the history of the atmospheric sciences. Relevant holdings include Andrew Burnaby, Travels through the Middle Settlements in North America, in the Years 1759 and 1760 (London, 1775), which contains a "Diary of the Weather" from January to December 1760, transmitted from Williamsburg, Virginia, by Francis Fauquier. The library also contains the Samuel Solomon Collection (25 boxes of material). Solomon was a prominent figure in aviation in the Washington area. 4 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Special Collections Division Lauinger Library, Fifth Floor 37th and O Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20057 (202) 687-7444 special collections George M. Barringer, Special Collections Librarian Jon K. Reynolds, University Archivist Nicholas B. Scheetz, Manuscript Librarian Special Collections of Georgetown: A Descriptive Catalog (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Library, 1985). ARCHIVES OF THE COLLEGE OBSERVATORY. 20 boxes. Papers and photographs. Includes notes on general observations of the weather from 1831 to 1970. Observations were taken by Jesuits at the university. Partly arranged. Other meteorological observations and diaries are found in the personal papers of several 19th century Jesuits. Cf. James Curley Papers in the National Museum of American History. 5 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, MANUSCRIPT DIVISION James Madison Memorial Building First Street and Independence Ave., S.E. Washington, D.C. 20540 (202) 287-5387 Raymond A. Billington, Librarian of Congress James H. Hutson, Chief of Manuscript Division Paul T. Chestnut, Head of Reference and Reader Services General Reference Aids: The Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress has a computer printout entitled "Mastestr Record of Manuscript Collections" which provides an index by names and key words to the collections. Manuscripts are described in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC) and the Handbook of Manuscriptsin the Library of Congress (1918, with supplements to 1931 and 1938). There are approximately 1500 published and unpublished registers for manuscript collections available in the reading room. Some collections have card catalog indexes available. There arername indexes to the Presidential Papers collections. Other special, thematic guides and bibliographic references are available in the reading room.

ABBE, CLEVELAND (1838-1916). Meteorologist. 15 linear feet. 9,100 manuscripts, 150 photographs, 250 printed items. Dictionaryof Scientific Biography; Truman Abbe, ProfessorAbbe and the Isobars (Vantage, 1955); William J. Humphreys, "Biographical Memoir of Cleveland Abbe, 1838-1916," with bibliography, BiographicalMemoirs of the National Academy of Sciences 8 (1919): 469-508. The bulk of the papers of Cleveland Abbe were presented to the Library of Congress by Abbe's granddaughter, Dr. Petrena Abbe Shea, on October 30, 1963. The balance was transferred to the Library at the same time by the National Archives. The papers were described in the Library of Congress Information Bulletin 22, no.29 (July 22, 1963): 357-358 and in Nathan Reingold, "A Good Place to Study Astronomy," the Library of Congress Quarterly Journalof Current Acquisitions 20, no.4 (September 1963): 211-217. 6 ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: #1 Diaries, 1962-70, 1889, arranged chronologically. #2-9 General Correspondence, 1950-1916. #9-12 Family Correspondence and Related Papers, ca. 1858-1954. Includes the manuscript of Cleveland Abbe by Truman Abbe assembled under the name of the family member concerned. #13-31 Subject File, 19 containers. Includes biographical material, financial records, lecture notebooks, meteorological maps, charts, synopses and forecasts, photographs, holograph astronomical papers (1855-68), notes, and memorabilia arranged alphabetically by subject or type of material and chronologically thereunder. #32 Speech and Article File. Manuscript and printed copies of speeches, articles, reports and autobiographical writings, arranged by type of material. #33-34 Printed matter. Newspaper clippings and miscellaneous printed matter. The clippings have been segregated, but otherwise the material is unarranged. AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION AND SUNDAY SCHOOL SOCIETY. Almanac, 1842. 1 v. (ca. 200 p.). These manuscript notes were kept by an unknown person in Washington, D.C. Weather and notes on daily events were interleaved with pages of a printed almanac. Source unknown. 79-58438. AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS. 80 lin. ft., 30,000 items. Cf. Tom D. Crouch, The Origin and Early Years of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences. The Collection contains the manuscript of an article by C.G. Rossby, Athelston Spillhaus, et. al. on meteorology, instrumentation, and general aerodynamic advances, published in the first issue of the Journalof the AeronauticalSciences. ANDREWS, JOSEPH GARDNER. b. 1768? Army officer and physician. Diary, 1795. 1 v. ca. 200 p. Forms part of the Peter Force papers (Series 8D:5). Available on microfilm. Diary (1795 Jan. 1-Dec. 31) kept by Andrews as an Army surgeon at Fort Defiance, Ohio, under the command of Maj. Thomas Hunt. Includes comments on daily events, meteorological observations, monthly state of the garrison reports, and numerous accounts of meetings with Indians. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 77-90407 NUCMC MS78-1682. 7 BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS. Scientist and administrator. 5 linear feet. 2,000 items. The Alexander D. Bache papers have been briefly described in the Annual Report of the Librarianof Congress (1914): 59-60. A microfilm edition of these papers on 5 reels is available for purchase. The Bache papers cover the years 1828 through 1863 and include a journal, general correspondence, special correspondence, a scrapbook, and partial indexes. The bulk of the material falls in the years 1836-38 and 1857-63. The general correspondence relates mainly to the business of the U.S. Coast Survey when Bache served as Superintendent, 1843-67. The scrapbook of newspaper clippings reflects Bache's interest in scientific developments of the period. There is a partial index for correspondence between 1857 and 1860. Repositories other than the Library of Congress that have collections relating to Alexander D. Bache are the Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif., the Smithsonian Institutional Archives, and the American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia, PA. BALDWIN, EVELYN BRIGGS (1862-1933). Meteorologist and Arctic explorer. 7.8 linear feet. 4,200 items. The papers of Evelyn Briggs Baldwin were deposited in the Library of Congress by Mr. Baldwin in 1926. Additional material was deposited in the Library in 1935 by Elmer E. Rogers, Administrator, Scottish Rite Temple, Washington D.C. Both deposits were converted to gifts in 1945. Biographical Note: 1862: Born July 22, Springfield, Mo. 1885: M.S., Northwestern College, Naperville, Ill. 1885-86: European travels. 1887-91: High school principal and superintendent of city schools,Kansas. 1893-94: Meteorologist for Peary's 2d expedition to North Greenland. 1896: Published The Searchfor the North Pole (Chicago), 520 pp. 1898-99: Second-in-command and meteorologistof Wellman expedition to Franz Josef Land. 1901-02: Leader of Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition. 1915: Prepared intelligence report for U.S. government concerning foreign agents Dernberg, Von Papen, and Boy-Ed. 1926-32: Historian, Office of Naval Records and Library, Navy Department, Washington, D.C. 1933: Died Oct. 25, Washington, D.C. Scope and Content Note: The papers of Evelyn Briggs Baldwin span the period 1849 to 1933, with the bulk of the manuscripts dealing with the Wellman and Baldwin-Ziegler polar expeditions. The papers include general correspondence, expedition records, some miscellany, and typed genealogical material. 8 ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: #1-6: General Correspondence, 1872-1933. Letters sent and received, arranged together chronologically. #7-14: Polar Expedition Records, 1893-1915. Containers 7-12 contain special correspondence, reports, journals, scrapbooks, and typescripts, arranged chronologically. Container 6 deals with meteorology; container 8 with meteorological work in Franz Josef Land during the Wellman expedition. It contains a report entitled, "Meteorological Observations of the Second Wellman Expedition." Containers 13-14 contain financial records (1897-1902), arranged chronologically. #15-18: Miscellany, 1880-1933. Printed matter, typescripts, addresses, and newspaper clippings, arranged by type of material and then chronologically. Includes two oversize folders. #19-20: Genealogy, 1649-1933. Notes and genealogical typescripts, arranged by subject. See related materials in RG-401, National Archives. BERLANDIER, JEAN LOUIS. d. 1851. Naturalist and explorer. Papers, 1826-47. 27 items. Forms part of the Sir Thomas Phillipps Collection. Phillipps Nos.: #15464: Miscellaneous papers relating mainly to Mexico, Lower California, and Texas. Includes Barometric observations in Mexico, 1826-27. #15470: Berlandier's Journals, 1826-34. 7 v. Entitled "Voyage au Mexique." Volume 7 contains his observations and comments on the climate. #15530: Berlandier's Journals, 1846-47. 2 v. Journals of Berlandier's experience during the war between the United States and Mexico. Volume 1 contains descriptions of terrain, climate and weather conditions. A collection of Berlandier's papers is also found in the Smithsonian Institution Archives. BRANTZ, LEWIS. 1768-1838. Journal, 1793-94, 1 v. (182 p.). Forms part of the Peter Force Papers. Series 8, Entry 13, Reel 31. Journal (Mar. 10, 1793-July 14, 1794) kept by Brantz as master of the brigantine Equality on a voyage from Baltimore around the Cape of Good Hope to India and return to Baltimore. Contains entries on weather. BROWNE, GEORGE W. Naval officer. Logbook, 1860-69. 1 v. (200 pp.). Logbook of the ship Fernandina, commanded by Browne, recording its voyages and participation in the blockade of Wilmington, N.C. (1861-62) and other North Carolina ports as part of the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Entries consist of data on course and weather and commentary on the events of the voyages of this and other ships. Purchase, 1917. 73-99465. CLARKE, JOHN. Diary, 1749. 1 v. (32 p.). Forms part of the Peter Force papers (Series 8D: 19). Available on microfilm. Secretary to William Shirley. Diary (Jan. 1-Dec. 2, 1749) discussing personal matters, the weather, travel to and from Boston, questions before the General Court, and local news; interleaved in An AstronomicalDiary, or, an Almanackfor the Year of Our Lord Christ, 1749 (Boston, J. Draper) by Nathanael (i.e. Nathaniel) Ames. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 78-97576 NUCMC MS78-1700. 9 CONSTITUTION (whaler). Logbook, 1840-42. 1 v. (125 pp.) Logbook of the whaler Constitution of Nantucket, Mass. (May 10, 1840-Apr. 17, 1842) with entries relating chiefly to weather and sea conditions, the sighting and killing of whales, and whale oil extraction, mainly off the coast of Peru. Gift of Mrs. Dwight M. Miner, 1937. 73-99598. COURIER (whaler). Logbook, 1846-1850. 1 v. (164 p.). Forms part of the Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection. The logbook was kept by William Holley, captain of the ship Courier, a whaler out of New Bedford, MA, on a voyage to the west coast of South America. Entries relate to sea and weather conditions, shipboard routine, and whale sightings and captures. Places represented include the Azores, Magdalena Island, Galapagos Islands, and a number of points on the coasts of Chile and Peru. Transfer from the Library's Geography and Map Division, 1951. 83-4197. CUSHING, JACOB. 1730-1809. Congregational clergyman, of Waltham, MA. Diaries, 1749-1809. 33 v. Forms part of the Peter Force Papers (Series 8D:30). Available on microfilm. Diary entries interleaved in various printed almanacs in which Cushing comments upon daily events and church activities, including records of deaths and marriages. Also included are miscellaneous financial accounts and meteorological observations. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867, gift, 1916, and transfer, 1978. 78-91843 NUCMCMS78-1708. DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM and FAMILY. 1811-1882. 18.4 linear feet. 16,100 items. The papers of John William Draper, his son Daniel Draper (1841-1931), and other family members were donated to the Library of Congress by his great-grandson Daniel C. Draper in 1973 and 1974. Daniel Draper (1841-1931), established the New York Meteorological Observatory in Central Park, New York in 1868, and served as its director from 1868 to 1911. He received a Ph.D. from New York University in 1880, patented a self-recording barometer in ca. 1886, and married Ann Maury Ludlow in 1887. The Daniel Draper Papers (1861-1931 and undated) include family and general correspondence, a subject file, financial papers, and miscellaneous materials which document Daniel Draper's career as director of the New York Meteorological Observatory. There is correspondence with such prominent scientists as Cleveland Abbe, Alexander Graham Bell, James McKeen Cattell, Alexander Gustave Eiffel, Valentine Mott, John Tyndall, and Charles Piazzi Smyth. There are 21 containers numbered 23-43: Containers 31 and 32 contain a subject file dated 1863-1921 which includes correspondence, meteorological observations, patent applications, and other material, arranged alphabetically by subject. Selected entries include Consolidated Water Co. of Suburban New York, Draper's Self- Recording Thermometer, New York Meteorological Observatory (8 folders), and Patents. Container 42 (Miscellany) contains an article entitled, "Relative Merits of the Various Types of Registering Maximum and Minimum Thermometers." A collection of Daniel Draper papers is also found in the Archives Center, NMAH, Smithsonian Institution. 10 ESPY, JAMES POLLARD. 1785-1860. Meteorologist. Letter, 1836. 1 item. Forms part of the Library's Miscellaneous Manuscripts collection. Photocopy (negative). Reproduced by the Library from original in the F. L. Pleadwell collection, Manuscript Division. 79-1355. Other Espy materials are located in the collections of the National Archives, the Smithsonian Institution Archives, and the Joseph Henry Papers. FORCE, WILLIAM QUEREAU. 1820-1880. Meteorological clerk. Forms part of the Peter Force Papers, LC. William Force was a clerk at the Smithsonian Institution who worked with the meteorological project in the 1850s. ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: #1: Correspondence, Jan. 13, 1843 - Feb. 2, 1845. #2: Diaries, 1864, 1867, 1870-71, 1874-75, 1877-78. Correspondence and miscellany, 1844-1944; #3: Manuscript versions of Third Bulletin of the Proceedingsof the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, Washington, D.C., February, 1842 to February, 1845; also Proceedings of the Meeting of April, 1844. (Washington: Wm. Q. Force, 1845). Fourth Bulletin of the National Institutefor the Promotion of Science, Washington, D.C., February 1845, to November, 1846. (Washington: Wm. Q. Force, 1846). FREEMAN, THOMAS. d. 1821. Surveyor and explorer. Papers, 1806-1873. 3 items. Forms part of the Peter Force Papers (Series 8D:53, reel 39). Available on microfilm. Manuscript volume entitled "An Account of the Red River, in Louisiana, drawn up from the returns of Messrs. Freeman and Custis to the War Office of the U.S. who explored the same, in the year 1806" (141 p.) covering the journey of Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis from Fort Adams, Miss., via Natchitoches, La., to a point beyond the Little River during the period May 2 to Sept. 8, 1806. The report includes lists of flora, fauna, and minerals and meteorological observations. The collection also includes two items transferred from the Thomas Jefferson Papers: a copy (1859) of Jefferson's instructions to Freeman for exploring the Red River dated April 14, 1804; and an explanatory note (1873) in the hand of William Q. Force. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 79-59014 NUCMC MS80- 2043. A second collection, 1796-1807, contains 4 items and forms part of the Library's Miscellaneous Manuscripts collection. Purchase, 1908. 79-1458. 11 GIBBES, LEWIS REEVES (1810-1894), Mathematician and naturalist. Papers, 1793- 1894. 5700 items. Principally correspondence with some printed material, clippings, specimen lists, resolutions, and miscellany. The papers, chiefly 1838-94, relate mainly to Gibbes' career as professor of mathematics, physics, and astronomy at the College of Charleston (S.C.) and his correspondence with other scientists on the subjects of astronomy, physics, geology, meteorology, chemistry, botany and zoology. Other subjects relate to the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Smithsonian Institution. Correspondents include Stephen Alexander, Alexander D. Bache, Henry William DeSaussure, James Espy, Joseph Henry, Edward C. Herrick, Elias Loomis, Matthew F. Maury, and William C. Redfield. Finding aid in the Library. Gift of Miss S.P. Gibbes, 1932; purchase, 1916. 17,327-8N-8P. 77-22707 NUCMC MS78-1722. GOOD RETURN (whaler). Logbook, 1837-38. 1 v. (100 p.) Logbook of the Good Return, whaler, of New Bedford, Mass., with entries relating to weather and sailing conditions. Places mentioned include the Cape of Good Hope, St. Helena Island, and Buzzard's Bay, Mass. Purchase, 1903. 75- 99705. GREELY, ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON. 1844-1935. Soldier, explorer, scientist, and author. Papers. 70 linear ft. 45,000 items. The papers of Adolphus W. Greely were deposited in the Library of Congress in 1959 by his daughter Miss Rose Greely. The deposit was converted to a gift, 1959-69, and further material was given by Miss Greely in 1962-63. Other papers were received in 1961 as a gift of his daughter Mrs. George H. Shedd, and a single item was added by purchase in 1970. A note on the Greely papers appeared in the Library of Congress QuarterlyJournal of CurrentAcquisitions 17 (May 1960): 183; and 18 (May 1961): 135. The papers of Adolphus W. Greely include diaries; correspondence; letterbooks; military papers; manuscripts; typescripts; galley proofs of articles and books, speeches, lectures, and addresses; material on the polar regions; biographical material; maps; newspaper clippings; photographs and prints; notes and memoranda; and scrapbooks. The papers range from 1753 to 1959, with most of them within the period 1880 to 1935. Many facets of General Greely's career are represented by this collection: his service in the Civil War as a Union soldier, his leadership of the ill-fated Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881-84, which reached farther north than any previous exploring party; his direction of the construction of thousands of miles of telegraph wire and cables in many parts of the world; his career in the Signal Corps, 1867-1906, and as Chief Signal Officer, 1887-1906, a time which saw the reorganization of the national weather service, 1890-91, and the introduction of aviation into the U.S. Army. Over one-half the collection consists of family and general correspondence for the years 1807 and 1851-1939, and letterbooks for the period 1887- 1905. Dominating the remainder of the collection are the military papers, 1863-1921, and related material. 12 The technical-scientific material after 1877 includes correspondence on polar matters exchanged with Admiral Robert E. Peary, Roald Amundsen, and others; on electrical and radio matters with Guglielmo Marconi, Samuel P. Langley, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas A. Edison, and others; on the birth of aviation with Samuel P. Langley, General Billy Mitchell, and others; and on the Government's role in science and in the development of Alaska with many Members of Congress and the Cabinet. Prominent among Greely's other correspondents were William A. Glassford, Gilbert H. Grosvenor, William Babcock Hazen, and William Howard Taft. There is an interesting exchange of correspondence in May and June of 1890 between Greely and Theodore Roosevelt concerning the operation of the Civil Service Commission. HAZARD, EBENEZER. 1744-1817. U.S. Postmaster General, antiquarian, and historian. Collection, 1492-1832. 1977 items. Forms part of the Peter Force Papers (Series 8B). In part, transcripts. Available on microfilm. Prominent individuals represented in the collection include Benjamin Franklin. Also included are papers, 1790-1830, of Hazard's son, Samuel (1784-1870) containing meteorological journals, and papers relating to the U.S. Military Academy. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 77-25452. NUCMC MS78-1731. HILDEBRANDT, ALFRED LOUIS HEINRICH. 1870-?. German author on aeronautical subjects, pioneer in aviation, and the first European to support the experiments of the Wright Brothers. Papers, 1826-1940. The collection is exceptionally rich in material on German aviation, spanning the time of balloon experiments to the period of the airplane's development at the time of World War II. It includes material on aviation sports, inventions, laws, meteorology, aviation societies, transportation, and other activities in addition to personal papers and data on subsidiary areas in aeronautics. Correspondents of Hildebrandt include Patrick Alexander, Ernst Damm, Hans Ravenstein, Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Karl Scheimpflug, Octave Chanute, Gilbert Feldhaus, and Albert, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg. 81-25916. HOFFMAN, CHARLES. Almanac, 1829. 1 v. (ca. 50 p.). Manuscript version of Franklin's Almanac; includes information on weather, lunar phases, sun risings and settings. Source unknown. 79-58453 NUCMC MS79-1790. HOLMES, ABIEL. 1763-1837. Congregational clergyman of Cambridge, MA. Meteorological Register. 1795-1829. 3 v. Forms part of the Peter Force Papers (Series 8D:71). Available on microfilm. Meteorological register kept by Holmes recording daily variations in temperature, wind, and weather, 1795 Jan-1829 Dec. Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 81-98632 NUCMC MS82-1179. 13 HORNER, GUSTAVUS RICHARD BROWN. 1804-1892. Naval surgeon and author. Papers, 1826-1911. 5 linear ft. 4900 items. Forms part of the Library's Naval Historical Foundation collection. Correspondence, daybooks, medical journals, MSS. of Homer's published books, registers of weather, and printed matter, chiefly 1840-70, and relating to the medical aspects of Homer's naval career. Register published by the Library in 1970. Other series contain weather registers which give dates, times, and places of the readings of thermometers and barometers as well as descriptions of the condition of the wind and the sea; includes registers of the weather, USS John Adams, 1831; USF United States, 1836-38; USF Savannah, 1849-50; East Gulf Blockading Squadron, 1861-63. JEFFERSON, THOMAS. 1743-1826. Papers. Frederick J. Randolph and Frederick L. Francis, "Thomas Jefferson as a Meteorologist," Monthly Weather Review (Dec. 1895): 456-58; Ralph Brown, "The First Century of Meteorological Data in America," Monthly Weather Review 68 (1940): 130-33; John C. Greene, American Science in the Age of Jefferson (Ames, IA: Iowa State Univ. Press, 1984).

ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: #1: Index to Jefferson Correspondence: Vol. 1, 1774-1826; Vol. 2, 1779-1826 #9: Subject file, 1769-1820 includes entries entitled Meteorological remarks; Account books, 1757-1809. #13: Weather Record, 1783-90. #28: Garden Book, 1766-1824. #89: Miscellany; Vol. 2 Weather Records, 1776-1818. The Guide to Undated Material includes the following entry on the subject of meteorology: Cooper, Thomas, 2 pages of notes dated Feb. 17. JUDAH, HENRY MOSES. 1821-1866. Army officer. Journal, 1847. 1 vol. (ca. 80 pages). Journal dated January 10 to August 23, 1847, kept by Judah while serving with the 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment during the Mexican War. Includes general descriptions of the Mexican climate, terrain, and people. Purchase, 1902. 17, 452- 1N-1P. 78-93633 NUCMC MS79-1793. KARNAK (ship). Logbook, 1891. 1 v. (25 p.) Logbook of the bark Karnak kept by Edward G. Rouse on a voyage from Ship Island (Gulf of Mexico) to Hamburg, Germany from April 20 to July 31, 1891. The log contains daily statements on weather and sea conditions, the ship's course, and duties of the crew. It includes printed information on hurricanes and cyclones. Purchase, 1942. 75-99655. KIRKPATRICK, JAMES A. AND SARAH E. fl. 1852-73. James was a school teacher in Philadelphia; both were meteorological observers for the Smithsonian Institution. Observations at Philadelphia: record books, 1851- 1881. 200 items. Contains three volumes of meteorological notes and observations made by James A. and Sarah E. Kirkpatrick at Philadelphia. A folder of loose material and clippings contains information about weather elsewhere. Transfer from the Library's Stack and Reader Division, 1979-1982. 82-58396. The Kirkpatricks were Smithsonian observers for 21 years (1852-60 and 1862-73). Additional materials in Joseph Henry Papers, Smithsonian Institution. 14 LANGMUIR, IRVING. (1881-1957). Noted American chemist, Nobel Prize winner, and weather modification enthusiast. Papers. 42.7 Linear ft. 32,000 items. The papers of Irving Langmuir were received by the Library of Congress in 1958 as a bequest of Dr. Langmuir. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Irving Langmuir in these papers, and in other collections of papers in the custody of the Library of Congress, have been dedicated to the public. A note concerning the Irving Langmuir Papers appeared in the Library of Congress Information Bulletin 18, No. 4 (Jan. 26, 1959): 41; the material was described in the Library of Congress Quarterly Journalof CurrentAcquisitions 16, No. 3 (May 1959): 146. This collection consists of correspondence, experimental notebooks, diaries, manuscripts of articles, and speeches. The experimental notebooks date from 1894-1957 and contain data and, after 1946, information on weather control. The extensive subject files kept by Dr. Langmuir include a large amount of material on cloud seeding experiments for artificial production of snow and rain. There is a small group of published scientific journals collected and annotated by Dr. Langmuir, as well as newspaper clippings, a card reference file, photographs, and awards. A register of papers is available at the Library of Congress. Of particular interest to the history of weather modification are the following containers in the collection: #5-7: Correspondence, 1940-1957, and undated. #11-12: Cloud seeding. #25-26: Marine meteorology. #35-43: Weather control, U.S. Department of Commerce. #51: Laboratory notebooks, Sept 21, 1944 to Jan. 28, 1950. #52: Chemical warfare service notebooks, Jan. 31, 1950 to July 22, 1957. #54: Notebooks, 1950-54; Experimental sheets. #82-84: Article and speech file; 1945-1956, and undated. #90-91: Speeches, 1950-56, and undated; Lecture notes, 1907-56, and undated. #101: Miscellaneous scientific notes; Newspaper clippings. #102-03: Photographs. #104: Card reference file. #105-06: Awards and degrees. LEWIS (whaler). Logbook, 1849-53. 1 v. (250 p.). Logbook (May 15, 1849-Jan. 7, 1853) of the whaling ship Lewis containing entries on course, weather, whale sightings and captures, ships spoken, and events on board ship. Places represented include New Zealand, New Holland, Sunday Island, and the Fiji Islands. Purchase, 1904. 75-99523. MAURY, MATTHEW FONTAINE. 1806-1873. Naval officer and oceanographer. Papers, 1825-1927. 15 linear ft. 14,500 items. Gift of Mrs. James R. Werth and other members of the Maury family, 1912-29; and other gifts and purchases, 1914-75. 79-31682 NUCMC MS63-378. Correspondence, letterbooks, diaries, notebooks, experimental notes, journals, drafts of speeches, articles, and other writings, charts, printed matter, and family papers, relating chiefly to Maury's naval career, his scientific activities and interests, and his service to the Confederacy during the Civil War, including his work as an agent to England. Specific topics include meteorology, the physical geography of Virginia, and oceanography. Finding aid in the Library. 15 John Leighly, "Introduction" to Matthew Fontaine Maury's, The Physical Geography of the Sea and its Meteorology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), ix-xxx; Frances Leigh Williams, Matthew FontaineMaury: Scientist of the Sea (New Brunswick: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1963). Lewis J. Darter, Jr., "Federal Archives Relating to Matthew Fontaine Maury," The American Neptune 1, No.2 (April 1941): 149-148, provides a useful analysis and appreciation of the records in the National Archives, principally in the Records of the Hydrographic Office (RG-37) and the Naval Observatory (RG-78), that are pertinent to Maury's period of service as superintendent of the Depot of Charts and Instruments. The Library of Congress -- Manuscript Division's collection of the Records of the United States Naval Observatory (see below), also includes records relating to the period of Maury's superintendency of the Depot of Charts and Instruments. MYER, ALBERT JAMES. 1829-1880. Army officer and Chief Signal Officer. Papers, 1816-80. 2300 items. Gift of Col. John Rogers Meigs Taylor, 1935 and exchange with the U.S. Army Signal Corps Museum Fort Monmouth, N.J., 1960. Microfilm (1 reel, 300 items, NUCMC 77-1554) of originals in the collection of the Library of Congress is available for purchase. Microfilm of originals in the U.S. Army Signal Corps Museum, Fort Monmouth, N.J. (4 reels, 2000 items, NUCMC 67-145) is available for viewing. Correspondence, letterbooks, diaries, reports, memoranda, legal and business papers, and printed material relating in part to Myer's role in the founding and development of the Signal Corps, the establishment of the US. Weather Bureau and other materials relating to meteorology and the North Polar Expedition, 1871-73. Finding aid in the Library. Biographical and bibliographical materials: George M. Kober, "General Albert J. Myer and the United States Weather Bureau," The Military Surgeon 65 (1929): 65; Paul J. Scheips, "Albert James Myer, Founder of the Army Signal Corps: A Biographical Study," (Ph.D. dissertation, The American University, 1966); Paul J. Scheips, "Old Probabilities: A.J. Myer and the Signal Corps Weather Service," The Arlington HistoricalMagazine 5 (1974): 29-43. 16 The collection contains the following articles: An annotated copy of Thompson B. Maury, "The Telegraph and the Storm: The United States Signal Services," Harper'sNew Monthly Magazine XLIII (August, 1871): 398-418, with a number of excellent illustrations, some of them of meteorological equipment. Included is a sketch of "The Signal Office in Washington" and one of the "Interior of Instrument Room in Office of Chief Signal Officer." A tear sheet copy of Thompson B. Maury, "Storm-Signals: IV, Premonitions of Storms", University Monthly: A Journalof School and Home Education 1 (August, 1871): 123-126. A marked copy of Harper'sNew Monthly Magazine XLVIII (December, 1873): 144, containing in the "Editor's Scientific Record," an item on the probability that "an epoch of great importance" in meteorology had been reached at the Vienna Congress of September 2-15, 1873, in the unanimous agreement to take "at least one synchronous observation of the weather daily at all possible stations throughout the entire world," which "if successfully carried into effect is but a grand extension of the system of tri-daily synchronous observations...in operation for three years in the Army Signal-Office. The result arrived at in the Vienna Congress is to a considerable extent due to the efforts of Brigadier-General Albert J. Myer, Chief Signal-Officer, U.S.A." An inscribed copy of E.S. Purdy, PsychometricalObservations Taken at Fascher, Darfour (Cairo: Publications of the Egyptian General Staff, Printing Office to the General Staff, 1877). A marked copy of "The United States Signal Service," FrankLeslie's Popular Monthly VI (September, 1878): 337-45, with additional illustrations, including an especially good one captioned "The Signal Bureau-Introduction of Science in the Far West," p. 348, which shows a group of three indians, a small building with an anemometer and a vane, together with two men erecting a telegraph pole against a pole line in the background. There is also a tear-sheet copy of this article sans p. 348. A marked copy of Th. Moreaux, "Weather Indicator--indicateur du temps dans les stations Met6orlogiques des Etats-Unis," La Nature: Revue des Sciences, No. 295 (November 16, 1878): 387-391. A reprint of "Signal Service, Meteorological Division of the United States," Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia (1879). A marked copy of "Met6orologie internationale: observations simultanees de nuit et de jour sur terre et sur mer," La Nature: Revue des Sciences, No. 319 (July 12, 1879): 94-96. A marked copy of "Weather Charts for the Northern Hemisphere," Nature XX (August 21, 1879): 381-383. A marked copy of Thompson B. Maury, "The International Weather Service," The PopularScience Monthly XVI (January 1880): 289-311. A copy of Notes on the Examination and ComparisonofInstruments in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (n.d.), 96 pp. (a penciled notation on p.16 indicates that this was "prepared under the direction of the Chief Signal Officer." Printed, probably proof sheets, stapled together and numbered 11-17, inclusive (n.p., n.d.) contain meteorological material printed on scrap paper. A proof copy of The Results and Prospectsof the CautionarySignal System (n.d.) 16 pp., which contains a renewal of the plea of 1872 for "an established organization of the officers of the Signal Service" -- an effort to get away from the detail system. It contains some strong language which it was sought to soften in explanatory footnotes. A proof copy of Some of the Chief Uses andAdaptabilities of the Signal Office Reports and Publications(n.d.), 10 pp. (printed on the backs of copies of Signal Service Orders No. 5, February 8, 1875). 17 A marked copy of Report of the Proceedingsof the Meteorological Conferences at Leipzig... (transl. from the official report in the Zeitschrift FurMeteorologie VII, Appendix No. 24 (Charing Cross, London: E. Stanford, 1873), 73 pp. A clipping from The Nation (December 3, 1872): 366, which comments on the current Signal Corps annual report, observing that "of all the Department reports, that of the Signal Office is the only one which possesses much interest..." A copy of "The Signal Service," an editorial in an unnamed and undated paper favorably reviewing the Chief Signal Officer's annual report for 1877. The editorial expressed the view that the percentage of verification of weather prognostication for the year -- "86 and a fraction" -- was "simply wonderful." Reprints of three items from The Washington Post (May 1878?) -- one reprinted in the Chicago Tribune (May 8, 1878?), one in the Journal(May 6, 1878?), and one in the Times (May 7, 1878?). The latter two journals are not further identified. These items deal with the favorable results of an investigation by Representative Clark to whose committee there had been referred a resolution "charging the Signal Service with inefficiency and extravagance in the management, and directing an inquiry whether this service could not be consolidated with the coast survey and life saving service with advantage to the public." Clark, after investigation, found the service "both efficient and economical" and that it was growing in popularity, as shown by the fact that since his inquiry began bills for thirteen additional weather stations had been introduced in the House. He therefore concluded that there "was no reason for its consolidation with the other departments named, and that while the service is capable of improvement and its extension is desirable, and is urged by the Chief Signal Officer, especially for the benefit of the funding community, this is impossible with the appropriation now available. The secretary of war has asked for an appropriation of $350,000..." An editorial entitled "The Signal Service," The Sentinel (May 7, 1878). Photographs: 29 small photographs of Myer by Matthew Brady, Alex Gardner, and others. Photographs (5"x7 1/4", n.d.) showing part of the Signal Corps exhibit, including a portable signal tower, weather station, and lance wagons, at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, 1876. Photograph of the weather case and indicator, for which Myer was awarded Patent No. 216,440 in 1879. The 4 reels of microfilm of the originals in the U.S. Army Signal Corps Museum include the following: Reel 1: A few papers dated 1816-1857 of Judge E. Walden, Myers father-in-law; A.J. Myer's degrees, commissions, and honors; diaries, 1850-1857; fifteen reports on the examination and adoption of Myer's system of signals, 1859- 1860; and his papers for the years 1859-1864. Reel 2: Papers and correspondence from April 1864 to December 1878. These include his removal and reappointment as Chief Signal Officer, his Manual of Signals; legislation pertaining to the Signal Corps; claims of the Western Union Telegraph Company; and his honorary doctorate from Union College. 18 Reel 3: Correspondence, 1879-1880; galley proof of the Chief Signal Officer's report for 1878; documentation of Myer's work in meteorology and his attendance at scientific meetings in Europe; maps of military telegraph lines in Texas and Arizona; 48 papers donated by St. Paul's School from distinguished friends and associates of Myer; 24 letters to Myer from his wife, 1862-1865; papers concerning his rank, back pay, and promotion; letters to and from Simeon White; documents relating to Myer's two patents; documents relating to the patent for the Railway Sleeping Car of his father, H.B. Myer, mementos and programs; invitations and calling cards; 27 congratulatory letters regarding his reappointment as Chief Signal Officer. Reel 4: Correspondence with General James A. Hardie and Joseph Warren; with Kappa Alpha Society; opinions of Colonel Winthrop concerning Myer's Manual of Signals; biographical items, including obituary notices, newspaper clippings concerning his personal interests, and three copybooks dated 1859-1867, 1868- 1870, and 1870-1875. NICOLLET, JOSEPH NICOLAS. 1786-1843. Mathematician, Western explorer, and cartographer. Papers, 1832-1843. Correspondence, 1835-43: journals, 1836-39; astronomical observations, 1838-41; notes concerning meteorology, Mississippi- Missouri Rivers, and St. Pierre tributary. 16,983-lNIP (Chardon journals). 82- 34744. PALADIUM (schooner). Logbook, 1818-1824. 1 v. (250 p.) Logbook (Oct. 29, 1823-Feb. 22, 1824) of the schooner Paladium with entries on course, weather, and daily events during a round trip voyage from Salem, Mass., to Sao Miguel Island in the Azores. Purchase, 1919. 75-99556. REICHELDERFER, FRANCIS WILTON. 1895-1983. Aerologist, Meteorologist, and Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Papers, 1918-1982. Unprocessed. Gift of Bruce A. Reichelderfer, 1983. 83-61564. 14 unarranged boxes, ca. 10 cubic feet of material. A tentative list and temporary box numbers is given below. Box "1" Technical Papers and Talks Bundle of 10 Aviation speeches, 1937-1941, including "How the Weather Bureau Plans to Contribute to Air Safety," presented at the annual meeting of the Air Transport Association, New York City, Oct. 25, 1939. Bundle of lectures including "Weather's Role in the Fight for Freedom," April 1943; "Draft Notes for Remarks at Conference on Meteorology and Atomic Energy," n.d.; Historical Resume of Naval Aerology, 1917-1928," n.d.; "The Science of the Atmosphere," Talk given during intermission of the New York Philharmonic-Symphony, United States Rubber Company broadcast of Sun., F. 4, 1945.; "Meteorology and the War," to the National Academy of Sciences, Nov. 15, 1944. Copy of the CongressionalRecord 110, no. 48 (Mar. 16, 1964) including "Matthew Fontaine Maury: An Outstanding Memorialization," pp.5127-35. Copy of the WMO Bulletin (July, 1960) with Reichelderfers memorial of C.G. Rossby, pp.139-44. Cf. BAMS 39 (1958):98-100; Time (Dec. 17, 1956); and Bert Bolin (ed.) The Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion: The C.G. Rossby Memorial Volume (New York: 1959). 19 "The Early Years," Paper given at the AMS meeting, Boston, Dec. 30, 1969 (50th Anniversary of AMS). Tape Recording, 7" reel, mono, "Dr. Reichelderfer's Retirement, Oct. 25, 1963." "Shenandoah Dirigible Disaster," article by Reichelderfer from the Philadelphia Public Ledger (Oct. 25, 1925). Note dated May 31, 1969 regarding "My Norwegian (Weather) Analysis booklet 1932... Be sure to include it in (Biog. Memoirs ?) Nat. Acad. Sci.... That paper had great impact on (Weather analysis?) in the U.S." Newspaper clippings Miscellaneous WMO, etc. certificates and photos of award ceremonies, 1947- Photo of NACA advisory committee, 35th anniversary, April 20, 1950. Bundle of speeches about Weather Bureau Programs, including Annual Reports and budget estimates for the Bureau, 1939-1942. Bundle of speeches -- mostly ceremonies and special occasions, 1939-1941. Bundle of source material for speeches, 1960-1962 which contains letters, memos, and typescript materials. Box "2" Photos Color photographs of 4CWB's: Richard E. Hallgren, George Cressman, Robert White, and Reichelderfer. Photocopy of FDR memo of 1942. Log of 1927 balloon flight. Autobiographical materials. Retirement party photos. ENIAC photo, April 4, 1950. Group photo with Reichelderfer, C.G. Rossby, Kenneth C. Spengler and others. Balloon race photo, ca. 1930. Article from Weatherwise (July 1981). Photo of IMO Conference of Directors, April 1947, Washington, D.C. Letter to Jerome Namias, 1975 (cf. Letter of May 23, 1979 to Morris Neiburger, San Jose Univ. Symposium). Copy of appointment to head U.S. Weather Bureau, signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, Jan. 2, 1937. "The Contributions of Wilkes to Terrestrial Magnetism, Gravity, and Meteorology," American Philosophical Society Proceedings 82, no. 5 (June, 1940). Box "3" Copy of letter of resignation to John F. Kennedy, July 24, 1963. Retirement and Insurance papers showing service in the Post Office, 1914 and 1916; in the Military, Feb. 1, 1918 to Jan. 1, 1939; and in the Weather Bureau, Jan. 2, 1939 to Sept. 30, 1963; high five year average salary of $18,434.16 and retirement income in 1963 of $14,076.00 per annum. Copies of Navy Orders dated May 13, 1918; etc. Box "4" Travel souvenirs, programs, shipboard menus, etc. File copies of speeches and resource materials. 20 Box "5" Manuscripts, correspondence, tear sheets, and journals dated in the 1970s and 1980s, including a copy of Reichelderfer's article "Meteorology" for the Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1980. Box "6" Bound letterbook containing memoirs of Reichelderfer's trip to Europe in 1931 to examine national meteorological and other scientific institutions. Documents concerning the United States -- Japan cooperative science program, 1966-1967. Box "7" Manuscript copy of rainmaking study by Lambright, 1969. Copies of Weatherwise 34, no. 2 (1981) "The Early Career of F.W. Reichelderfer"; and Weatherwise 34, no. 4 (1981) "Architect of Modem Weather Sciences." Presentation copy of Ph.D. dissertation in history of science on J. Bjerknes by Robert M. Friedman (Johns Hopkins Univ., 1978). Biographical materials, journals, and miscellaneous reports. Box "8" Cosmos Club File, 1939- , contains materials concerning the nomination of George Cressman by Reichelderfer and Robert White, 1966. Journals. Notes on the TIROS Weather Satellite. Weather Bureau "Ready Reference" File: (laws, regulations, etc.) Box "9" Audio tape of radio talk given Dec. 31, 155 in response to an article by Prof. Stewart, "What's Wrong with the Weather Bureau," Collier's (Jan. 6, 1956). Audio tape of speeches at the WMO Congress III. Banquet program of AMS President's Reception, 1940. Copy of Scientific Problems of Weather Modification, National Academy of Sciences, 1964. Copy (marked "Rare") of Norwegian Methods of WeatherAnalysis by Lt. Commr. F.W. Reichelderfer, dated 1932 (Weather Bureau Reprint, 1934). Memoirs, ca. 1920s, including Reichelderfer's early publications: "Preparation of the Weather Map for Naval Aerological Stations Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department Tech Note No. 182 (Dec. 1, 1927); "Static (Atmospherics) as an Aid in Detecting Storms at Sea," Aer-F-4-ERG; H4-9 (Nov. 27, 1926); "The Present Meteorological Needs of Aeronautics," U.S. Air Services (Aug. 1925): 22-28; also includes Rossby's autobiographical sketch ca. 1925; a telegram from Rossby dated Nov. 19, 1928; and a letter from Rossby dated Nov. 22, 1928 requesting Reichelderfer's services in Boston. 21 Speeches, 1938-1963. Sheet music and music books. Notes to the effect that much had to be "sorted and discarded" in the 1970s. Weather Bureau memos. Topics 20 (U.S. Dept. of Commerce: May, 1961) "70 Years of Progress, 1891- 1961," Weather Bureau anniversary issue (x). Miscellaneous memoirs on personal, WB, and other topics. Memos on cost saving ca. 1963 which led to the creation of ESSA marked "Baloney! 2 Sept. 1967." Reference to Pettersen vs. Wexler argument ca. 1962. Map of U.S. showing "Meteorological Services in the U.S., 1956." Miscellaneous financial papers. Box "10" WMO -- Tabba interview materials and reprints interview in WMO Bulletin 31, no. 3 (July, 1982): 171-84. Transcribed copies of weather diary of Henry Prentice Butler, near Angola, Indiana, 1856, 1858, 1859. Box "11" Additional material for WMO interview with Tabba. Annotated copy of Donald R. Whitnah, A History of the United States Weather Bureau (Urbana: Univ. Illinois Press, 1961). Published volumes entitled ESSA: Science and Engineering for the periods July 13, 1965 to June 30, 1967 (1968) and July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1969 (1970) (x). Memoirs. Reprints and journals including a set of Topics by the U.S. Weather Bureau. Box "12": Ross Gunn Memorial Box Materials collected documenting the carrier of scientist and Weather Bureau employee Ross Gunn and published by Reichelderfer in a memorial issue of Monthly Weather Review 95, no. 12 (Dec. 1967): "Contributions in Memory of Ross Gunn," with bibliography. Box "13" Memoirs for the Ross Gunn Memorial article. Annotated copy of Weather Modification by NSF (8th Annual Report, 1966). Box "14" Large Photographs of Reichelderfer and Joseph Smagorinsky at the General Circulation Research Lab (ca. 1961-62). Retirement photo, 1963. Large bound volume of collected publications of Ross Gunn, 1923-1967. Additional materials for biographical sketch of Ross Gunn. ROWLAND, WILLIAM F. fl. 1792. Clergyman of Exeter, N.H. Diary, 1792. 1 v. (48 p.). Forms part of Peter Force papers (Series 8D: 149). Available on microfilm Records church duties and meteorological observations, interleaved in "The Lady's Astronomical Diary, or Almanack for the Year of Our Lord, 1792." Finding aid in the Library. Purchase, 1867. 82-94334. 22 RUSSIA. AKADEMII NAUK. ARKHIV (LENINGRAD). Collection, 1741-1912. 100 items. Gifts of Frank A. Golder, 1917, and Hunter Miller, 1929. Photocopies of the originals now in the Archive of the Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R. (Leningrad). Journals, maps, and descriptions from the Academy of Sciences. The collection includes a transcript of instructions to Vitus Behring (1680-1741), Martin Spanberg, and Joseph Nicholas Delisle relating to the expedition of 1738 (71pp.); and a transcript (in French) of charting and other instructions chiefly relating to the Behring Expedition by the Academy of Sciences, 1732-1733. Cf. E.I. Tichomirov, "Instructions for Russian meteorological stations of the 18th century," (in Russian, English summary) Proc. Central geophysical observatory (1932): 3-12. Finding aid in the Library. 81-71605. SARGENT, RUFUS HARVEY. 1875-1951. Geologist and cartographer. Papers, 1903-05. 17 items. Journal (4 vols., 1903-04) and handwritten and printed material, relating to the Carnegie Institution of Washington expedition in northeastern China. Journal includes topographic survey notes and meteorological observations. Gift of Mr. Sargent, 1947. 73-38976. SCHOIT, CHARLES ANTHONY. 1826-1901. Engineer and geophysicist. Notebooks containing scientific memoranda, a discussion of Kane's and McClintock's meteorological observations, Hayes's Arctic Expedition, etc. The collection includes calculations and correspondence with Joseph Henry, Adolph and Henry Lindenkohl, Julius Bien and Frances Amasa Walker relating to preparation of climatic maps of the United States, 1870-1880. There is also a volume of engineering notes. Related material is in the Smithsonian Institution Archives. 82-98251. THAMES (whaler). Journals and logbook, 1828-32. 5 v. (500 p.). Logbook kept by Nathan L. Cood on the whaling ship Thames with records on weather, course, whale sightings and captures, and events on board ship. Port of embarkation was Sag Harbor, Long Island. Places visited include the Main Bank whaling ground (off tip of South America), Brazil, Patagonia, and Traitan da Cunha Island. Purchase, 1941. 74-99663. UNITED STATES NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 12 linear feet 8,000 items. The Records of the United States Naval Observatory generally reflect the activities of the observatory throughout the 19th century, from its beginnings in the Depot of Charts and Instruments, in 1830, to its place as the primary observatory in the nation. 23 The correspondence with the Wind and Current chart agents reflects an activity of the Observatory which was the sole inspiration and primary accomplishment of Superintendent Matthew F. Maury. With the assistance of ship captains, who collected data for him, Maury was able to plot the normal winds and currents of the oceans during different periods of the year and on that basis to suggest the most advantageous courses for ships to take. He entered this date on charts and sold them through the agency of, first, George Manning, and, then, A.G. Seaman. His correspondence with Manning, which consists entirely of letters sent by Maury, reflects the wide range of Maury's activities. There are discussions about the production and sale of the charts, but also about Atlantic soundings and an Atlantic telegraphic cable; trade on the Amazon and other South American rivers; a planned expedition to the Arctic by Henry Grinnell; Maury's investments; his lecture tours; the publication of his book, Physical Geography of the Sea; and the attempt to remove him from the Navy. ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: #1-13: Superintendent's Office. Correspondence, 1830-1900. 12 1/2 containers (folder nos. 1-70). Letters received and copies of letters sent, arranged chronologically. A sub-series consisting of letters sent to Wind and Current chart agent George Manning by Superintendent Matthew F. Maury, and received by him from chart agent A.G. Seaman, has been placed in a separate chronological arrangement at the end of the main series of correspondence. #13-15: Superintendent's Office. Administrative Records, 1858-1900. 2 containers (folder nos. 71-87). A sub-series consisting of accounts, reports, and receipts of chart agent A.G. Seaman has been placed separately at the end of the administrative records. Related collections are located in the National Archives, RG-78, Records of the Naval Observatory. VESTINE, ERNEST HARRY. d.1968. Geophysicist. Papers, 1950s and'60s. Box 3 contains an exchange of letters in 1967 concerning a proposed merger of the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. Correspondents include Henry G. Houghton and George P. Wollard. VON NEUMANN, JOHN. Papers. Includes the following: Box 14: Meteorology -- Charney, Jule; Conference; Rossby, C.G.A. Box 24: Correspondence, Drafts, Typescripts, Manuscripts, etc. -- Meteorology. VON SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ. 1796-1866. German physician, explorer, and scientist. Papers, 1609-1927. 20 microfilm reels from originals in Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Germany. Correspondence, notes, memoranda, writings, reports, printed matter, and other papers, chiefly 1820-1860. Includes notes and writings on the flora, fauna, geology and meteorology of Japan. Finding aid in the Library. Transfer from the Dept. of State, 1948; returned to Germany, 1983. Exchange with Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, 1984. 78-39974 NUCMC MS62-879. 24 WASHINGTON, GEORGE. 1732-1799. Papers. Series 1: Exercise Books and Diaries, 1741-99. Subseries B: Diaries, 1748-99. 36 volumes These diaries contain Washington's record of his activities, weather observations, and memoranda on agriculture and other subjects. Chronologically arranged. Available on 2 reels of microfilm (1/1B/1748-74 and 2/1B/1774-99). Related material is in the collections of the Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, Mount Vernon, VA. WEXLER, HARRY. 1911-1962. Meteorologist. Papers. 19 linear feet. 13,200 items. The papers of Dr. Harry Wexler were presented to the Library of Congress by Dr. Wexlers widow, Mrs. Hannah Wexler, on January 28, 1963. Additional papers were received in 1971 from the Department of Commerce. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Dr. Harry Wexler in these papers and in other collections of papers in the custody of the Library of Congress are dedicated to the public, except that the use of those rights shall be reserved to Mrs. Hannah Wexler and her two daughters, Susan and Libby Wexler, during their lifetimes. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE: The papers of the American meteorologist Harry Wexler (1911-62) cover the years 1929 to 1962 and contain information relating to all the major areas of his career. There are early manuscripts of his school papers while he was attending Harvard University and later Massachusetts Institute of Technology and correspondence and related papers for the years he was with the United States Weather Bureau (1934-42, 1946-62) and the Weather Service of the U.S. Air Force (1942-46). The papers also contain a number of Dr. Wexler's speeches, lectures, and articles, many of which are in holograph form. Among the subjects in which Dr. Wexler was particularly interested and concerning which there are numerous papers are meteorological satellites (Tiros I), the use of high-speed computers for numerical weather prediction, and weather modification. An outstanding portion of the collection contains records of the United States expedition to the Antarctic for the International Geophysical Year. Dr. Wexler was Chief Scientist for the expedition and the Antarctic journal which he kept for the years 1955-59 is a detailed record of the organization and conduct of the mission. Among the correspondents represented in the collection are Werner A. Baum, Charles F. Brooks, Hugh L. Dryden, Representative Oren Harris, Henry G. Houghton, J.C. Hunsaker, Hugh Odishaw, F.W. Reichelderfer, John von Neumann, and Fred L. Whipple. 25 ARRANGEMENT AND CONTAINER NUMBERS: SERIES I: General Correspondence. 1929-62. 14 containers. Chronologically arranged by years. SERIES II: Speech, Lecture, and Article File. 1930-62. 10 containers. Segregated according to type of material and arranged chronologically thereunder. WHITE, JOHN. b. 1722. Farmer of Salem, MA. Almanacs, 1774-90. 1 v. (ca. 100 P.) Nine almanacs and MS. journals bound as one in which White has made notes on such topics as the weather and farming. Purchase, 1919. 79-58420 NUCMC MS79-1810. WILKES, CHARLES. 1798-1877. Naval officer and explorer. Papers, 1607-1959. 18 linear ft. 6,500 items. Mainly a gift of Mrs Rosalee Lockweed-Jones, Mrs. M.L. Hull, and C. Denby Wilkes, 1921-64. Finding aid in the Library. A microfilm edition of these papers on 26 reels is available from the Library's Photoduplication Service for purchase or through interlibrary loan. 14,380-3N; 15,66403P; 16,501-23N-26P. 75045716, NUCMC MS62-4650. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE: 1833: Headed the Depot of Charts and Instruments, Washington, D.C., which later became the Naval Observatory; 1838-42: Commanded an exploring expedition into the Antarctic, islands of the Pacific Ocean, and the American northwest coast; 1851: Published Meteorology (Philadelphia, Printed by C. Sherman, 76 p.); 1859: Published On the Circulationof the Oceans (Philadelphia, 24 p.); Died 1877. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE: The 6,500 items in the Charles Wilkes papers span the years 1607-1959, with the majority dated between 1841 and 1865. The collection contains family, official, semi-official, and general correspondence of Charles Wilkes, letterbooks of Wilkes and of two other U.S. naval officers, journals and diaries, a manuscript autobiography, scientific tracts and notes detailing weather and tidal observations. The papers illustrate much of the career of Charles Wilkes, noted for his command of the exploring expedition of 1838-42, which engaged in surveys and exploration of the Antarctic, numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, and the northwest coast of the United States. Other documentation relates to his special duty in Washington, D.C., in the period 1843-61. During this period he consolidated the scientific data gathered on the mission and prepared his narrative of the voyage together with other scientific volumes for publication. Container No. 20, Reel Nos. 18-19: Exploring Expedition File, 1838-1840. Container No. 21, Reel No. 19: Observations: Journal of tides, air, and water observations, 1839-40. Scientific data in the collection consist of observations on weather, tides, and the use of astronomical instruments. Related papers are found in RG-37, National Archives. 26 WING, PELEG. Ship's captain. Logbook, 1862-65. 1 v. (150 p.). Logbook of the whaling bark Awashonk of New Bedford, MA, containing brief daily entries (May 27, 1862-Aug. 1, 1865) on weather, course, ships sighted, and the pursuit and capture of whales. Purchase, 1918. 73-99440. WRIGHT BROTHERS: ORVILLE (1871-1948) AND WILBUR (1867-1912). Airplane inventors. Papers, 1881-1972. 30,000 items. Correspondence, diaries, notebooks, business accounts, legal papers, minutes, reports, half-tones and other illustrative matter, photos, photographic plates, and printed matter. The notebooks contain scientific and meteorological observations made at the time of the Kitty Hawk experiments and other flights. Finding aid in the Library. Bequest of Orville Wright, 1949; gift from other sources 1949-1982; and transfer from the Library's Science and Technology Division, 1980. 78-46706 NUCMC MS60-588. Related materials are found in the National Air and Space Museum. 27 THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTER Navy Department 9th and M Streets, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20374 (202) 433-3396 (Personal Papers Collection) (202) 433-3439 (Archives Section) Edwin H. Simmons (Brigadier General, Retired), Director Joyce E. Bonnett, Head, Archives Section Charles A. Wood, Chief, Museum Curator Michael Miller, Personal Papers Curator Introduction The Marine Corps Historical Center serves as an archives and museum for the U.S. Marine Corps. It holds biographical files on a number of officer and enlisted Marines who made significant contributions to scientific expeditions, including those pertaining to atmospheric sciences. Specifically, the Reference Section of the Historical Center maintains biographical folders on such prominent Marines as Major General William P. T. Hill, Colonel Chester L. Fordney, Major Vernon D. Boyd, Major Alton N. Parker, and Master Technical Sergeant Victor H. Czegaka. The three latter individuals played prominent roles in the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of the late 1920s. Cf. Guide to the Marine Corps HistoricalCenter (1979); Charles A. Wood, compl., Marine Corps PersonalPapers Collection Catalog (1974, rev. 1980); Michael O'Quinlivan and Jack B. Hilliard, An Annotated Bibliographyof the United States Marine Corps in the Second World War (1970). Reference Section BiographicalFiles BOYD, MAJOR VERNON D. Participant in the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of the late 1920s. CZEGAKA, MASTER TECHNICAL SERGEANT VICTOR H. Participant in the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of the late 1920s. FORDNOY, COLONEL CHESTER L. This file documents Col. Fordnoy's activities with the acclaimed Naval Balloonist Commander T.G.W. Settle in gathering cosmic ray data and in setting a (then) world's altitude record in a stratospheric balloon in 1933. HILL, MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM P.T. See entry under Personal Papers. PARKER, MAJOR ALTON N. Participant in the Byrd Antarctic Expeditions of the late 1920s. GeographicalFiles ANTARCTICA AND ARCTIC FILES include information on Marines who participated in scientific expeditions to these areas in 1946 and 1960. 28 Subject Files COLD-WEATHER TRAINING FILE includes substantial information on such diverse topics as "Training in Arctic Warfare," "Cold Weather Combat Clothing," and "Cold Weather Training Takes Priority." DESERT TRAINING FILE. JUNGLE TRAINING FILE. PersonalPapers Collection HILL, MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM P.T. Collection not surveyed, but should include materials relevant to General Hill's scientific achievements during his Marine Corps career. He was assigned in 1920 as a geologist with the Naval Alaskan Coal Commission, which surveyed coal fields in Alaska which could fuel the Pacific Fleet. While serving in China, he participated in the Roy Chapman Andrews Asiatic Expedition, which explored the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. The biographical file on General Hill maintained by the Reference Section includes historical materials on his participation in these expeditions. SMITH, GENERAL OLIVER P. "Aide-Memoire" includes a detailed report on Marine Corps operations in the sub- zero cold of Korea. This report describes the role played by weather in the actual activities of the Marine Corps. It is an after action report submitted by the 1st Marine Division for the Chosin Reservoir campaign of November-December 1950. Archives This record inventory comprises approximately 5,000 cubic feet, consisting chiefly of combat operational reports, plans, command diaries and chronologies, after-action reports, and related records dating from the post-1940 period. Most earlier Marine Corps records are held by the National Archives.

MARTIN LUTHER KING MEMORIAL LIBRARY 901 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 727-1126 The library contains the Washington Star Collection. This newspaper was the first American paper to publish telegraphic weather reports which were being supplied on an experimental basis to the Smithsonian Institution. On May 1, 1857, the Washington Evening Star published a report of the current weather at nineteen telegraph stations, all near the eastern seaboard from New York to New Orleans. A week later, on May 7, the Star published the first weather forecast in America, probably prepared by Joseph Henry and James Espy: "Yesterday there was a severe storm south of Macon, Ga; but from the fact that it is still clear this morning at that place and at Wheeling, it is probablethat the storm was of a local character." 29 THE MOUNT VERNON LADIES ASSOCIATION OF THE UNION Mount Vernon Ladies Association Librarian Mount Vernon, Virginia 22121 (703) 780-2000 The association maintains a collection of manuscripts on the domestic life of George and Martha Washington. The collection is catalogued by date, writer and recipient in most cases. There is no subject index, therefore no finding aids exist relevant to the atmospheric sciences. Textual Records 1. GEORGE WASHINGTON'S PRIVATE DIARY. January-March, May-December 1797. Bound MS, 70 pages. Washington kept meticulous records of weather in his diary. Here may be found daily notes on temperatures; wind speeds and directions; precipitation; and weather patterns. 2. LETTERS OF LUND WASHINGTON TO GEORGE WASHINGTON, 1767- 1783. Forty-six letters from the manager of Mount Vernon to owner of same. Lund Washington, a distant cousin, is known primarily as manager of George Washington's estate during the Revolutionary War, 1775-1783, although before the war he managed the estate during George Washington's occasional absences. Scattered references to the weather. 3. RECORD OF WORK DONE ON MOUNT VERNON FARMS, 1786-1787. Bound MS, in hand of George Augustine Washington, nephew of George Washington, and Tobias Lear, Secretary to George Washington, 116 pages. Record of work done each week on Mount Vernon farms during the period November 18, 1786-April 28, 1787. Scattered reports on weather. 4. FARM REPORTS FOR MOUNT VERNON FARMS. 1790-February 21-27, March 14-20, August 8-14, September 4-11, September 12- 18, December 5-11; 1793--January 6-12, February 10-16, March 17-23, August 4- 10. Manuscript reports. 30 MeteorologicalInstruments 1. THERMOMETER BOARD. Made by Joseph Gatty, New York, ca. 1790s. Length - 15 13/16 inches, Width - 3 1/8 inches. Presently on display in the Washington bedchamber. 2. BAROMETER/THERMOMETER IN NARROW MAHOGANY, BANJO-SHAPED CASE. Made by Gilbert & Sons, London. Length - 41 3/4 inches. On display in Washington's study. 3. BAROMETER/THERMOMETER, SHIPS. Made by James Bosnett, Liverpool. Length - 37 inches. Currently stored in the closet off of Washington's bedchamber. 4. WEATHERVANE, IN FORM OF A DOVE-OF-PEACE. Copper body bound with iron strips. Head is lead to balance weight of body. Weight - 19 1/2 pounds, wing tip to wing tip - 35 inches. Made by Joseph Rakestraw, 1787.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ARCHIVES Office of Archives and Information Services 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 (202) 334-2415 David J. E. Saumweber, Director

Descriptionof the Academy The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was established in 1863 under a charter granted by the U.S. Congress that requires that "the Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art..." During the more than 125 years since the enactment of this charter, the NAS has become the most prestigious scientific honorary society in the United States and the Federal Government's most important independent advisor in scientific and technical matters. The studies that the NAS performs for the Government are conducted by the National Research Council (NRC), established by the NAS in 1916, under contracts or grants with the sponsoring departments, agencies or Congressional committees. The NRC also conducts an increasing number of privately funded studies, supported by NAS funds or grants from foundations or other private sources. Governance of the NRC is shared by the NAS, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE; established under the NAS charter in 1964) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM; established under the NAS charter in 1970). The IOM conducts its own studies, but these are subject to the same approval and operational guidelines imposed on NRC studies. 31 Records Access Policies The NAS and its sister institutions are private organizations and its operations and records are not subject to the Advisory Committee Act or to the Freedom of Information Act; however, as a matter of public responsibility, the institution tries to cooperate with those interested in the history of its activities within the limits necessitated by its advisory processes. The records that comprise the NAS Archives fall into three categories: (1) fraternal papers, those that concern the membership affairs of the three societies: these are private records and are permanently closed to the public; (2) fellowship papers, those that concern the participation of individuals in private or governmental research programs: these are quasi-personal records and are closed to the public for a period of 50 years or until the death of the individual, whichever is later, and (3) operational and program papers, those that concern the operation of the Academy complex and its scientific committees: these are privileged records and are closed to the public for a period of 25 years from the date of creation, although qualified scholars may request the waiving of this restriction on a case-by-case basis. Many of the records of study committees are, however, public documents (e.g., the proposal and contract and the report), and are available from the sponsoring agencies under the Freedom of Information Act. The Archives is open by appointment only 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on regular work days. Copy services are available. Inquiries concerning access to records, access policy or costs of services should be addressed to the Director or the Deputy Archivist. Records Organization The records housed in the NAS Archives are organized into two records groups: the Central File (mostly administrative and international records) and the Program File (mostly the records of NRC committees). Each group comprises several series. Most records in series are organized according to the NAS Records System, a filing scheme that has been used for over forty years. The system is structured on the contemporary organization of the institution, that is, the placement of an entry in the system is determined by the placement of the activity in the organizational structure in the year in question and the placement of the entry will change as the placement of the activity changes over a period of years. All indexes, guides and finding aids, whether manual or automated, follow this scheme. The Archives maintains several automated databases of information about its collections, and staff will search these files for researchers. Requests for information or for access to records will be more efficiently processed if the requestor is able to cite the years of operation and the placement in the organizational structure of the institution for each activity of interest. The chief public access to information about institutional activities and structure is the Organizationand Members directory (the O&M), which has been published almost annually since 1917. Most institutional activities have been included in the O&M during their lifetime, and most O&M editions include Academy and committee membership and staff indexes (this is important to note as there is no access to records by personal name within the NAS Records System). The O&M should be available in most university libraries. 32 Brief Descriptionof Records Relating to the Atmospheric Sciences in the Collections of the NAS Archives Because of the breadth of the Academy's activities, there are many studies that touch upon the atmospheric sciences, and the list of activities appended gives the names of over 150 such studies or study groups. The list was compiled from the output of searches performed on the Archives databases, mostly using the keyword particles "atmos," "meteo" and "clim". Some listings specifically concern atmospheric research and are particular as to activity name and period (e.g., the Committees on Atmospheric Sciences), while others are broader activities that had subsidiary studies concerning such research (e.g., the Polar Research Board and the Space Science Board, for which only samplings of relevant activities are listed). Of particular note are the collections of international materials: the Academy is theU.S. member for most non-governmental international scientific organizations, so that its collections for such groups as ICSU, the scientific associates of IUGG, etc., or such programs as IGY, IQSY, IBP, GARP, etc., are unique in this country. Because the Academy's activities are so numerous and varied it is not possible to give capsule descriptions of each; instead the following paragraphs give some details concerning the records of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), the various core committees on meteorology or atmospheric sciences, and the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP).

INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR The International Geophysical Year (1957-1958; extended into 1959 as the International Geophysical Cooperation) was originally conceived as the Third Polar Year (the First Polar Year was in 1882-1883 and the Second in 1932-1933). It was the first of the many global research programs sponsored by the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The national programs were coordinated by ICSU's Comite Special de l'Annee Geophysique (CSAGI), the NAS directing U.S. participation through its U.S. National Committee for the International Geophysical Year (USNC-IGY). The U.S. effort was funded mostly by the National Science Foundation, with logistical support provided by the Navy, especially its Operation Deep Freeze in support of the polar programs. The USNC-IGY comprised an executive committee, technical panels, and several ad hoc groups. The technical panels were: Aurora and Airglow; Cosmic Rays; Geomagnetism; Glaciology; Ionospheric Physics; Latitudes and Longitudes; Meteorology; Oceanography; Rocketry; Earth Satellite Program (plus working groups); Seismology - Gravity; Solar Activity; World Days and Communications; Interdisciplinary Research; Geochemistry; and Radioactivity of Air. To coordinate data gathering there was an Ad hoc Committee on Geophysical Data. The USNC-IGY created the U.S. scientific program and selected from among the projects proposed by various universities, research institutions and private individuals those that would be funded by the NSF. It oversaw the operation of these projects, and coordinated access to facilities and resources. In addition to programmatic efforts, the USNC-IGY was responsible for coordinating the U.S. program with those of other nations, for creating and maintaining a mechanism to organize, collate and provide access to a greater breadth and volume of data than had ever before existed on geophysical subjects, and for providing publicity and continuing information and education programs. 33 The most spectacular aspect of the IGY was its earth satellite program, which included the USSR's Sputnik series and of the U.S. Explorer series. The impact of Soviet accomplishments (and of the delay in the U.S. program caused by repeated failure) led to the appointing of the first Science Adviser to the President a month after the success of Sputnik, and the creation of the President's Science Advisory Committee shortly afterwards. Following completion of the effort, the USNC-IGY spent several years compiling and writing reports, and also produced a series of films entitled "Planet Earth." The series comprises the following films, whose titles give some flavor of the comprehensiveness of IGY research: The Hidden Earth; The Shape of the Earth; The Force of Gravity; The Inconstant Air, Secrets of the Ice; Challenge of the Oceans; The Nearest Star, The Flaming Sky; Magnetic Force; Radio Waves; Cosmic Rays; Research by Rockets; and Science in Space. Recently the Academy cosponsored with WQED a new series of television programs with the same title, originally conceived as a look at the same subjects twenty-five years later, but eventually evolving into a contemporary exploration of the Earth and its environment. The records of the IGY in the NAS Archives are dated ca. 1951-1965 and occupy ca. 360 linear feet as a separate series, with substantial additional materials in other series and collections as well. This collection is the most heterogeneous in the Archives, containing ca. 250 linear feet of paper records, ca. 100 cubic feet of motion picture film, and ca. 10 linear feet of photographs, photograph albums, glass slides, maps, posters, and other items. In addition to the papers of the USNC-IGY, the records also contain full documentation, as it was available to the USNC, of the national programs of the other participating countries, and also early papers of NAS-NRC activities that grew out of IGY activities, e.g. the Committee on Polar Research, the Committee on Oceanography, the Geophysics Research Board, the Space Science Board, and the Committee on Meteorology. The papers were arranged by the USNC prior to its formal discontinuance, and include a finding aid that is, essentially, a folder-by-folder inventory. Although the arrangement and its documentation are in many ways inadequate, and are especially deficient in cross-references, the bulk of the collection has prevented the Archives from replacing a usable organization. All papers in the IGY series are open to researchers, regardless of date; papers pertaining to the IGY arranged in any other series are subject to the date restrictions mentioned above. Although the collections of the NAS Archives and the NRC Library contain substantial volumes of IGY reports, the USNC-IGY maintained a large library of materials that the Academy's facilities could not accommodate in perpetuity. The IGY Library was therefore deposited with World Data Center A in Boulder, Colorado. CORE COMMITTEES ON MEEEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES Beginning in 1956 within the NAS, and from 1962 to the present in the NRC, the institution has continuously sponsored a core activity in the atmospheric sciences. The specific committees are: the NAS Committee on Meteorology, 1955-1958; the NAS Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (CAS), 1959-1961; the NRC Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (CAS), 1962-1982 (1962-1967, reporting to the Governing Board; 1968-1974, reporting to the Division of Physical Sciences; 1975-1982, reportingto the Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences); the Climate Board (CB), 1977-1982 (reporting to the Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences; called Climate Research Board, 1977-1980); and the NRC Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC), 1982- (reporting to the Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources). 34 The establishment of the Committee on Meteorology in 1955 was an outgrowth of IGY activities. The Committee's 1958 report, Research and Education in Meteorology: An Interim Report, was instrumental in the establishment of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1960. This report was updated in 1960 by the successor group, the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, in its reports, The Status of Research and Manpower in Meteorology and Meteorology on the Move. After being reassigned to the NRC, the Committee issued its major three volume study, Atmospheric Sciences, 1961-1971 (1962), a report to the President's Science Advisor. The following is a chronological listing of selected subsequent reports through 1984: Interaction between the Atmosphere and the Oceans (CAS, 1962) FurtherViews on InternationalCooperation in the Atmospheric Sciences (CAS, 1964) Scientific Problems of Weather Prediction(CAS, 1964) Atmospheric Ozone Studies (CAS, 1966) The Feasibilityof a Global Observation and Analysis Experiment (CAS, 1966) Weather and Climate Modification Problems and Prospects (CAS, 1966) Atmospheric Exploration by Remote Probes (CAS, 1969) The Atmospheric Sciences and Man's Needs (CAS, 1971) Weather and Climate Modification (CAS, 1973) Atmospheric Chemistry (CAS, 1975) Long-range Weather Forecasting(CAS, 1975) Report of the Ad hoc Panel to Review the NASA Earth RadiationBudget Program (CAS, 1976) The Atmospheric Sciences: Problems and Applications (CAS, 1977) Planning and Managementof Atmospheric Research Programs(CAS, 1977) Severe Storms (CAS, 1977) The Atmospheric Sciences: NationalObjectivesfor the 1980's (CAS, 1980) Atmospheric Precipitation(CAS, 1980) CurrentMesoscale MeteorologicalResearch in the United States (CAS, 1981) CarbonDioxide and Climate (CB, 1982) Meeting the Challenge of Climate (CB, 1982) Global Tropospheric Chemistry (BASC, 1984). The records of these activities are somewhat less than 25 linear feet in volume, and are subject to the date restrictions mentioned above.

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM (GARP) GARP had its origins in a suggestion for "further cooperative efforts between all nations in weather prediction and eventually weather control" by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in a speech to the United Nations in 1961. As a consequence of this suggestion, the U.N. adopted several resolutions encouraging international cooperation, especially through the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and expressly inviting the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) to join with the WMO in establishing a research program. After study by the International Union of Geology and Geodesy (IUGG), to which the a 1965 version the NRC Committee on Atmospheric Sciences' 1966 report The Feasibility of a GlobalObservation and Analysis Experiment was a significant contribution, GARP was formally established in 1967. 35 The U.S. effort was planned and guided by the U.S. Committee for the Global Atmospheric Research Program (USC-GARP), established in 1968 in the NRC's Division of Physical Sciences (Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 1975- 1982; Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, 1982-1987). The USC-GARP established the following scientific working groups: Predictability and Data Requirements; Planetary Boundary Layer, Internal Atmospheric Turbulence; Structure of the Tropical Atmosphere; Cumulus Convection; and Large-Scale, Long- Period, Air-Ocean Interactions. The following is a selection of USC-GARP reports: Planfor U.S. Participationin the Global Atmospheric Research Program(1969) Planfor U.S. Participationin the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (1971) Planfor U.S. Data Management in the GlobalAtmospheric Research Program(1971) Planfor U.S. Clear-Air TurbulenceResearch in the Global Atmospheric Research Program(1972) A Preliminary OceanographicProgram for GATE: The Global Atmospheric Research Program(GARP), Global Atlantic TropicalExperiment (1972) U.S. Contribution to the Polar Experiment (POLEX): Part 1, POLEX-GARP (North); Part2, POLEX-GARP (South) (1974) UnderstandingClimatic Change: A Programfor Action (1975) Planfor U.S. Participationin the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX) (1977) Proceedingsof the Seminar on the Impact of GATE on Large-Scale Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere and Ocean (1980). The papers pertaining to GARP amount to ca. 15 linear feet, and are subject to the date restrictions mentioned above, with the exception that formal documentation produced by international bodies are treated as public documents and are therefore open. 36 SELECTED LISTING OF NAS-NRC COMMITTEES CONCERNING THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL International Association for Geochemistry & Cosmochemistry, 1965- International Association of Geomagnetism & Aeronomy, 1954- International Association of Meteorology, 1933- International Association of Meteorology & Atmospheric Physics, 1956- International Association of Scientific Hydrology, 1933- International Biological Program, 1962-1974 International Council of Scientific Unions Comite Internationale de Geophysique International Years of Quiet Sun (IQSY), 1962-1967 Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), 1958- GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) (Joint with UN/WMO), 1965-1987 Inter-union Commission on Atmospheric Sciences, 1963-1964 Inter-union Commission on Ionosphere, 1952- Inter-Union Commission on Radio-Meteorology, 1948 Inter-union Commission on Solar & Terrestrial Relationships, 1972 Inter-union Commission on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1965-1972 Inter-union Commission on Solar-Terrestrial Relationships, 1964-1966 Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1957- Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), 1956- International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE), 1959-1965 Special Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP), 1973- Working Group on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 1963-1965 International Geophysical Year, 1951-1965 International Meteorological Organization, 1919-1935 International Research Council, 1919-1931 International Symposium on Atmospheric Diffusion & Air Pollution. Oxford, England, 1958 International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics, 1919- Committee on Atmospheric Sciences (Joint with ICSU/COSPAR & UN/WMO), 1962-1965 International Union of Radiotelegraphy, 1920-1928 International Union of Scientific Radio, 1929- Pacific Science Association, 1924- Pacific Science Congress, 1920- Pan Indian Ocean Scientific Association, 1954-1957 United Nations UN Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) International Hydrological Decade, 1964-1975 World Meteorological Organization, 1953- 37 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, 1959-1961 Committee on Long-range Weather Forecasting, 1930-1931 Committee on Meteorology [Advisory], 1955-1958 Committee on Polar Research, 1955-1961 Committee on Questions of Meteorological Science & Its Applications, 1881 Committee on Smithsonian Institution Proposal for Measurement of Heat Radiation of Sun, 1924 Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research: Ad hoc, 1966-1967 Committee on Weather Bureau: Advisory to Secretary of Commerce, 1963 Committee on Wind & Current Charts & Sailing Directions, 1864 Geophysics Research Board, 1958-1961 Government Relations & Science Advisory Committee, Subcommittee on Weather Bureau, 1936-1939 Meetings: Annual 1955: Symposium on Modem Concepts in Meteorology 1959: Symposium on Physics Chemistry & Biology of Atmosphere Office of Scientific Personnel Associateships: Commerce: NOAA (National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) 1971 Space Science Board, 1958-1961 Committee on Atmospheres of Earth & Planets, 1960-1961 Committee on Ionospheres of Earth & Planets, 1958-1960 Committee on Meteorological Aspects of Satellites, 1958-1961 Committee on Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research, 1959-1961 Conference on Planetary Atmospheres, 1960 Group on Physics of Planetary Surfaces & Atmospheres, 1959-1960 Panel on Planetary Atmospheres: Ad hoc, 1960 Working Group on Planetary Atmospheres: Ad hoc, 1960 Working Group on Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research, 1959 38 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL American Geophysical Union, 1919-1972 Assembly of Engineering Committee on Levee Policy for National Flood Insurance Program, 1981 Assembly of Life Sciences (Division of Medical Sciences) Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, 1973 Conference on Health Effects of Air Pollutants, 1973 Assembly of Mathematical & Physical Sciences Climate Board, 1980-1981 Climate Research Board, 1977-1980 Climatic Impact Committee, 1975 Committee for Coordination of NASA Climate Program: Ad hoc, 1976 Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, 1975-1979 Committee on Impacts of Stratospheric Change, 1976-1980 Committee on National Weather Service, 1979 Conference on Large Body Impacts & Terrestrial Evolution: Geological Climatological & Biological Implications, 1981 Geophysics Research Board Committee on Geology & Climate, 1975-1981 Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research, 1975-1981 Geophysics Research Forum, 1975-1982 Geophysics Study Committee, 1975-1982 Ocean Sciences Board Panel on Monitoring Persistent Pesticides in Marine Environment & Atmosphere, 1976-1978 Polar Research Board, 1975-1982 Committee on Role of Polar Regions in Climatic Change: Ad hoc, 1980-1984 Space Science Board, 1975-1982 Commission on International Relations Board on Science & Technology for International Development Panel on Arid Lands of Sub-saharan Africa, 1973 Commission on Natural Resources Board on Agriculture & Renewable Resources Committee on Agricultural Uses of Weather ForecastsOutlooks & Climatic Guides, 1978 Committee on Atmosphere & Biosphere, 1978-1981 Committee on Climate & Weather Fluctuations & Agricultural Production, 1975-1976 Committee on Air Quality & Stationary Source Emission Control, Joint with Committee on Public Engineering Policy (COPEP), 1974-1975 Committee on Remote Sensing Programs for Earth Resource Surveys, 1974-1976 Conference on Air Quality & Automobile Emissions, 1975 Coordinating Committee for Air Quality Studies, 1973-1976 Environmental Studies Board Committee on Chemistry & Physics of Ozone Depletion, 1981 Committee on Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality, 1979 Study of Cost-Benefit Analysis of Air Quality Control Measures, 1973 Ocean Affairs Board Panel on Monitoring Persistent Pesticides in Marine Environment & Atmosphere, 1974-1976 Study on Air Pollution, 1973 39 Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics & Resources Board on Atmospheric Sciences & Climate, 1982- Board on Ocean Sciences & Policy, 1985- Board on Physics & Astronomy Committee on Atmospheric Effects of Nuclear Explosions, 1983-1984 Environmental Studies Board Committee on Atmospheric Transport & Chemical Transformation in Acid Precipitation, 1983 Committee on Causes & Effects of Changes in Stratospheric Ozone: "Update 1983," 1982-1984 Geophysics Research Forum, 1982- Geophysics Study Committee, 1982- Naval Studies Board Panel for Review of ONR [Office of Naval Research] Atmospheric Sciences Program, 1987- Ocean Studies Board, 1983-1985 Polar Research Board, 1982- Space Science Board, 1982- Commission on Sociotechnical Systems Building Research Advisory Board Committee on Flood Insurance Studies, 1981 Committee on Prevention & Mitigation of Flood Losses, 1974-1976 Committee on Review of FIA Methodology for Estimating coastal Flooding, 1980 Committee on Fire Research Symposium on Air Quality & Smoke from Urban & Forest Fires, 1976 Committee on Natural Disasters Panel on Winds, 1975 Transportation Research Board Committee on Transportation & Air Quality, 1975-1976 Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, 1962-1967 Committee on Natural Resources Meetings: Human Effects on Weather & Climate as Related to Resource Studies, 1962 Committee on Polar Research, 1962-1966 Committee on Weather Bureau: Advisory, 1962-1963 Division of Anthropology & Psychology Disaster Research Group, 1951-1962 Division of Behavioral Sciences Disaster Research Group Studies: Hurricane Audrey, 1963 Studies: Hurricane Carla, 1963 Division of Biology & Agriculture Agricultural Board Committee on Agricultural Meteorology & Climatology, 1956-1965 Committee on Effect of Climatic Factors on Performance of Domestic Animals, 1961-1964 Committee on Plant & Crop Ecology: Subcommittee on Agroclimatology, 1952-1954 40 Agricultural Research Institute Committee on Agricultural Meteorology, 1968-1970 Committee on Aerobiology, 1937-1939 Committee on Atmosphere & Man, 1921-1928 Committee on Organization & Inquiry in Climatology, 1919-1920 Projects: Proposed Bioclimatics, 1934-1935 Division of Chemistry & Chemical Technology Committee Advisory to Army Chemical Corps Meeting on Rapid Recognition of Biological Particulates in the Atmosphere, 1958 Panel on Stratospheric Effects of Chlorofluormethanes: Ad hoc, 1974 Division of Earth Sciences Committee on Climatology: Advisory to Weather Bureau, 1954 Committee on Hydrology: Proposed, 1963 Committee on Remote Sensing of Environment, 1964-1969 Committee on Remote Sensing Programs for Earth Resource Surveys, 1971-1973 Ocean Affairs Board Ocean Science Committee Study of Large-Scale Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling, 1973 Panel on Monitoring Persistent Pesticides in Marine Environment & Atmosphere, 1971-1973 Science & Engineering Committee Advisory to NOAA (National Oceanographic & Atmospheric Administration), 1972-1973 Division of Engineering Committee on Air Quality Management, 1968-1972 Committee on Prevention & Mitigation of Flood Losses Joint with Division of Earth Sciences, 1973-1974 Division of Engineering & Industrial Research Advisory Board on Quartermaster Research & Development Committee on Foods: Symposium on Nutrition on Climatic Stress, 1952 Building Research Advisory Board Committee on Climatic Research: Advisory, 1950-1956 Division of Geology & Geography Committee on Application of Biological Methods & Data to Geological Problems Subcommittee on Application of Biogeography to Paleoclimatology, 1947 Projects Study of Health Related to Climate: Proposed, 1920 Division of Medical Sciences Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, 1970-1973 Committee on Climate & Health, 1931-1935 Committee on Effects of Atmospheric Contaminants on Human Health & Welfare, 1967 Committee on Sanitary Engineering Subcommittee on Atmospheric Control, 1944-1948 Committee on Sanitary Engineering & Environment Subcommittee on Atmospheric & Industrial Hygiene, 1948-1965 41 Division of Physical Sciences Climatic Impact Committee, 1974 Committee on Atmospheric Sciences, 1968-1974 Committee on DOT Climatic Impact Assessment Program, 1972-1974 Committee on Physics of the Earth Committee on Meteorology: Subsidiary, 1926-1931 Committee on Polar Research, 1967-1974 Geophysics Research Board, 1968-1974 Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Research, 1968-1974 Panel on Upper Atmosphere Geophysics: Advisory, 1969-1971 Geophysics Research Forum, 1968-1974 Projects Balloons: Hot Air Balloons, 1918 Space Science Board, 1968-1974 Executive Board Armed Forces-NRC Vision Committee Subcommittee on Visibility & Atmospheric Optics, 1948-1951 Committee Advisory to Weather Bureau, 1940 Committee on Meteorology: Technical: Joint NAS-NRC: Proposed, 1942 Committee on Physics Subcommittee on Meteorology, 1917-1918 Geophysics Research Board, 1962-1967 Committee on Consolidated Upper Atmosphere & Space Data Center, 1964 Committee on International Programs in Atmospheric Sciences & Hydrology: Ad hoc, 1962-1963 Geophysics Research Forum, 1960-1967 Office of International Affairs Board on Science & Technology for International Development (BOSTID) Panel on National Oceanic & Atmospheric Climate Impact Assessment Program for Africa, 1987 Space Science Board, 1962-1967: Committee on Rocket-Satellite Research, 1965 Committee on Upper Atmosphere Near Space & Astronomical Research with Sounding Rockets & Probes, 1965 Project Anna (Geodetic Satellite Program), 1962 42 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION 8th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20408 Don W. Wilson, Archivist of the United States General Publications: Guide to the NationalArchives of the United States (1974, revised ed.,1987). Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications(with) Supplementary List...1974-1982 (1982). Guide to CartographicRecords in the NationalArchives (1971). Microfilm Resourcesfor Research: Comprehensive Catalog (Revised, 1986). Regulations for the Public Use of Records in the National Archives, General Information Leaflet No. 2 (1987). Select List of Publicationsof the NationalArchives and Records Service, General Leaflet No. 3 (1986). Branch Addresses and Phone Numbers: Cartographic and Architectural Branch 841 South Pickett Street Alexandria, VA, (mail c/o Washington, D.C. 20408) (703) 756-6700. Diplomatic Branch, Room 5-E, (202) 523-3174. General Branch Room 103, Washington National Records Center Building, Suitland, MD (Washington, D.C. 20408) (301) 763-7410. Judicial, Fiscal, and Social Branch, Room 5-W, (202) 523-3089. Legislative Reference Branch, Room 307, (202) 523-4185. Machine-Readable Branch, Room 20-E, (202) 523-3267. Military Field Branch Washington National Records Center Building, Room 117, Suitland, MD (Washington, D.C. 20408) (301) 763-1710. Military Reference Branch, Room 13-W, (202) 523-3340. Motion Picture, Sound and Video Branch Motion Picture Reference Room G-13, (202) 523-3063. Scientific, Economic, and Natural Resources Branch Room 13-E, (202) 523-3238. Still Pictures Branch, Room 18-N, (202) 523-3010. Abbreviations: Inv. Inventory PI Preliminary Inventory RG Record Group number 43 RG-7. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE.

PI #94, compiled by Harold T. Pinkett (Washington: 1956). Records of the Bureau of Entomology. Introduction

Before 1878 the personnel of the Division of Entomology consisted merely of an official known as the Entomologist and a clerical assistant. Investigations of the Division were confined mainly to research work in Washington, D.C. After 1878 the investigations were broadened considerably by field and experimental work. Important in this connection was the transfer from the Interior Department to the Division in 1881 of the work of the United States Entomological Commission, which had been established by Congress in 1877 to report on the crop damage of migratory locusts in the West and on methods for preventing such damage (19 Stat. 357). This transfer led to the beginning of the Division's employment during the 1880's of field agents to observe insects in particular localities and to cooperate with other Federal agents, State officials, and farmers in the development of methods to eradicate or control insect pests. One such project involved the meteorologist Cleveland Abbe and his employer, the U.S. Signal Office. Related papers are found in RG-27 and in the Library of Congress.

NC-136, Supplement to PI #94, compiled by William F. Sherman (Washington, November 1965).

2. CORRESPONDENCE WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES. 1934-51. Chiefly correspondence and reports concerning cooperative projects undertaken by the Bureau with other agencies. Arranged alphabetically by name of agency and thereunder chronologically. 71. REPORTSFROM FIELD STATIONS ON WEATHER CONDITIONS. 1905- 30. 2 ft. Although these reports are presented in several different forms and furnish different types of data, they relate chiefly to temperatures and precipitation. One report for 1929 is a temperature and precipitation graph for selected cities throughout the world. Arranged by State and thereunder chronologically. 44 RG-16. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. PI #191, compiled by Helen Finneran Ulibarri (Washington: 1979). Introduction An act approved May 15, 1862, provided for a Department of Agriculture to be headed by a Commissioner without Cabinet rank. Isaac Newton, the head of the Agricultural Division of the Patent Office, became the first Commissioner of Agriculture. His staff initially included a chemist and a superintendent of an experimental garden and was soon increased by the appointment of an entomologist and a statistician. Newton's early activities centered on the collection of crop production statistics, which were obtained mainly through correspondence with members of agricultural organizations and individual farmers and businessmen. His activities included distribution of weather reports prepared by voluntary observers of the Smithsonian Institution. By an act approved February 9, 1889, the Commissioner of Agriculture became the Secretary of Agriculture with Cabinet rank, and an office of Assistant Secretary was established. During Secretary Jeremiah M. Rusk's administration, 1889-93, the weather service functions of the War Department's Signal Office were transferred to the U.S. Weather Bureau of the Department of Agriculture (1891-1940). A List of successive Commissioners of Patents and Superintendents, Commissioners, and Secretaries of Agriculture during the period in which agriculture was a major contributor to meteorological observations include: Commissioners of Patents: Henry L. Ellsworth, 1836-1845; Edmund Burke, 1845-1849; Thomas Ewbank, 1849-1852; Silas H. Hodges, 1852-1853; Charles Mason, 1853- 1857; Joseph Holt, 1857-1859; William D. Bishop, 1859-1860; Philip F. Thomas, 1860-1861; David P. Holoway, 1861-1862. Superintendents of Agriculture (Patent Office): Thomas G. Clemson, 1860-1861; Isaac Newton, 1861-1862. Commissioners of Agriculture: Isaac Newton, 1862-1867; John W. Stokes, 1867-1867; Horace Capron, 1867- 1871; Frederick Watts, 1871-1877; William G. LeDuc, 1877-1881; George B. Loring, 1881-1885; Norman J. Colman, 1885-1889. Secretaries of Agriculture: Norman J. Colman, 1889-1889; Jeremiah M. Rusk, 1889-1893; J. Sterling Morton, 1893-1897; James Wilson, 1897-1913; David F. Houston, 1913- 1920; Edwin T. Meredith, 1920-1921; Henry C. Wallace, 1921-1924; Howard M. Gore, 1924-1925; William M. Jardine, 1925-1929; Arthur M. Hyde, 1929- 1933; and Henry A. Wallace, 1933-1940. 45 During Secretary Wallace's last year of service, responsibility for the U.S. Weather Bureau was transferred to the Department of Commerce. This series is the best primary source of information on the relationship of the Federal Government to agriculture. It relates primarily to policy, organization, and procedure and often summarizes the results of work done in constituent units of the Department. It contains letters sent and received, memorandums and reports by the Secretary and by the Assistant or Under Secretary and often other officials in his immediate office. DETAILED ENTRIES AND SERIES NUMBERS: Records of the AgriculturalDivision of the Patent Office: Officials of the Federal Government and other individuals had long encouraged U.S. consuls to obtain new and improved varieties of seeds, plants, and animals for importation to the United States. In 1836 Henry L. Ellsworth, a man long interested in the problems of agricultural improvement, became Commissioner of Patents, within the Department of State. He soon began collecting and distributing new varieties of seeds and plants through Members of the Congress and agricultural societies. In 1839 the Congress established the Agricultural Division within the Patent Office and allotted $1,000 for "the collection of agricultural statistics and other agricultural purposes." Ellsworth's interest in aiding agriculture was evident in his annual reports that called for a public depository to preserve and distribute the various new seeds and plants, a clerk to collect agricultural statistics, the preparation of statewide reports about crops in different regions, and the application of chemistry to agriculture. In 1849 the Patent Office was transferred to the newly created Department of the Interior. During the ensuing years, agitation for a separate bureau of agriculture within the Department or a separate department devoted to agriculture kept recurring. 1. LETTERS AND REPORTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL DIVISION OF THE PATENT OFFICE. 1839-60. 21 vols. 5 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name index at the beginning of each volume. A typewritten list summarizing the contents of letters, essays, and reports and arranged chronologically is available for each volume. Letters sent by the Agricultural Division of the Patent Office for the period 1849-62 are in Records of the Secretary of the Interior, Record Group 48.

Records of the Immediate Offices of the Commissioner and Secretary of Agriculture: 3. LETTERS SENT (GENERAL). 1882-97. 61 vols. 7 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name index at the beginning of each volume. Beginning in 1891, many letters reflect a new function of the Department - the work of the Weather Bureau. Each volume is labeled "Domestic." 4. LETTERS SENT TO CONGRESSMEN. 1886-93.12 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name index in each volume. 6. SUBJECT INDEX TO LETTERS RECEIVED. 1903-6.4 ft. Arranged by subject and thereunder by date. On 5- by 8-inch cards showing name of sender (person or Government agency) and date and abstract of letter. This is an index to part of the incoming correspondence of the Secretary, 1893-1906, described in entry 8. 46

7. INDEX TO LETTERS RECEIVED CONCERNING PERSONNEL. 1903-6. 1 ft. Arranged by name of applicant On 5- by 8-inch cards showing name of applicant and date and abstract of letter. This is an index to part of the incoming correspondence of the Secretary, 1893-1906, described in entry 8. 8. LETTERS RECEIVED BY THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 1893- 1906. 23 ft. Arranged by year and thereunder by name of sender. For indexes, see entries 6 and 7. Correspondence, reports and memorandums received from Government officials and private individuals about such subjects as the work of the Weather Bureau. 15. LETTERS SENT BY THE SECRETARY'S OFFICE. 1893-1941. 1,129 vols. and unbound material. 300 ft Arranged alphabetically by name of office or bureau that prepared the letter and thereunder chronologically. This is almost a complete set of copies of all letters signed by the Secretary. Many letters were prepared by the bureaus of the Department, and he main file on any particular matter remained in the bureau most familiar with the subject Copies of letters prepared by the following subordinate offices for the signature of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1893-1929, have been reproduced in National Archives Microfilm Publication M440, Letters Sent by the Secretary of Agriculture, 1893-1929 (563 rolls). The records for 1930-41 are unbound and have not yet been filmed. Name index, subject index and index of letters sent to government agencies is available. Weather Bureau (14 vols.), 1897-1929. 17. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY. 1906-70. 3,543 ft Arranged by year and thereunder by subject. Index to this series is available. Also available is a list that gives the subjects and dates of the letters received for the years 1906-56.

NC-14. Subject-Numeric Headings of Correspondence Files of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1906-56, compiled by Harold T. Pinkett, Charles E. Neal, and Monroe A. Betha (Washington, 1962). Ca. 2,570 linear feet. Aerological Work, 1912-13 Climate-Weather Conditions, 1909-31; 1935 Forecasts, 1906-09; 1924-35 Forecasts, 1936-39 Forecasts, 1940 Hurricanes, 1936-39 Instruments (incl. Thermometers), 1906-39 International Conferences, Congresses, and Meetings Meteorological Conference, Int'l. 1929-32; 1935 Meteorological Work, 1908-09; 1912-14; 1916-31; 1933-39 Meteorology, 1940-56 Mt Weather, 1940 Oceanography, 1924-25; 1928 Rainfall, 1906-09 Stations, 1940-52 Tornado, 1912-13 Weather, 1928-39 Weather, 1940 Weather Bureau Investigations, 1912-14 Weather, Crops and Markets (Publication), 1922-24 47

23. SUMMARY STATEMENT OF FUNCTIONS AND LAWS RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT. 1897. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged by name of office, division, or bureau. Statement of functions and laws governing the work of organizational units of the Department 24. DIRECTIVES. 1897-1941. 5 1/2 ft. Arranged mainly chronologically. Orders, memorandums, and circulars to chiefs of bureaus, officers, and employees of the Department regarding personnel actions, organizational changes, departmental policies, and other matters. 26. ANNUAL REPORTS. 1921-30. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder alphabetically by name of bureau. Reports made to the Secretary by bureau chiefs about work accomplished during the year. 28. LETTERS SENT BY ASSISTANT SECRETARIES OF AGRICULTURE. 1889-1929. 130 vols. 14 ft. Arranged chronologically. Index at the beginning of each volume. The letters are to agricultural college officials, private individuals, and Congressmen about such subjects as the Department's exhibit at the World's Columbian Exposition, construction of telegraph lines for Weather Bureau stations. Letters for the years 1889-94 are reproduced as M122, Letters Sent by the Assistant Secretariesof Agriculture, 1889-94 (16 rolls). Records About Scientific Work: 37. LETTERS SENT BY THE DIRECTOR OF SCIENTIFIC WORK. 1920-29. 12 vols. 1 ft Arranged chronologically. Index in each volume arranged by name of recipient. Letters and memorandums to bureau chiefs, agricultural educators, congressmen, and experiment station officials relating to the need for cooperation between the Department of Agriculture and the Department of the Interior in the collation of all studies concerning the right type of farming in the drought-ridden northern Great Plains area and the Rio Grande Valley. He was later appointed director of Scientific Work in October 1921. His functions included general supervision of scientific research and scientific personnel with a view to directing the work toward the solution of national agricultural problems and the selection of scientific manuscripts for publication. 39. CORRESPONDENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC ADVISER TO THE SECRETARY. EARL N. BRESSMAN. 1933-38. 3 ft. Arranged by subject. Correspondence and memorandums to bureau chiefs, the budget officer, the Secretary, and other Government officials about the Agricultural Research Center. Records of the Office of the Solicitor: 87. RECORDS OF INVESTIGATIONS BY THE SOLICITOR. 1913. 1 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of correspondent. Contains correspondence concerning the involvement of certain Weather Bureau employees in promoting the chief of the Bureau to be Secretary of Agriculture. 97. RECORDS CONCERNING THE WEATHER BUREAU. 1928-41. 4 ft. Arranged According to a numerical classification scheme. Memorandums of agreement and correspondence with State offices, other Federal agencies, and foreign countries about joint operation of meteorological stations and construction of meteorological apparatus and instruments. 48 Records of the Office of Information: The Office of Information was created in 1913 as a press service for the Department. A series of farm radio programs included the weather reports and informational and educational programs that reported results of the Department's work. 123. PRESS RELEASES. 1913-63. 194 ft. Arranged by year and thereunder by number. Information issued to newspapers, farm journals, trade publications, magazines, press associations, and correspondents concerning scientific discoveries and action programs. 125. CLASSIFICATION MANUAL. 1 vol. 2 in. The volume, which was in effect until December 31, 1944, is divided into two parts: a list of subjects in alphabetical sequence from "abaca" to "zinnia" and a list of numbers from 1 to 20 with numerical refinements indicating the subjects. The list of general subjects includes entry no. 18: Weather. 127. THE OFFICIAL RECORD. 1922-33. 24 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. Each volume indexed by subject or name (except vol. 12 for 1933). Weekly official announcements and information about the work of the Department and of the various bureaus. This publication was a means of presenting a cross-sectional view of departmental activities and of communicating to Department workers. Records Relating to Fiscal, Property, and PersonnelMatters, Including AppropriationJournals, and Salary Books: 169. RECORDS CONCERNING DEPARTMENT BUILDINGS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 1905-33. 5 ft. Arranged numerically. Index at the beginning of the records keys the number to the name or location of building. Correspondence about all aspects of the management of Department buildings. Records Relating to World War I Activities: 201. BEVERLEY T. GALLOWAY FILE RELATING TO NATIONAL DEFENSE. 1917 and 1918.4 ft. Chiefly Arranged alphabetically buy name of correspondent with some few subject categories. Correspondence with State colleges of agriculture, bureau chiefs, other Government officials, Council of National Defense, Congressmen, and the National Research Council. There are also some minutes of the Inter-bureau Committee on National Defense and the Interdepartmental Advisory Commission of National Defense.

Records Relating to World War II and PostwarActivities: Records of the Division of Agriculture, NationalDefense Advisory Commission: 204. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1940 and 1941.29 ft. Arranged alphabetically by subject. A subject index in Appendix II contains the following entries: Aircraft, Aviation Department, Flying Schools, Radio, Research, Scientific Devices. 208. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1941-43.45 ft. Arranged by year and thereunder by a subject-numeric classification. A subject index in Appendix m contains the following entries: Radio and Radar Division Requirements Committee, 1943; Weather, 1942. 49 CartographicRecords: 256. MAPS SHOWING FIELD ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1912-30. 3 items. Arranged chronologically. Published records, including a map dated 1912 and an atlas dated 1914, showing field activities of the individual bureaus within the Department 258. PUBLISHED ATLASES AND GRAPHIC SUMMARIES. 1889-1948. 23 items. Unarranged. Map-related publications of the Department, including a copy of the Atlas of American Agriculture - PhysicalBasis, 1936; advance sheets of the Atlas issued prior to the complete work relating to natural vegetation, weather, frost, the growing season, and rural population, 1918-28. 264. MAPS PREPARED FOR THE 1941 YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE. 1941. 10 items. Unarranged. Miscellaneous manuscript maps relating to world climate, floods, the hydrologic cycle, and population prepared as illustrations for the yearbook. Audiovisual Records: 265. HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS. 1886-1959. 23,000 items. 141 ft. Arranged alphabetically by subject. Photographs, collected by the Office of Information, illustrating the functions of the Department. Describes all phases of U.S. agriculture.

Records of the Office for Agricultural War Relations PI #37, compiled by Harold T. Pinkett (Washington: 1952). 5. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1941-43. 45 ft. Related to agricultural programs and problems in connection with defense and war needs. Subject index includes the following entries: Scientific Devices; Weather, 1942.

RG-18. RECORDS OF THE ARMY AIR FORCES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE. NM-53, compiled by Maizie H. Johnson (Washington, 1965). The records described in this inventory are textual records in Record Group 18, Records of the Army Air Forces. They are for the period 1914-47, with some records as late as 1955, and they amount to about 4,700 cubic feet. Related records are in RG-98, RG-107, RG-111, RG-120, RG-339, RG- 340 and RG-341. Introduction: On August 1, 1907, an air service was established when the Chief Signal Officer created an Aeronautical Division with his office. Capt. Charles Def. Chandler and two enlisted men were assigned to the Division with responsibility for all matters pertaining to military ballooning, air machines, and kindred subjects. 50

By an act of Congress approved July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section was created in the Signal Corps and charged with the duty of training 60 officers and 260 enlisted men in matters pertaining to military aviation. The National Defense Act of June 3, 1916, provided an appropriation of $13,281,666. Pursuant to an Executive order issued on May 20, 1918, the duties connected with the Aviation Section of the Signal Corps were transferred to two separate and newly established agencies, the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production. Maj. Gen Charles T. Menoher was appointed Director of Air Service in December 1918. Consolidation of the two aviation agencies into a unified Air Service began with War Department General Order No. 19 of January 29, 1919. The Air Corps Act of July 2, 1926, changed the name of the Air Service to the Air Corps. With the creation of the General Headquarters Air Force in March 1935 at Langley Field, the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps retained responsibility only for material, training and related noncombat Air Forces, was created and charged with control of both agencies. At the same time the General Headquarters Air Force was renamed the Air Force Combat Command. By a general reorganization of the War Department in March 1942, these two agencies were merged into the single Headquarters Army Air Forces, under a Commanding General. In 1946 a general postwar reorganization was effected and in September 1947 the Army Air Forces was redesignated the United States Air Force under the newly created Department of the Air Force, as established by the National Security Act of 1947. Cf. A History of the United States Air Force, 1907-1957 (1958). 206: DOCUMENT COLLECTION OF THE AIR CORPS LIBRARY. 1917-38. 309ft. Entries include: Books, Periodicals, etc. Blank forms--for letter--log books War Department publications Technical books Manuals, regulations Dictionaries, nomenclature, and directories Maps Charts, posters, and cartoons Meteorology Weather Bureau Activities Atmospheric pressure Wind Wind velocity Aerial navigation Clouds Bureau of Mines....Department of the Interior Bureau of Standards.... Department of Commerce Balloons Captive (kite) Free Accessories and parts 51 Administrative Services Division: Library Branch 304. MEMORANDA OF THE ARMY AIR FORCES, 1942-45 2 vols. 5 in.

CartographicRecords, 1917-47. 6,657 items. Contain incomplete sets of aeronautical charts of the world at varying scales and special maps published by the Army Air Forces and its component units, including the Directorate of Weather.

RG-23. RECORDS OF THE COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. PI #105 compiled by Nathan Reingold (Washington: 1958). Introduction Personnel of the U.S. Coast Survey cooperated with the Smithsonian Meteorological Project in the mid-nineteenth century. In addition to taking meteorological observations (see RG-27), Coast Survey calculators converted Arnold Guyot's meteorological tables from French to American scales. A meteorological and magnetic observatory was set up in 1854 near the southeast corer of the Castle at the joint expense of the Coast Survey, which furnished the magnetic instruments, and the Smithsonian, which provided the building. The results were intended to provide a calibration standard for observations made by the western surveys and at over sixty remote Coast Survey stations. Coast Survey director Bache reported to the American Association in 1857 on the winds of the western coast of the United States from observations taken at three permanent Coast Survey locations: Astoria, San Francisco, and San Diego. Charles A. Schott, an employee of the Coast Survey, examined the data gathered by three exploring expeditions into Arctic regions (Elisha K. Kane, 1853, 1854, 1855; Sir Francis M'Clintock, 1857, 1858, 1859; and Isaac Hayes, 1860, 1861) and published the results in the Smithsonian Contributions. Between 1868 and 1874, Schott prepared two innovative monographs, with maps, on the rainfall and temperature of the United States using records gathered by the Smithsonian, the Army Medical Department, the Lake Survey, the Coast Survey, the States of New York and Pennsylvania, and other sources extending back into the eighteenth century. He also investigated the question of short-term climatic change. 5 2 Related material is found in RG-27, Records of the U.S. Weather Bureau. Cf. NC-3 (Revision): Appendix II, "List of Locations, With Dates Covered by Coast Survey Notebooks, 1843-90," in PreliminaryInventory of Operationaland Miscellaneous MeteorologicalRecords of the Weather Bureau, compiled by Helen T. Finneran (Washington, May 1965).

1. LETTERS RECEIVED RELATING TO THE COAST SURVEY. 1832-59, 1861-64. 19 vols. 5 ft. 2. LETTERS SENT RELATING TO THE COAST SURVEY. 1834-73. 5 vols. 1 ft. 5. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE, SUPERINTENDENT OF THE COAST SURVEY. 1844-65. 305 vols. 60 ft. Letters received and sent, reports, memoranda, working papers, drafts, maps, sketches, pamphlets, broadsides, and a few photographs pertaining to Bache's administrative and substantive duties as well as to his unofficial interests and activities. 14. BACHE MANUSCRIPTS OF PUBLICATIONS ON MAGNETISM. 1859- 64. 1 vol. 4 in. The original manuscripts of the Discussion of the Magnetic and MeteorologicalObservations made at the GirardCollege Observatory, Philadelphia,in 1840 '41 '42 '43 '44 '45, published by the Smithsonian Institution in six installments during the years 1859-65 and in its entirely in 1865, and of the Records and Results of a Magnetic Survey of Pennsylvania and Partsof Adjacent States, published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1863. 36. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1845-1904, 1906-8. 365 vols. and unbound papers. 126 ft. 38. LETTERS SENT. 1850-1908, with gaps. 15 vols. 2 ft. Records of the Geophysics Division. 99. NONINSTRUMENTAL EARTHQUAKE REPORTS. ca. 1912-35.24 ft. Clippings, questionnaires, correspondence, and narrative written by or based upon observations of individuals in areas affected by earthquakes. The reports before 1925 were collected by the Weather Bureau and subsequently transferred to the Survey. Data of this nature are used in compiling the publication U.S. Earthquakes. Arranged in rough chronological order. 142. OBSERVATIONS AT MAGNETIC OBSERVATORIES ("MA" SERIES). 1854-1935. 87 ft. Early observatory records are from the District of Columbia, including an 1854 example of photographic tracing of changes in declination. The observations also include records of temperature and humidity. 53

RG-26. RECORDS OF THE U.S. COAST GUARD. PI compiled by Forrest R. Holdcamper (Washington, Sept. 1963) Introduction: The United States Coast Guard was created in the Department of the Treasury by an act of Congress approved January 28, 1915, which consolidated the Life-Saving and the Revenue-Cutter Services. The Revenue Cutter Service, sometimes referred to as the Revenue-Marine Service, originated in an act of August 4, 1790, which authorized the construction and equipment of cutters to enforce the collection of customs and tonnage duties. The Life-Saving Service, originally functioning on a volunteer basis (but with increasing Federal aid and supervision after 1848), was a part of the Revenue-Cutter Service from 1871 to 1878, when it was organized as a sperate unit in the Treasury Department. As early as 1789 the construction and operation of lighthouses were functions of Federal Government. Various officials of the Treasury Department supervised these functions until 1852 when the Light- House Board was organized. This Board was transferred to the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903, and in 1910 it was superseded by the Bureau of Light-Houses. On July 1, 1939, the Bureau was abolished and the functions of the Light-House Service were transferred from the Commerce Department to the Coast Guard. By the act of 1915 the United States was Coast Guard constituted a military service and a branch of the Armed Forces of the United States at all times. The records amount to 10,194 cubic feet, including 154 reels of motion-picture film, 10 sound-recording disks, 45 cubic feet of photographic prints, 308 rolls of microfilm, and 2 cubic feet of cartographic records. The records are described hierarchically by creating unit: the Light-House Service, the Revenue-Cutter Service, the Life-Saving Service, and the United States Coast Guard. Related material is in RG-56, RG-36, RG-41, RG-125 and RG-40. Records of the Revenue-Cutter Service. 1790-1915, with a few dates as late as 1920. 606 lin. ft. Records relating to Alaskan cruises, 1867-1914, including the Nunivak's ethnological and meteorological studies and collection of botanical and geological data in the Yukon River area in 1899. Records of the Lifesaving Service. 1847-1915. 880 lin. ft. This Service was established in 1871 in the Revenue-Marine Division of the Treasury Department. It was placed under a general superintendent immediately responsible to the Secretary of the Treasury by an act of June 18, 1878, but its relationship to the Revenue-Cutter Service remained close. Motion pictures, 1918-55 (84 reels), consist of films relating to the history of the Coast Guard that illustrate peacetime activities, and domestic activities during World War I including taking weather observations. 54

163: RECORDS OF ASSISTANCE RENDERED. 1886-95. 1 vol. 2 in. Shown are date of assistance; name, rig, and flag of vessel to which assistance was rendered; estimated value of vessel and cargo; number of persons saved; number of persons lost; position of vessel; and nature of assistance. Arranged chronologically. For later records, see entries 166 and 312. 164: LISTS OF WRECKS REPORTED. 1906-13. 2 vols. 4 in.Shown are name of vessel, date of wreck, and location. Arranged chronologically. 165: ABSTRACTS OF WRECK REPORTS. 1894-1907.4 vols. 8 in. 166: REPORTS OF ASSISTANCE RENDERED. 1903-14. 19 vols. 2 ft. Each report gives name, rig, tonnage, flag, and home port of vessel; date and port of embarkation; number of days at sea; number of crew and passengers; kind of cargo; value of vessel and cargo; address of master, and names of owners and consignees. Each report also gives specific information concerning the casualty such as condition of vessel, date, time of day of casualty, kind of weather, force and direction of wind, tide, exact spot where vessel was found (latitude and longitude), cause name of cutter giving assistance, nature of assistance, number of persons cared for and their names and addresses, provisions used, damage (if any) sustained by cutter, and extent of casualty. The reports were dated and signed by the master of the cutter. Arranged alphabetically by name vessel aided.

RG-27. RECORDS OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. Introduction:

The Weather Bureau was established by an act of October 1, 1890, in the Department of Agriculture. It took over the weather service that had been established in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer of the War Department in 1870, which itself had taken over the meteorological observation systems and records of the Office of the Surgeon General, begun in 1818, and of the Smithsonian Institution, begun in 1849. The authority of the Weather Bureau was expanded in 1904 to include marine meteorological functions of the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department. The Bureau was transferred to the Department of Commerce in 1940 and was consolidated in 1965 with the Coast and Geodetic Survey to form the Environmental Science Services Administration -- ESSA, and, after 1970, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- NOAA (see RG-370). The Weather Bureau's basic climatological records of surface land and air observations since 1872 and its principal records of marine observations since 1904 are in the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC. There are 2,605 cubic feet of records dated between 1819 and 1965 in this record group. References: Gustavus A. Weber, The Weather Bureau (New York, 1922); Donald R. Whitnah, A History of the United States Weather Bureau (Urbana, IL: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961); James R. Fleming, "Meteorology in America, 1814-1874: Theoretical, Observational, and Institutional Horizons" (Princeton Univ.: Ph.D. Dissertation; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms #88-09302, 1988). NC-3 (Revision): PreliminaryInventory of Operationaland Miscellaneous MeteorologicalRecords of the Weather Bureau, RG-27. Compiled by Helen T. Finneran (Washington, 1965). 55 The records described in this inventory amount to 1,839 cubic feet and are a part of Record Group 27, Records of the United States Weather Bureau. They consist of correspondence; organizational, administrative, and fiscal records; records containing meteorological observations; a collection of meteorological reports, journals, diaries, personal papers, and other records collected by the Smithsonian Institution; records of international polar expeditions; and miscellaneous records. The main body of related records is described in National Archives Preliminary Inventory No.38, Climatologicaland HydrologicalRecords of the Weather Bureau (see below). A more detailed description of the climatological records is contained in Special List No. 1, List of ClimatologicalRecords in the NationalArchives (1942). Other related records are in RG-78, RG-112, RG-37, and RG-16. Personal records for separated employees of the Weather Bureau have been transferred to the Federal Records Center at St. Louis, MO. OPERATIONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS OF THE WEATHER BUREAU I CORRESPONDENCE A. Meteorological Correspondenceof the Smithsonian Institution, 1847-67. 1. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1847, 1859-67. 23 vols. 4 ft. Arranged chronologically except for Volumes 10 and 11, which are arranged alphabetically by surname of correspondent. 2. LETTERS SENT. 1850-53. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. The collection also includes various Smithsonian correspondence, letterbooks, log books, clippings, lists-& references, and meteorological data in boxes, some without labels. Worthy of note is a collection of Arnold Guyot Letters (1849-50) to Joseph Henry which describe his role as a meteorological consultant to the Smithsonian Institution. B. MeteorologicalCorrespondence of the Signal Office, 1870-93. Signal Series 3. LETTERS SENT. 1870-84, 1888-91. 26 vols. 5 ft.Arranged chronologically. 4. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1870-91.96 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the registers of Letters Received, with the exception of 1870 when the arrangement was alphabetical by surname of writer and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers. 5. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1870, 1872-91. 38 vols. 7 ft. Arranged chronologically, each letter being given a number in continuous sequence, with the exception of the volume covering correspondence for 1870, in which a separate set of numbers was maintained under each letter of the alphabet. 56 Miscellaneous Series 6. LETTERS SENT. 1870-92.77 vols. 3 ft. Arranged chronologically. 7. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1870-84, 1888-95. 126 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received, except for the years 1870-71 when the letters were filed alphabetically by surname of correspondent. 8. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1870-84, 1885-92. 29 vols. 6 ft. Arranged chronologically. Observers Series 9. LEITERS SENT. 1872-93. 144 vols. 25 ft. Arranged chronologically. 10. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1872-93. 54 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 11. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1872-93. 54 vols. 11 ft. Arranged chronologically. Chief Signal Officer Series 12. LETTERS SENT. 1876-86. 42 vols. 7 ft. Arranged chronologically. Voluntary Observers Series 13. LETTERS SENT. 1874-84. 11 vols. 1 ft. Arranged chronologically 14. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1874-84, 1888-93. 78 ft. Arranged by year and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received, except for the period 1888-90 when the letters are arranged alphabetically by name of location. 15. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1874-83, 1888-93. 18 vols. 3 ft. Arranged chronologically. Records Series

16. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1887-94. 6 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 17. REGISTER OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1888-93. 1 vol. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. AgriculturalSeries 18. LETTERS SENT. 1873-78. 3 vols. 7 in. Arranged chronologically. 19. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1873-77. 4ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 20. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1873-77.4 vols. 10 in. Arranged chronologically. 57 TelegraphicSeries 21. LETTERS SENT. 1873-77. 2 vols. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. 22. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1873-77.4 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers Of Letters Received. 23. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1873-77. 2 vols. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. 24. LETTERS SENT FROM THE TELEGRAPH ROOM. 1874-77. 2 vols. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 25. RECORD OF TELEGRAMS SENT AND COPIES OF TELEGRAMS RECEIVED. 1871. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. ConfidentialSeries 26. LETTERS SENT. 1884-89. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. 27. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1884-89. 10 in. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 28. REGISTER OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1884-89. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. State Weather Service Series 29. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1891-94. 30 ft. Arranged chronologically, thereunder according to the number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 30. REGISTER OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1891-94. 2 vols. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. CorrespondenceSeries 31. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1891-93. 18 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 32. REGISTER OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1891-93. 1 vol. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 33. LETTERS SENT BY THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU.1891-95, 1897-1911. 26 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. 34. LETIERS SENT BY THE CHIEF CLERK ("CONFIDENTIAL"). 1893-97. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. 35. LETTERS RECEIVED BY THE FORECAST DIVISION. 1893-94. 1 ft. Arranged chronologically. 36. LETTERS SENT FROM CONCHO, TEX., FORT GIBSON, INDIAN TERRITORY, AND GRIERSON SPRINGS, TEX. 1873-85. Arranged chronologically. Concho, Tex., daily journal, 1875-1885 5 vols. Check ledger, 1882-1883 1 vol. Fort Gibson, daily journal, 1873-1880 3 vols. Letters received, 1875-1882 2 vols. Letters sent, 1873-1882 3 vols. Grierson Springs, daily journal, 1879-1882 1 vol. Letters received, 1881-1882 1 vol. Letters, sent 1881-1882 1 vol. 581

37. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED AT CONCHO, TEX., FORT GIBSON, INDIAN TERRITORY, AND GRIERSON SPRINGS, TEX. 1873- 87. 7 vols. 7 in. Arranged chronologically. 38. ROSTER OF OFFICERS, ENLISTED MEN, AND CIVILIANS EMPLOYED AT OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 1868-81. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged in three groups: commissioned officers, enlisted men, and civilian employees, and thereunder chronologically by date of assignment. 39. LIST OF MEN ON DUTY IN OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. (39) 1873- ca. 1881. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of person. 40. RECORDS RELATING TO ENLISTED MEN IN THE SIGNAL CORPS. 1881, 1884-90. 1 vol. 1 in. Varied arrangement. Information is arranged by year, State, and name. 41. OFFICERS RECORD BOOK. n.d. 1 vol. 1 in. Unarranged. 42. PROCEEDINGS OF THE BOARD OF OFFICERS FOR EXAMINATION OF ENLISTED MEN. 180-86. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 43. ORDER BOOKS. 1870-84. 13 vols. 3 ft. Arranged chronologically. 44. REPORTS AND MINUTES OF MEETINGS OF THE GENERAL BOARD OF ASSISTANTS. 1881-84. 2 vols. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 45. STATEMENTS PREPARED FOR A SENATE COMMIITEE. 1887.4 in. Unarranged. 46. RECORDS RELATING TO THE TRANSFER OF METEOROLOGICAL FUNCTIONS FROM THE WAR DEPARTMENT TO THE AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT. 1887. 3 in. Arranged alphabetically by title of document.

C. General Correspondenceof the Weather Bureau, 1894-1942 47. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1894-1911. 450 ft. Arranged chronologically and thereunder by number assigned in the Registers of Letters Received. 48. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1894-1911. 7 vols. 5 ft. Arranged chronologically. 49. INDEXES TO LETTER RECEIVED. 1892-1906. 28 vols. 5 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name and, in separate volumes, alphabetically by subject. 50. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE WEATHER BUREAU. 1912-42. 393 linear ft. (855 linear ft. from 1894-1942). Arranged according to the Dewey decimal classification scheme, thereunder alphabetically by name of person or place in chronological sequence. 59 APPENDIX VI: SELECT SUBJECT INDEX TO THE GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE WEATHER BUREAU, 1912-42. The number following the subject is the classification number under which the correspondence is filed. Addresses, talks, lectures, 030.6 Administration, general, 000 Central Office and Station, 080 Regional Office, 090 Administrative reports, 010 Aerological instruments, 450-91 Airway substations, 535.1 Alaskan substations, 531.4 Anemometers, 450.6 Annual report of the Chief of Bureau, 010.1 Applications for employment, 101 Appropriations, 210 Apportionments, reserves, balances, obligations, and suballotments, 210.2 Articles, clippings, newspapers, 030.3 Attorney General decisions, 220.3 Barographs, 450.7 Barometers, 450.7 Blizzard reports, 607 Boards and committees, 020 Budget Bureau hearings, 010.2 Buildings and Grounds, 300 Cable reports, 614 Charges, criticisms, complaints, controversies, 030.2 Circuit reports, 611 Circular letters, 010.5 Civil Service, relations with, 02 Commendations of Bureau, resolutions, 030.1 Comptroller's decisions, 220.1 Cooperative activities with other: Bureaus or departments, 070.1 Emergency agencies, 070.3 Meteorological services, institutions, 070.2 Corn and wheat bulletins, 730.3 Corn and Wheat substations, 534.2 Cotton region bulletins, 730.2 Cotton region substations, 534.1 Cranberry substations, 534.4 Daily weather bulletin, 730.5 Department and Execution orders and memorandums, 010.8 Devices (inventions, patents), 153.3 Display equipment, 440 Dust counters, 450.9 Elevations and exposures of instruments, 500.1 Evaporation substations, 532.6 Fake or fraudulent extended forecasts, 620.6 Fire weather substations, 533.3 Fire weather forecasts, 620.42 First order stations, 510 Flags, 440.1 Flagstaffs and halyards, 440.2 60 Flood warnings, 621.1 Forecasts and warnings, 620 Forecasts distribution, 622 Forms, 750 Hailstorm reports, 607 Harvest spraying reports, 620.43 Highway weather, 620.41 Hooks and stillwells, 450.9 Horticulture substations, 534.5 Hydrologic substations, 534.5 Hygrographs, 450.8 Hygrometers, 450.9 Inspections: Central office, 050.1 Special, 050.3 Station, 050.2 Substation, 050.4 Instruments and instrumental equipment (see name of particular instrument), 450 Instructions, 010.3 International ice patrol, 030.4 Invitations to exhibits, congresses, conventions, 030.5 Lanterns, 440.4 Levels and transits, 450.9 Livestock warnings, 621.3 Marine meteorological observations and reports, 604 Maps, commercial substations, 531.2 Monthly means (reports), 6023 Mountain snowfall substations, 532.3 Navigation, opening and closing of, 606 Nephoscopes, 450.9 Observations, meteorological and reports, 600 Personnel (general) 100 Publications, daily, 730 Publications: weekly, monthly, quarterly, and annual, 720 Publicity, general, 030 Rain and snow gages, 450.2 Reporting substations (cooperative), 532.2 Reports, administrative and executive, 010 Rice and sugar reporting substations, 534.3 River bulletins, 730.1 River gages and equipment, 450.4 River substations, 532.1 Second order forecast stations, 531.1 Service by telephone, 615 Service by wireless, 616 Small craft warnings, 621.4 Snow and ice substations, 532.4 Snow scales, 450.9 Solicitor's decisions, 2202 Station expenses, authority for, 213 Storm warnings, 621.5 Substation reports and observations, 603 Sunshine recorders, 450.9 Telethermographs, telethermoscopes, 450.8 61 Temperature indicators, 450.1 Thermographs, 450.8 Towers, 440.3 Triple registers, 450.9 Vessel movements reports, 605 West Indian substations, 531.3 Wind intensity instruments, 450.6 51. LETTERS RECEIVED BY R.A. FESSENDEN. 1901-3. 2 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of sender.

II. OPERATIONAL RECORDS A. Administrativeand FiscalRecords.

52. LETTERS RECEIVED AT KITTY HAWK, N.C. 1879-81, 1887-89, 1895- 96. 10 in. Arranged chronologically. 53. STATION INSPECTION REPORTS. 1871-ca. 1930. 103 Vols. 27 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. Other inspection records include: Inspection Reports of Weather Bureau Field Stations, 1889-1930. (Forms 4001 & 4002). 11 boxes. Inspection Reports of Weather Bureau Property, 1889-1891. (Form 4003). 3 boxes. Inspection Reports of Weather Bureau General Work, 1937-1939. 1 box. Monthly Inspection Reports, 1894-1895. 3 boxes. Quarterly Inspection Reports, 1895. 1 box. 54. REPLIES TO CIRCULAR LETTERS. 1896, 1898. 3 vols. 9 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 55. RECORDS DESCRIBING WEATHER STATIONS. 1883-1904. 5 vols. 1 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 56. ANNUAL REPORTS OF STATIONS. 1888-96. 18 vols. 34 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. B. Records of Surface Land Observations, 1819-1941. 57. MICROFILM COPIES OF SURFACE LAND OBSERVATIONS. 1819-92. Microfilm # T907. 564 reels. 80 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station, thereunder chronologically. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution U.S. Congress 43-1, Senate Misc. Doc. 130 (Washington, 1874), serves as a finding aid for part of this series. 58. SURFACE LAND OBSERVATIONS MADE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES. 1843-87.4ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of country. 59. DAILY OBSERVATIONS OF METEOROLOGY AT MILITARY POSTS. ("Meteorological Registers"). 1819-1916. ca. 660 vols. 60 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder by locality. 60. HOURLY OBSERVATIONS MADE AT EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES AT MILITARY POSTS. ("Hourly Meteorological Registers"). 1821-54. 1 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. A list of stations, with dates of observations, is provided in National Archives Preliminary Inventory NC-3 (Revision), Appendix I. 62 61. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE NAVY YARD, PORTSMOUTH, N.H. 1842-52. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. 62. COAST SURVEY NOTEBOOKS. 1843-73. 87 vols. 5 ft. Unarranged. For a list of locations and dates, see National Archives Preliminary Inventory NC-3 (Revision), Appendix II. 63. JOURNALS OF DAILY OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE NAVAL OBSERVATORY, WASHINGTON, D.C. 1842-1913. 73 vols. 7 ft. Arranged chronologically. 64. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE AT SAVANNAH, GA. 1859. 2 vols. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. 65. LAKE SURVEY RECORDS. 1859-76. 29 vols. 9 ft. Arranged by type of observation. Also: Register of Water Level and Meteorological Observations. See also RG-77, entries 348ff. 66. WEEKLY METEOROLOGICAL RECORD. 1870-81. ca. 1,000 vols. 138 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 67. STATION JOURNALS IN TEXAS. 1877-83.9 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. 68. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT MACON, GA. 1873-82.1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 69. RECORDS OF INTERNATIONAL SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS. 1874-92. 155 vols. 38 ft. Arranged in numerical sequence, Form 123. An index showing nation and volume numbers is provided in National Archives Preliminary Inventory NC-3 (Revision), Appendix III. This collection also contains records from various naval and merchant vessels, ca 1880's. Almost none of which are enumerated in NC-3 (Revision). 70. OBSERVATIONS MADE BY EMPLOYEES OF THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. 1873-74. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 71. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE AT STATIONS OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. 1877-88. 3 vols. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. 72. REPORTS OF SUNSET STATIONS. 1878-85, 1888. 5 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of locality. 73. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS MADE AT PIKES PEAK AND COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO. 1882-83. 5 vols. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 74. RECORDS OF EVAPORATION STUDIES. 1907. 10 vols. 7 in. Arranged chronologically. 75. REPORTS OF OBSERVATIONS TAKEN DURING THE TRANSIT OF HALLEY'S COMET. 1910.4 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 76. RECORDS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT MOUNT WASHINGTON, N.H. 1889-92. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 77. RECORDS OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT BROWNSVILLE, TEX. 1889-92. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 78. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS TAKEN AT MOUNT WEATHER, VA. 1905-14. 2 vols. 2 in. Arranged by type of observation, thereunder chronologically. 79. METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY FOR WOODS HOLE, MASS. 1873-95. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 80. RECORD OF STORMS. 1881-83. 1 vol. 3 in. Arranged chronologically 81. REPORT OF THUNDERSTORMS. 1885. 1 vol. 4 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 82. MONTHLY RECORDS OF STORM WARNINGS MADE BY STATION AT LUDINGTON, MICH. 1916. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 63

83. RECORDS OF BAROMETRIC CORRECTIONS. 1883-88. 8 vols. 5 in. Unarranged. 84. REPORTS OF OBSERVERS IN THE COTTON REGIONS. 1883-1902. 14 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station 85. REPORTS OF OBSERVERS AT THE THIRD ORDER STATIONS. 1883- 98. 4 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State and thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 86. REPORTS OF OBSERVERS IN THE CORN AND WHEAT REGIONS. 1896-1902. 4 ft Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 87. REPORTS OF SPECIAL RAINFALL STATIONS. 1887-88. 6 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 88. RECORD OF DAILY AND FIVE-DAY MEAN TEMPERATURE READINGS. ca. 1879-1903.2 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 89. RECORDS OF SOLAR AND SKY RADIATION MEASUREMENT. ca. 1908-41. 10 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of locality. 90. RECORDS OF OBSERVATIONS IN THE WEST INDIES. 1881-92. 5 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 91. REPORTS OF OBSERVATIONS IN ALASKA. 1881-92, 1898-1913, 1918- 24. 4 ft Arranged alphabetically by name of station and also chronologically. 92. MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF METEOROLOGY AT MILITARY POSTS. 1819-54, 1859-86. 12 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. 93. BAROMETRICAL REGISTERS. 1855-68, 1876-82. 2 vols. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 94. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL SUMMARIES OF AVERAGE PRECIPITATION IN MISSOURI. 1856-1904. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of locality. 95. MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF DAILY PRECIPITATION FOR SOUTH CAROLINA. 1870-92. 3 vols. 1 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 96. DAILY METEOROLOGICAL BULLETINS. Jan.-June 1871. 2 vols. 4 in. Arranged chronologically. 97. MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MIDDLETOWN, CONN. 1875-76. 1 vol. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 98. RECORDS OF TEMPERATURE READINGS. 1871-86. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 99. RECORD OF RAINFALL READINGS. 1871-84. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 100. RECORD OF BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. 1872-80.1 vol. 2 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 101. RECORDS OF COMPARATIVE BAROMETER READINGS. 1873-84. 3 vols. 4 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 102. RECORDS OF COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE READINGS. 1873-84. 3 vols. 3 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 103. ANNUAL REPORTS OF SIGNAL OFFICE STATIONS. 1888-96. 18 vols. 5 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 104. MONTHLY REPORT OF WEATHER BUREAU STATIONS. 1905-7. 63 vols. 11 ft. Arranged chronologically. 105. RECORDS OF CLOUD OBSERVATIONS. 1896-97.11 vols. 7 in. Arranged chronologically. 106. PSYCHROMETRICAL REGISTERS. 1874-87. 2 vols. 3 in. Arranged chronologically. 64 107. METEOROLOGICAL ABSTRACTS ("ANNUAL SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS"). 1877-87.4 vols. 10 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 108. WIND RECORDS. 1872-79. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 109. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF VOLUNTARY OBSERVERS AND ARMY POST SURGEONS. 1874-86. 13 vols. 2 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of State. 110. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION DATA FROM POST HOSPITALS AND VOLUNTARY OBSERVERS. 1880-86. 3 vols. 6 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 111. RECORDS OF DIFFERENCES OF DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURES. 1881-87. 2 vols. 6 in. Arranged alphabetically name of station. 112. SUMMARY REPORT ON THERMOMETER EXPOSURE AT STATION. 1883. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder alphabetically by name of station. 113. MONTHLY MEANS, TOTALS, AND SUMMARIES OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA. 1883-90. 2 vols. 6 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 114. REPORTS OF LOCAL WIND STORMS. 1887. 2 vols. 6 in. Arranged chronologically. 115. GRAPHS SHOWING LONG-TERM TRENDS IN WEATHER CONDITIONS. 1870-83. 2 vols. 6 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of station. 116. OBSERVATIONS OF RAIN AND SNOWFALL IN CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, AND NEW MEXICO. 1889-90. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. 117. REPORTS ON THE TIME OF HARVESTING AND PLANTING OF CROPS. 1888-93. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of State, thereunder by district. 118. SNOWFALL BULLETINS. 1897-1904. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. C. Records of Marine Observations, 1842-1930. 119. ABSTRACTS OF SHIPS LOGS ("ABSTRACT LOGS"). 1842-93. 526 vols. 40 ft. Arranged numerically. 120. CARD INDEX TO ABSTRACTS OF SHIP LOGS. 1842-93. 4 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of ship. 121. BOOK INDEX TO ABSTRACTS OF SHIP LOGS. 1842-93. 6 vols. 1 ft. Arranged by number of volume. 122. RECORDS CONTAINING MARINE OBSERVATIONS BY OCEAN SQUARE. 1873-86. 19 ft. Arranged numerically by ocean square. 123. RECORDS OF SIMULTANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SHIPS. 1886-1902. 104 ft. Arranged by ocean and thereunder chronologically. Report of Marine Meteorology is on Form 105, with summaries of meteorological observations by map squares ca. 1880's - 1890's. 124. ABSTRACT STORM LOGS RECORDED ON SHIPS. 1896-1910.10 ft. Arranged by ocean and thereunder by month. 125. GALE AND STORM REPORTS RECORDED ON SHIPS. 1895-1910. 7 ft. Arranged by ocean and thereunder by month. 126. FOG REPORTS MADE ON SHIPS. 1896-1910. 7 ft. Arranged by ocean and thereunder by month. 65 127. MARINE METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS. 1879-93. 1,955 vols. 135 ft. Arranged numerically. 128. INDEX TO MARINE METEOROLOGICAL JOURNALS. 1879-93.4 ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of ship. 129. REPORTS OF UNUSUAL OCEAN PHENOMENA. 1887-1904. 1 in. Unarranged. 130. RECORDS CONTAINING SUMMARY WEATHER DATA FOR THE NORTH PACIFIC AND NORTH ATLANTIC OCEANS. 1890-1904. 18 vols. 3 ft. Arranged by ocean square number. 131. RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS AT U.S. NAVAL STATION, ISLAND OF GUAM. 1902-8, 1913-19. 3 ft. Unarranged. 132. RECORDS OF WEATHER INFORMATION AT GULF OF MEXICO, AND NORTH ATLANTIC AND NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AREAS. 1890-1930. 89 Booklets. 2 ft. Unarranged. D. Diaries,Journals, and MiscellaneousPapers Containing MeteorologicalData. 134. RECORDS OF MISCELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL, HYDROLOGIC, AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION. ca. 1847-91. 82 ft. Unarranged. 135. DIARIES AND JOURNALS OF METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION. 1792-1889. 6 ft. Arranged numerically. 136. SCIENTIFIC AND PERSONAL PAPERS OF CLEVELAND ABBE. 1863- 1916. Arranged in part chronologically and in part alphabetically by subject. N.B.: This material was transferred to the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress. E. Records of PolarExpeditions, 1881-1923. (related material in RG-401) 137. "BRAINARD COLLECTION." 1881-1918. 6ft. Consists of a journal, related papers, and photographs. The textual records are arranged chronologically; photographs are grouped by subject or area and thereunder chronologically. 138. CORRESPONDENCE, REPORTS, JOURNALS, AND SCIENTIFIC RECORDS OF THE LADY FRANKLIN BAY EXPEDITION. 1881-86. 16 ft. Includes a manuscript copy of "Report on the Proceedings of the U.S. Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land," by A.W. Greely, the commander of the expedition; various War Department orders; numerous reports by members of the expedition; journals, maps, photographs; and meteorological observations. For the most part arranged chronologically. A select list of these records is provided in National Archives Preliminary Inventory NC-3 (Revision), Appendix IV. JOURNAL OF THE LOCKWOOD EXPEDITION on the North Coast of Greenland, April 30 - June 1, 1882 is available on one roll of microfilm, #T298. 139. RECORDS OF EXPEDITION TO POINT BARROW, ALASKA. 1881-83. 2 ft. Includes letters sent and letters received bound in volumes and journal books containing meteorological observations. Arranged chronologically. A list of records is provided in National Archives Preliminary Inventory NC-3 (Revision), Appendix V. 140. RECORDS OF EXPEDITION TO FRANZ JOSEPH LAND. 1898-99. 4 in. Arranged chronologically. 141. RECORDS OF THE EXPEDITION TO REFUGE HARBOR, GREENLAND. Sept.-Nov. 1923. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. 6'`6

F. Other Records, 1878-1946. 142. DRAWINGS. 1878. 1/2 in. Unarranged. 143. RECORDS RELATING TO THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF ELECTRICITY. 1881. 1 in. Unarranged. 144. RECORDS RELATING TO THE PARIS EXPOSITION. 1889. 1 in. Unarranged. 145. BUILDING PLANS OF WEATHER BUREAU STATIONS. 1896-1924. 2 ft. (ALT. 1901-1931, 2 cartons). Arranged alphabetically by name of station, thereunder chronologically. 146. COMMEMORATIVE DIPLOMAS MADE TO THE WEATHER BUREAU AT THE PAN AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 1901. 1/2 in. Unarranged. 147. REMINISCENCES OF EMPLOYEES AND MISCELLANEOUS HISTORICAL METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION. 1907-46. 1 ft. Arranged in numerical sequence as shown by an accompanying list Extracts from PI #38: PreliminaryInventory of the Climatologicaland HydrologicalRecords of the Weather Bureau, compiled by Harold T. Pinkett, Helen T. Finneran, and Katherine H. Davidson (Washington: 1952). This list includes only those records not shipped to the National Climate Center in 1952. 6. DAILY JOURNALS AND ABSTRACTS. 1870-1907. 919 vols. 200 ft. All stations for meteorological observations were required to keep daily journals. These were narrative meteorological records of weather phenomena not easily tabulated. Monthly abstracts were made of these daily records and forwarded to the Washington Office of the United States Signal Service. The entries were first made on paper with no form number but in 1881 an index was added on Form 140. This contained a printed list of all topics likely to be mentioned in the-journals. Form 140 was renumbered in 1891 as Form 1014 but contained no important revisions. The title "Abstract of Daily Journal" was also changed to "Daily Journal," but the data submitted remained the same. An important change occurred in 1904 when record-keeping procedures were revised at all the stations. Entries in the daily journals after 1904 were made only for important events rather than for daily happenings. An interesting feature of the journals was the method of inserting marginal notes in red ink to facilitate reference. These notes were inserted on each page of the journal for each prominent subject and the subjects were indexed monthly; after 1896 they were also indexed annually. The journals and abstracts are arranged alphabetically by locality for the period 1870-87; alphabetically by State, 1888- 90; and by year, thereunder by locality, after 1890. 8. RECORDS OF HOURLY BAROGRAPH READINGS. 1888-1904. 28 vols. 5 ft. These records consist of transcriptions of data (Form 118 and 1026) from records made by a barograph. Arranged alphabetically by locality. 67 11. RECORDS OF HOURLY WIND MOVEMENT. 1872-1904. 87 vols. 21 ft. These records show the prevailing wind movement as recorded by self- registering instruments. These records were transcribed to Form 165 and 1022. Arranged alphabetically by station except for the period 1884-88; for this period, arranged alphabetically by State, thereunder by locality. 12. RECORDS OF HOURLY WIND DIRECTION. 1891-1904. 33 vols. 8ft. These records appear on Form 1021 and show the prevailing direction of the wind for each hour of the day. Continuous records of wind velocity extend back to the establishment of the government weather reporting service. Arranged chronologically and thereunder alphabetically by locality. 15. RECORDS OF EXPERIMENTAL SELF-REGISTERING INSTRUMENTS. 1870-88. 96 vols. 15 ft. These records are the result of experiments conducted in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer in Washington, D.C., in self-registry of meteorological conditions. The records probably contain a considerable amount of unreliable data, but they are significant in helping to show the evolution of self-registry in the United States weather service. Arranged as follows according to the type of meteorological condition registered: BarometricPressure Beck's Aneroid Barometer, 1873-77 Beck's Photo-Barometer, 1874-77 Foreman's Barometer, 1882-87 Gibbon's Barometer, 1873-85 Hough's Percussive Barometer, 1873-77 Hough's Self-Registering Barometer, 1870-78 Peelor's Barometer, 1873-76 Precipitation Beck's Rain and Snow Gauge, 1871-72 Draper's Pluviometer, 1872-76 Eccard's Rain and Snow Gauge, 1874, 1877-82 Gibbon's Rain and Snow Gauge, 1873-77, 1883-88 Powell's Rain and Snow Gauge, 1883-86 Pluviometer, 1871 Temperature Hough's Meteorgraph, 1873-77 Photo-Thermograph, 1874-77 Photographic Register, 1870-71 Wind Beck's Anemometer, 1873-77 Draper's Anemometer, 1872-77 Draper's Anemoscope, 1872-75 Eccard's Anemoscope, 1875-77, 1882-84, 1886-87 Eccard's Anemometer, 1876-77, 1882-84, 1886 Gibbon's Anemograph, 1872-77 Anemometers, 1871 688

20. WEEKLY METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 1870-91. 320 vols. 18 ft. These records (Form 4) received by the Signal Office were prepared by voluntary observers in the West Indies, by observers of the Canadian Meteorological and Telegraphic Service, and by observers of the Signal Service in Alaska. They contain information relating to temperature, barometric pressure, wind direction and velocity, precipitation, clouds, and general remarks about the weather. (Related records received by the Signal Office from its regular weather stations in the United States are listed in the List of ClimatologicalRecords in the NationalArchives.) Arranged alphabetically from the following localities: Alaska: 8 locations Canada: 48 locations Newfoundland: 2 locations Colombia: location West Indies: 10 locations 21. RECORDS OF CAUTIONARY SIGNALS. 1871-99. 29 vols. 5 ft. Special warnings of storms and hurricanes have been issued by the Signal Service and the Weather Bureau primarily for the benefit of marine interests. These warnings have been displayed by means of storm flags and lanterns at many points on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts and along the Great Lakes. Weekly records (Forms 23 and 112) of the display of the warnings reveal the time of hoisting and lowering the signal and of the beginning and ending of the storm, the direction and velocity of the wind, the damage resulting from the storm, and the benefits resulting from the display of signals. Arranged by locality. 22. DIARY OF STORMS. 1881-83. 1 vol. 3 in. This volume shows the date and nature of various storms throughout the country, the injuries done to persons, and the estimated damages to private property. Arranged chronologically. 23. REPORTS ON THUNDERSTORMS. July-Sept. 1885. 1 vol. 3 in. These reports (Form 169b) show the time of thunder and precipitation, the amount of precipitation, the duration and velocity of the wind, and the approximate intensity of the storm. Arranged chronologically. 69 Miscellaneous Collections of Items in RG-27 (Extracts from Tim Connelly's List) DRAWER 11 -- MICROFILM A. JOURNALS & DIARIES (Job # 6487) Reel 1. Alabama-Florida " 2. Louisiana-Maryland I" 3. Massachusetts-Mississippi " 4. Missouri-New Jersey 5. New York 6. " 9, 7 * 8. " " 9. New York-Ohio 10. Pennsylvania " 11. South Carolina-Vermont " 12. Virginia-Wisconsin; Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Newfoundland, Panama, Miscellaneous B. METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS (Job # 1037) Reel 1. Wireless Telegraph Stations: Guam-Agana (?), 1910-1919 2. U. S. Naval Station, Guam, 1903-1906 C. BLUE HILL COLLECTION- 15 REELS (also Blue Hill Statues -- drawers 24-31) D. WRIGHT BROTHERS MATERIAL, 1 REEL

MAURY LOGS. File books, Series A, (approx. 9" x 25"), which contain summaries of meterological data from logs of ships: e.g., wind direction & force, barometric pressure, clouds, currents, temperature, prevailing condition, ship's position. Daily entries. 1868-1870. Compiled by the U. S. Hydrographic Office. 54 vols. 2 linear ft. Related materials are located in RG- 78: Records of the Naval Observatory and in the Library of Congress. ACCRETION TO RG-27, Feb. 1973. 1 carton. Principally 1948-1972, with some older material, Descriptive list is enclosed. 70 RG-33. RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL EXTENSION SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PI #83 compiled by Virgil E. Baugh (Washington: 1955). Correspondence. 1. AUTHOR INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1907-43. 55 ft. 2. SUBJECT INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1907-43. 255 ft. 3. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE AND ITS PREDECESSORS. June 1907-June 1943. 402 ft. 4. MANUAL AND INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. n.d. 2 loose-leaf notebooks. 3 in. 5. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. July 1943-June 1946. 57 ft. Subjects covered include Drought, Hail, Floods, Forecasts, Storms, Weather, and Wind. Records Relating to DepartmentalParticipation in Fairsand Expositions, as follows: World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Ga., 1895 Tennessee Centennial Exposition, Nashville, 1897 Trans-Mississippi International Exposition, Omaha, Nebr., 1898 Paris Universal Exposition, 1900 Pan American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y., 1901 South Carolina Interstate and West Indian Exposition, Charleston, S.C., 1901-2 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Mo., 1904 Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition, 1907 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Wash., 1909. Exhibits were also made by the Weather Bureau National Ecuadorian Exposition. Quito, Ecuador, 1909 23. LIST OF EXHIBITS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. n.d. Negligible. This list is by bureaus and divisions and describes in some detail each individual exhibit. Other records documenting the Department's participation in fairs and exposition are to be found among records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture (RG-16), and the Weather Bureau (RG-27). PhotographicRecords. The Department of Agriculture was one of the first agencies of the Government to use motion pictures to inform the public, experimenting in this field as early as 1913. 53. EXTENSION SERVICE COLLECTION OF EARLY MOTION PICTURES. 1913-37. 726 reels. 121 cu. ft. 54. STILL-PICTURE NEGATIVES. 1906-36. 10 cu. ft. Other Records. 1905-44. 49 lin. ft. Records of the Puerto Rican Hurricane Relief Commission Audiovisual Records. 1906-52. 5,565 items Motion pictures, 1913-52 (565 reels), including Weather Bureau work 71 RG-37. RECORDS OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. PI #39, compiled by Walter W. Weinstein (1952). Introduction The Hydrographic Office is a service agency that collects, examines, and disseminates hydrographic and navigational information for the benefit of the Navy, the merchant marine, and other navigators. The Office provides this information in the form of nautical charts, sailing directions, meteorological charts, and other publications. The Office also conducts research in oceanography. Hydrographic work has been conducted under the following agencies: the Depot of Charts and Instruments (1830), the Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography (1842), the U.S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office (1854), the Bureau of Navigation (1862), the Bureau of Equipment (1889), the Bureau of Navigation (1910), and the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (1942). Notable early directors who were involved in meteorology include Matthew F. Maury and Charles H. Davis. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. 1862- 1945. 384 lin. ft. These comprise letters received, some by the U.S. Naval Observatory and Hydrographical Office, 1862-1920; letters sent, 1866-1909; reports, correspondence, and memorandums, 1885-1924; general correspondence, 1924- 45; and related registers and indexes. RECORDS OF EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS AND HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS. 1837-1946. 1,046 lin. ft. Included are journals and logs kept by members of the Wilkes Expedition, which circumnavigated the globe and explored the Antarctic, the Pacific Islands, and the northwest coast of the United States, 1838-42. Available on Microfilm # M-75. DIVISIONAL RECORDS. 1903-10. 5 lin. ft. These consist of Division of Chart Construction memorandums sent to the Hydrographer ("Memo A") and an office file of the Chief of the Division of Pilot Charts and Branch Offices, relating to the controversy between the Hydrographic Office and the Weather Bureau that concerned publishing, printing, and distributing meteorological data and pilot and navigational charts. OTHER RECORDS. 1855-1937. 11 lin. ft. Among these are correspondence concerning Lt. Matthew F. Maury, USN, who was relieved from duty by the "Plucking Board" of 1855. 60. WEATHER REPORTS. 1888-98. 11 in. Reports submitted by ships at sea to branch hydrographic offices and forwarded to the Hydrographic Office. These include reports of storms, gales, fog, and hurricanes, giving location, date, time, direction, barometer reading, and related data. The series is arranged chronologically. 61. REPORTS ON WATERSPOUTS. 1888-99. 3 in. Reports submitted by ships at sea to branch hydrographic offices, giving latitude, longitude, date, time, and other information regarding waterspouts. Arranged chronologically. 63. OCEAN CURRENT REPORTS. 1889-1903. 1 in. Reports giving location, rate, and direction of current, date, and time. Arranged chronologically. 72 Cartographicand Audiovisual Records. 1838-1968. 114,493 items. Among chart enclosures are manuscript and annotated maps that relate to the North Atlantic ice patrol, such explorations as Adm. Robert E. Peary's arctic exploration, 1893-1903, weather studies, and ship disasters; and charts published by the Maritime Safety Division, 1852-1950, that relate to sea and atmospheric conditions, including M. F. Maury's "Wind and Current Charts," 1848-52, and meteorological charts, 1883-84. NM-49, Supplement to PI #39 compiled by Harry Schwartz (Washington: 1965). The volume of records in this record group has been increased to 1,712 cubic feet, compared with 1,598 cubic feet reported in the original issuance in 1952. The records of the Hydrographic Office (renamed the Naval Oceanographic Office on July 10, 1962) now in the National Archives cover generally the period 1842-1945. Records of Office Divisions, 1903-10 Division of Pilot Charts and Branch Offices 360. OFFICE FILE OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION, ROBERT L. LERCH, RELATING TO THE "H.O.-WEATHER BUREAU CONTROVERSY." 1903- 10. 4 in. Arranged chronologically. SL-43. United States HydrographicOffice Manuscript Charts in the NationalArchives, 1838-1908, compiled by William J. Heynen (Washington: 1978). This list describes 4,910 manuscript hydrographic and oceanographic survey charts and other cartographic records accumulated as part of the pre-1908 archives of the Hydrographic Office and its predecessor agencies. These records are part of Records of the Hydrographic Office, Record Group 37. 1. U.S. EXPLORING EXPEDITION. 1838-42. 1 item. "Chart of the World Showing the Tracks of the U.S. Exploring Expedition in 1838, 39, 40,41 & 42. Charles Wilkes Esq. Commanding." Printed chart, marked Hydrographic Office chart No. 69, showing tracks of the ships Vincennes, Peacock, Porpoise, Flying Fish, Oregon and Relief and symbols indicating currents, winds, and isothermal lines. Small scale. A different version of the world track chart of the Wilkes expedition, at larger scale and on four sheets, is filed with Records of the office of the Chief of Engineers, Record Group 77, file Misc-30, sheets 43-46. 2. PERRY EXPEDITION TO JAPAN. 1853-54 1 item (2 sections). Chart of the World showing (sic) the Track of the U.S. steam frigates Mississippi, Susquehanna and Powhatan, as Flagships of the Japan Squadron, under command of Commodore M. C. Perry, U.S.N. 1853-54. Dates and wind directions are indicated. Small scale. SHIP TRACKS Track charts generally show routes, dates of voyages, and symbols indicating winds and currents encountered. Some also show (on front or reverse) statistical tables giving temperature, pressure, fuel expended, sightings, and other remarks; names of officers, number of crew; size of ship; and steam or sail characteristics. 73 Atlantic Ocean Track charts for 19 ships dated 1845-1882 are listed. U.S. EXPLORING EXPEDITION TO THE ATLANTIC. 1838. 1 item. "Chart of the Track of the Exploring Expedition from the U. States to Rio de Janeiro In search of Various Shoals & (?) on the route Shewing the Winds, Currents, Variation, and Mean Tem. Air & Water." 1838. Drawn by Lt. J. Alden and P.M.W. May. Manuscript chart showing routes of the U.S. ships Vincennes, Porpoise, peacock, and Relief. Approx. 1:13,000,000. (filed as 142.2,#2) TRACK CHARTS OF NORTH ATLANTIC (MAURY'S WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS). Ca. 1849. 5 items. Printed charts of sections of the North Atlantic series A (track charts), Nos. 6-8 (with duplicates), annotated with additional tracks. The charts show winds reported along tracks of voyages. Small scale. (Filed as 141.35, #145) ISOTHERMAL CHARTS OF SOUTH ATLANTIC (MAURY'S WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS). Ca. 1855. 6 items. Rough original sheets used for plotting temperature information, with notes to the engraver. Sheet 1 contains a list of abstract logs examined for the isothermal charts South Atlantic Ocean... identified by number of log. Small scale. (Filed as 342.6, #1-#6) BATHYMETRIC SKETCH CHART OF THE ATLANTIC. 1874. 1 item. Small chart on tracing cloth of the North and South Atlantic based on soundings of the H.M.S. Challenger. Shows 1000 fathom curves and temperature information. Small scale. (Filed as 543.8)

Pacific Ocean Track charts for 32 shops between 1857 and 1904 are listed. TRACK CHARTS OF THE U.S. NORTH PACIFIC SURVEYING EXPEDITION OF 1853-56 AND THE BROOKE EXPEDITION OF 1859. 1853-59. 4 items. Printed charts showing tracks of the U.S. ships Vincennes, John Hancock, and Fenimore Cooper during the U. S. North Pacific Surveying Expedition commanded by John Rodgers. Sheet 1 is annotated with red and blue lines showing the tracks of the Fenimore Cooper during the Brooke expedition of 1859 and of the Japanese corvette that brought home the American officers and crew after their ship was wrecked. Small scale. (Filed as 142.21, #V-1, sheets sl-4) TRACK CHARTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH PACIFIC (MAURY'S WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS). Ca. 1856. 14 items. Printed charts, annotated in colors of the North Pacific, series A (track charts), Nos. 3, 6, and 7, and of the South Pacific (some are duplicates), series A No. 5, showing winds reported along tracks of numerous ships and names and dates of voyages. Small scale. (Filed as 272.29, #2-6c). 74 DEEP-SEA SOUNDINGS FROM JAPAN TO KAMCHATKA, THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, AND THE WEST COAST OF THE UNITED STATES. 1874. 10 items. Track chart shoeing four lines of deep-sea soundings on great circle routes from Tokyo (Yedo) Bay, Japan, to Tanaga and Atka Islands, the Aleutians, and to Cape Flattery, Was.; general track chart and a profile of depths from Yokohama to Tanaga Island; profile of depths on the great circle route from Point Komoto, Japan, towards the Aleutian Islands; graph showing temperature curves along the coasts of Japan, the Kurile Islands, and the Aleutian Islands; copy of published H.O. chart No. 68 of the Bering Sea vicinity, annotated to show a line of soundings from Kamchatka to the Aleutian Islands; profile chart showing surface and deep-sea temperatures between Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands as isothermic lines; profile chart showing "cold water stratum" from Kamchatka to the Aleutian Islands, in two sections; profile sheet showing depths and temperatures from Tanaga Island, the Aleutians, to Cape Flattery, Wash., and chart showing the course of the Japanese Current in the Alaska-California region, as traced by the U.S.S. Tuscarora. Small scale. (Filed as 381.20, #1-4, #5c, #10c-13c, and #15c).

IndianOcean Includes information from 18 voyages dated 1867-1901. PLOTTING SHEET FOR A PILOT CHART OF THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (MAURY'S WIND AND CURRENT CHART). 1855-56. 1 item. Original manuscript plotting sheet, by Lieutenants Fitzgerald and West, divided into squares. Marks placed in each square indicate the occurrences of winds from various directions at given dates and positions as reported by ship captains. Small scale. (Filed as 443.21). PILOT CHARTS OF THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (MAURY'S WIND AND CURRENT CHARTS). 1855-56. 2 items. Two versions, a manuscript chart and a prof sheet, developed from the plotting sheet described in entry 425. Both show a series of wind roses and prevalent winds over a period of years for each of numerous parts of the ocean. Small scale. (Filed as 272.29, #la and #lb). ARABIAN SEA CURRENT CHART. 1883. 1 item. Manuscript chart based on the logs of the U.S.S. Ticonderoga and barks Glide and Taria Topan and apparently prepared in the Hydrographic Office. Colored arrows show dates, directions, and force of currents. 1:10,000,000. (Filed as 473.13).

South CentralAlaska SITKA HURRICANE. 1880. 2 items. Chart, on tracing paper, showing the track of the hurricane of October 26, 1880, through Sitka Sound, and graph showing "barometric action during Sitka Hurricane." 1 inch to approx. 16 nautical miles. Source: U.S.S. Jamestown (Filed as 183.10) 75 GreatLakes GREAT LAKES (EXCEPT CANADIAN SHORE) (See also Canada) PILOT CHART OF THE GREAT LAKES. 1894. 1 item. Printed Hydrographic Office pilot chart of the Great Lakes, annotated with small corrections by the Department of Marine and Fisheries, Canada. The base chart contains information about weather, locations and dimensions of locks and canals, and rules for the use of oil to protect vessels in stormy waters. 1 inch to approx. 25 nautical miles. (Filed as 143.50) WEATHER BUREAU METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS OF THE GREAT LAKES. 1897-98. 2 items. Sample copies of charts printed in November 1896 and April 1898. Reverse sides contain addresses of numerous wind-signal stations. 1:2,5000,000. (Filed as 2101.15, #1 and #2; similar charts are filed among Records of the Weather Bureau, Record Group 27.)

CentralAmerican and the Caribbean METEOROLOGICAL CHART. 1875, 1 item. Chart for February, March, and April 1875 compiled by Lt. S.C. Paine and prepared as a plate for a published report of the Collins expedition. (Filed as 243.52, #58) for a Central American Canal route. CARIBBEAN SEA AND GULF OF MEXICO. WEST INDIA HURRICANE TRACK CHART. 1866. 1 item. Chart, printed by the British Admiralty showing the track of the West Indian Hurricane through the Caribbean in September came through the Caribbean in September and October 1866, as noted during a voyage of H.M. S. Nimble. It is annotated to show the place off the U.S. coast where the ship Evening Star foundered. Note on the reverse side indicates that it was forwarded at the request of the Secretary of State. Small scale. (Filed as 243.27). SURVEY OF WINDS AND CURRENTS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO. 1874-78 and 1893. 1 item. Published chart of the Gulf of Mexico (Coast and Geodetic Survey chart D, dated 1885), annotated with symbols relating to winds and currents and with notes relating to procedures used during the survey. The survey was conducted in 1874-78; information added to the chart was copied from soundings books and sheets in 1893. Small scale. Source: U.S. Coast Survey steamer Blake, commanded by Lt. Comdr. C.D. Sigsbee, USN. (Filed as 262.43)

Europe and the EasternMediterranean PORT GRAO (HARBOR FOR VALENCIA). EAST COAST OF SPAIN. 1873. 4 items. Four manuscript plans, originally from a U.S. consular report, forwarded as part of report by the U.S.S. Alaska- "old" and "new" plans of the harbor, showing the effect of currents and wind from the northeast; general plan of the harbor and adjacent topography; and chart of the Gulf of Valencia showing the location of Port Grao. Scales vary. (Filed as 462.28, #1-#4)

China STORM SIGNAL STATIONS OF THE CHINA COAST METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE. 1907. 1 item. Small printed map of China, Japan, and Indochina showing locations of storm signal stations receiving telegraphic warnings from the observatory at Zi-ka-wei. Small scale. (Filed as 2101.36). 7 6 Australiaand New Zealand AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND. 1886. 1 item. Printed sample weather chart (received from the U.S. S. Enterprise) of the type used by the Colonial Museum of New Zealand and the intercolonial Weather Exchange. It shows telegraph stations, lines, and submarine cables. Small scale. (Filed as 543.18).

Miscellaneous METEOROLOGICAL PLOTTING SHEET. N.d. 1 item. Blank copy of form A, a published chart of the world, divided into 1,667 squares for plotting meteorological data. It was prepared by the Meteorological Division of the Hydrographic Office probably late in the 19th century. (Filed as 142.57).

RG-38. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS. PI #85 Cartographic Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (Washington, 1955).

Cartographic and Audiovisual Records. 1884-1968. 8,988 items. Cartographic records (280 items) include an incomplete set of bound volumes of climatic charts of the world, prepared by the Naval Weather Service Division, 1955-68; and a published handbook relating to climate of the Northern Hemisphere, 1955. CartographicRecords of the Office of Naval Intelligence. Latin America GENERAL MAPS. 1936. 2 items. A map by E.R. Wilson annotated to serve as an index to the airlines operating in Central and South America. MAPS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 1917-35.7 items. A map of the world, dated 1935, annotated to show airlines serving South America with an attached copy of a report from the Military Intelligence Division, General Staff. An undated map of the Western Hemisphere, with annotations possibly refering to airline routes. MAPS OF BRAZIL. 1902-36. 5 items. A map annotated in 1936 to show airlines operating in Brazil. 77 RG-45. OFFICE OF NAVAL RECORDS AND LIBRARY: NAVAL RECORDS COLLECTION. Contains a file on James P. Espy and his employment with the Navy; a subject file on meteorology; and textual records of Charles Wilkes and the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842 (Cf. RG-37). Also: Microfilm # M997: U.S. Navy Department, General Orders and Circulars, 1798- 1862.

RG-46. RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE, 1800-1966. Contains a volume of manuscript U.S. weather maps prepared by James P. Espy, 1851.

RG-48. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. PI #81. CartographicRecords, compiled by Laura E. Kelsay (Washington: 1955). Introduction: The Department of the Interior was established by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1849 (9 Stat. 395), in order to bring into one department the Patent Office, the General Land Office, the Office of Indian Affairs, and the Office of the Commissioner of Pensions, all of which were at that time under other departments. Since its establishment many bureaus and offices have existed within the Department. CartographicRecords of PacificRailroad Surveys, Transferredfrom the War Department's Office of Explorationsand Surveys 26. GENERAL SURVEY AND EXPLORATION RECORDS. 1849-58. 105 items. 2 in. Annotated maps and manuscript sketches of parts of a map of the United States from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, compiled 1854-58, to accompany reports of the explorations for a railroad route. Chart by Lorin Blodget showing "The March of Temperature Changes" in January 1854 from the east base of the Rocky Mountains to Albion Mines, Nova Scotia.

RG-54. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, SOILS, AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. PI #66 compiled by Harold T. Pinkett (Washington: 1954). Office and Divisional Records of the Bureau of Plant Industry. 1881-1953. 2,773 lin. ft. These include general correspondence of the Office of Agricultural Technology, 1906-14; records of the Biophysical Laboratory, consisting of general correspondence, 1906-20, and climatological data and soil-moisture records, 1907-17. 78 i Records of the Bureau of PlantIndustry General Records 2. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF. 1908-39. 574 ft. Relates to all activities of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Includes much material relating to development of new methods of plant culture of handling, and development of other ideas pertaining to plant production or plant science. Arranged in numerical order by file number arbitrarily assigned to correspondents or occasionally to subjects. A select list of subjects and correspondents with their pertinent file numbers is given in Appendix I. Indexed terms include: Acclimatization and adaptation of crop plants, and Weather Bureau. 3. SUBJECT INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF. 1908-29. 60 ft. 4. MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECT INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF. 1908-30. 28 ft. Records of the Biophysical Laboratory The Physical Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry was established about 1906. Its name was changed to Biophysical Laboratory in 1912. In general the objectives of the Laboratory were the devising of methods for the quantitative measurement of the physical and physiologicall factors that modify crop production and the employment of such methods in determining the relation of environment to plant growth under different methods of cultivation. Its investigations involved largely the correlating with plant growth of such factors as soil and air temperature, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, amount and distribution of soil moisture, and the permeability and water holding capacity of the soil. Many of these investigations were conducted in cooperation with the Divisions of Dry Land Agriculture and Western Irrigation Agriculture of the Bureau of Plant Industry and with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. 22. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1906-20. 13 ft. Covers all types of investigations conducted by the Biophysical Laboratory. Arranged numerically on a subject basis. 23. INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1906-20. 1 ft. Arranged alphabetically by subject and name of correspondent. 24. CLIMATOLOGICAL RECORDS. 1908-29. 9 ft. Contain data concerning the measurement of precipitation, temperature, evaporation, wind, and other climatic conditions on experimental farms located at various field stations of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Arranged alphabetically by name of locality. Records of the Division of Fruitand Vegetable Crops and Diseases The Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, created in 1933, was a successor unit of several units or parts of units established in the Bureau of Plant Industry. In 1886 the Division of Pomology was established in the Department of Agriculture to study the adaptation of fruit trees to particular soils and climates and to collect and disseminate pomological information to American farmers. This work was absorbed in 1901 by the Bureau of Plant Industry and placed in a Division of Pomological Investigation. In 1913 these offices were consolidated to form the Office of Horticultural and Pomological Investigations, which later was designated the Office of Horticulture. 79 Records of the Office of the Chief Chemist S.W. Griffin was employed by the Department of Agriculture on July 11, 1928, and served as Chief Chemist from 1930 to 1948. He investigated the alleged damage to plants in the State of Washington, which was caused by Trail Smelter fumes emanating from Canada. His findings were submitted to the United States and Canadian Joint Commission, created to settle the United States claims arising from the damage to plant life from the fumes. Much of Mr. Griffin's work with the Department of Agriculture was performed at the Wenatchee and Northport, Wash., laboratories, where he was in charge of investigations. At the time of his retirement in 1948, Mr. Griffin was working on a project for the Atomic Energy Commission to study the effects of hydrogen fluoride on plant life. 149A. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE FILE. 1928-48. 4 ft. Relates to the Trail Smelter arbitration; the Federal Land Bank at Spokane, Wash.; and the Emergency Crop and Feed Loan of 1938. Arranged by subject and thereunder chronologically. 149B. NOTEBOOKS. 1927-48. 4 ft. Contain information on experiments and observations made by Mr. Griffin. Entries are arranged chronologically. 149C. REPORTS AND RELATED RECORDS. 1928-48. 9 ft. Mainly reports relating to the Trail Smelter arbitration, air pollution, the effect of certain chemicals on plant life, examinations of rain and snow, and wind investigations. Arranged by subject. 149D. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS. 1928-48. 2 ft. Include statistical data, lists of the 1938 Trail Smelter arbitration claims, and an index to Bureau publications. Arranged by subject. 149E. PUBLICATIONS. 1910-41. 2 ft. Relate to the Trail Smelter arbitration, geological survey, the Wenatchee River Basin, and related subjects. Arranged by subject. 149F. NEWSPAPER CLIPPINGS. 1930-42. 2 in. Arranged chronologically.

Records of the Soil Chemistry and Physics Research Division 213. RECORDS RELATING TO SOIL MOISTURE STUDIES. 1903. 1 ft. Contain statistical data showing the relationship of moisture content to the properties of soils. Unarranged. 222. SOIL SURVEY CLIPPINGS. ca. 1912. 3 ft. Clippings from soil survey publications of the Agriculture Department relating to agricultural history, climate, soil types, and other matters. Arranged Alphabetically by subject. NC-135 (Update), compiled by Herbert J. Horwitz (Washington: November 1965), states that The volume of records in this record group has been increased by several accessions and is 2,897 cubic feet, including 123 cubic feet of photographic records and 10 cubic feet of cartographic records. -:8 0 RG-56. RECORDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY. PI #187 compiled by Camelita S. Ryan and Hope K. Holdcamper (Washington 1977). The records described in this inventory consist of those in the National Archives of the United States as of June 30, 1974, that originated in the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury and its subdivisions and those of smaller units performing services for the Department as a whole. They include correspondence files, Land Office plats and field notes, 1804-1845. They are designated General Records of the Department of the Treasury, Record Group 56, and measure 4,275 cubic feet, including nontextual records. Related records are in RG-360, RG-233, RG-46 AND RG-51. 27. MISCELLANEOUS LElTERS SENT ("K" SERIES). 1789-1878. 120 vols. 22 ft. Arranged chronologically. 188. LETTERS RECEIVED FROM THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1848- 1908. 5 in. Arranged chronologically. The records consist of letters received from the Secretary, Assistant Secretary and other officials of the Smithsonian Institution relating to the receipt of books, scientific instruments, and other items that were part of the Smithson legacy; request that marine hospital personnel be used to gather meteorological observations; for letters sent to the Smithsonian Institution see entry 27. Records Relating to Expositions 1867-1941 Centennial International Exposition, 1876. The Centennial International Exposition was held at Philadelphia from May 10 through November 10, 1876, to celebrateithe 100th annivers of the independence of the United States. An act of March 3, 1871 (16 Stat. 470), authorized the creation of a U.S. Centennial Commission to prepare and superintend the exposition. Chief Clerk's Office 470. REGISTERS OF APPLICATIONS TO THE BUREAU OF INSTALLATION FOR EXHIBITION SPACE, 1876. 16 vols. 2 ft. Arranged numerically by application number and thereunder chronologically. Each entry gives the number and date of the application, the name of the exhibitor and its representative, a description of the articles to be exhibited, the amount of space desired and granted, and the name of the department or building in which the exhibition was placed For a list that serves as a partial index to the applicants, see the records described in entry 471. 471. LIST OF AMERICAN EXHIBITORS 1876. 1 vol. 3 in. Arranged alphabetically by name of exhibitor. Each entry in the list gives the name and address of the exhibitor, the application number (see entry 470), the catalog number, the number of the exhibition hall, and the location of the exhibit with it.

RG-57. RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. RECORDS OF THE GEOLOGIC DIVISION, 1867-1951. 269 lin. ft contain various entries concerning meteorology, 1885-87. 81

RG-59. GENERAL RECORDS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Includes the original journals of Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon relating to the Pennsylvania and Maryland boundary survey, 1763-1768.

RG-72. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS. PI #26 compiled by William F. Shonkwiler (Washington, 1951). The Bureau of Aeronautics was formally established on August 10, 1921, and Rear Adm. W.A. Moffett was appointed its Chief. Contains records relating to weather and flight, 1916-1946.

RG-75. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. PI#163 2 Vols. compiled by Edward E. Hill. (Washington, 1965). 117. RECORD OF DISTRIBUTION OF HENRY B. SCHOOLCRAFT'S Historical and StatisticalInformation Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States ca. 1851-60. 1 vol. 2 in. Records of the IrrigationDivision 658. SUMMARY IRRIGATION DATA SHEETS. 1910-29. 2 ft. Chiefly forms submitted semiannually by superintendents of irrigation, supervising engineers, project engineers, and other officials. Information is given concerning the location of projects, climatic conditions, water supply, irrigable area, construction cultivation, costs, and other aspects of Indian irrigation projects.

RG-77. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS. NM-19 Part I, compiled by Elizabeth Bethel and revised by Maizie H. Johnson. The records are in the care of the Office of Military Archives and amount to about 8,000 cubic feet. Other records in the National Archives relating to Engineer activities are in RG-27, Records of Weather Bureau; and in RG-42, RG-48, RG-76, RG-120, RG- 121, and RG-336. Microfilm copies of some of the letters are available. Introduction The present Corps of Engineers originated in an act of Congress of March 16, 1802, which authorized the President to organize and establish a Corps of Engineers, not to exceed 20 officers and cadets. This Corps was to be established at West Point and was "constitute a military academy." The civil duties of the Office, which have included, at various times, climatological surveys of the Great Lakes etc. The maintenance and improvement of inland waterways and harbors; the formulation and execution of plans for flood control; the operation of certain dams and locks. 82

For more information see: The Military EngineerXXXIV (June-July 1942): 287-291, 348-352; W. Stull Holt, The Office of the Chief of Engineers of the Army; Its Non- Military History, Activities, and Organization(Baltimore, 1923); William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803-1863 (New Haven, 1959). U.S. Lake Survey, 1845-1913 348. LETTERS SENT. 1839-45. 2 vols. 4 in. 349. LETTERS SENT. 1856-82. 8 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name indexes, with occasional subject entries in each volume. 351. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1856-64. 3 vols. 6 in. Arranged chronologically. Name index in each volume. 354. LETTERS OF ACCOUNTS. 1857-61. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged by account and thereunder chronologically. Name index. 358. CATALOG OF LAKE SURVEY CHARTS. n.d. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged by project. Office of Explorationsand Surveys, 1857-61 359. CORRESPONDENCE. 1857-61. 1 ft. Arranged by project and thereunder numerically. 360. LIST OF BOOKS IN LIBRARY. n.d. 1 vol. 1/2 in. Arranged by type of publication.

Office of U.S. GeographicalSurveys West of the 100th Meridian, 1869-83 These surveys were made under the direction of the Chief of Engineers between 1871 and 1879. The primary object was the topographic mapping of the country but the scope of the work was eventually extended to include exhaustive investigations of geological, zoological, and ethnological matters. With the completion of the field work in 1879, further responsibility for the surveys was consolidated in the newly established Geological Survey of the Department of the Interior. Publication work by the Office of Chief Engineers, however, continued for a few years. 361. NAME INDEX TO SERIES 362. 1 vol. 2 in. 362. LETTERS SENT. 1874-83. 7 Vols. 1 ft. 363. PRESS COPIES OF LETTERS SENT BY CAPT. GEORGE M. WHEELER IN CHARGE OF THE SURVEY. 1874 -76; 1878-80; 1882-83. 6 vols. 1 ft Arranged chronologically. Index in each volume. 365. NAME INDEX TO LETTERS RECEIVED. 1874-82. 1 vol. 1 in. Letters not found. 366. REGISTER AND DIGESTS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1874; 1876-82. 6 vols. 1 ft. Arranged chronologically. 367. LETTERS RECEIVED AND OTHER PAPERS. 1876-79. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 368. SPECIAL ORDERS, SPECIAL FIELD ORDERS, AND CIRCULARS ISSUED BY THE U.S. ENGINEER OFFICE, GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE 100TH MERIDIAN. 1871-80. 3 vols. 2 in. For the period 1871-73, arranged chronologically; for the period 1874-80, arranged by type of issuance and thereunder chronologically. 83

369. REGISTER OF METEOROLOGICAL FIELDBOOKS AND GENERAL RECORDS. 1869-80. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged by type of record and thereunder numerically. Subject index. 370. METEOROLOGICAL FIELDBOOKS. 1869-78. 107 vols. 5 ft. Arranged by subject (Observation, Aneroid and Odometer, Aneroid Readings, Meteorological Transcript, Aneroid Profile, and Barometric Hypsometry), and thereunder numerically. Registered in series 369. 371. METEOROLOGICAL GENERAL RECORDS. 1871-79. 11 vols. 1 ft. Arranged by subject (Altitudes from Railroad Profiles, Transcript of Aneroid Profiles, Cistern Barometer Altitudes, Meteorological Memorandum Book, and Record of Meteorological Instruments). Registered in series 369. 377. REGISTER OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. 1877-79. 1 vol. 2 in. Arranged by year. 381. REGISTER OF ALTITUDES. 1871-74. 2 vols. 1 in. Volume 1 arranged by seasons and parties, and volume 2 alphabetically by location. 383. MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS RELATING TO THE SURVEY OF THE EASTERN BOUNDARY OF CALIFORNIA. 1873; 1876. 1/4 in. Arranged chronologically.

NM-45, Part II, compiled by Maizie H. Johnson (1965). Records of Engineer Districts, 1807-1944 (2,351 lin. ft.) include administrative records, contract and project files, fields, notebooks, general correspondence, fiscal records, and river and weather reports. The expansion of river and harbour improvement work undertaken by the Corps of Engineers after the Civil War necessitated the establishment of an increasing number of Engineer offices throughout the United States. The Engineer officer in charge of each of these offices was responsible for Engineer functions within the geographical district of his office and reported for a while directly to the Chief of Engineers in Washington. General Order No. 12, dated December 3, 1888, established five division offices. In 1960 there were 11 divisions under which were grouped 38 Engineer officers, now called district offices. Related records are in RG-98. 1065. DAILY JOURNAL ON TIDES, WEATHER, AND WORK DONE AT JAMESTOWN, VA. Mar. 1905-Jan. 1906. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. Not indexed. 1366. DAILY TEMPERATURE AND WEATHER REPORTS MADE FOR THE WEATHER BUREAU AT ASHLAND, KY. ("COOPERATIVE OBSERVER'S DAILY MEMORANDA"). 1925-43. ca. 250 vols. 2 ft. Unarranged.

Subordinate Offices: Frankfort, Ky., Engineer Office, 1883-1938. 1385. MONTHLY RECORD (1886-1905; 1912-32) AND WEATHER REPORT AND WORK BOOK (1911-23) OF LOCK AND AM NO. 2, LOCKPORT, KY. 1886- 1932. 8 vols. 6 in. Arranged by type and thereunder chronologically. 1386. MONTHLY RECORD OF TRAFFIC AND GAUGE AND WEATHER READINGS OF DAM NO. 3, GEST, KY. July 1886-Dec. 1896; May 1897-Mar. 1902; Arranged chronologically 84 Ohio River Dam No. 36, Cold Springs, Ky., 1910-43. 1402. MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS CONCERNING SAFETY, WEATHER, OPERATION AND CARE, FIRE DRILLS, AND VESSELS. 1929-42. 1 ft Arranged in subject-labeled packages. Ohio River Dam No. 38, Grant, Ky., 1919-36. 1410. RIVER WEATHER REPORTS FOR RADIO BROADCAST. 1925-27. 6 in. Arranged by month. 1411. RAINFALL REPORTS FROM DAM NO. 38 FOR WEATHER BUREAU. 1927-36. 2 in. Arranged chronologically. Louisville, Ky.. District Office; Owensboro, Ky., Engineer Suboffice, 1904-44. 1418. METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS, GREEN RIVER (LOCK 6). 1917-23. 1/4 in. Arranged chronologically. Oswego, N.Y., District. 1455. REPORTS OF OPERATIONS AT AND A METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER OF ENGINEER PROJECTS IN NEW YORK HARBORS ON THE GREAT LAKES. 1869- 75. 5 vols. 1 ft. Arranged by harbor (Oswego, Rochester, Little Sodus, Ogdensburg, and Great Sodus). Not indexed.

RG-78. RECORDS OF THE NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 1840-1943. NM #47 (supplement) compiled by Harry Schwartz (1965). 516 cubic ft. Correspondence consisting of letters sent, 1842-1911, letters received, 1840-92, and correspondence, 1885-1943, with indexes. Some of these records relate to the work of Lt. (later Comdr.) Matthew F. Maury, Superintendent of the Depot and its successor office from 1842 to 1861, and concern astronomical, meteorological, and magnetic observations; collection of meteorological data by merchant vessels; production and distribution of sailing directions and wind and current charts; purchase, inspection, and issuance to the Navy of nautical instruments, charts, and books; and Maury's quasi- official activities, such as his travels, lectures, and proposals. Other records include the designs and development of scientific equipment; the manufacture, repair, and servicing of meteorological instruments; publications; and astronomical observations and reductions.

1A. SKETCH OF MATTHEW F. MAURY WRITTEN BY HIMSELF FOR A GERMAN PUBLICATION. 1852. 1 item. 22B. DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS' JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATIVE EVENTS. Sept. 16, 1918-Oct. 3, 1924. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. RECORDS OF COMMANDS, ACTIVITIES, AND ORGANIZATION. 1917-42. 250 lin. ft. Contain weather information. Related materials are located in RG-37. 85

RG-83. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. PI #104 compiled by Vivian Wiser (Washington: 1958). Introduction The Bureau of Agricultural Economics was established on July 1, 1922, under authority of the Agricultural Appropriations Act for the fiscal year 1923 (42 St. 532). It was formed by merging the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates with the Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics and resulted in the consolidation of the economic research of the Department. The statistical functions of the Bureau may be traced to the 1839 act concerning the activities of the Patent Office (5 Stat. 354). This provided $1,000 for collecting and distributing seeds and plants and for obtaining statistical and other information on agriculture. The statistical work begun under authority of this act was continued and expanded by the Division of Statistics, set up soon after the Department of Agriculture was established, and by its successors, the Bureau of Statistics and the Bureau of Crop Estimates. This work later became an integral part of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. On November 2, 1953, by Secretary's Memorandum 1320, Supplement 4, the BAE was abolished. The work of the Divisions of Farm Management and Costs, Land Economics, and Agricultural Finance, and the farm labor work of the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life were transferred to the Agricultural Marketing Service. In 1961 work in agricultural economics was centralized in the Economic Research Service. Related records can be found in RG-16, 114, 54, 95, 96, 145, 164, 166 and 187. GeneralRecords Records of the Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates and Its Predecessors 1. NAME INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. May 1913-Jan. 1922. 26 ft. 2. SUBJECT INDEX TO GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. may 1913-Jan. 1922. 16ft. Records of the Bureau of AgriculturalEconomics 19. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1923-46. 1,846 ft. Correspondence relating to the administrative, planning, research, regulatory, service, and agricultural estimating and other statistical work of the Bureau. A list of subjects and studies dated 1941-46 includes the following entries: Investigation of the General Circulation of Atmosphere Including a Study of Extra Terrestrial Influences to Determinethe Scientific Bases for Long-Range Weather Forecast; Investigation of Possibilities of Long-Range Weather and Crop Forecasting; Research in Statistical methods and Crop-Weather Relationships; 20. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. July 1, 1946-Oct. 31, 1953. 119 ft. Correspondence, reports, minutes of meetings, and copies of speeches. Filing manuals and lists of records are available. Several special subject lists (Appendix II, parts A-D) include the following entries: Agricultural history, 1947-53; Agricultural Meteorology, 1948; Drought, 1948-53; Weather, 1947-53. The records are classified in accordance with the subject-numeric system of the Department of Agriculture. 86 Records Relating to Studies, Projects, and Surveys 33. PROJECT FILES. 1938-53. 76 ft. Correspondence, memoranda of understanding, reports, and related records documenting studies made by the Bureau. A list of subjects covered by these projects (Appendix III) includes the following entries: Division of Agricultural Finance, Insurance: Hail, Windstorm, Weather Risk. Cartographicand PhotographicRecords 59. PHOTOGRAPHS OF CLOUD EFFECTS. 1900-1922. 4 in. Prints and negatives of clouds, used for superimposing on photographs of rural scenes. Unarranged. DivisionalRecords Records of Divisions Responsible for AgriculturalEstimates 78. RECORDS RELATING TO CROP DAMAGE. 1919-37. 5 ft. Correspondence, statistical tabulations, and reports on damage to crops by frost, flood, drought, corn borers, and grasshoppers. Arranged chronologically. Records of the Division of AgriculturalFinance and Its Predecessors 109. RECORDS RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE. 1915-34. 8 ft Correspondence and reference materials relating to various types of agricultural insurance, fire prevention, and pertinent State legislation. Most of the material predates 1930. Arranged alphabetically by subject. A list of subjects follows. Hail insurance, Foreign, By states; Lightning rods. Records of the Division of Land Economics 178. RECORDS RELATING TO THE GREAT PLAINS DROUGHT AREA COMMITTEE AND THE GREAT PLAINS COMMITTEE. 1936-37.10 in. 187. 187. RECORDS RELATING TO THE TRAIL SMELTER FUMES INVESTIGATIONS. 1926-37. 3 ft. These investigations were made to determine the damage to lands in the State of Washington by smelter fumes of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co., Trail, British Columbia. Because of the international nature of the controversy, the question was referred to the International Joint Commission and to the Arbitration Tribunal. The Department of Agriculture furnished technical assistance in determining the extent of the damage and its effect upon the economy of the area. W.W. Skinner and S.W. Griffin were appointed by the International Joint Commission to determine the amount of individual awards for damage done. Subject file includes entry entitled Weather. Related records are found in RG-54. Records of the Flood ControlSection 188. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1937-43. 9 ft. Correspondence, minutes of meetings, reports, photographs, maps, and publications relating to legislation, policy, and procedure concerning flood control work; the evaluation of proposed projects; studies and survey s of areas in which projects were undertaken; and cooperation with other divisions of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics and with other Government Departments. Arranged alphabetically by subject. A list of subject includes Flood Control, Hydrology, and Statistics. 87 Records of the Division of Statisticaland HistoricalResearch 224. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1917-46. 22 ft. Correspondence, reports, minutes of meetings, and reference material accumulated in the office of Dr. O.C. Stine, head of the Division. The records are arranged alphabetically by subject. Subjects indexed include Weather and yield, 1928, 1938. 229. PERSONAL AND REFERENCE FILE OF HENRY C. TAYLOR. Accumulated 1939-46. 3 ft. Publications, speeches, reports, notes, and related correspondence pertaining to the history of agricultural economics, 1835-1946. The records are arranged alphabetically by name of person or by subject. Folder headings include an entry for Weather forecasting.

CartographicRecords of the Bureau of AgriculturalEconomics (Washington, 1971). Cartographic and Audiovisual Records. 1896-53. 31,307 items. Cartographic records (4,600 items) include maps of the United States and foreign countries, relating to climate, irrigation, crops, and rural population, 1910-50, atlases, and graphs. Office of Farm Management and Farm Economics 7. MAPS PREPARED FOR THE ATLAS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE RELATING TO CLIMATE. 1915-18. 27 items. Manuscript maps and worksheets prepared for sections of the atlas entitled Frost and the Growing Season, by William G. Reed, published in 1918, and Precipitation and Humidity, by J.B. Kincer, published in 1922. The maps were prepared in cooperation with F.J. Marschner. Included are large-scale base maps of the united States annotated according to Weather Bureau records to show average annual, seasonal. and monthly precipitation based on the 1895-1914 period; mean temperatures for the summer months; the average length of the frost-free season and data on the shortest growing season; and the earliest and average dates of the first killing frost in autumn and the earliest, average, and latest dates of the last killing frost in spring. In addition, there are three incomplete maps, one of which shows locations and altitudes of recording stations in the United States. Published copies of the two sections of the atlas are in Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture, Record Group 16. 26. RAINFALL MAPS OF SOUTH AMERICA 1918. 3 items Wall maps annotated with average precipitation figures and isolines for June through August, for December through February, and for the entries year. The year or years or which the information is based is not given. Compiled by E. Van Cleef. 28. MANUSCRIPT MAPS OF SOUTH AMERICA SHOWING POLITICAL DIVISIONS AND SETTLEMENTS, TOPOGRAPHIC RELIEF AND RAINFALL, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS AND LIVESTOCK. 1920- 21. 15 items. Maps prepared for a Farm Management Department bulletin entitled Agricultural Competition from South America. A map showing relief, annual precipitation by means of isolines, and average monthly precipitation at Bogota, Colombia, Santa Fe and Cipolletti, Argentina, and Manaos, Cuyaba, Sabara, and Victoria, Brazil. 88 Central Office 69. RECORDS RELATING TO CLIMATIC STUDIES ca. 1931. 2 items. A published panel of two maps of North Dakota comparing the distribution of precipitation to average wheat yields and a published panel of two graphs showing historical climatic conditions in the Harney Basin, Oreg., and at Harre, Mont., as indicated by the annual growth of tree rings from 1730 to 1930. The graphs relating to Oregon appeared in L.T. Jessup, Precipitation and Tree Growth in the Harney Basin, Oregon, Geographical Review (April 1935). 168. MAPS SHOWING GENERALIZED LAND RESOURCE AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ca. 1953. 5 items. Included are manuscript, worksheet, and revised manuscript copies of a map prepared for publication and isopleth lines connecting points having an annual average of 140, 200, and 260 frost-free days. A slightly differing, small-scale version of the map accompanied an article by F.J. Marschner and C.P. Barnes entitled Our Wealth of Land Resources, published in the 1958 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture. 172. MISCELLANEOUS MAPS COMPILED OR DRAFTED BY MARSCHNER. 1917- 57. 18 items. Included are manuscript, worksheet, and photographic negative versions of a base map of the United States showing State boundaries and drainage patterns. 180. MANUSCRIPT MAPS RELATING TO WATER SUPPLY IN THE 17 WESTERN STATES. ca. 1943. 12 items. Information is plotted on 1943 published base maps that indicate boundaries of natural surface water supply areas. Included are maps showing average warm season precipitation, 1899-1938, average frost-free growing period, Also included are two unfinished maps showing average annual runoff per square mile and net increment to stream flow by natural areas and a reference copy. 182. MANUSCRIPT AND PHOTOPROCESSED MAPS RELATING TO WATER FACILITIES PLANS IN THE WESTERN STATES. 1937-43. 75 items. Maps of watersheds and related areas prepared for water facilities area plans. Subjects shown include water and irrigation facilities, land use, landownership patterns, precipitation, and hydrology. 183. PUBLISHED MAPS AND GRAPHS RELATING TO WATER FACILITIES PLANS IN THE WESTERN STATES. 1939-42. 500 items. These maps are the cartographic portion of water facilities plans for drainage basins. Typical items relating to a single drainage basin include: an index map showing the location of the basin within one or more counties; a maps showing existing water facilities, such as irrigation canals, wells, pumping plants, windmills, stock tanks, pipelines, and existing and proposed reservoirs; graphs showing average temperature and precipitation; a map showing landownership patterns; and a map showing existing land use and proposed land use contingent on successful irrigation programs. Also included for a number of the drainage basins are maps and graphs relating to hydrology, soils, types of fanning, land classification, vegetation cover, topography, and plans for future dams. Listed under Water-Land Resources and Problems in South Dakota are 15 maps and charts dated 1940 covering the entire State and showing precipitation, land utilization areas, ground water information, stream runoff and measuring stations, irrigation facilities , and areas with adequate range livestock water facilities. 184. MAP OF MISSOURI SHOWING EXISTING AND PROPOSED RESERVOIRS AND STREAM GAGING STATIONS. 1940. 1 item. Published by the Missouri Geological Survey and Water Resources. 185. MANUSCRIPT MAP SHOWING ARTESIAN AREAS IN EAST TEXAS. 1942. 1 item. 89 215. GRAPHS RELATING TO CLIMATE AND COTTON PRODUCTION IN FRESNO COUNTY CALIF. ca. 1942.2 items. Two graphs labeled Figure 2 and Figure 3 showing by months from August to January the average percentage of cotton crop harvested and ginned, the amount of rainfall, and the average dates of the first killing frost. Part of a report; the years on which the information is based are not given on the graphs. Division of FarmManagement and Costs 226. CHART SHOWING HISTORICAL PRECIPITATION DATA IN NORTHEASTERN NEVADA. 1938. 1 item. Shows average monthly precipitation from 1911 to 1938. Based on data from seven stations at elevations of 6,100-7,100 feet. Division of Land Economics 246. MANUSCRIPT MAPS OF ARIZONA RELATING TO PRECIPITATION AND GRAZING. ca. 1936-42. 2 items. Includes a map compiled under the direction of the State land commissioner showing normal precipitation in the period 1936-38.

RG-84. RECORDS OF SELECTED FOREIGN SERVICE POSTS. PI #60, compiled by Alexander P. Mavro (Washington: 1953). GreatBritain 38. LISTS OF DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF THE CAROLINAS ("INDEX TO CAROLINA PAPERS"). July 11-Aug. 2, 1827. 1 vol. 2 in. A chronological list of Board of Trade (London) records, Jan. 7, 1729- April 8, 1775, relating to the history of the Carolinas; a chronological list of books and papers in his Majesty's State Paper Office, Oct. 29, 1663-Jan. 21, 1757, relating to North Carolina.

RG-92. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, 1820-1952. Contains a series of landform and climatic zone maps prepared by Erwin Raisz and Harry Hoy for the Military Planning Division relating to clothing requirements worldwide, 1943-1952.

RG-94. RECORDS OF THE ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE, 1780S- 1917. Lt. Zebulon Pike's Notebook of Maps, Traverse Tables, and Meteorological Observations, 1805-1807, is available on one roll of microfilm, #T36. Also contains records of the Pacific Railroad Surveys, 1853-1855. 90 RG-95. RECORDS OF THE FOREST SERVICE. PI #18, compiled by Harold T. Pinkett, revised by Terry W. Good (Washington: 1969). Records of the ForestResearch Divisions, 1892-1954 112. CORRESPONDENCE RELATING TO PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1911-13. 1 ft. In 1909 the Forest Service undertook to obtain through voluntary observers information on the time of leafing, flowering, and fruiting of forest trees. These records, arranged alphabetically by name of correspondent, include letters and reports relative to the observations of these volunteers. Records of the Division of Watershed ManagementResearch, 1925-51 135. REPORTS AND STUDIES. 1925-51. 2 ft. Relate to such subjects as research programs on climatic problems, soil stabilization, erosion control, and flood control. Some correspondence is included. Arranged by subject and thereunder by experiment station. CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF THE FOREST SERVICE. PI #167, compiled by Charlotte M. Ashby (1967). General CartographicRecords 18. MAPS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES SHOWING RAILROADS AND CANALS, 1840-1915. 1922. 1 item. A panel of four manuscript maps showing railroads in operation in 1840, 1850, and 1860; and the canals and principal canalized rivers abandoned before 1915 and those in use in 1915. Names of railroads and canals are listed and keyed by number to the proper location on each map. Records of NationalForests Divisions Division of Timber Management 94. PROJECT FILES OF THE DRAFTING AND ATLAS SECTION. Manuscript, photoprocessed, and published maps, graphs, charts, and related data. A chart dated 1947 showing the sunspot cycle for the period 1934 to 1960 and its relation to sunshine, temperatures, precipitation and average evapotranspiration. Records of the Division of Range management. 110. GRAPHS SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP OF FORAGE PRODUCTION TO RAINFALL. 1940. 6 items. Separate graphs for each of several western locations covering the period from 1915 to 1940.

RG-106. RECORDS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Records of the Smithsonian Meteorological Project, 1849-1874, are found in RG-27, Records of the Weather Bureau, and in the Smithsonian Institution Archives. 91 Cartographic and Audiovisual Records. 1871-1950. 4,128 items. CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS (7 items) include isothermal maps by Charles A. Schott showing mean temperatures in the United States for 1874.

RG-111. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. PI #155, compiled by Mabel E. Deutrich (Washington: 1963). Introduction

On June 21, 1860, Congress, at the recommendation of the Secretary of War, passed an act appropriating money to procure equipment and apparatus for a system of signal communication based on a plan devised by Dr. Albert J. Myer, an assistant Army surgeon. The act authorized the appointment of a Signal Officer on the staff of the Army to have charge, under the Secretary of War, of all signal duty and all books, papers, and apparatus connected therewith. Accordingly the post of Signal Officer, with the rank of major, was given to Myer, effective June 27, 1860. Two weeks later the Signal Officer was ordered to the Department of New Mexico to participate in the campaign against hostile Navahos. In May 1861 the Signal Officer was recalled from the West to establish a signal system for the Union Army. Although assigned to General McClellan's staff in August 1861 and eventually becoming the Chief Signal Officer of the Army of the Potomac, Major Myer retained his position as Signal Officer of the Army. Assistants were trained at several camps of instruction; the central camp during the Civil War was the one established at Georgetown, D.C., on August 30, 1861. On March 3, 1863, an act was passed providing for a separate Signal Corps. A conflict over the control of telegraphic communications developed between the Signal Officer and the Superintendent of the United States Military Telegraph, a civil bureau of the War Department made responsible for military telegraph service before the Signal Officer had returned from the West. Although failing to obtain control of the electric telegraphs, the Signal Officer succeeded temporarily in obtaining signal telegraph trains for a portable telegraphic system. A later attempt by the Signal Officer, in the fall of 1863, to gain some control over the electric telegraphs resulted in the removal of the portable system from the jurisdiction of the Signal Corps, the transfer of the telegraph trains to the United States Military Telegraph, and the relief of Colonel Myer as Chief Signal Officer of the Army. (The act of March 3, 1863, changed the rank of the Chief Signal Officer from major to colonel. Later an act of February 24, 1880, increased the rank to brigadier general.) At the close of the Civil War the Signal Corps and the United States Military Telegraph were terminated, but an act of July 28, 1866, fixing the military peace establishment, provided for a Chief Signal Officer and a limited Corps. Among the responsibilities assigned to the new Corps was that of equipping and managing the field electric telegraph. In fact, during the next two decades the most important military activity of the Corps was the extension and operation of military telegraph lines along the frontier where commercial lines were not yet available. 92 The principal activity of the Signal Corps between 1870 and 1890, however, was that of meteorological observation and forecasting. Under a joint resolution of Congress, approved February 9, 1870, the Secretary of War was authorized and required to take "meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent, and at other points in the States and Territories, "and to give "notice on the northern lakes and on the sea-coast, by magnetic telegraph and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms." The Signal Corps emphasized meteorological activities until, by an act of October 1, 1890, the Weather Bureau was created in the Department of Agriculture to carry out these functions. Signal Corps activities were then confined to strictly military matters. During and after the war with Spain the Signal Corps rendered an important service in the construction, rehabilitation, and operation of telephone and telegraph lines, including the laying of several cables. It was during this period that the Signal Corps turned increasingly to the radio as a means of communication, but advances were also made in telephony and telegraphy. An act of May 26, 1900, provided for an extensive system of military telegraph and cable lines in Alaska. Although radio stations were installed as early as 1903, it was not until early 1930's that the submarine cable system and all telegraph stations, with the exception of the line along the Alaska Railroad, were replaced by radio equipment. Experiments in air observation through the use of balloons had been conducted as early as the Civil War. Office Memorandum No. 6, dated August 1, 1907, created an Aeronautical Division within the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Seven years later, an act of July 18, 1914, authorized the establishment of an Aviation Section within the Signal Corps. Army aeronautics continued to be a function of the Signal Corps until May 20, 1918, when all air service activities were transferred to the Bureau of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production. When the War Department library was under the Chief Signal Officer between 1894 and 1904, the Signal Corps had acquired photographs and negatives of historical value, including the Brady Civil War Collection. In 1917 responsibility for ground photography was also done by the Signal Corps. When aviation activities were divorced from the Signal Corps in 1918, all aerial and ground photography pertaining to aviation activities was transferred to the Air Corps. The Signal Corps continued to have responsibility for maintaining the historical files of still and motion pictures, the production of training film, and other ground photographic work not specifically assigned to other services. In 1925 the Signal Corps became responsible for the pictorial publicity work of the Army. During World War I the Signal Corps provided special meteorological service for the Army, and because of continued special needs of the Air Corps and other branches of the Army, this service was continue until 1937, when the operation of meteorological service was transferred to the using arms. Responsibility for the development, procurement, supply and maintenance of meteorological equipment was retained by the Signal Corps until the Army Air Forces took over the research and development programs for meteorological and other air-related equipment in the fall of 1944. On March 1, 1923, the War Department Message Center was organized and established in the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. The special wire and radio service it provided for the War Department and other Government agencies to important contributions of the Signal Corps during World War II. 93 The scope of Signal Corps activities was greatly expanded during World War II. As headquarters office for one of the major technical services (placed organizationally under the Army Service Forces from March 1942 to June 1946), the Office of the Chief Signal Officer was responsible for supervising the research and development, maintenance, and supply programs of all signal, electronic, meteorological, photographic, cryptographic, and related equipment and supplies, except communications and weather equipment used exclusively by the Army Air Forces; the installation, operation, and maintenance of the Army's major wire and radio communication systems and networks; and the production, collection, and preservation of still and motion pictures, except for photographic materials peculiar to air operations. The Office also exercised certain technical supervision over the training of Signal Corps troops.

This record group contains 932 cubic ft of textual records, 724 cubic ft of photographs, 3,726 cubic ft. of motion pictures, and less than 1 cubic ft. of maps. The textual records are divided for convenience sake into three roughly chronological periods that reflect the varying fortunes of the Corps: the period between the appointment of a Signal Officer in 1860 and the initiation of the Corps' meteorological activities in 1870; the period between 1870 and 1890, the documentation for which is fragmentary because of the transfer of most of the records for that period to the Weather Bureau (see RG-27); and the period from 1890 to 1940. The actual dates of the records vary slightly at times from these dates. The records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer for the period from 1870 to 1890 that remained after the transfer of most of its records to the Weather Bureau consist mainly of personnel and training records. Signal Corps records of the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-19, are in Record Group 120. Some of the records of the Aeronautical Division (1907-14) and of the Aviation Section (1914-18) of the Signal Corpsogeneral have been removed fom the correspondence of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (entry 44) and placed with the central correspondence of the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps in Record Group 18. Some records relating to Signal activities are in Record Group 98, Records of United States Army Commands. Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer and the divisions of that office for the period 1940-59, as well as earlier security-classified documents, are in the care of the Federal Records Center, Alexandria, Va. Records of the U.S. Military Telegraph Lines, Telegraph Division, consist of letter books, registers of letters received, letters and telegrams received, logs of messages received and sent, logs of line repairs, and cashbook for line receipts of the Northern, New Mexico, Northwestern, and Texas Divisions, and of the signal operators within them.

Cartographic records, 1879-1945 (31 items), include maps indicating locations of signal stations, communications lines, administrative boundaries, and meteorological reporting stations. Audiovisual records include still pictures, 1860-1945 (295,432 items), including photographs of Signals Corps officers, activities in Alaska and equipment; and motion pictures described below. 11. ANNUAL REPORTS OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 1870; 1879-90. 11 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. 34. GENERAL ORDERS AND CIRCULARS. 1884; 1888. 2 vols. 2 in. Issuances of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Arranged numerically. Name, place, and subject indexes are in each volume. 94 35. SPECIAL ORDERS. 1882-83; 1885-89. 7 vols. 10 in. Issuances of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer. Arranged chronologically, and thereunder numerically. Each volume includes name, place, and subject indexes. 36. PAPERS RELATING TO THE SELECTION OF SERGEANTS FOR COMMISSIONS. 1878-86. 8 in. Papers relating to recommendations for and the selection of sergeants to compete in examinations for appointments as second lieutenants. They include proceedings of selection boards, examination questions, reports of examination results, and reports on the qualification of sergeants. Arranged numerically (Nos. 45-69). 37. REPORTS RELATING TO INSTRUCTION IN SIGNALING. July 1889-June 1891. 1 vol. 1 in. A record of dates on which instruction reports were received, the number of officers and men receiving signal instruction, and the type of instruction. Arrangement varies as follows: By posts; by departments and thereunder by names of officers; and by regiments. 38. RECORD OF ENLISTED MEN INSTRUCTED IN MILITARY SIGNALING. Sept. 1869-July 1871. 1 vol. 1 in. Tabulations showing the military department, name of instructor, names of enlisted men who received signal instruction, number of hours in various types of instruction, progress made, and other related information. Arranged in rough chronological order by month in which instruction was given. 39. SYNOPSES OF COURTS-MARTIAL CASES. Mar. 1876-July 1890. 1 vol. 1 in. Show for each case the name of the accused, his rank, the number and date of the order stating the charges, the specifications, the findings, the sentence, and remarks. Cases are arranged and numbered (Nos. 478-650) in chronological order. A name index is at the front of the volume. 40. "TELEGRAPH CIPHER." July 1875. 1 vol. 1/4 in. A revised edition of the "Telegraph Cipher" issued by the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, containing the code, instructions, and examples for enciphering meteorological reports made after July 1875. 44. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1889-1917. 540 ft. Letters received, reports, telegrams, and related papers. Record cards, containing digests of the correspondence and showing action taken, are interfiled in the correspondence with the exception of the cards for the period September 1912-March 1913 (Nos. 31235- 32429), which are filed separately. Arranged numerically within the following chronological breakdowns: 1889- 90 (which includes correspondence back to 1885 on the J. A. Swift case), 1890-91. Audio-visual records List of World War I Signal Corps Frims. Compiled by K. Jack Bauer. Washington: 1957. Before World War I, the Signal Corps had given relatively little attention to photography, and few officers or enlisted men had much training in that specialized field. On July 21, 1917, the Signal Corps was designated the bureau responsible for obtaining photographic coverage of American participation in World War I. The photographic coverage was ordered for propaganda, scientific, identification, and military reconnaissance purposes but primarily for the production of a pictorial history of the war. When these films were transferred to the National Archives the Signal Corps' excellent scene index was also transferred. This permits the location of scenes by person, content, place, or date. Hence, the National Archives is in a position to locate specific footage taken by the Signal Corps during World War I. The films described in this special list may be viewed at the National Archives. Copies of them may be purchased subject to certain restrictions. 95 PartI. Military Operations;The AEF in Combat; Aviation Activities 148. ACTIVITIES OF THE 90TH AERO SQUADRON. 1 reel. Loading and releasing carrier pigeons, installing a 52-cm. aerial camera, training use of double Lewis gun mounting, personnel of 90th Aero Squadron at Bethelainville, two Sopwith Camels taking off, a meteorological station, and a baseball game.

RG-112. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF THE SURGEON GENERAL (ARMY). NM-20 compiled by Patricia Andrews and revised by Garry Ryan (1964). Introduction During the Revolution there had been an army medical organization under a director- general, but it was mustered out with the Continental Army. Except for the periods of the war scares of 1798 and the War of 1812, no really organized medical department existed from 1783-1818. An act of April 14, 1818 (3 Stat. 426), regulating the staff of the Army, provided for a Surgeon General an Assistant Surgeon General, and an increase in the number of post surgeons. From 1818 to 1963, the Surgeon General and the Surgeon General's Office have remained the administrative head and headquarters, respectively, of the Army Medical Service. The mission of this service, known as the Medical Department until 1950, is to maintain the health of the Army and conserve its fighting strength. The records amount to about 4,240 cubic feet. Related records are in RG-94, 98, 120, and 160. Surgeons General who were active in the collection of meteorological records: Joseph Lovell, Apr. 18, 1818-Oct. 17, 1836 Col. Thomas Lawson, Nov. 30, 1836-May 15, 1861 Col. Clement A. Finley, May 15, 1861-Apr. 14, 1862 Brig. Gen. William A. Hammond, Apr. 25, 1862-Aug. 18, 1864 Brig. Gen. Joseph K. Barnes, Aug. 22, 1864-June 30, 1882

Central Office Correspondence, 1818-90. 1. NAME AND SUBJECT INDEXES TO PART (1871-89) OF SERIES 2. 20 vols. 3 ft. Yearly indexes. 2. LE'TERS AND ENDORSEMENTS SENT. APR. 1818-OCT. 1889. 90 VOLS. Arranged chronologically. The volumes for the period 1818-73 have name and subject indexes. For name and subject indexes for the period 1871-89 see series 1. 4. LETTERS AND ENDORSEMENTS SENT TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR. Mar. 1837-May 1866. 6 vols. 1 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name and subject indexes available. 6. LETTERS AND ENDORSEMENTS SENT TO THE WAR DEPARTMENT. Sept 1862-Oct. 1889. 25 vols. 5 ft. Arranged chronologically. Name and subject indexes available. 9. NAME AND SUBJECT INDEXES TO PART (1862-89) OF SERIES 12. 39 vols. 6 ft. Yearly indexes. 96 10. REGISTERS OF LETTERS RECEIVED. 1822-89. 62 vols. 15 ft. Arranged by period, thereunder alphabetically by initial letter of correspondent's surname, and thereunder generally by date of receipt. The entries are numbered consecutively. 12. LETTERS RECEIVED. 1818-89. 530 ft. Arranged alphabetically by initial letter of correspondent's surname and thereunder chronologically to 1870. From 1871 to 1889 arranged by year and thereunder arranged and numbered in chronologically order. For registers to these letters see series 10. For name and subject indexes see series 9. Records of Individual Medical Department Officers, 1820-1936. 226. LETTERS SENT BY SURGEON THOMAS LAWSON. Apr. 1820-July 1822; Oct. 1825. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 227. LETTER BOOK OF SURGEON THOMAS F. AZPELL. 1862-76. 1 vol. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. 97

RG-114. RECORDS OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. Records of the Office of Research comprise correspondence and other records of Hugh H. Bennett, 1926-34 (including his correspondence as Director of the Soil Erosion and Moisture Conservation Investigations in the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, 1928-34). Records of divisions specialized functions include general records of the Hydrologic Division, consisting chiefly of correspondence, work plans, and weekly reports, 1935- 40, and correspondence with hydrologic laboratories, 1935-42. Classified files of the Hillculture Division, concerning prevention of erosion in hilly country and including meteorological charts for New Philadelphia and Zanesville, Ohio. PI #195 (Cartographic Records), compiled by William J. Heynen (Washington: 1981). Cartographic records, 1915-69 (212,692 items), include manuscript and published maps of the United States and its regions and States compiled by SCS and its predecessors, showing climatic patterns; water resources and streamflows; lake and reservoir sedimentations; geological formations; soil types and erosions; the distribution of natural vegetation and cultivated crops; potential and existing land uses; and the location, extent, and status of projects established to control floods, improve drainage and irrigation, conduct land use experiments, develop recreational facilities, and conserve soils, forests, and game.

Records of the Washington Office Records of the Office of Research and PredecessorUnits, 1903-50 The Office of Research, called Division of Research from 1935 to 1939, was one of two major offices created within the SCS when the agency was established (the second was the Office of Operations). The Office of Research's function was to obtain, through scientific research in the field and in the laboratory, more knowledge about soil erosion and its relationship to climate, waterflow, sediment formation, landscape geomorphology, and agricultural practices; also to develop methods of control. The findings were reported to the SCS Office of Operations for application to the land. The Office of Research administered erosion experiment stations (later part of the Conservation Experiment Stations Division) and the Climatic and Physiographic, Hydrologic, Sedimentation, Hillculture, and Conservation Economics Divisions. The new Farm Drainage and Farm Irrigation Divisions were added in 1939. After 1041, the Hydrologic, Sedimentation, and Farm Drainage Divisions were consolidated into the Water Conservation and Disposal Practices Division; and the Climatic and Physiographic, Hillculture, Conservation Economics, and Conservation Experiment Stations Divisions were grouped together to form the Erosion Control Practices Division. The Farm Irrigation Division remained as a separate unit with headquarters at Logan, Utah. A cutback in research funds in 1948 and 1949 forced the termination of many research projects. In 1953 the remaining research functions were transferred from the SCS to the Agricultural Research Service, and the Office of Research was abolished. Afterward, the SCS conducted limited Research pertaining to soil survey maps only. 98 24. MAPS SHOWING LOCATIONS OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1936 AND 1949. 3 items. 32. MAPS RELATING TO CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. Ca. 1936-41. 3 items. Maps (8 by 10 1/2 in.) of the United States, relating to climatic regions based on C.W. Thornthwaite's system of classification; plant growth regions as compiled by F.L. Mulford of the Bureau of Plant Industry; and "life zones" copied from an 1898 map by C. Hart Merriam of the Biological Survey. A larger scale climate and plant- growth region map by Thornthwaite and Mulford is described in entry 39. Climatic and PhysiographicDivision The Climatic and Physiographic Division was established in 1935. Scientific Research was aimed at discovering the interaction of climate and erosion, the stages of natural and culturally induced erosion, and the characteristics of erosional landforms. Climatic studies, employing existing Weather Bureau records as well as original field observations, were concerned with drought and wind erosion, the long-term aspects of rainfall, and the short-term problems of rainfall intensity and storm patterns. Thornthwaite used a climatic classification system he had developed in the early 1930's, based on "effective precipitation," or the amount of moisture available for plant use after some rainfall had evaporated into the atmosphere and some had run to the sea. From his numerical indexes of "precipitation-effectiveness" (P-E), Thornthwaite plotted climatic regions of the United States, ranging from superhumid in the east to arid in the west and corresponding to natural vegetation regions ranging from rain forest to desert. Descriptions of his work were published in Climate and Man, the 1941 Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, and Atlas of Climatic Types in the United States, 1900- 1939, Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 421, 1941., Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, and Atlas of Climatic Types in the United States, 1900-1939, Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 421, 1941. The physiographic or geomorphologic studies that were undertaken in conjunction with climatic studies involved describing, mapping, and interpreting erosional landforms that develop under different types of climate and land use. In order to obtain meteorological data from a network of weather stations within a relatively small area, to determine local variability of rainfall, and to interpret the effect of rainfall on erosion and agriculture, a microclimatic study was undertaken in October 1935. Called the Kingfisher microclimatic project, the study took place in west-central Oklahoma in Kingfisher, Blaine, and Logan Counties. About 200 weather stations were established, with observers whose names were drawn from relief rolls and who performed the work on their own farms. Observations were taken hourly and sometimes, during storms, at 15-minute intervals. These findings were plotted on maps, sometimes more than 80 per day. Local physical, agricultural, and historical patterns of landscape were also mapped for comparison with weather maps. Operations were closed in the middle of 1937. A new and larger microclimatic project was established in 1937 in the Muskingum River watershed, constituting a large area in Eastern Ohio. New Philadelphia was established as a field office, and additional records were kept at the agricultural experiment station at Wooster. This watershed was selected partly because of the hydrologic studies already being conducted jointly by the Muskingum Watershed Conservancy District and members of the SCS Hydrologic Division at the Coshocton Experimental Watershed and the Zanesville Experiment Farm. With the help of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), weather observation data were collected from 500 stations located in the 8,000 square mile watershed. The resulting maps produced at the Muskingum watershed and Kingfisher microclimatic projects were to be used to interpret daily rainfall intensity, frequency, and local distribution - variables not shown by traditional weather measurements. Researchers at the Climatic Research Center in Ohio also compiled a series of precipitation maps of the Enoree River Basin in South Carolina as part of the Division's studies of the Piedmont During world War II the 99 Climatic and Physiographic Division was abolished, although records indicate that its activity was continued by the Climatic and Geographic Section of the newly formed Erosion Control Practices Division. A manuscript history of the Climatic and Physiographic Division and a list of its publications, arranged by author, was compiled by Guy Steward in 1951 and is available at the National Archives. GeneralRecords 35. PRELIMINARY MAP RELATING TO OPERATIONS OF THE CLIMATIC AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISION. 1936. 1 item. 36. MAP RECORDS OF DIVISION DIRECTOR C. WARREN THORNTHWAITE. 1932-42. 19 items. Arranged in folders by subject. Maps, worksheets, atlases, and a geographical study created or accumulated by Thornthwaite both before and after he became Division director in 1935. Included are the following: copies of the Atlas of Climatic Types in the United States, 1900-1939 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1941), and the Atlas of Climatic Charts of the Oceans (U.S. Weather Bureau, 1938).

Climatic Section 39. GENERAL MAPS RELATING TO CLIMATE AND VEGETATION. Ca. 1933- 42. 17 items. Unarranged. Maps prepared or published by Thorthwaite, including "Climates of the Earth," "Climate of the United States," and "Climatic Provinces and Plant Growth Regions of the United States" (with F.L. Mulford of the Bureau of Plant Industry); two photocopies of world maps of Vernon C. Finch, showing distribution of climatic and natural vegetation regions; untitled manuscript maps showing distribution of vegetation regions; blueprints and worksheets showing distribution of Thornthwaite's precipitation - and temperature - effectiveness regions; and manuscript and photoprocessed maps showing the location of Weather Bureau stations and "climatological section," each identified by numbers. 40. PLOTTING SHEETS FROM CLIMATIC STUDIES. Ca. 1939-42. Approx. 1,500 items. Arranged in folders by subject. 41. "ATLAS OF CLIMATIC TYPES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1900-1939," AND MANUSCRIPT COLOR PLATES USED IN PUBLICATION. 1941. 93 items. Arranged by plate number. 42. COLOR PLATES COMPILED FROM PRECIPITATION AND DROUGHT PLOTTING SHEETS. Ca. 1940-42. 112 items. Arranged by subject. 43. MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, SHOWING LENGTH OF CROP SEASON. Ca. 1940. 1 item. 44. PLOTTING SHEETS RELATING TO AIR-MASS DISTRIBUTIONS AND FREQUENCIES. 1935 and 1936. 53 items. Unarranged. 45. MAPS SHOWING RAINFALL PATTERNS DURING SHORT PERIODS. 1937. 150 items. 46. GRAPHS RELATING TO TEMPERATURE IN VARIOUS STATES. n.d. 5 items. Unarranged. 47. MAPS OF OHIO RELATING TO MONTHLY EXCESSES AND DEFICIENCIES OF PRECIPITATION, 1905-10. n.d. 1 item. 48. MAPS AND GRAPHS RELATING TO CLIMATE IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT REGION. Ca. 1936-39. 117 items. Arranged by subject. 49. MAPS RELATING TO DROUGHT IN THE GREAT PLAINS. Ca. 1937-41. 56 items. Unarranged. 50. PRECIPITATION MAPS OF EASTERN MISSOURI AND NORTHEASTERN ARKANSAS. Ca. 1941. 7 items. Unarranged. 100 51. MAPS RELATING TO CLIMATE IN CALIFORNIA. n.d. 14 items. Unarranged. 52. MAPS RELATING TO CLIMATE IN MEXICO. Ca. 1942. 2 items. 53. PLOTTING SHEETS RELATING TO CLIMATE IN ITALY. n.d. 4 items. PhysiographicSection 54. RECORDS OF THE POLACCA WASH GEOMORPHOLOGIC STUDY, ARIZ. ca. 1934-41. Approx. 220 items. Arranged in folders by subject. Geomorphologic studies of the Polacca Wash, a 100-mile stream valley located within the Navajo-Hopi Indian Reservation of northeastern Arizona, begun by the Soil Erosion Service in 1934 under the guidance of geographer Carl 0. Sauer of the University of California. The Polacca Wash was considered typical of Arroyo (gully) cutting, a characteristic of erosion problems of the Southwest During the summers of 1934 and 1935, a reconnaissance survey was made. Beginning the following year, specific studies were conducted by the SCS to date the erosion, relate it to climatic conditions, determine its rate, and distinguish between natural and culturally induced erosion. The cartographic records include climatic maps, maps by Earl F. Dosch relating to rainfall stations in Keems Canyon; a series of unidentified historical maps by F.A. Johnson; graphs relating to rainfall and runoff; and maps prepared by the WPA, showing precipitation in the Southwest on certain days in 1908, 1915, 1934, and 1939. Special Studies, Oklahoma 57. MAPS RELATING TO OKLAHOMA GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. ca. 1932- 36. 69 items. Manuscript and published maps and worksheets relating to physical features, climate, etc. Arranged numerically by assigned number from 1 to 69. A list (in Appendix F) includes the following entries: 20) Climatic Regions according to Thomthwaite's system (rainfall and growing season isolines added in color); 21) Climatic regions according to Thomthwaite's system; 22) Duplicate of No. 21, printed. 62. MAPS RELATING TO ANNUAL CLIMATIC REGION CHANGES, 1911-30. n.d. 20 items. Arranged chronologically. Manuscript maps of Oklahoma, relating to annual changes in climatic region boundaries within the State, based on Thornthwaite's classification. 65. SKETCH MAPS RELATING TO PRECIPITATION AND LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON. n.d. 2 items. 67. MAP FILE OF C.F. DOHM, KINGFISHER MICROCLIMATIC PROJECT, OKLA., 1935-37. 104 items. Arranged by assigned map number as shown in Appendix G. Entries include: 17) Routes of inspectors of weather stations (corrected to Dec. 5, 1936). 69. MAPS OF BLAINE AND KINGFISHER COUNTIES. 1936. 4 items. Three published maps of Kingfisher County, n.d., annotated in colors to show locations of weather stations of the climatic research center. 70. WEATHER STATION INDEX MAPS. 1936 and 1937.4 items. Manuscript maps of the Kingfisher microclimatic project, showing locations of weather stations on two undated maps and on two maps dated April 10, 1936, and April 1, 1937. 101 71. WEATHER OBSERVATION MAPS OF THE KINGFISHER MICROCLIMATIC PROJECT, OKLA., 1936 and 1937. Approx. 33,000 items. Fastened in 85 looseleaf notebooks and arranged by subject as shown in Appendix H. Entries include: 1. Cloud maps. Apr. 1936-May 1937, 5,500 items. 13 vols. 2. Dust maps. Nov. 1936-May 1937. 800 items. 1 vol. 3. Fog maps. Dec. 1936-Mar. 1937. 1,300 items. 4 vols. 4. Relative humidity maps. Apr. 1936-May 1937.4,000 items. 9 vols. One volume marked "incomplete". 5. Actual precipitation maps (15- and 30-min. intervals). Mar.-Aug. and Nov.-Dec. 1936; and Apr.-May 1937. 3,000 items. 8 vols. and 12 loose monthly summary maps. 6. Accumulated precipitation maps (daily, accumulated at 15-min., and 1-hour intervals). Apr.-May 1937. 850 items. 2 vols. 8. Accumulated precipitation maps (daily, monthly, and annual). Nov. 1936-Mar. 1937. 700 items. 3 vols. 9. Accumulated, crop series precipitation maps for winter months. Sept. 1936-May 1937. 150 items. 1 vol. 10. Accumulated precipitation maps (1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 1 in. or more). N. d. 27 items. 1 vol. 11. Special maps on precipitation frequency for winter months, and graphs of maximum and minimum precipitation for 1936. 18 items (loose). 12. Hourly temperature maps. Apr. 1936-May 1937. 5,500 items. 14 vols. 13. Intensified hourly temperature study maps. Apr. 1936. 400 items. 1 vol. 14. Maximum temperature maps. Apr.-Dec. 1936. 250 items. 1 vol. 15. Minimum temperature maps. Oct. 1936-Mar. 1937. 450 items. 2 vols. 16. Maximum and minimum temperature maps. May 1936. 400 items. 1 vol. 17. Temperature change (isallotherm) maps. Apr.-June 1936. 850 items. 1 vol. 18. Wind direction and velocity maps. Apr. 1936-May 1937. 5,600 items. 13 vols. 19. Special maps showing various climatic data for certain days in 1936 and 1937. 100 items. 1 vol. 72. MAPS PREPARED AS ILLUSTRATIONS FOR "A LIFE HISTORY OF A RAINSTORM" AND OTHER ARTICLES, 1936 and 1937. 32 items. Unarranged. A series of large manuscript composite maps of the Kingfisher microclimatic project, showing hourly weather conditions on certain days in 1936; other maps include those relating to storm migrations, the passage of polar fronts, and the location of meteorological observers. Some of these maps were prepared in connection with Thornthwaite's "A Life History of a Rainstorm: Progress Report from the oklahoma Climatic Research Center" (GeographicReview, Vol. 27, No. 1, Jan. 1937), and Leonard B. Corwin's "Sampling the Weather at the Oklahoma Climatic Research Center" (Soil Conservation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Vol. II, No. 10, Apr. 1937). 102 73. RAINFALL MAPS OF THE GUTHRIE EXPERIMENTAL FARM. 1937. 340 items. Fastened in two looseleaf notebooks and thereunder arranged chronologically. A series of small (9 by 11 in.) manuscript maps showing actual and accumulated precipitation at 30-minute intervals from March to June 1937. The Guthrie Experiment Farm, Okla., was used in connection with the Kingfisher microclimatic project 74. OKLAHOMA "AIRWAYS" WEATHER MAPS. 1936 and 1937. 1,300 items. Arranged in folder chronologically. Small (8 1/2 by 11 in.) manuscript outline maps of the States surrounding Oklahoma, using symbols to show weather conditions at 6-hour intervals. These maps were compiled to sample the large, general storms extending beyond the limits of the Kingfisher microclimatic project area. The location of the project is indicated on each map. 78. WEATHER STATION INDEX MAPS AND RELATED TOPOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLES. 1937-42. Approx. 700 items. Arranged by subject and thereunder generally chronologically. The records include approximately 500 base maps of the watershed, annotated to show locations of weather stations weekly or for other time periods. 79. WEATHER OBSERVATION MAPS OF THE MISKINGUM WATERSHED MICROCLIMATIC PROJECT, OHIO. 1937-42. Approx. 82,000 items. Fastened into 229 looseleaf notebooks, plus loose sheets, and arranged by subject as shown in Appendix J. Entries include: 1. Cloud maps, June 1937-July 1938. 5,500 items. 14 vols. 2. Humidity maps, 1937 and 1938; Relative humidity for Sept. 12, 1938; specific humidity for Oct. 1-31, 1937, and May 24, 1938, 800 items, 3 vols. 3. Actual precipitation maps: (30-minute intervals), June 1937-June 1939, 14,000 items, 24 vols; (30-minute intervals), printed at reduced size, 9 by 14 inches, July 1937-May 1939, 11,700 items, 24 vols; (4-hour intervals), June 1937- Oct. 1942, 36,000 items, 9 vols; (12-hour intervals), June 1937-Mar. 1939, and Jan. 1940-Dec. 1942, 1,700 items, 6 vols; (24-hour intervals), June 1937- Mar. 1939, Jan. 1940-Oct. 1942, and Dec. 21-22 and 30-31, 1942, with a separate volume for July and Aug. 1942, 1,100 items, 6 vols; (various intervals), July 15-18, Aug. 9-10, and Nov. 12-13, 1937, and Sept. 12, 1938, 70 items, 1 vol. and loose sheets. 9. Accumulated precipitation maps: (30-min. intervals), June 9-15, July, and Aug. 1937, 950 items, 3 vols.; (4-hour intervals), June 1937-Oct. 1942, 3,800 items, 6 vols.; (Storms of Aug. 1, 6, and 8, 1937), 320 items, 1 vol. 12. Precipitation storms: (maximum 12-hour precipitation), July 1937-June 1939. Maps of 50 storms, paired for comparison by month. 50 items. 1 vol. 13. Accumulated precipitation maps: (24-hour intervals), July 1937-Sept. 1941, 1,000 items, 4 vols.; (Monthly accumulated precipitation maps, special series), July 1937-Sept. 1941, 1,000 items, 4 vols.; (Annual accumulated precipitation maps, special series), July 1937-Sept. 1941, 500 items, 2 vols. 16. Daily and monthly summaries (special series), 1939-42,75 items, 1 vol. 17. 30-minute interval precipitation for Dec. 3, 1938 (special maps), 20 items, 1 vol. 18. Precipitation by stations, Sept. 3-5, 1937, 4 items, 1 vol. 19. Accumulated precipitation (24-hour intervals), printed at reduced size, 8 by 11 inches, Jan. 1937-Oct. 1941, 800 items, 50 small vols., some grouped together into larger volumes. 20. Temperature maps, Aug. 1937-Feb. 1940 with gaps, 12,000 items, 30 vols. 21. Wet bulb temperature maps on hourly basis, Oct. 1937, 400 items, 1 vol. 22. Wind direction and velocity maps, Oct. 1937-July 1938, 22,000 items, 35 vols. 103 23. Special experimental volumes containing several different types of maps for each day, July 14-15, Oct. 9, and Oct. 12-13, 1937, 550 items, 2 vols. 80. HISTORICAL PRECIPITATION MAPS. 1900-36. 1937-42. 10,600 items. Fastened in 38 looseleaf notebooks and arranged chronologically. A series of small (8 by 11 in.) maps showing daily precipitation figures for the Muskingum watershed microclimatic project from January 1900 to December 1936, compiled from Weather Bureau records. Some daily maps are missing. Volume 38 contains monthly summary maps for the years 1903 through 1936. 81. WEATHER OBSERVATION MAPS FROM SELECTED STUDIES OF MINOR WATERSHEDS AND PROJECT AREAS. 1937-40. Approx. 24,000 items. Fastened in 175 looseleaf notebooks and arranged alphabetically by name or by subwatershed or by project, as listed below, and thereunder generally chronologically. Small (8 by 11 in.) manuscript maps of the Muskingum River Watershed, showing recorded precipitation figures at intervals of 30 minutes, 12 hours, or 24 hours. Included are maps of the north Appalachian Experimental Watershed at Coshocton, 1938 (1,900 maps in 11 vols.); the Little Mill Creek drainage area, 1938 and 1939 (1,800 maps in 9 vols.); the Senecaville project, 1937-39 (5,700 maps in 23 vols.); the upper Licking Creek watershed, 1937-40 (5,500 maps in 62 vols.); the upper Wills Creek watershed, 1937-40 (4,300 maps in 47 vols.); and the Zanesville Experiment Farm, 1938-40 (5,200 maps in 23 vols). The upper Licking Creek notebooks also contain maps relating to runoff, hourly temperatures, and dry bulb temperatures. 82. MISCELLANEOUS MAPS AND GRAPHS RELATING TO UPPER LICKING CREEK SUBWATERSHED. Ca. 1937-41. 18 items. Unarranged. Included are undated maps of the subwatershed, summarizing areas of rainfall, field moisture deficiency, ground water accretion, and runoff on September 4 and 5, 1937, and hydrographs relating to runoffs. 83. PRECIPITATION MAPS OF THE UPPER OHIO AND SUSQUEHANNA DRAINAGE BASIN. 1938 and 1939. Approx. 7,100 items. Fastened in 18 looseleaf notebooks and arranged by subject as noted below. Within the notebooks the maps are in chronological order. Maps were compiled to gather information for the study of rainfall morphology, conditions that produce rain, and the amount of precipitation available for runoff and crop production. Precipitation data were partially supplied to the Muskingum Climatic Research Center at New Philadelphia, Ohio, by other organizations and agencies, such as the Pennsylvania Power and Light Co., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Weather Bureau. The maps are in two groups: (1) 6 large notebooks of precipitation maps at 24-hour intervals for 1938, precipitation maps at 6-hour intervals for the period January- June 1938, and precipitation maps for selected days in 1938 and 1939; and (2) 12 small (9 by 13 in.) notebooks of hourly precipitation maps for 1938. 84. "STORM PATTERN MAPS AS PRODUCES BY DIFFERENT RAIN GAGE SPACINGS." n.d. 33 items. Fastened in a looseleaf notebook and arranged by area. Manuscript maps relating to the Susquehanna and upper Ohio River watershed the Muskingum River watershed, the Senecaville project, and the Zanesville Experiment Farm. 85. OHIO AIRWAYS WEATHER MAPS. 1937-39. Approx. 1,700 items. Arranged chronologically. Small (8 1/2 by 11 in.) manuscript outline maps covering the States adjacent to Ohio, showing weather conditions for each 6-hour interval by means of symbols. These maps were compiled to sample the large, general storms extending beyond the limits of the Muskingum watershed microclimatic project area. The location of the project area is shown on each map. 104 86. RAINFALL MAPS. 1939 and 1940. Approx. 3,000 items. Fastened in 30 looseleaf notebooks and arranged chronologically. A series of small (9 by 11 in.) maps of the Enroee River Basin, showing precipitation at several weather stations within the watershed at 1-hour and 24-hour intervals. These maps, from a study of a microclimate within the southern Piedmont region, were prepared at the Muskingum Climatic Research Center at New Philadelphia, Ohio, where the major field studies of the Climatic and Physiographic Division were being conducted at the time. Hydrologic Division 90. NUMBERED MAP FILE OF THE HYDROLOGIC DIVISION. 1925-41. 628 items. Arranged alphabetically by State, with additional categories for the southern Piedmont and Puerto Rico, and thereunder by assigned map number. The following items were found in Appendix K: Colorado and High Plains Region la-lp. maps relating to selection of an experimental watershed (16 items). Fig. 3a., rainfall and drainage. Iowa 5-11. East and West Tarkio watersheds: graphs giving information for period 1934-36 (7 items). Ratio of surface runoff to rainfall by months, ratio of surface runoff to rainfall for storm period, relative silt losses for storm periods, peak values of stream flow for storm periods, and dry weather stream flows. Prepared in Sept. 1937. 12. East and West Tarkio watersheds. Graph relating to dry weather stream flows, 1934-37, n.d. 13a-13i. East and West Tarkio watersheds. Graphs giving information for period 1934- 37 (9 items): Fig. 1, monthly precipitation. Fig. 2, ratio of runoff to precipitation by months. Fig. 3, silt losses by months. Fig. 4, precipitation by storms. Fig. 5, ration of runoff to precipitation by storm. Fig. 6, silt losses by storms. Fig. 7, silt concentrations for storm periods. Fig. 8, peak flows during storms. Fig. 9, composite of 1-8. 15. East and West Tarkio watersheds, recording and standard rain gauges. Scale 1:300,000. 1939. Missouri 5a-5c. Tarkio-Bethany project. Charts showing ratio of runoff to monthly rainfall, runoff, and ration of cumulative runoff to cumulative rainfall (3 items). 1934-36. 7. Bethany Experiment Station. Initial hydrographs for storm of Sept. 26, 1933 (un- terraced conditions). Experiment 58-A. 8. Bethany Experiment Station. Chart showing crop growth as related to rainfall, Aug. 1933. 105 New Mexico

3a-3n. Mexican Springs, storm of July 23, 1941. Sheets showing rain gauges, runoff measuring station, and watershed boundary (14 items). Scale 1:54,000. 4. Published topographic map of Mexican Springs Navajo Experiment Station, annotated to show drainage areas, types of rain gauges, and water table wells. Scale 1:24,000. Ca. 1941. 5a-5e. Mexican Springs, storms of Aug. 30, 1937; Aug. 11 and Sept. 10, 1938; and July 28 and December 1939 (5 items). Scale 1:24,000. 10. Reduced topographic map of Mexican Springs Navajo Experiment Station, showing location of recording rain gauge stations. Scale ca. 1:54,000. Dec. 1940. 14. Mexican Springs area map showing rain gauges. Scale: 1,24,000. Sept. 1940. Ohio: Coshocton Experimental Watershed (Little Mill Creek), Project 1 26a-261. Ground water graphs, 1936 and 1937 (12 items). 27. Graph showing cumulative precipitation by storms, Little Mill Creek. June 1937. Ohio: Zanesville Experiment Farm. Ohio: Zanesville Experiment Farm 3. Zanesville Experiment farm map showing location of recording gauges. Scale 1:1,400. apr. 1938. 10. Map of the Northwest Appalachian Soil and Water Conservation Experiment Station, Zanesville, annotated to show locations of recording rain gauges and standard rain gauges. n.d. Oklahoma

3. Graph showing storm data correlations, Stillwater project, 1934-37. 4-5. Council Creek watershed graphs relating to stream flow time, half hourly rainfall, 1935-37 (3 items). 6-9. Brush Creek, Stillwater project, graphs relating to stream flow time, half hourly rainfall, and discharge of surface flow time, 1935-37 (4 items). 16. Aerial photograph of the station at Guthrie. n.d. 18. Table of runoff in percentage of rainfall at the station in Guthrie, 1932-34. 19a-19e. Charts and graphs relating to rainfall and runoff in various plots, 1932-34 (5 items).

Texas: Brushy Creek (Blackland) Experimental Watershed (McLennan and Falls Counties)

29. Map of watershed showing meteorological installations. Scale 1 inch to approx. 2,000 feet. Jan. 1937. Texas: Brazos River Conservation and Reclamation District 3-6. Maps by State Board of Water Engineers, Austin, showing locations of stream gauging stations, evaporation stations, rainfall stations, and silt sampling stations (4 items). Scales vary. n.d. 106 Texas: Tyler Soil Erosion Experiment Far, Smith County 3. Table relating to runoff as a percentage of rainfall at the Tyler Experiment Farm, 1932-34. Wisconsin 1-4. Base maps of Coon creek (SCS Demonstration Project Wis., and adjacent Little La Crosse River showing stream gauging stations, rain gauges, drainage, and towns (4 items). Scales vary. 1934. 91. GRAPHS AND TABLES FROM RAINFALL AND RUNOFF STUDIES AT CERTAIN EXPERIMENT STATIONS (COMPILED DATA). 1927-42. 1,920 items. Arranged in folders alphabetically by name of experiment station and thereunder chronologically. 92. ENGINEERING DRAWINGS OF EQUIPMENT. 1935-38. 173 items. The records consist of blueline and blueprint drawings of equipment designed or used by the Hydrologic Division on various experiment stations and projects. Under the heading marked "instruments and equipment" are such items as a soil sampling tube, a rain gauge, an evaporimeter, a recording tipping bucket, a magnetic clutch, a synchronizer, receiving tanks, runoff gutters, a snow sampler, and an infiltrometer. 93. GRAPHS AND DRAWINGS FROM "MEASURING FLUME" STUDIES AT THE NATIONAL HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. 1936-38. 16 items. Unarranged. Rough graphs and construction drawings compiled during studies of flumes A through H (G is omitted). During fiscal year 1938, responsibility for flume studies, previously held by the National Bureau of Standards, was transferred to the Hydrologic Division's Section of Hydraulic Laboratory Studies. 186. MAP OF THE PEE DEE WATERSHED, S.C. AND N.C. Ca. 1940. 1 item. Photoprocessed flood control base map annotated to show locations of existing and proposed SCS and Weather Bureau rainfall gauges. Records of Regional Offices. Southwestern Regional Office, Albuquerque, N. Mex. (Region 8, 1936-42; Region 6, 1942-53). 249. ADMINISTRATIVE MAPS. 1936-50. 9 items. Arranged chronologically. Photoprocessed, manuscript, annotated, and published maps of the entire southwestern region, relating to (1) precipitation, 1936; (5) rainfall intensity characteristics over a 50-year period, 1950 (3 maps). 251. CLIMATIC MAPS AND GRAPHS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 1940 and 1941. Approx. 214 items. The maps are unarranged. The graphs are arranged chronologically. Included are a series of 14 worksheets and finished maps in color showing climatic provinces in Utah, Arizona, western Colorado, the Colorado River watershed, the Rio Grande-Colorado River watershed in Colorado, and the Great Basin in Utah; and a series of approximately 200 monthly graphs showing the statistical relationship between elevation, temperature, and precipitation in eastern Arizona, western Arizona, southern New Mexico, northern New Mexico, the Colorado River watershed in Utah, and the Rio Grande-Colorado River watershed in Colorado. 252. MAPS OF STATES WITHIN THE REGION THAT ACCOMPANIED A REPORT ON PRECIPITATION, WATER YIELDS, AND SEDIMENT. 1951-53. 12 items. Arranged by map numbers 1 to 12. Maps of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, published as illustrations to accompany an unidentified report prepared by the southwestern regional office. Separate maps for each State relate to average annual precipitation, average annual water yields, and sources of water- transported sediment. 107 RG-115. RECORDS OF THE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION. PI #109, compiled by Edward E. Hill (Washington: 1958). CartographicRecords 14. MAPS CONCERNING RAINFALL. n.d. 2 items. Glossy prints of maps of the United States showing average annual precipitation and average precipitation between April 1 and September 30. Unarranged.

RG-123. RECORDS OF THE U.S. COURT OF CLAIMS, 1940-1947. Contains precipitation maps.

RG-126. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF TERRITORIES. PI #154, compiled by Richard S. Maxwell and Evans Walker (Washington: 1963). GeneralRecords 1. CENTRAL CLASSIFIED FILES ("9" CLASSIFICATION). 1907-51. 608 ft. Letters received, copes of letters sent, memoranda, reports, circulars, newspaper clippings, press releases, printed and processed publications, minutes of meetings, transcripts of hearings, resolutions, petitions, speeches, copies of congressional bills, blueprints, maps,charts, and other records relating to Territorial administration. Appendix I contains the following entries: Alaska: Climatic Conditions, 1936-48. Guam: Climate and Weather, 1949-50. Hawaii: Annual Reports, Weather Bureau, 1938-40; Pacific Scientific Institution, 1908; Climate and Weather, 1944-51. Philippine Islands: Weather, Climate, 1940. Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico Hurricane Relief Loan Section, 1935-50; Employees; Climate and Weather, 1934-50. Virgin Islands: Climatic Conditions, 1931-36. United States Antarctic Service: (see PI #90, Records of the United States Antarctic Service), Appropriations, Scientific equipment, 1939-40, Weather, 1939-41. 3. CENTRAL CLASSIFIED FILES. 1916-51. 76 ft. Appendix II includes the following entry: Alaska Railroad, Reports; Transportation and weather, 1946-51. RECORDS OF SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS include the Records of the Puerto Rican Hurricane Relief Commission and Loan Section. 108 RG-145. RECORDS OF THE AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND CONSERVATION SERVICE. NC-144, compiled by William F. Sherman, Charlotte M. Ashby and Sadie Mittman (June, 1966). Introduction The Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service was established on June 5, 1961, by the Secretary of Agriculture in accordance with Reorganization Plan 2 of 1953. The Service had its beginning in the Agricultural Adjust Administration (AAA), which was established in the Department of Agriculture by authority of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of May 12, 1933. The records amount to 5,002 cubic feet, including 3,532 cubic feet of cartographic records and 9 cubic feet of audiovisual records. They are for the period 1933-55. Cartographic and Audiovisual Records. 1931-52. 60,017 items. Include regional maps of the United States, showing climate, land purchase projects, crop regions, and areas covered by aerial survey contracts, 1931-52. Office of the Administratorof the AgriculturalAdjustment Administration 19. MAP OF THE U.S. SHOWING AVERAGE NUMBER OF NON-CLOUDY DAYS. 1937. 1 item. A photoprocessed map. Data covers the period from 1900 to 1936. An inset table gives, by region, the average number of days with clouds.

RG-166. RECORDS OF THE FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE. NC-113, compiled by James E. Primas (May, 1965). A section of Foreign Markets was established in the Department of Agriculture in 1895 to collect information on production, consumption, and prices of foreign farm products. Its functions were continued until 1922 successively by the Bureau of Statistics, the Office of Markets, and the Bureau of Markets. From 1922 to 1939 it was the duty of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Foreign personnel were transferred to the Department of State, effective July 1, 1939. By a memorandum of the Secretary of Agriculture issued on March 10, 1953, the Office of Foreign Relations became the Foreign Agricultural Service. The records amount to 961 cubic feet, including a negligible quantity of cartographic material. 5. NARRATIVE REPORTS. 1904-54. 585 ft. General and detailed agricultural reports submitted by U.S. consular officers, agricultural attaches, agricultural commissioners, and special agents in foreign countries. They include information on weather conditions. 109 CartographicRecords 11. GRAPHIC SUMMARY OF AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1945. 1 VOL. Negligible. Atlas published by the Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations: The AgriculturalGeography of the Philippine Islands, A Graphic summary (1947), which includes 34 maps of the island group showing political subdivisions, relief, population distribution, frequency of typhoons, rainfall, vegetation, land resources, distribution of major food crops, livestock, etc. 12. PUBLICATION RELATING TO THE AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY OF EUROPE AND THE NEAR EAST. 1948. 1 vol. Negligible. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 665: The AgriculturalGeography of Europe and the Near East (1948), containing 77 maps of Europe and the Near East. The maps show political boundaries, relief, climate, length of growing seasons, crop acreage and yields, etc.

RG-167. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. NC-76, compiled by William J. Lescure (October, 1964). Introduction

An act of March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. 1449), created the National Bureau of Standards as the successor to the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, which was established in 1832. The Bureau is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To this end the Bureau conducts research and provides central national services in four broad program areas: (1) basic measurement standards, (2) materials research, (3) engineering standards and applied technology, and (4) radio propagation.

The Bureau serves as the contact point of the Federal Government for the exchange of standards with other governments, and it participates in developing new and more precise international standards of measurement. It also provides standards for the States when they request them. The records described in this inventory are those of the National Bureau of Standards that were in the National Archives on October 31, 1964. They amount to 548 cubic feet. The records consist of (1) all known records of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures, 1830-1901; (2) general correspondence of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901-54; (3) records pertaining to tests and comparisons made by the Mass and Scale section, 1901-55; (4) record sets of the publications NationalBureau of StandardsReports, 1951-61, and Journalof Researchof the National Bureau of Standards, including the predecessor publications, 1904-59; (5) fragmentary records of several of the divisions of the Bureau, 1888-1963; and other records. Related records are in RG-23 and RG-40. 110

Records of the Office of Standard Weights and Measures "Comparisons,"Reports, Correspondence,and FiscalRecords 1. COMPUTATIONS OF "COMPARISONS" OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 1840-1901. 22 vols. 5 ft. "Comparisons" are experiments made on various weights and measures to determine if they conform to the desired standards. Among the records are some inventories of office equipment, reports on scientific meetings, reports from foreign countries pertaining to their system of weights and measures, copies of bills concerning standardization of weights and measures, and some related correspondence. The records are arranged according to the classification scheme (Thermometry 5000-5999, Barometry 6000-6999) and thereunder chronologically by year. A card index is available. 22. "STUDENTS COMMON-PLACE BOOK." 1838. 1 vol. 1 in. Notes taken in science classes at Yale University and accounts of certain experiments in electricity, astronomy, natural philosophy, and meteorology. The name of the student is not indicated. The lecturer was very likely Denison Olmsted. Cf. Denison Olmsted, Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Meteorology and Astronomy. New Haven, 1858. Copy with marginalia: Sterling Library, Yale University. Records of the HeatDivision 64. RECORDS RELATING TO THE BUREAU'S DEVELOPMENT OF TESTS AND STANDARDS FOR THERMOMETERS. 1888-1911. 5 in. Before 1900 the American manufacturers whose products were dependent upon accurate temperature measurement had to go abroad for reliable thermometer standards. These standards were furnished by testing bureaus in Germany, England, and France. To establish a comparable service in the United States, the International Weights and Measures for study and certification. Included among the records are certification forms, test results, and several studies concerning the accuracy of thermometers. At the beginning of the series there is a list of the records described. 67. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS. 1904-18. 14 vols. 3 ft. A quarterly publication, bound into volumes for each year. The bulletins contain 329 research papers on fundamental science. 68. SCIENTIFIC PAPERS. 1919-28. 8 vols. 2 ft. These publications comprise 243 research papers on fundamental science. 69. TECHNOLOGICAL PAPERS. 1910-28. 22 vols. 4 ft. Publications comprising 370 research papers concerning the applied sciences. The papers deal primarily with investigations of testing materials and methods. 70. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, INCLUDING THE EARLIER PUBLICATION-BUREAU OF STANDARDS JOURNAL OF RESEARCH. 1928-59. 62 vols. 10 ft. A monthly journal and its predecessor, Bureau of Standards.

RG-185. RECORDS OF THE PANAMA CANAL. PI #153, compiled by Richard W. Giroux and revised by Garry D. Ryan (Washington: 1963). Records. 1849-1938. 396 lin. ft. Hydrographic and meteorologic records of the Nicaragua Canal Commission, 1897-99. 111 Textual Records of the Panama Canal Records of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique, 1881-89, and the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama, 1894-1904. 1. GENERAL RECORDS. 1879-1904. 111 ft. Letters received, press copies of letters sent, cablegrams, telegrams, order, circulars, bulletins, reports, contracts, memoranda, and press clippings of the two French canal companies. Arranged according to an alphabetic-numerical classification scheme devised by the Record Bureau of The Panama Canal. This classification scheme includes the following entries: Hydrography and Physiography (of the Chagres River, the Rio Grande, and the Ocean); Meteorology and Climatology. Records of the Nicaragua Canal Board, 1895. 3 in. Mainly reports concerning the possibility of the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Nicaragua. They deal with such matters as climate, volcanoes, estimates of construction costs, and living conditions.

Records of the Nicaragua Canal Commission, 1897-99 8. HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGIC RECORDS. 1898.2 ft. Notes and observations made mainly by the Hydrographic and Meteorologic Survey Party. Includes information relating to heights, discharge, and rates of flow of rivers; and wind velocity, rainfall, and evaporation rates at the various observation points maintained by the Commission. Arranged according to the nature of the data observed. Records of the First Isthmian Canal Commission, 1899-1902 Nicaragua Route

26. HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGIC RECORDS. 1887-1901. 4 ft. Current meter notes and other papers showing computations of discharge of the rivers in Nicaragua; gauge heights of Lake Nicaragua and the San Juan River, and wind velocity, rainfall, and rates of evaporation at various observation points maintained by the Nicaragua Canal Commission and the Isthmian Canal Commission. Included are a few earlier observations made by the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua. the hydrographic records are arranged either by type or by place of observation. The meteorologic records are arranged by type only. Panama Route

28. HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS. 1892-1901.1 ft. Rainfall statistics, current meter notebooks, temperature readings, and computations of discharge rate of the Chagres River. Many of these records were obtained from the New Panama Canal Company. Arranged by type of data. 112 Records of the Second Isthmian Canal Commission, 1904-14 30. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1905-14. 186 ft. Letters, reports, memoranda, cablegrams, telegrams, circulars, orders, newspaper clippings, and other papers of the divisions, departments, and offices that comprised the second Isthmian Canal Commission. Arranged according to an alphabetic-numerical classification scheme which includes the following entries: Meteorology, Hydrography, and Geology (Equipment, General, Meteorological and hydrographic registers and original observations, Geology). 32. MONTHLY NARRATIVE REPORTS. 1904-14. 22 ft. Narrative reports containing much statistical information regarding the work done by the various organizational units of the Commission. The reports of the Division of meteorology and Hydrography included in this series are "periodic" (that is, about every 10 to 14 days). Arranged alphabetically by organizational unit and thereunder chronologically. PI #91 (cartographic records), compiled by James Berton Rhoads (Washington: 1956). CartographicRecords of the Panama Canal Records of the NicaraguaCanal Commission On July 29, 1897, the Nicaragua Canal Commission was appointed by President McKinley, pursuant to an act of June 4, 1897 (30 St. 59), to re-examine the proposed canal route and prepare an estimate of construction costs. 11. MAPS AND OTHER RECORDS RELATING TO PROJECTED CANAL ROUTES ACROSS NICARAGUA. 1895-99. 1 ft. 322 items. Manuscript and blueprint cross sections, profiles, and maps. Rainfall statistics.

RG-187. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL PLANNING BOARD, 1933- 1943. Contains climate maps.

RG-189. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. NC-57, compiled by Forrest R. Holdcamper and Charlotte M. Ashby (April, 1964). Introduction The National Academy of Sciences was established by an act of Congress approved on March 3, 1863, to "investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art" whenever called upon by any agency of the Government. Its membership has been restricted to the foremost scientists of the country. The National Research Council was organized by the Academy in the spring of 1916 at the request of President Wilson "as a measure of national preparedness." Research undertaken by the Council relating to World War II activities was financed through contracts with the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. The collection includes records of the IGY. 113 Records of the National Academy of Sciences, amount to 64 cubic feet. The period covered is 1900-45. For additional materials, see National Academy of Sciences Archives.

RG-200. NATIONAL ARCHIVES GIFT COLLECTION, 1822-1947. Contains records of the Pacific Railroad Survey.

RG-208. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION. NC-148, a revision, by Forrest R. Holdcamper, of PI #56 compiled by Stephen Helton and others (Mar., 1967). Introduction

Under authority of an Executive order of June 13, 1942, the Office of War Information was created. The functions of the Office of War Information were as follows: to coordinate the dissemination of war information by all Federal agencies; to formulate and carry out by means of press, radio, and motion pictures, programs designed to facilitate an understanding, at home and abroad, of the progress of the war effort and of the policies, activities, and aims of the Government; to review and approve all proposed radio and motion picture programs sponsored by Federal offices; to act as a liaison office between the Federal Government and the radio and motion picture industries; and to maintain liaison with information offices of the United nations. An Executive order of August 31, 1945, provided for the gradual termination of the Office, to be effective on December 31, 1945. The records amount to 2,295 cubic feet.

198. REPORTS ON PHASES OF THE WAR EFFORT. Mar. 1943-Aug. 1945. 3 ft. Reports on railroads, rationing, airlines, the doctor shortage, and other topics affecting the war effort. The reports were prepared by the Bureau and released to editors, commentators, broadcasters, photographers, and others concerned with presenting the news. Arranged in part by subject of report and in part by name of writer who prepared the report. Relevant subjects include: 7. The Air Service Command. Sept. 19, 1943. 15 p. 13. Air Transport in the War. n.d. 35, 13 p. Includes a catalog of American transport aircraft. 40. Weather Strategy. Mar. 25, 1945. 7 p.

NC-65 Photographs Depicting "Life in the United States: 1942-1946," compiled by Norwood N. Biggs (June 1964). 114 The LU series, "Life in the United States," portrays an extensive segment of life in the United States during World War II. More than 300 different subjects are included in the 22 cubic feet of records in this series. The prints are arranged alphabetically by subject and thereunder alphabetically by the sub-subjects. Headings related to weather include: Chamber Testing Devices Observation --Cooperative Observers Observation Post Observations Reconnaissance Other records of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council, and their committees have been retained by the Academy (see additional entries). The records of the Paris branch of the Research Information Committee, supposedly duplicating those of the headquarters office, are in the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University, Calif. Related record groups include RG-52, RG-62, RG-88, RG-136, and RG-227. Records of the Division of Earth Sciences 9. MAPS PREPARED FOR THE NATIONAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1958-61. 1 in. 100 items. Maps of the United States and parts thereof that were printed by various Government agencies for inclusion in the National Atlas, a project sponsored by the National Research Council. Included are maps compiled by the Weather Bureau showing monthly standard deviations of temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation, first and last frosts and number of freeze-free days, relative humidity, percentage of sunshine, and percentage of evaporation.

RG-227. OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. NC-138 compiled by Forrest R. Holdecamper (Dec., 1965). Introduction The Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) was created within the Office for Emergency Management by Executive Order 8807 of June 28, 1941, to assure adequate provision for research on scientific and medical problems relating to the national defense. The Office was terminated on December 31, 1947, and its remaining functions were transferred for purposes of liquidation to the National Military Establishment by Executive order 9913 of December 26, 1947. During the war period the Office served as a center for the mobilization of the scientific personnel and resources of the Nation and it cooperated in planning, aiding, and supplementing, where necessary, the experimental and other research activities carried on by the armed services and other Federal agencies. It was given responsibility for contracts entered into, before its establishment, by the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and the Health and Medical Committee, which were created by order of the Council of National Defense on June 27 and September 19, 1940, respectively. The records amount to 2,953 cubic feet. 115 7. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF HISTORIAN. 1943-46. 16 ft. James Phinney Baxter IIl, President of Williams College, was appointed as Historian of the OSRD on a part-time basis in 1943. He published the short history of the OSRD, Scientists Against time, in 1946. The records include a draft of the short history; histories--in mimeographed form--of various divisions of the NDRC; and a file of office memoranda and circulars of the NDRC and the OSRD (15ft) 13. GENERAL RECORDS OF THE OSRD. 1940-47. 83 ft. Deal with the general policy of the OSRD and its major and minor subdivisions on all matters of concern to the agency. The records consist of correspondence, general and informal memoranda and reports, (chiefly Great Britain), administrative circulars, releases and orders, minutes, and some interfiled photographs and drawings. The main outlines of the work of all the divisions, panels and committees of the NDRC and the CMR are among these records. The jobs of all ad hoc and other committees are listed, and there are records relating to the interchange of scientific information at home and abroad, the Field Service missions and branches abroad, the work of individual Field Service men and administrative policy concerning the operations of the various Washington offices. Records relating to atomic energy, except those discussed in the first meeting of the NDRC and referred to in the Smyth report, have been sent to the Atomic Energy commission. To the OSRD, the NDRC, and the CMR. Arranged according to a subject numeric system. 20. PUBLISHED HISTORIES AND MONOGRAPHS OF THE OSRD AND THE NDRC. 1945-47. 40 vols. Record copies, maintained by the Project Control Section, of the short history of the OSRD, Scientists Against Time, by James Phinney Baxter III; of the long history in 7 volumes, Science in World War II; of the 27-volume series of monographs by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory on radar; of the 2-volume series, Very High Frequency Techniques, by the Radio Research Laboratory at Harvard University; of the monographs, Sampling Inspection and Techniques of StatisticalAnalysis, by the Statistical Research Group of Columbia University under the Applied Mathematics Panel. 23. SUMMARY TECHNICAL REPORTS OF THE NDRC. 1946-47. 3 ft. These reports, published in 1946-47, summarized the work of the NDRC in a useful and permanent form. They comprise some 70 volumes, which are divided into groups corresponding to NDRC divisions, panels, which are divided into groups corresponding to NDRC and committees. The first volume of each group's report contains a summary of the problems involved, the methods of solving them, and the results of the research, development, and training activities undertaken. Some of the volumes are state of the art treatises covering subjects to which various research groups had contributed in the laboratories. Manuscripts and illustrations for the reports were prepared for publication by the Summary Reports Group of Columbia University under Contract OEM-sr-l 131. The record copy of the report was maintained by the Project Control Section in its reports and documents collection as a final report of the contractor. A master index to the reports is in a separate volume, which also includes the index to microfilm copies of the technical reports and pertinent laboratory reports. Arranged numerically by division number of the NDRC and thereunder alphabetically by name of panel or committee. Available on 487 rolls of microfilm #T1012. 116 36. CORRESPONDENCE REGARDING THE GOVERNMENT RADAR PATENT PROGRAM. 1942-44. 7 ft. Relates chiefly to the patent work conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University laboratories and the radar patents submitted by their various subcontractors. Arranged alphabetically by name of inventor.

RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH COMMITTEE On June 27, 1940, the Council of National Defense issued an order, with the approval of the President, creating the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). When the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) was established on June 28, 1941, the NDRC became one of its main divisions. Of Particular interest are: Records of Division 10 Sections B-5 and B-6, established in Division B in late 1940 for studying problems of aerosols and gas-mask absorbents, became Division 10 in December 1942. The work of the Division was broadened to include the study and development of gas-mask filters, screening smokes, and chemical warfare munitions. The development of smoke generators for screening strategic targets was one of the most notable of the Divisions's achievements. W.A. Noyes, Jr., was Chief of the Division in the 1942-45 period, and he was Chief of Section B-6 in 1940-42. In the 1940-42 period W.H. Rodebush was Chief of Section B-5. 95. RECORDS OF CHIEFS AND SUBCHIEFS. 15 ft. Office files of W.A.-Noyes, H.F. Johnstone, W.M. Latimer, W.L. McCabe, W.C. Pierce, W.H. Rodebush, and D.M. Yost. The records consist of correspondence, memoranda, and reports concerning activities such as the development of aerosols, methods of screening smoke, and gas-mask absorbents. Arranged alphabetically by name of chief or subchief and thereunder chronologically, with the files of Mr. Noyes at the beginning of the series. 96. GENERAL RECORDS. 1942-45. 12 ft. Correspondence, memoranda, and reports regarding the organization, program, and activities of the Division. Arranged alphabetically by subject and thereunder chronologically, with reports of conferences and material relating to the budget at the beginning of the series. 97. CONTRACT RECORDS 1940-45. 37 ft For each contract made under the supervision of the Division there is a folder containing a copy of the contract and related correspondence and an approval of equipment form and related correspondence. In some of the folders there are also information reports, photographs, blueprints, and drawings. Arranged in two groups, terminated contracts and unterminated contracts, and thereunder by Division contract number. 117 Records of Division 13 Division 13, created in the NDRC in December 1942, was an outgrowth of sections begun under Division C in early 1941 to study direction finders. It worked with navigation and communications devices and systems, among them direction finders that would operate hemispherically, speech scrambling and decoding, antennas, and radio direction finding for locating storms. C.B. Jolliffe was Chief of the Division from December 1942 to May 1945, and Haraden Pratt was Chief from May 1945 to May 1946. A direction Finding Committee, under the chairmanship of Loren F. Jones from early 1942 to September 1945, made contracts in the field of radio direction finding. J. Allison and A. F. Murray were technical aides to the Committee and to the Division. 109. PROJECT RECORDS. 1941-46. 9 ft. Correspondence, memoranda, informal reports, drawings, and interfiled photographs concerning the various projects handled by the Division. The records relate primarily to VHF (very high frequency) direction finders, radiosonde direction finders, and antenna research. Arranged by Division project number. 110. GENERAL RECORDS. 1942-46. 6 ft. Correspondence, memoranda, and informal and formal reports concerning the administration of the Division, its general research program, and liaison with other sections, divisions, and committees of the NDRC and the OSRD, the armed services, and other countries. Arranged by subject and thereunder chronologically. 111. RECORDS OF TECHNICAL AIDES AND MEMBERS OF THE DIVISION. 1942-46. 12 ft. Office files of J. Allison, Technical Aide for Direction Finding, 1942-46; A.F. Murray, Aide for Patents, 1942-46; and other members and aides of the Division. The records consist of correspondence, memoranda, and reports pertaining to the particular interests of the persons concerned. The records of Messrs. Murray and Allison at the beginning of the series consist of about 5 feet each. The arrangement is alphabetical by subject and thereunder chronological. Records of Division 14 In June 1940 Dr. K.T. Compton, Chairman of Division D, established a section to study the application of microwaves (radio waves less than 5 inches long) to military detection devices. This Section, D-1, headed by Alfred L. Loomis, was composed of a dozen university and industrial scientists and engineers. It became Division 14 in December 1942. It was responsible for the microwave radar and Loran developments within the NDRC. In organizing and coordinating research, invention, design, and manufacture to obtain the maximum number of effective applications of microwaves in the minimum of time, the Division established and administered 137 OSRD contracts concerned with almost every phase of the country's wartime radar program. The principal contract, accounting for 80 percent of the contract appropriations, was with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory (M1T-RL) under the direction of L.A. DuBridge. Division 14 acted as a board of directors for the laboratory and passed on general policy and budget policy matters concerning it. The work of the Division was terminated in 1946. 112. GENERAL ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS. 1941-46. 4 ft. Correspondence, memoranda, and informal reports concerning the administrative work of the Division including housekeeping duties, the budget, patent policies, property, meetings, and general policy and procedure. Arranged alphabetically by subject. 118 113. PROJECT FILES. 1943-46 9 ft. Correspondence, memoranda, informal reports, drawings, and interfiled photographs concerning the various projects administered by the Division under contract. In groups as follows: general correspondence, arranged chronologically; and Army Navy projects, Navy Projects, Army projects, and miscellaneous projects all arranged by Division project number. 114. GENERAL CONTRACT RECORDS. 1941-46. 42 ft. A typical folder contains a copy of the contract, a copy of the proposal (budget request, authorizations, and allotments) correspondence relating to the contract and proposals, and a copy of the document authorizing termination of the contract and disposal of the property thereunder. The records for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Radiation Laboratory (OEM-sr-262), amounting to about 25 feet, containing in addition to the typical material correspondence relating to organization, policy and procedures, demobilization, manpower, personnel.

Records of the Applied Mathematics Panel 154. RECORDS OF CERTAIN CONSULTANTS AND AIDES OF THE DIVISION. 1942-46. 4 ft. Office files of T.C. Evans, T.C. Fry, H.H. Cermond, L.M. Graves, F.D. Mumaghan, and E.W. Paxson aides and consultants for various mathematical problems. These record consist of correspondence and informal memoranda regarding mathematical tables and analyses of problems relating to air warfare. Arranged by name as listed thereunder chronologically.

Records of the Committee on Propagation The NDRC Committee on Propagation was organized in August 1943 under the chairmanship of Dr. C.R. Burrows, and it functioned until June 30, 1946. Its purpose was to conduct American scientific investigation of the propagation of electromagnetic waves through the lower atmosphere under varying conditions. The committee was to function as a part of Division 14, but its broader aspects led to its being given the status of a division in October 1943. In addition to assuming certain contracts of Divisions 13, 14, and 15 involving radio wave propagation, it let five of its own contracts relating to new equipment and measuring devices. 158. GENERAL RECORDS. 1943-46. 7 ft. Correspondence, informal memoranda and reports, minutes of meetings and conferences, and copies of contracts relating the adminstration of the Committee, coordination with similar fields of activity both in the United States and in Great Britain, and liaison with other divisions of the NDRC and the OSRD. Arranged in groups as follows: administration, contract, and report data; liaison and coordination with Government agencies; liaison with the OSRD; reports of equipment and experiments; and reports of the British Mission. Records in each group are arranged chronologically. 119 Records of the Office of FieldService 177. MANUSCRIPT HISTORIES AND PROJECT SUMMARIES OF THE OFS. 1943-46. 2 ft. Drafts and worksheets for the short history of the OFS, Scientists Against Time (see entry 7), and for the long history, Combat Scientists; and summaries and worksheets relating to various offices, projects, and subjects of OFS activity including manpower utilization, intelligence missions, jungle warfare, bomb-damage assessment, amphibious operations, medical missions, biological missions, and radar and other devices. Arranged by subject or activity.

RG-233. RECORDS OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 1828-1930. Contains petitions to Congress, maps, and information on railroad surveys of the American West, 1849-1861.

RG-242. SEIZED ENEMY RECORDS IN THE OFFICE OF MILITARY ARCHIVES. PI, compiled by Cleveland E. Collier, Ignaz Ernst, Steven Pinter, Julius Wildstosser, and Donald E. Spencer (1965). Introduction During and after World War II and the Korean War, many seized enemy records were sent to the United States. The records described in this inventory consist of such records that have been separately maintained in the Office of Military Archives. With the exception of the Japanese records and the records seized in Korea, the so- called "Non-German Records" comprise documentary materials that were by and large originally captured by the German military forces and then in turn fell into the hands of British or American troops. The period covered by the records is basically 1920-1945, but numerous documents are dated earlier. The volume of records is about 6700 cubic feet. 262. PHOTOPRINTS OF RECORDS AND MAPS RELATING TO CLIMATOLOGY OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA AND THE POLAR REGION IN CONNECTION WITH WINTER WARFARE. 1941-44. 4 in. 120 RG-255. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION. NM-86 (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), compiled by Sarah Powell (June 1967). Introduction The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was created by an act of Congress approved March 3, 1915. The principal functions of the Committee were "to supervise and direct the scientific study of the problems of flight with a view to their practical solution," and "to direct and conduct research and experiments in aeronautics." Committee membership included the Chairman of the Research and Development Board of the Department of Defense and representatives from the Departments of the Air Force and Navy, Civil Aeronautics Authority, Smithsonian Institution, U.S. Weather Bureau, and the National Bureau of Standards. The Committee was terminated by the act of July 29, 1958, that created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and transferred to it Committee functions and records. There are 133 cubic feet of records dated between 1914 and 1965 in this record group. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS. 1914-58. 69 lin. ft. Subject files. The records described in this inventory are the textual records of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics that were in the National Archives on June 15, 1967. They are part of the records in Record Group 255, Records of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. They amount to about 60 cubic feet and are for the period 1914- 58. They consist of a collection of historical records assembled mainly by John F. Victory, Executive Secretary of the Committee. Most of the record created by the Committee and its field installations are in the Washington National Records Center. 3. CORRESPONDENCE, REPORTS, AND OTHER RECORDS RELATING TO THE CAREERS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ("BIOGRAPHY FILE"). 1915- 58. 18ft. Arranged alphabetically by name of person. The series also contains many newspaper clippings and some photographs. Contains a file on Francis W. Reichelderfer, Chief of the Weather Bureau. Related materials are in the Library of Congress. 121 RG-287. PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, 1776-1970. The Printed Archives Division contains an extensive collection of publications of the U.S. Government.

RG-307. RECORDS OF THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF ANTARCIC PROGRAMS. 1950-69. Records relating to the IGY. Records of the Director. Palmer Station Weather Data. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF POLAR PROGRAMS. 1969-75. Records of the Head. Papers Relating to Global Climate Change. Records of the Program Manager for Atmospheric Sciences. Records of the Program Manager for Polar Meteorology. Miscellaneous Records Relating to Climate Research. Records of the Program Manager for Ocean Sciences. RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF POLAR PROGRAMS. 1976-date. Related Polar records are found in RG-313, RG-370, and RG-401.

RG-313. RECORDS OF NAVAL OPERATING FORCES.

Records of the U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica (Task Force 43, OperationDeep Freeze)

Records of the Aerology (Meteorological) Officer 24. OUTGOING CORRESPONDENCE. 1955-57. 1 in. 25. MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS RELATING TO METEOROLOGY. 1942-61. 5 in. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR ANTARCTIC STATIONS. Motion pictures: MP-1 1. "The United States Supports IGY in Antarctica, 1955-59," by Rear Adm. Dufek, Commander. 2 parts. 16mm. Color. With the support of the National Geographic Society. Related Polar records are found in RG-307, RG-370, and RG-401. 122 RG-341. RECORDS OF HEADQUARTERS U.S. AIR FORCE. NM-15, compiled by Helene Bowen, Olive K. Liebman, Jessie T. Midkiff, and Mary Joe Minor (1963). Introduction Headquarters United States Air Force, also known as the Air Staff, was established by the National Security Act of 1947 under the Department of the Air Force. The Chief of Staff, who presides over the Air Staff, exercises command over the major air commands and is charged with the formulation, establishment, and execution of policies and plans to accomplish the Air Force mission. He is the principal adviser to the President, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of the Air Force on the conduct of air warfare and is the principal military adviser to the Secretary of the Air Force on activities of the United States Air Force. The volume of the records is 9,787 cubic feet; their dates of coverage are 1939-55 generally. Related records are in RG- 339, RG-340, RG-18, RG-107, RG-94, AND RG-319. CARTOGRAPHIC RECORDS, 1947-63. 4,458 items. These include published aeronautical charts and special maps issued by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, showing climate and other information.

RG-359. RECORDS OF THE OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. NC-84, compiled by Norman D. Moore and John F. Simmons (December 1964). Introduction On November 7, 1957, President Eisenhower appointed Dr. James B. Killian of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as his Special Assistant for Science and Technology. The President's object in making this appointment was "to make sure that the very best thought and advice that the scientific community can supply, heretofore provided on an informal basis, is now fully organized and formalized so that no gaps can occur." The Office of Science and Technology was established in the Executive Office of the President by Reorganization Plan 2 of 1962, effective June 8, 1962. Related records are in RG-227 and RG-307. Some records of the former Office of the Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology are located in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kans. 1. SELECTED PARTS OF THE GENERAL RECORDS. 1957-61. 11 ft. These records consist chiefly of correspondence, memoranda, reports, and copies of publications that are concerned with the substantive activities of the Office and that represent important documentation regarding governmental policy in the fields of national defense, atomic energy, space technology, and other scientific fields. Arranged alphabetically by subject or name of agency. 123 RG-370. RECORDS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (ESSA). Introduction The Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA)--established in the Department of Commerce by Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965, was a consolidation of the Coast and Geodetic Survey (see RG-23) and the Weather Bureau (see RG-27). ESSA was renamed the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in 1970.

The Administration studied the oceans, the lower and upper atmosphere, and the size and shape of the earth to further the safety and welfare of the public, enhance and improve the Nation's economy, and assist those Federal departments concerned with national defense, exploration of outer space, and management of natural resources. Its operations included basic and applied research, observations, processing data, and disseminating weather forecasts and warnings and information about other phenomena within its areas of study. ESSA consisted of staff offices and the Environmental Data Service, the Weather Bureau, the Research Laboratories, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and the National Environmental Satellite Center. Its field organization included the Weather Bureau regional offices and Coast and Geodetic Survey field directors and marine centers. There are 58 cubic feet of cartographic records dated between 1965 and 1968 in this record group. Cartographic Records, 1965-68. 18,649 items. Maps of the United States and Canada published by the Weather Analysis and Prediction Division of the Weather Bureau, showing daily surface weather condition, 1965-67; and nautical and aeronautical charts published by the Offices of Aeronautical Charting and Cartography, Hydrography and Oceanography, and Geodesy and Photogrammetry of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1965-68. RECORDS OF THE OVERSEAS OPERATIONS DIVISION RELATING TO POLAR OPERATIONS. 1953-70. The Overseas Operations Division had responsibility for the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS), as well as meteorological programs in the Antarctic, Caribbean, and Latin America. OFFICE FILES OF THE POLAR ASSISTANT, CHARLES L. ROBERTS, JR. 1953-69. ANTARCTIC STATION REPORTS. 1965-70. These records include a chronology of events, description of programs, events, accomplishments, etc., with some photographs and data, for the Amundsen-Scott and Byrd Stations. ARCTIC STATION REPORTS. 1965-67. Reports and debriefmgs from JAWS station, Resolute and Ice Island T-3. RECORDS OF THE POLAR METEOROLOGY GROUP. 1958-69. The Polar Meteorology Group and its predecessors conducted research on meteorological, oceanographic, and glaciological problems in the Antarctic; managed meteorological data; and served as advisors to the U.S. Antarctic Research Program. SUBJECT FILE. 1958-69. 3 ft. Related Polar records are found in RG-307, RG-313, and RG-401. 124 RG-401. NATIONAL ARCHIVES GIFT COLLECTION OF MATERIAL RELATING TO POLAR REGIONS. Introduction The National Archives accepts donated papers and historical materials relating to U.S. participation in exploration, scientific research, and logistics in the Arctic and Antarctic. There are 33.12 cubic meters (994 cubic ft.) of records dated between 1750 and 1976 in this record group. Related records are in RG-307, RG-313, and RG-370. Cf. Herman R. Friis & Shelby G. Bale Jr. (eds.) United States PolarExploration (Athens, OH: Ohio Univ. Press, 1970). AMUNDSEN-ELLSWORTH ARCTIC EXPEDITION. Records. 1925. 3 cm. 2 vols. Arranged by date. A small notebook, "Meteorological Observations during the Amundsen-Ellsworth Polar Flight," with 107 pages of manuscript entries consisting principally of instructions for making observations during the flight, at the landing place farthest north, and pilot balloon ascents, with tables and a list of meteorological equipment. Observed data for May 25 to June 13, present and past weather, dry and wet bulb temperature, clouds, and precipitation. A volume published in 1925 containing radiograms from Spitbergen, May 21 to June 23, 1925, including Amundsen's account of the flight, activities on the ice, and return, with additional information about preparations for the flight, the organization of the meteorological service, and weather condition. Photographs of the Amundsen-Ellsworth Arctic Expeditions. 1925-1926. 36 photographs. Arranged by expedition and thereunder numerically. Some of which are included in the published book. #28. J. Holmboa meteorologue ready for ceremony. CARLSON, WILLIAM S. Papers and Other Historical Materials, 1926-73, including biographical materials, correspondence about Arctic activities, diaries, photographs, motion pictures, manuscript and published copies of writings. The following entries are specifically related to meteorology: (Entry 7) Photographs Relating to World War II Activities, 1941-45; ca. 730 photographs; 11 aerial photographs; arranged by type of item and thereunder numerically. Photographs of the North Atlantic Air Route include scenes of base activities, equipment, personnel, surrounding areas, and aerial views along the route. Air bases, weather, and communications stations pictured include Presque Isle, Maine; Gander Lake, Newfoundland; Goose Bay, Labrador; Greenland base at Narsarssuak (Bluie West 1), Sondre Stromfjord (Bluie West 8), Iketeq and Angmagsasalik (Bluie East 2), and settlements along the Greenland west coast; Reykjavik, Iceland (Meeks Field); and Prestwick, Scotland, 1941-44. Other photographs relate to the establishment of weather stations at Ft. Chimo, Quebec (Crystal I); Baffin Island, Frobisher Bay (Crystal II); and Padloping Island, Frobisher Bay (Crystal III), September-November 1941. (Entry 9) Motion Picture Film Relating to Arctic Activities, 1942-68; six 16 mm. reels; arranged chronologically. Include scenes taken during an Alaska-based Ptarmigan flight with the 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, Detachment One, ca. 1959. 125 (Entry 10) Copies of Published Writings, 1939-70; 2 inches; arranged chronologically. Copies of some of Carlson's publications, including "Report of the Northern Division of the Fourth University of Michigan Expedition, 1930-31: A., Aerology and Meteorology; and B., Geology and Glaciology," in Reports of the GreenlandExpeditions of the University of Michigan, Part II (1941). (Entry 12) Greenland Reports and Other Research Materials, 1926-71; 6 inches; arranged by type or subject and thereunder chronologically. Typescript copies of the official 256-page "Comprehensive Report on the Operations of Task Force 4998-A and the Ice Cap Detachment in Greenland, 1942-44," including 149 photographs of the activities of the Army Air Force weather reporting and rescue operations. DALRYMPLE, PAUL. Papers, 1955-75, including journals, radio communications, meteorological data, and other papers. The following entries are specifically related to meteorology: (Entry 1) Antarctic Journal, 1957-58; 3 in. 2 vols.; arranged chronologically. Daily journals kept by Dalrymple at Little America, 1957, and South Pole Station, 1957-58, that contain information about his activities as a meteorologist as well as other station activities. (Entry 2) Antarctic Radio Communications, 1957-58; 1 in.; arranged chronologically. These are copies of radio communications sent by Dalrymple from Little America and South Pole Stations and received from the Quartermaster Corps Research and Development Command at Natick, MA and the headquarters of the International Geophysical Year at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. The messages discuss Dalrymple's meteorological program, maintenance of the instruments, data collected, personnel movement, and other station activities. (Entry 3) Little America and South Pole Station Meteorological Data, 1957-58; 5 feet, 10 bound volumes; arranged by type of item and thereunder by name of station and type of observation. Bound volumes consist of Dalrymple's meteorological and micro-meteorological data recorded at Little America and South Pole Station. The Little America data includes information on the operation and maintenance of the Beckman and Whitley anemometer and the Friez anemometer with data recorded for wind profiles Feb.-June 1957, and March-Sept. 1957; thermohm observation data, June-Oct. 1957; and a set of instructions for the operation and maintenance of the Backman and Whitley six- channel recorder unit. Bound volumes of data taken at South Pole Station contain notes on instrumentation, maintenance, and data collected for a micro- meteorological study, June-Nov. 1958; thermohm data, Dec.-Oct. 1957; wind profile data, Dec. 1957-Nov. 1958; and temperature gradient (RAOBS) chart data, Jan.-Dec. 1958. Also included are original temperature profile charts recorded at Little America and South Pole Station related to the Quartermaster Corps' micro-meteorological study for the IGY glaciology program in Antarctica, 1957-58. Temperature profiles were measured with very fine gauge copper-constant thermocouples at 7 depths: (-800, -250, -50, -25, -10, -5, -2 cm), surface, and 9 heights: (3, 6, 12, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 cm) on a 20 point Leeds and Northrup Speedomax AZAR recording potentiometer. There are 14 charts selected by Dalrymple for their micro-meteorological interest recorded at Little America, April-October 1957. The remaining 60 charts were recorded at South Pole Station 3 Feb.-22 Nov. 1958. (Entry 5) South Pole Station Sound Recordings, 1958; 6 items; arranged by reel number. Tape recorded radio conversations with Dalrymple's family. 126 (Entry 6) Published Scientific Data, 1961; 1 in. A report by Dalrymple, South Pole Micro-meteorology Program:Part I: Data Presentation,Headquarters, Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, U.S. Army, Earth Sciences Division, Technical Report ES-2 (1961). (Entry 7) Papers Relating to the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, 1975; 2 in.; arranged chronologically. Includes a proposal received and letter sent by Dalrymple relating to the construction of a permanent clean air monitoring facility at the South Pole Station, June-July 1975. DAVIDSON, JAMES. Collection, 1892-1904. Includes several diary entries, a small amount of correspondence (some with R.E. Peary), and sketches. Notable sketches include: "Baldwin, The Weather Prophet," and "Members of the Second Party Greenland Expedition, 1893-94." DAVIES, DR. FRANK T. Papers. 1928-30. (Byrd Antarctic Expedition I). 4x5" prints and negatives copied from Davies' 2x2" glass slides. 27. Taking theodolite reading or tracking weather balloon. 28. Tracking weather balloon from meteorological shelter. 29. Ready to launch weather kite. 30. Frost covered theodolite. DEMAS, EPAMINONDAS J. Papers. 1933-35. Byrd Antarctic Expedition (BAE) II Photographs: 19. Admiral Byrd emerging out of the trap door of his Advance Base House buried in the snow. In background is seen the weather instrument housing the anemometer pole, and in foreground is the concentric circles through which meteors were observed to plot their direction. 23. Scientific Instruments in Poulter's lab at Little America (BAE II). 48. Vertical shaft dug to measure temperature gradient of the snow and the frozen Bay. It was 35 feet to the sea level point and another 10 feet in the Bay Ice. It got warmer as the depth increased. Transcription of a Tape Recording by Mr. Epaminondas J. Demas. 35. Seems to be a picture of the kite house, the meteorologists used to house the kites for the upper atmosphere soundings. William Cassius Haines was the chief meteorologist who was also with the North Pole Expedition, and Henry T. Harrison was his assistant. Henry T. Harrison can be remembered from the film on Byrd at the South Pole, he was the one that was hanging on a rope when the Barrier broke, smoking a cigarette, and viewing the rescue going on, of Benjamin Roth who had fallen into the Bay. DORSEY, HERBERT G. Papers, 1939-41. Meteorological data from East Base and Plateau Station, USAS, Antarctica. EKLUND, DR. CARL R. "Southern Sledding Journey" 1940-41. Photographs that go with the field diary. 17. Infra-red shot of radio aerials and meteorological instruments showing hoarfrost on liner. Temperature -37 below zero. 127 ELLSWORTH, LINCOLN. Papers and Other Historical Materials, 1896-1974. Ellsworth had previously met Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian polar explorer, in France, and when Amundsen visited new York City in 1925, Ellsworth offered his services and financial assistance for what became an unsuccessful attempt to fly to the North Pole in two Dorier-Wal flying boats. A second attempt in 1926 in the airship "Norge" under the leadership of Amundsen, Ellsworth, and Umberto Mobile resulted in the first crossing of the polar sea during the flight from the Spitbergen across the North Pole to Alaska. GRIMMINGER, GEORGE. Papers 1. Copies of Newspaper Clippings. 1933, 1935. 6 items. Arranged chronologically. Copies of newspaper clippings about Grimminger, meteorology, and the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933-35, from the Washington Post (September 12, 1933), (Washington) Evening Star (September 13, 1933), The New York Times (May 19 and 26, 1935), Christian Science Monitor (October 8, 1935), and an unidentified newspaper. 3. Meteorological and Other Scientific Publications. 1933-59. 3 inc. Arranged chronologically. Copies of publications by Grimminger or to which he contributed, prior to the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1933-1935, and his published expedition work. Also included is a list of Grimminger's publications and reports, 1933-52. HAINES, WILLIAM C. Papers. Printed Material. Primarily related to meteorology and polar subjects. HARRISON, HENRY T. Papers. 1 Diary Relating to the Byrd Antarctic Expedition. 1928-30. 1 bound volume. This diary contains daily noted on Harrison's activities as expedition aerologist while enroute to and from Antarctica and while at Little America. The diary includes comments on his meteorological studies and current weather conditions. HUBBARD, COL. CHARLES J. Papers. (1902-1950). 1946-1950. Chief, Arctic Section, U.S. Weather Bureau. The PolarRecord, VI (January 1951-July 1953), 280. Who Was Who in America, III (1951-1960), 424. The National Cyclopaediaof American Biography, XXXIX, 518-519. The New York Times, August 2, 1950, 1:2 & 19:3-5. 1-2. BIOGRAPHICAL. 1932-1955. 2 containers. 3-4. LOG BOOKS, DIARIES, AND NOTEBOOKS. 1931-1950. 2 containers. 5. REPORTS. 1941-1950. 1 container (11 items). "1946 REPORT" "Analysis of Possible Arctic Operations May 1946 to July 1, 1947" "Arctic Activities-Summer 1947, and Establishment of Resolute Bay Station" "1950 Plans For Resupply of Joint United States-Canadian Weather Station" "Report on Airlift Operations Spring 1950 to Joint Canadian United States Weather Stations." Photograph Album: "Installation of Station Thule, Summer 1946" 6-7. PHOTOGRAPH ALBUMS. 1936-48. 2 containers. LINDSEY, DR. ALTON A. Box 3. Expeditions. Byrd Antarctic Expedition I, 1928-30. Meteorograph. 128 OSCANYAN, COLONEL PAUL C. Papers. 8. PAPERS RELATING TO WORLD WAR II. ca. 1942-43. 1 inch. Arranged by type of item. These papers relate to Oscanyan's service in the Army Air Corps in Greenland during World War II. Included are copies of Weather Graphs from Bluie West Eight, January-March 1942. PATRONICK, JOSEPH. Photographs. 332. Weather Balloon. PEARY, ROBERT E. Expedition Records in the Private Papers of Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, USN (1856-1920). Arctic Expedition Papers. The following lists the Peary Arctic Expeditions, their dates, and the quantity of papers described in this series. 1. Greenland Reconnaissance. 1886, 5 in. 2. Greenland Expedition. 1891-92. 15 in. Box 2, Scientific Papers and Diary of John Verhoeff. Box 3. Meteorological and Other Scientific Observations. 3. Greenland Expedition. 1893-95. 24 in. Box 2, Scientific Papers of Evelyn Briggs Baldwin, meteorologist. A. Auroral Notes for November 16, 1893-February 27, 1894 (handwritten and typed copies). B. "Baldwin's Meteorological Notes" for August 3, 1893-August 1, 1894--Report of August 15, 1894. C. Report of August 4, 1894--inventory of meteorological equipment. D. Report of August 7, 1894, re-equinoctial storm during inland Ice trip of March. Box 3. Scientific Papers of Baldwin. Meteorological observation cards for August 1893 - August 1894 (13 packets). Notebook of MeteorologicalTables by Henry Allen (Washington, D.C.: 1888). Barograph and thermograph sheets (recordings) for 1894 and 1895. Monthly records of meteorological observations Anniversary Lodge, Bowdoin Bay, August 1893-July 1894 (13 record books). 4. Greenland Expedition. 1896. 4 in. 5. Greenland Expedition. 1897. 2 in. 6. Greenland Expedition. 1898-1902. 24 in. 7. North Pole Expedition. 1905-06. 10 in. 8. North Pole Expedition. 1908-09. 15 in. Box I. Temperature Records for September 1908-April 1909. Meteorological Notes, 1908-09. Notes on Soundings. The types of papers included in the series above are the following: A. Correspondence. C. Diaries, Journals and Logs which contain inserted loose notes on weather and other scientific observations. D. Scientific Papers. These include scientific data, narrative expedition reports and memoranda on scientific equipment, data for meteorological, auroral, tidal, and ocean bottom studies. 129 Members of the expeditions included: Evelyn B. Baldwin - meteorologist, 1893-94. John Verhoeff - Meteorologist, mineralogist, 1893-94. Also in the Peary collection are: PAPERS RELATING TO THE NICARAGUA CANAL SURVEY. 1879-1901. 2 feet. These records document Peary's first assignment as a civil engineer in Nicaragua. Arranged by date of survey and thereunder by type of item. The survey field records include meteorological observations, 1887-88. Cf. RG-185. POULTER, THOMAS C., Papers. Dr. Poulter was second in command and senior scientist in charge of the scientific program of Byrd's Second Antarctic Expedition, 1933-35; and designer of the antarctic snow cruiser and scientific adviser to the United States Antarctic Service expedition, 1939-1941. 1. Biography. 2. Awards. 3. Correspondence. 4. Publications. Significant among the publications is his "Outline of the Scientific Accomplishments of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition II, 1933-1935." RONNE, CAPTAIN FINN (USN Ret.). Family Collection. Expeditions. 10. United Antarctic Service, 1939-1941. Herbert Dorsey (?): "Meteorology at East Base of U.S. Antarctic Expedition, 1939-1941;" 14. International Geophysical Year - National Academy of Sciences Ellsworth Station, Antarctica, 1956-1958: Plans and location (map); correspondence and other communication with North American Newspaper Alliance; press releases; press releases revised by Edith Ronne; radio and related messages; menus; intra and inter station memoranda and related correspondence; U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica, 1956-1957; official report by Captain Finn Ronne of Ellsworth Station, 1956-1958; post expedition memos and dispatches. RUBIN, MORTON J., Historical Materials. 1. Photographs Relating to Antarctic Meteorological Activities. 1956-59. 1,632 items. Arranged chronologically and thereunder numerically. These photographs are in three sub-series. 1) Photographs taken between November 1956 and March 1957 in connection with Mr. Rubin's work to establish a U.S. weather central in the Antarctic, consisting of 35 mm black and white slides. 2) Photographs taken between October 1957 and February 1959 in connection with Mr. Rubin's duties as a meteorologist in Mirny, an International Geophysical Year Station established by the U.S.S.R. 3) Other photographs. SCHNEIDER, LEONARD R., Papers. 1. Publications Relating to the University of Michigan Greenland Expeditions. 1928-31. 1 in. Arranged chronologically. Schneider's writings on meteorological studies. 2. Photographs of the University of Michigan Greenland Expedition. 1928-29. 47 items. Arranged numerically. Black and white prints include views of expedition personnel, scientific equipment. 3. Scrapbook Relating to Greenland Research Expeditions. 1927-1968. 1 in. 1929-31. SEELIG, WALTER R., Papers. 1. Biographical Material. 1932-74. 3 inches. Arranged by type of item and thereunder chronologically. 2. Photographs Relating to Biographical Material. 1954-74. 11 photographs. Arranged chronologically. 4. Papers Relating to National Science Foundation Antarctic Research Programs. 1955-77. 3 linear feet. Arranged by subject. These papers consist of office files maintained by Seelig in 130 relation to his activities as a member of the staff of the National Science Foundation's Office of Antarctic programs and Office of Polar Programs. Copies of minutes of meetings, reports, memoranda, diary notes, and correspondence between the Bureau of the Budget, national Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Antarctic Projects Office, and the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Polar Research relating to inter-agency coordination of antarctic mapping programs, 1954-67. Papers and other historical material about Seelig's activities as coordinator of the US-Soviet antarctic scientific exchange program. Files relating to satellite observations. ESSA weather satellites, including Nimbus, 1961-66. 8. Antarctic Photographs. 1959-77. 251 photographs. Arranged by subject. Photographs relating to the US-USSR scientist exchange program, 1967, Related records are in RG-307. SULLIVAN, PAUL. Papers, 1919-58, including notes, manuscript maps (ca. 50 items), and photographs (ca. 50 items) relating to the research, compilation, and printing of The Dynamic North, CanadianNorth, and Meteorology of the Arctic (3 lin. ft.). THOMAS, CHARLES WARD. Papers. Papers Relating to Coast Guard Service. 1921-70. 1 ft. Arranged by type of document, as described. A 263-page typed carbon copy of a diary in German recounting the activities of a German meteorological station (Bassgeiger) on the northeast Greenland coast from August 14, 1943, to June 3, 1944. U.S. ANTARCTIC SERVICE EXPEDITION 1939-1941. West Base. Pictures taken by Shirley using the 7x7" hand-held aerial camera. #1- Black weather balloon shed in foreground. #11 - looking toward the weather balloon shed and camp area. #21 - View of weather instruments in foreground - camp in background. WNET/13. Historical Materials Donated by WNET/13 Educational Broadcasting Corporation. The Last Continent - Antarctica 1958 & 1959. Host: Dr. L. Gould, President of Carleton College & Chairman, US-IGY Committee on Antarctica. Produced by KDKA-TV for the Educational Television & Radio Center. 16 mm Black & White Sound. #1 Generalized Statement on IGY & Antarctica (3 reels). #2 History of Antarctica (3 reels). #5 Oceanography (3 reels). #6 Meteorology (3 reels). #10 Upper Atmosphere Studies (3 reels) 131 RG-404. RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. PI #185, compiled by Stanley P. Tozeski, Chief, USMA Archives (Washington: 1976). Introduction The origin of the present-day Military Academy stems from an act approved by Congress on March 16, 1802. This act divided the single Corps of Artillerists and Engineers into two separate corps. The Corps of Engineers, consisting of 7 officers and 10 cadets, was to remain at West Point and would constitute a military academy. As in the tradition regimental school, the officers were the first instructors and the Engineer cadets (cadets from other branches were initially not included) comprised the first student body. The new Military Academy was placed under the general supervision of the Secretary of War and began operation on July 4, 1802. Its first class, consisting of two members, was graduated on October 12, 1802. Until the Civil War the Military Academy served a dual purpose - as the national military school and as a school of civil engineering. By 1866, however, this unique mission had been changed with the establishment of the land-grant colleges, which provided for training in military tactics as well as in agriculture and the mechanical arts, and with the opening of other technical and engineering schools. This development, together with the broadening military responsibilities and scope of instruction at the Academy itself, led to the passage of an act on June 16, 1866, that removed the institution from the control of the Corps of Engineers and returned it to the supervision of the Secretary of War. The act recognized that the Academy was no longer a school of engineering and that cadets were being trained for all branches of the service. Additionally, officers from all these branches now became eligible for the position of Superintendent of the Military Academy. Records of the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff Personneland Administration, 1800-1974 Adjutant GeneralDivision. Ordersand Other Issuances

165. ORDERS PERTAINING TO THE U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY. Sept. 1817- Aug. 1842. 8 vols. 2 ft. Arranged chronologically. 166. NAME AND SUBJECT INDEXES TO ENTRY 167. 1838-1904. 14 vols. 1 ft. 167. POST ORDERS. 1838-1904. 16 vols. 3 ft. Arranged chronologically. For name and subject indexes, see entry 166. Medical DepartmentActivity 304. SANITARY REPORTS. 1868-1913. 6 vols. 10 in. Arranged chronologically. Volumes 2 (1874-88) and 4 (1893-97) contain a subject index. Volumes 5 (1897- 1906) and 6 (1906-13) contain a name index to births. Fair copies of weekly, monthly, semiannual, and annual narrative and statistical reports, with related endorsements prepared by the Academy Surgeon or his assistants. The originals of the reports were submitted to Headquarters, USMA, and forwarded to the Surgeon General of the Army. Volume 1 contains an extensive description of West Point in 1868 that includes historical, geographical, zoological, geological, botanical, and meteorological data. Other volumes in this series contain similar, but less extensive, reports for subsequent years. 132

310. "HISTORY OF THE ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE AT THE U.S.MA.," 1950. 1 vol. 2 in. An unpublished history of the medical services provided at West Point and the U.S. Military Academy from 1788 through 1950. Compiled by the Medical Department staff.

RG-405. RECORDS OF THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. Inv. #11, compiled by Geraldine N. Phillips and Aloha South (Washington: 1975). 76. LOGBOOK ("JOURNAL") OF A SUMMER PRACTICE CRUISE ABOARD THE PRACTICE SHIP UoS.S. PLYMOUTH. June-Aug. 1859. 1 vol. 3/4 in. Arranged chronologically. Logbook of the cruise that included calls at Plymouth, England; Brest, France; and Funchal, Madeira Islands. Sailing information includes number of knots, soundings, courses, winds, weather, temperature, barometric pressure, latitude and longitude readings and remarks concerning the voyage. 77. IDEM. June-Sept. 1860. 1 vol. 1 in.

SPECIAL LIST #25, AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES. Compiled by Charles E. Taylor and Richard E. Spurr (Washington: 1973). This list of aerial photographs in the Cartographic Archives Division of the National Archives, includes photographs from five record groups representing the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (RG 145), the Soil Conservation Service (RG 114), the Forest Service (RG 95), the Geological Survey (RG 57), and the Bureau of Reclamation (RG 115). These photographs, of about 85 percent of the contiguous land in the United States, provide a unique record of the physical and cultural landscape of the country during the period just before World War II. They constitute an important reference aid for studying changes in the natural environment and in rural and urban development that have occurred since then. 133 SPECIAL LIST #26, PRE-FEDERAL MAPS IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES: AN ANNOTATED LIST. Compiled by Patrick D. McLaughlin. (Washington: 1971).

This special list describes maps dated before 1789 in the reference collection of the Cartographic Archives Division. With the exception of a few items covered by copyright, photoreproductions of the maps described can be furnished for a fee. Requests for information should be addressed to the Cartographic Archives Division, National Archives, Washington, DC 20408. Part II. Maps Encompassing Two or More Colonies or States. 21. A MAP OF PENSILVANIA (sic.), NEW-JERSEY, NEW-YORK, AND THE THREE DELAWARE COUNTIES, by Lewis Evans. A published facsimile of the original map by Lewis Evans which shows Benjamin Franklin's ideas on storm movement. 1 inch to approx. 15 miles, 28 x 22 1/2. Shows generalized topography, roads, and settlements. Includes notes on topography, climate, and the compilation of the map, with a table of distances between major cities. 134 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE National Institutes of Health History of Medicine Division 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 (301) 496-6095 John L. Parascandola, Chief Margaret Kaiser, Reference Librarian The National Library of Medicine is the successor to the Library of the Surgeon General, founded in 1836. It contains numerous books and pamphlets on Meteorology and Medical Meteorology, which reflect the role of the Surgeon General and the Army Medical Department in meteorology from 1814 to about 1874. Cf. Charles Smart, "The Connection of the Army Medical Department with the Development of Meteorology in the United States," U.S. Weather Bureau Bulletin 11 (1893): 207-16; and Edgar Erskine Hume, "The Foundation of American Meteorology by the United States Army Medical Department," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 8 (1940): 202-38.

METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER, 1881-84. 1 vol. U.S. Army Medical Department, Fort Lapwai, Idaho. PHILADELPHIA MORTALITY AND METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS, 1836-45. 2 vols. Statistics. WATERHOUSE, BENJAMIN. 1754-1846. Topographico-medical remarks together with meteorological tables, or diary of the weather, made near the headquarters of the 2d Military Department. Cambridge, Mass., 1816. In 1814, Surgeon General James Tilton (1745-1822), issued a general order directing all hospital surgeons, mates, and post surgeons under his command to "keep a diary of the weather" and report quarterly as part of their official duties. One of the few surgeons to comply with the new orders was Benjamin Waterhouse in Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose diary of the weather dated July 1816 is the earliest meteorological journal preserved in the Army Medical Library. Barometer, thermometer, face of the sky, wind and rain and snow were noted for the hours of 7 a.m., 2 p.m., and 9 p.m. PERSONAL DIARY OF CONSUMPTION OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS, EXERCISE, SLEEP, AMOUNT OF URINE VOIDED, METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, ETC., FOR ONE YEAR. Hamburg. 1755-56. These observations are related to an earlier series of instrumental meteorological observations by Dr. John Lining in Charleston, South Carolina in 1740. Lining, who found the climatic conditions in Charleston radically different from those of his native Scotland, decided to observe both the weather and the intake and outgo of his own body for a period of one year in order to understand their relation to epidemic disease. 135 Cf. John Lining to Secretary of the Royal Society, Jan. 22, 1741 Phil. Trans. 42 (1742-43): 491-509; (1744-45): 318-30; Robert C. Aldredge, "Weather observers and observations at Charleston, South Carolina from 1670-1871," in Year Book of the City of Charleston,Historical Appendix (1940), 190-257; and J.H. Cassedy, "Meteorology and Medicine in Colonial America: Beginnings of the Experimental Approach," Journalof the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 24 (1969): 193- 204.

NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION (NOAA) (U.S. Department of Commerce) Library and Information Services Division 6009 Executive Boulevard Rockville, MD 20852 (301) 443-8330 Laurie Stackpole, Acting Chief The NOAA Library was formed by the merger of the libraries of the Weather Bureau and the Coast and Geodetic Survey in 1967. The collections include 750,000 volumes and 9,000 current periodicals. HISTORIC WEATHER MAPS: Austria, from 1873. Bavaria, 1873-1908. France, from 1859. Germany, from 1876. Great Britain, from 1868. Russia, from 1872. United States, from 1871. MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS: Cleveland Abbe, weather probabilities prepared for the U.S. Signal Office in 1871. RARE BOOK COLLECTION: The collection emphasizes historical meteorological texts dating from the 17th century, but also includes materials on charting and surveying. 136 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Office of the Secretary Smithsonian Institution Building 1000 Jefferson Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20560 Robert McC. Adams, Secretary SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Arts and Industries Building, Room 2135 900 Jefferson Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20560 (202) 357-1420 William Moss, Archivist William Deiss, Associate Archivist

Guide to the Smithsonian Archives (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1983). Cf. Victoria Agee, et. al., (compls.) National Inventory of Documentary Sources in the United States:-- FederalRecords -- Index 1985 (Teaneck, NJ and Cambridge, England: Chadwyck-Healey, Inc., 1985). Of special interest are entries 1358 & 1422 [Canal Zone Biological Area/ Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Records, 1912-1965, 8.6 cu. ft., RU-135 & Records, 1918-1964, 4.6 cu. ft., RU-134]; entry 1508 [National Institute for the Promotion of Science, 1840-1862, Records, 1839-1963, 6.2 cu. ft., RU-7058, which includes materials on James P. Espy]; and entry 1542 [Leonhard Stejneger (1851-1943), Papers, 1753, 1867-1945, 14.3 cu. ft., RU-7074]. CHARLES G. ABBOT PAPERS, 1889-1973, and Records of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (RU-7005) (30 linear meters and oversize) Charles G. Abbot (1872-1973), the fifth Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, came to the Institution in 1895 as an assistant to Secretary Samuel P. Langley in the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In 1906 he was named Director of the Astrophysical Observatory, a position which he held until his retirement in 1944. He became an Assistant Secretary of the Institution in 1918, and served as Secretary from 1928 to 1944. Most of Abbot's research centered around studies of solar radiation and attempts to determine the relationship between solar variations and the earth's weather. These papers consist mainly of records of the Astrophysical Observatory under the directorship of Samuel P. Langley, Charles G. Abbot, and Loyal B. Aldrich. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Astrophysical Observatory daybooks, 1889-1907; (2) energy spectrum books, circa 1882-1904; (3) Astrophysical Observatory waste books, 1890- 1948; (4) charts of solar constant readings taken at Mt. Montezuma, Chile, and Table Mountain, California, 1920-1948 (partially microfilmed) (5) Astrophysical Observatory correspondence, 1920-1955; (6) bolographic plates--energy spectrum scans, circa 1927-1956; (7) reminiscences contributed to the Smithsonian Archives, 1970; (8) miscellaneous personal correspondence; (9) publications. FINDING AIDS: Preliminary inventory in control file. 137 ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE PAPERS, 1821-1869 (RU-7053) (0.9 linear meter and oversize). The papers of Alexander Dallas Bache (1806-1867) relate to his study of European education, his appointment as Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, his professional intercourse with other scientists on a broad range of topics, his own research, and his work on the Lighthouse Board. They include diaries, 1836- 1837, of his study of educational institutions in Britain; correspondence, 1821- 1866, documenting his European trip, his work on education during the years 1839-1841, and his contact with the American scientific community; small collections of papers concerning the Coast Survey, the Lighthouse Board, and the Smithsonian Institution; letters to his wife, Nancy Clarke Fowler Bache; and a small collection of posthumous papers. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Diaries, 1836-1837; (2) outgoing correspondence, 1836- 1841; (3) incoming correspondence, 1821-1866; (4) incoming correspondence, 1849; (5) Coast Survey papers, 1849, 1853-1854; (6) Lighthouse Board papers, 1853-1864; (7) lectures, reports, papers; (8) Smithsonian Institution notes, circa 1847-1855; (9) letters of recommendation of Bache; (10) honors and appointments, 1821-1865; (11) correspondence of Nancy Bache, 1859-1869; (12) posthumous; (13) magnetic and meteorological observations at Girard College, 1840-1845. FINDING AIDS: Description in control file. JEAN LOUIS BERLANDIER PAPERS, 1826-1851, and related papers to 1886 (RU- 7052) (2.5 linear meters). Jean Louis Berlandier (circa 1805-1851), anthropologist, geographer, historian, meteorologist and naturalist, was one of the earliest scientists to explore northeastern Mexico and southeastern Texas. A native of France, Berlandier studied pharmacy in Geneva, and later studied botany under Auguste-Pyrame de Candolle at the Academy of Geneva. In November, 1826, Berlandier was assigned by de Candolle to collect natural history specimens in the northeastern part of Mexico, including Texas. Berlandier maintained an extensive record of meteorological observations begun when he left France in 1826. In May 1851, Berlandier drowned while crossing a river south of Matamoros. Between 1855 and 1886, various persons connected with the Smithsonian used these papers, particularly Berlandier's zoological and meteorological data, for research and editing. Their notations, abstracts, and other materials are part of this record unit. James Henry Coffin, who reduced the meteorological observation data, which Joseph Henry intended to publish; and Walter L. Nicholson and Cleveland Abbe, both of whom attempted to edit the works of Berlandier and Coffin, but were unable to complete the project. 138 HENRY HELM CLAYTON PAPERS, 1877-1949, and undated (RU-7153) (1.6 linear meters and oversize). Henry Helm Clayton (1861-1946) was a meteorologist and weather forecaster. He began his career in 1884 as an assistant at the University of Michigan's Astronomical Observatory. In 1885 he was appointed assistant at Harvard University's Astronomical Observatory, and from 1886 to 1891 served as an observer at Harvard's Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory. From 1891 to 1893 he worked as a local forecast official with the United States Weather Bureau. In 1894 Clayton returned to the Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, where he served as a meteorologist until 1909. Clayton became Chief of Argentina, Clayton pursued research on a system of weather forecasting based on solar heat changes and began corresponding with Charles G. Abbot of the Smithsonian Institution, who was also conducting research on solar variation. From 1923 to 1926 he conducted research, in cooperation with the Smithsonian, on the effect of solar variation on world weather patterns. Clayton directed a private weather forecasting service and served as a consulting meteorologist for business organizations from 1920 until his death. The papers of Henry Helm Clayton document his career as a meteorologist and weather forecaster and his research on solar variation. They consist mainly of professional and personal correspondence, including a large amount with Charles G. Abbot concerning solar research. Also included are weather forecasts, meteorological data, photographs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, and related materials on meteorology. The small amount of correspondence and meteorological data that post-dates Clayton's death in 1946 was compiled by his daughter, Frances Lindley Clayton. ARRANGEMENT: (1) General correspondence, 1886-1949, and undated; (2) weather forecasts, meteorological data, photographs, newspaper clippings, manuscripts, and related materials on meteorology, 1877-1949, and undated. FINDING AIDS: Description in control file. JAMES HENRY COFFIN PAPERS, 1848-1884 (RU-7060) (0.1 linear meter). James Henry Coffin (1806-1873) was a mathematician and meteorologist, who specialized in the study of wind velocity. Coffin graduated from Amherst College in 1828, and taught at various schools and colleges. Coffin began his meteorological studies in 1838. While at Williams College, 1840-1843, he installed an apparatus on Mt. Greylock, New York, for automatically recording the direction and the velocity of the wind. From 1846 until his death, Coffin held a chair of mathematics and natural philosophy at Lafayette in meteorology. Two of Coffin's studies, Winds of the Northern Hemisphere and Winds of the Globe were published by the Institution in 1853 and 1875, respectively. Cf. Arnold Guyot, "Memoir of James H. Coffin," Biog. Mem. Natl. Ac. Sci. 1 (1877): 257-64; John C. Clyde, The Life of James H. Coffin, LLD. (Easton, PA, 1881). 139 These papers consist of correspondence concerning temperature, wind, and weather reports of the Hudson Bay region, 1848; resolutions of condolence to Coffin's son, Seldon J. Coffin, from students and alumni of Lafayette College after Coffin' death, 1873; newspaper articles; an illustration of James H. Coffin; and the original manuscript of Winds of the Northern Hemisphere. Additional correspondence of James Henry Coffin exists elsewhere in the Smithsonian Archives, especially in the Joseph Henry Collection, record unit 7001, and Meteorological Project Records, record unit 60. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Correspondence and newspaper articles; (2) manuscripts. FINDING AIDS: Description in control file.

THOMAS COULTER JOURNAL, 1824-1827 (RU-7289) (0.1 linear meter). Thomas Coulter (1793-1843) was an Irish physician and botanist who collected plants in Mexico and California, 1824-1834. From 1824 to 1827 he traveled from London to Vera Cruz. This journal consists of daily meteorological observations taken by Coulter on this journey. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. FINDING AIDS: None. WILLIAM H. DALL PAPERS, circa 1839-1858, 1862-1927 (RU-7073) (10 linear meters). William Healy Dall (1845-1927), was a naturalist who took meteorological observations in Alaska for the Smithsonian Institution. Relevant entries include: (4) correspondence, 1865-1927; (5) registers of letters received and written, 1865- 1878, 1882-1927; (6) diaries, 1865-1927; (7) Western Union Telegraph Expedition notebooks, 1865-1868; (12) reports and other material on expeditions, 1861-1925. DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES, 1956-1976 (RU-293) Records (0.9 linear meter).

The Division of Physical Sciences was established in the Department of Science and Technology in 1957 to be responsible for collections in the history of astronomy, chemistry, astrophysics, geology, meteorology, and classical physics. These records consist of public inquiries concerning general scientific instruments; memoranda, layout plans, photographs, and scripts for exhibits, including plans for the proposed Hall of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy in the Museum of History and Technology; correspondence with foreign and domestic science museums, colleges and universities, professional scientific societies, and manufacturers and collectors of scientific instruments, administrative records consisting of annual reports, plans of operations, and memoranda; files documenting Cannon's role in the bicentennial celebration of James Smithson's birth; and files on interns' research in the Division. 140 ARRANGEMENT: (1) Administrative files, 1961-1976; (2) exhibits, 1956-1976; (3) general correspondence, 1956-1976; (4) public inquiries, 1962-1976; (5) bicentennial celebration of James Smithson's birth, 1964-1967; (6) interns' research, 1962-1965. FINDING AIDS: None. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Restricted. JOSEPH HENRY COLLEJCTION, 1808, 1825-1878, and related papers to circa 1903 (RU-7001) (8.6 linear meters and oversize). Joseph Henry (1797-1878) had careers as scientist, teacher, promoter of research, and administrator, which are documented in depositories throughout the world. The majority of the documentation in the Smithsonian Archives consists of secretarial records dating from 1865 to 1878 and his collection of personal and professional papers. This collection includes the full range of Henry's activities from 1825 through 1878, although the years after he became Secretary in 1846 are more fully represented than those before. Henry carried on correspondence with many of the great scientific men of his day, and the correspondence runs the gamut from details of scientific research to the broadest questions of scientific policy and the growth of professional scientific organization. Henry's work in electromagnetism is documented, as is his role in the development of the telegraph; and the many papers and addresses he gave on scientific, educational, and other topics are an important resource. His work in meteorology can be studied here and in the Meteorological Project records. A considerable segment of the papers deals with the Lighthouse Board, to which Henry was appointed in 1852, and with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Philosophical Society of Washington. One of Henry's daughters, Mary A. Henry, compiled extensive information for a biography of her father, which is also included in the Henry collection. A letterpress edition of Henry's papers is being produced by the Joseph Henry Papers, a cooperative editorial project located at the Smithsonian Institution. The Joseph Henry Papers holds no original documents, but it does have extensive information on the location of Henry documents which is utilized by the Smithsonian Archives in answering research inquiries. Cf. W.B. Taylor, "The Scientific Work of Joseph Henry," in A Memorial of Joseph Henry (Washington, 1880) and PhilosophicalSociety of Washington Bull. 2 (1874-78): 230ff; Simon Newcomb, "Memoir of Joseph Henry," Biog. Mem. Natl. Ac. Sci. 5 (1905); Thomas Coulson, Joseph Henry: His Life and Work (Princeton, 1950); Nathan Reingold (ed), The Papersof Joseph Henry 5 Vols. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972-1985). 141 ARRANGEMENT: (1) Incoming and outgoing correspondence, 1808, 1825-1878; (2) outgoing correspondence, letterpress, 1865-1878; (3) letters to and from James H. Coffin, 1842-1873; (4) diaries, 1835-1877; (5) research and lectures; (6) Lighthouse Board; (7) honors, invitations, awards; (8) publications by Joseph Henry; (9) oversize; (10) memorials; (11) Harriet Henry papers, 1825-1878; (12) Mary A. Henry papers, including her work on the projected biography of Joseph Henry; (13) family letters form other depositories. FINDING AIDS: (1) Joseph Henry Papers computer index, providing name and subject access to part of the Henry Collection; (2) card index to letters in chronological series (Item 1 above); (3) shelf list of Henry items, 1971; (4) Michele Aldrich, Calendar of the Unknowns, a list of difficult-to-identify items; (5) pocket notebooks of Joseph Henry, control file; (7) Joseph Henry, honors and awards, control file; (8) Joseph Henry, invitations and notices, control file; (9) Henryana Abstract and Index to Abstract, an obsolete finding aid to the collection before present arrangement was imposed, sometimes useful. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Microfilm available for most of the collection; other pieces may require special order microfilming or xeroxing. All requests for permission to publish must be approved by the Joseph Henry Papers. SAMUEL P. LANGLEY PAPERS, 1867-1906 (RU-7003) (9.5 linear meters and oversize) Samuel P. Langley (1834-1906) was the third Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Apparently many of Langley's papers were accidentally burned after his death. Langley papers in the Smithsonian are housed in the Smithsonian Archives and the National Air and Space Museum (NASM). The Allegheny Observatory holds paperss from Langley's years there, from which copies of Langley's correspondence, 1867-1887, have been made for this collection. Cf. L. Obendorf, Samuel P. Langley: Solar Scientist, 1867-1891 (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1969.) ARRANGEMENT: (1) Publications, including a bound collection of writings, and original manuscripts of many of Langley's publications, 1869-1905; (2) diaries and shorthand notebooks, mostly kept by Langley's secretary, 1889-1905; (3) bolograph curve and line spectrum readings; (4) microfilm and photocopies of Langley's outgoing correspondence from the Allegheny Observatory, 1867-1887; (5) astrophysical research correspondence; (6) scrapbooks, 1890-1903. METEOROLOGICAL PROJECT, 1849-1875 (data from 1820) (RU-60) Records (2.5 linear meters).

Joseph Henry's first major project at the Smithsonian was his plan to obtain weather reports from a country-wide network of voluntary observers; his plan is detailed in the Institution's 1848 Annual Report. Voluminous reports, maps, tables, and charts were prepared and published on all phases of the work -- rainfall, snowfall, temperatures, barometric pressure, storms, meteors, auroras, and other phenomena. In 1874, after Congress had established a federal storm-warning service under the direction of the Chief Signal Officer, the Smithsonian system of meteorological reports was discontinued and the observers were instructed to report to the federal service. The Smithsonian continued to work on the material collected up to the time of transfer, however, and over the next few years issued reports, 142 tables, and maps. A part of this record unit was published in the 1873 Annual Report, pages 84-131, "Classified Record of Monthly Meterological Reports Preserved in the Smithsonian Institution;" and other segments of this unit were published elsewhere. Incoming and outgoing meteorological correspondence is completely unpublished, however. Correspondents include Lorin Blodget, James Henry Coffin, James Pollard Espy, Arnold Henry Guyot, Joseph Henry, Elias Loomis, and Charles Anthony Schott. These records were created after 1850, but contain meteorological information dating back to 1820. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Incoming correspondence, 1852-1861, 1868; (2) miscellaneous correspondence, notes, reports, 1853-1875; (3) Lorin Blodget's outgoing correspondence, 1853-1854; (4) manuscript copy for the "Classified Record of Monthly Meteorological Reports Preserved in the Smithsonian Institution," Annual Report, 1873, pp.84-140; (5) records relating to studies of monthly and annual mean temperatures in the United States and elsewhere in the Americas, data for years 1820-1875; (7) records relating to atmospheric pressure, data for years 1850-1873; (8) records of meteorological observers, 1856-1860, 1868-1873; records of instrument distribution, 1850-1870; list of publications on meteorology; (9) clippings on meteorology, 1853-1873 with gaps; (10) miscellaneous meteorological records; (11) oversize, published meteorological maps. FINDING AIDS: Description in control file. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Microfilm copies of incoming correspondence, 1852-1861, 1868, are available. For further information see James R. Fleming, "Meteorology in America, 1814- 1874: Theoretical, Observational, and Institutional Horizons" (Princeton Univ.: Ph.D. Dissertation; Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, #88-09302, 1988). NEW ENGLAND FISHING SCHOONER LOGBOOKS, 1852-1862 (RU-7200) (0.8 linear meter). This collection consists of 112 logbooks maintained by various New England fishing schooners during voyages conducted from 1852 to 1862. The logbooks contain data regarding weather conditions, number of fish caught, and, to a lesser degree, types of fish caught. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. FINDING AIDS: None. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 1850-1852 (RU-42) Correspondence Registers (0.1 linear meter). These registers are for letters burned in the 1865 Smithsonian Building fire. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (JOSEPH HENRY, SPENCER F. BAIRD), 1863- 1879 (RU-26) Incoming Correspondence (12.7 linear meters). This series consists mostly of correspondence addressed to Joseph Henry, much of which received his personal attention; also included are some copies of Henry letters, occasional returned original Henry letters, and a considerable number of letters to Baird. Cf. William H. Dall, Spencer Fullerton Baird,A Biography (1915). 143 ARRANGEMENT: Numerous alphabetical series numbered from volume 1 through volume 183; (1) volumes 1-75, 1863-1869, unbound and rearranged in two-alphabetic series; (2) volumes 76-183, 1866-1879, alphabetic in several series, FINDING AIDS: (1) Card indexes, providing mostly proper name access; references are to volume and page numbers, although records for volumes 1-75 are located alphabetically; (2) most volumes indexed individually; (3) alphabetic arrangement of records serves as an additional finding aid. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: (1) Many items are missing, especially from the first 75 volumes; (2) record unit available on microfilm. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 1864-1869 (RU-37) Abstracts of Incoming and Outgoing Correspondence (0.5 linear meter). The date of compilation this abstract is unknown, although presumably it was done in part before the 1865 fire. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic with indications of source of abstract in official records. (1) October 30, 1864-July 19,1869; (2) February 20, 1865-October 30, 1869. FINDING AIDS: None. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 1865-1873, 1882 (RU-35) Letters Written register (0.8 linear meter). Letters entered in the register were also abstracted briefly, and occasionally the abstract is the only version of the letter available. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. (1) January 1865-September 1868; (2) May 1871-December 1971; (3) January 1872-April 1873, 1882. FINDING AIDS: None. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 1865-1873, 1883-1912 (RU-36) Letters Received Registers (2.7 linear meters). Letters entered in the registers were also abstracted briefly, and occasionally the abstract is the only version of the letter available. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. There are four series of register numbers represented in existing register books: one which is operation in 1865; a second which began and ended in 1873; a third which began in 1879, but which is first represented in these register books in 1883 and ends in 1894; and a fourth which began in 1895. FINDING AIDS: Bound indexes referring to register numbers as follows: 1870, 1873, 1874-1876, 1883-1886, circa 1887-1894. 144 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, 1865-1879 (RU-32) Incoming Correspondence (0.3 linear meter). These secretarial records apparently were separated from the main series before the latter were bound; they may be integrated in to the main series later. ARRANGEMENT: Alphabetic and chronologic. FINDING AIDS: None OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (JOSEPH HENRY, SPENCER F. BAIRD, SAMUEL P. LANGLEY), 1865-1891 (RU-33) Outgoing Correspondence (8.2 linear meters). ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. FINDING AIDS: (1) Card index providing mostly proper name access; unreliable after 1889; (2) an index in each volume also provides mostly proper name access. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: (1) Deteriorating letterpress affects legibility; (2) record unit available on microfilm. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (JOSEPH HENRY, SPENCER F. BAIRD), 1870- 1876, 1883-circa 1894 (RU-38) Miscellaneous Indexes and Abstracts (0.9 linear meter). ARRANGEMENT: Alphabetic and chronologic; (1) index of letters received, 1870; (2) index to letters attended to, 1873; (3) synopsis of letters received, 1874-1875; (4) synopsis of letters received, 1875-1876; (5) subjects of letters written, undated; (6) index of letters received, January 1-April 30, 1883; (7) index of correspondence, April 30, 1883-December 31, 1886, circa 1887-1894. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (JOSEPH HENRY), 1873-1878 (RU-27) Incoming Correspondence, Requests for Publications and Assistance (2.7 linear meters). Mostly ephemeral; contains records of the Chief Clerk. ARRANGEMENT: Alphabetic. FINDING AIDS: Each volume indexed individually. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Record unit available on microfilm. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (SAMUEL P. LANGLEY), 1887-1907 (RU-34) Outgoing Correspondence (5.7 linear meters). Shortly after Samuel P. Langley became Secretary, a new system of organizing outgoing correspondence was devised. Some of the records have not survived to the present; hence, there are gaps in series numbers. ARRANGEMENT: (1) General, 59 volumes, 1892-1907; (6) Astrophysical Observatory, 14 volumes, 1892-1907; (20) Aerodromics, 10 volumes, 1891-1907. FINDING AIDS: (1) Card index, combing index for incoming and outgoing; provides access mostly by proper name, usually with the letter abstracted on the card; (2) indexes in bound volumes; (3) volume list in control file. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: (1) Deteriorating letterpress affects legibility; (2) record unit partially microfilmed. 145 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (SAMUEL P. LANGLEY), 1891-1906 and related records to 1908 (RU-31) Incoming Correspondence (18.5 linear meters). These records document the administration of the Smithsonian during most of the tenure of Samuel P. Langley, its third Secretary. Langley's own papers were destroyed by fire soon after his death; but a significant amount of his research in astrophysics and aerodynamics ("aerodromics," as he called it) is preserved the records of the Secretary's office. ARRANGEMENT: (1) General correspondence, arranged alphabetically; (2) Smithsonian bureaus; (3) Hodgkins Fund documents and correspondence; (4) Government departments. FINDING AIDS: (1) Description in control file; (2) card index providing mostly proper name access, usually with letter abstracted on the card; (3) special bound index to Hodgkins Fund correspondence. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (CHARLES D. WALCOTT, CHARLES G. ABBOT, ALEXANDER WETMORE), 1925-1949 (RU-46) Records (29.1 linear meters). These records chiefly document the policy and administration of the Smithsonian under Charles G. Abbot, 1928-1944, though they overlap parts of the administrations of Secretaries Walcott and Wetmore. Contains records of Abbot's research in solar radiation and climatic studies.ARRANGEMENT: Alphabetic including two subunits for government, one for Smithsonian administration and budgets, and one for international congresses. FINDING AIDS: (1) Card Index, prepared when records were created or received, providing mostly proper name access and usually abstracting the letter, (2) folder list in control file. SPECIAL CONDITIONS: Arrangement will be changed.

THE JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Arts and Industries 2188 Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 (202) 357-2787 Dr. Marc Rothenberg, Editor The staff of the Joseph Henry Papers at the Smithsonian Institution collect, transcribe, edit, annotate, and publish the manuscripts of Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. They also supervise the Bell-Henry Library comprising the personal libraries of Alexander Graham Bell and Joseph Henry. To date, the editors have published five volumes of The Papersof Joseph Henry (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972-1985), a select, letterpress edition of Henry's correspondence, notebooks, diaries, and related manuscripts. Ten additional letterpress volumes and a complete microform edition of the manuscripts are planned. This project forms a center for research in the history of science in nineteenth-century America. Particular strengths include American intellectual and cultural history, the history of the physical sciences -- including meteorology, and Federal policy in science. 146 Collection: approximately 90,000 items related to Joseph Henry from over 300 depositories -- photocopied and on microfilm. Computer index is available by name, subject, date, and control number. Each index entry contains coded information which provides the document control number, microfilm or photocopy location, original depository location, transcription status, date, and names of the author, recipient, and other names and subjects mentioned in the document. Selected subjects -- number of documents (& dates of coverage): Aeronautics -- 60 documents (1809-1895) Meteorology -- 8,019 documents (1824-1895) Smithsonian meteorological project -- 1,448 documents (1847-1878) Selected names: Cleveland Abbe -- 100 documents (1859-1878) Lorin Blodget -- 410 documents (1849-1878) James P. Espy -- 488 documents (1834-1873) William Ferrel -- 16 documents (1857-1876) Arnold Guyot -- 279 documents (1848-1878) William Redfield -- 59 documents (1837-1871) Other relevant entries: Acad6mie Royale des Sciences, AAAS, A.D. Bache, C.H.D. Buys Ballot, James Henry Coffin, John F. Daniell, John Dalton, Increase Allen Lapham, Matthew F. Maury, Meteorological Society of London, Meteorological Society of Scotland, Albert James Myer, Royal Society of London. An index of authors and titles is also available for the books and pamphlets in the Bell- Henry Library. The index reveals 83 tides on "meteorology" dated between 1824 and 1878 and 25 titles on "storms" dated 1830 to 1862. Of particular note is Henry's personal collection of pamphlets and reprints -- many on meteorological topics, and some with marginalia. William Reid's Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms and of Variable Winds (London, 1849) is inscribed as a gift from William Redfield and contains marginalia attributed to James Espy. Espy's Philosophy of Storms (Boston, 1841) contains annotations in Espy's hand. The library also contains the manuscript copy of Robert Hare's "On the suppositious travelling whirlwinds called Cyclones," ca. 1854.

NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM (NASM) 7th Street and Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20560 Administrative Office (202) 357-2838 NASM collects, interprets, and exhibits items related to aeronautics and space flight. It holds in its collections meteorological satellites and other artifacts related to aeronomy and meteorology. Departments and Divisions: Aeronautics Earth and Planetary Studies Records Management Space Science and Exploration. 147

DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH FILES. Ca. 1500-present These files contain material on all aspects of aviation and space exploration, including meteorology and aviation weather. MISCELLANEOUS PHOTOGRAPH AND MOTION PICTURE COLLECTION. Ca. 1861-present. Contains photographs, drawings, maps, motion pictures, and other materials on aeronautics and aviation. Filed by subject and by name.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY (NMAH) 12th Street and Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20560

ARCHIVES CENTER National Museum of American History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 (202) 357-3270

Guide to ManuscriptCollections in the NationalMuseum of History and Technology (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978). BAROMETER COMPARISON RECORD BOOKS, 1888-1896, 1899-1905 (3 items). This collection contains two volumes of figures and notes comparing barometers used in branch offices of the National Weather Service with standard instruments. Also included is one volume of special comparisons and notes on various meteorological instruments including barometers, hygrometers, manometers, and sunshine recorders. ARRANGEMENT: Chronologic. FINDING AIDS: None. URIAH A. BOYDEN PAPERS, 1823-1879 (18 cubic feet; 0.510 cubic meter) These papers document the activities of Uriah A. Boyden, Boston civil engineer. Included are correspondence letterpress copybooks, 1846-1857; notebooks, 1838- 1870; records of experiment, clippings and newspapers, 1846-1875; photographs, 1845; diary, 1851; financial records and time books, 1826-1828, 1831-1873; cash books 1823-1866; translations, 1828-1833, 1850-1879; drawings and patents, 1829, 1834, 1838-1843; and legal documents, 1835-1840, 1843, 1846, 1851-1868 concerning mills and mill dams, 1826-1827, 1830-1847, 1852-1855; mill turbines, 1843-1860, 1873; meteorological research, 1838-1874; wells and water supplies, 1836, 1851, 1869; railroads and highways; American Association for Advancement of Science, 1849-1879. Also included are drawings and sketches of New England textile mill turbines, 1846-1859. ARRANGEMENT: By type of material and chronologic thereunder. FINDING AIDS: Preliminary inventory. 148 DRAPER FAMILY COLLECTION, circa 1829-1856, 1879-18829 1892-1912 (3 cubic feet; 0.085 cubic meter). The Draper family made a number of important contributions to American science in the 19th and early 20th centuries. John William Draper (1811-1882), primarily a chemist, did pioneer work in photography and on the chemical effects of radiant energy. He took the first photograph of the moon in 1839-1840 and the first photograph of the diffraction spectrum. Draper's three sons also did notable work. John C. Draper (1835-1885) was a noted physician and chemist. Henry Draper (1837-1882) was an early astronomical photographer and also did work on stellar spectra and spectrum analysis. Daniel Draper (1841-1931) was a meteorologist and established the New York Meteorological Observatory (NYMO) in Central Park in 1868. He served as its first director until 1911. This collection contains publications of the University of City of New York, with which the Drapers were associated, 1835, 1838, 1852; reprints of John William Draper, 1844-1845, 1853, 1869-1870, 1872-1873, 1877; a reprint ofM. Melloni, "Radiation of Incandescence and Elementary Colors," 1882; publications of the New York Meteorological Observatory (NYMO), 1876; photographs of NYMO; and correspondence, addressed to Daniel Draper, acknowledging receipt of publications from NYMO, circa 1892-1908. ARRANGEMENT: Unarranged. FINDING AIDS: available. SELECTED BOX NUMBERS AND ENTRIES: Series 1: DraperFamily 1829-1936 1A. Doc. #6: Certificate, election of Daniel Draper as member of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia (1880). 1B. Daniel Draper: Certificate of Completion issued 1862, from Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, founded 1858. "Nuovo Sismoscopio elettrico a doppio effetto," del Dr. G. Agamennone, Roma. (n.d.) Anemoscope et Anemometre a Transmission libre... Mecaniciens-Constructeurs du Bureau Central de Meteorologie A Rome. (n.d.) Meteorological correspondence from Tokyo, Japan to Daniel Draper: "Traduction- Observatoire Met6orologique Central, Tokio, le 1 er Septembre 1895, du Japon." (A note written in Japanese is included). Meteorological report from France to Daniel Draper, "Congres Interational de M6t6orologie." Ministere du Commerce, Paris, Republique Franqaise, 10-16 Septembre, 1900. Two photographs of Daniel Draper, (n.d.); two unidentified photographs (n.d.). Two large meteorological maps by Daniel Draper, drawn in color on two pieces of cloth; one map shows a meteorological chart of the world (n.d.); the other shows a meteorological chart of North America (n.d.). Doc. #15 Wall map of South America, No. 4, by M.F. Maury, L.L. D., University Publishing Company N.Y., copyright 1872. Oversize scrapbook, Daniel Draper, half filled with newspaper clippings of steamship reports, weather reports, meteorological news, etc., and loose clippings, 1874-1880.) Certificate, Doctor of Philosophy (Daniel Draper) from the University of the City of New York (1880?) (in Latin). 149 Series 2: John W. Draper(1811-1882) -- Daniel's Father Meteorological Journal, 1841-1863. (with personal notes, charts, articles, etc., between covers). Meteorological Notes (1835-1841) Photographs of John W. Draper (n.d.) and Daniel Draper? (n.d.); Pamphlet on the International Self-Humidifying Incubator, (1910?); Meteorological chart, 1877/78. Meteorological Journal, 1863-1881 with miscellaneous loose pages, including meteorological notes and calculations, prayers, clipping, etc. Series 3: Henry Draper, 1837-1882 -- Daniel's brother Photography of Meteorological Instrument, (n.d.).

Series 4: Daniel Draper, 1841-1931 Daniel Draper, Annual Report of the N.Y. MeteorologicalObservatory, Central Park, N.Y., 1876. Three daily Meteorological Journals (1878, 1879, Jan. 1877-Dec. 1882). Account Book, 1880's. Account Book, 1890's. Copy of biographical article on Daniel Draper in Lamb's BiographicalDictionary of the United States, vol. II. Boston MA: James H. Lamb Co., 1899, 1900, pp. 514-16. Inventory of Meteorological Observatory, ending June 30, 1906. Daniel Draper, copy of article on: "Relative Merits of the Various Types of Registering Maximum and Minimum Thermometers." (n.d., but ca. 1893, Chicago Meteorological Congress, U.S.W.B. I 11). "Dr. Daniel Draper's Contributions to Meteorology," Scientific American 42 (1880): 2-3. Biographical note on Daniel Draper. "Can We foretell the Weather?," Harper'sNew Monthly Magazine. (n.d.) Public Resolution-No. 9 from the Headquarters of the Army (Authorization for taking meteorological observations) March 15, 1870. "Report of the Director of the New York Meteorological Observatory," Department of Public Parka, City of N.Y., Dec. 31, 1878 (1879). Two copies. Daniel Draper, "Self-recording Mercurial Barometer," American Meteorological Journal 1 (1884-5). Meterological and engineering notes, 1874-1888 (including hand drawn illustrations of meteorological instruments). Correspondence, 1870-1871 (not individually indexed). Meteorological correspondence, 1901-1912 (not individually indexed). Notebook: Meteorological and engineering notes, Hastings, Sept. 4, 1859. H.H.C. Dunwoody, "Signal Service Tables of Rainfall and Temperature Compared with Crop Production," ProfessionalPapers of the Signal Service X (Washington, D.C.: U.S. War Department, 1882. "Report of the N.Y. Meteorological Observatory of the Department of Public Parks, Central Park, N.Y. City." Daniel Draper, Ph.D., Director, New York, 1893. Daniel Draper drawing of meteorological instruments. Letter from Antonia C. Maury to 'Uncle Dan" regarding instruments Draper invented. 150 JULIEN PIERRE FRIEZ PAPERS, 1887-1894, 1896-1898 (1 cubic foot) Julien Pierre Friez (1852-1916) was born in France and came to the United States at the age of 15. He worked with Robert Henning in Ottawa, Illinois on telegraphy equipment, circa 1868; later he was a foreman for Ottomar Mergentheler, circa 1880-1890. After leaving Mergentheler, Friez moved to Baltimore where he set up Belfort Laboratories and began a manufacture of scientific instruments. He later acquired an interest in meteorology and did important work ont he design and manufacture of meteorological recording instruments. These papers contain five letterpress books of outgoing correspondence of Julien P. Friez from 1687-1894 and 1896-1898. The correspondence, with friends and business associates, deals mainly with meteorology and Friez's friends and business activities in Baltimore. Pasted into some of the volumes are photographs, newspaper clippings, obituaries, and historical notes concerning Friez, his family personal life, and business. Also included are other photographs, a portrait and a diploma from the 1894 Columbian Exposition. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Outgoing correspondence, 1887-1894, 1896-1898; (2) miscellany. FINDING AIDS: Some volumes are indexed by correspondent. JOSEPH SMAGORINSKY, Oral History, May 19, 1971. Interview conducted by Richard R. Mertz.

DIBNER LIBRARY, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES National Museum of American History First Floor Ellen B. Wells, Chief of Special Collections (202) 357-1568 Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1985) 28. Zuccolo, Vitale (1556-1630) "Meteoro(logico) dialogo," 1690.

DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES National Museum of American History Division of Physical Sciences Deborah Warner, Curator (202) 357-2482 On the museum's collection of instruments see W.E.K. Middleton, Catalog of MeteorologicalInstruments in the Museum of History and Technology (Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1969). 151 JAMES CURLEY PAPERS, 1835-41, 1857-89 (3 vols.) James Curley (1796-1889) was a Roman Catholic priest and director of the Georgetown College Observatory. His notebooks contain meteorological observations and notes, and several loose pages with similar notes and figures. Cf. related papers in the Georgetown University Library. PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION (25 cubic feet; 0.708 cubic Meter) Contains photographs and slides of individuals or artifacts prominent in the history of physics, mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, time-keeping, surveying and geodesy, weights and measures, and meteorology. Also included are photographs of museum exhibits, and trade cards and labels of instrument makers. ARRANGEMENT: (1) Subject file; (2) biographical file, alphabetical by subject. FINDING AIDS: None. 152 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Special Collections Division Historical Manuscripts and Archives Department Theodore R. McKeldin Library College Park, MD 20742 (301) 454-2318 Lauren Brown, Curator and University Archivist The University of Maryland holds the faculty papers of the noted climatologist, Helmut E. Landsberg for the period 1960·-85. Also in their collections are the records of the climatologist for the state of Maryland, W. Joseph Moyer, which date to 1893.

Department of Meteorology Space Sciences Building College Park, MD 20742 (301) 454-2708 Richard DeRyche, Department Manager The Department has a collection of about 30 rare books dating from 1583 which were in the office of Helmut E. Landsberg when he died in 1985. Landsberg's personal papers are held by his family.

U.S. AIR FORCE HISTORY OFFICE Air Force Department Bolling Air Force Base Building 5681 Washington, D.C. 20332-6089 (202) 767-5764 Richard H. Kohn, Chief of Air Force History William C. Heimdahl, Chief of Reference Services Branch The Office of Air Force History possesses microfilm copies of archival materials in the United States Air Force Historical Research Center (Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6678), which number some 500,000 documents relating to the history of United States military aviation from the time of the Civil War. A microfilm catalog provides access to the microfilm collection by subject and country. Published guides include the Air ForceHistorical Archives Document Classification Guide (1971); PersonalPapers in the USAF HistoricalResearch Center, compl. Richard E. Morse and Thomas C. Lobenstein (1980); U.S. Air Force Oral History Catalog (1982); and United States Air Force History: A Guide to Documentary Sources. 153 The collections include published and unpublished reports and oral histories on a variety of topics, including the following: BALCHEN, COL. BERNT. Collection of correspondence, memos, and articles on polar regions. BEST, BRIG. GEN. WILLIAM N. Air Force oral history program interview No. 717. GEOPHYSICS IN CONNECTION WITH THE "INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE QUIET SUN," 1964-65. GERMAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE, WORLD WAR II. Report on its organization, duties, and responsibilities to the Luftwaffe. 1944. Histories: 400TH AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS GROUP. History, 1963-73. AIR WEATHER SERVICE. History, 1945-46. For meteorologists, a major consequence of World War II was the development of a world weather network utilizing new equipment and techniques. AIR WEATHER SERVICE. History, 1966-67. A Defense Environmental Services Study Group was created by Deputy Secretary of Defense, Cyrus Vance to review the whole spectrum of environmental services and R&D within the Department of Defense. ARMY AIR FORCES TRAINING COMMAND. History of the weather training program, 1939-1945. CLIMATE AND WEATHER MODIFICATION. AF History Narrative. EASTERN TECHNICAL TRAINING COMMAND. The contract meteorology schools, a report on the somewhat unique experiment adopted to train Air Force Weather Officers. 1944. FIFTH AIR FORCE. History of participation in Project GRAYBACK, 1955. METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE PROGRAM. STUDY OF METEOROLOGY AFFECTING ALMOST EVERY PHASE OF AIR FORCE OPERATIONS, 1961. THIRTEENTH AIR FORCE. History of participation in Project 119-L, which provided for a world wide meteorological survey between 1 Nov. 1955 and 1 April 1956. LEMAY, GEN CURTIS. Correspondence on meteorology. METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING MILITARY OPERATIONS. 1942- present. METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT FOR POLAR ICE PACK STATION. METEOROLOGICAL SOUNDING SYSTEM. AF Global Weather Central. METEOROLOGICAL SURVEY. Aerial photography of Western Europe, etc. 1945. METEOROLOGISTS TO THE BALLOON CORPS. National Association of American Balloon Corps Veterans. 154 U.S. ARMY CENTER FOR MILITARY HISTORY Department of the Army 20 Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20314 (202) 272-0291 David F. Trask, Chief Historian Historical Records Branch, Room 4128 Hannah M. Zeidlik, Chief (202) 272-0317 Organizational History Branch, Room 4236 John Wilson, Chief (202) 272-0306 Library Branch, Room 4124-C Mary Sawyer, Library Technician (202) 272-0321 The Historical Records Branch maintains an extensive collection of reference materials (600 linear feet) relating to U.S. Army history. The collection is accessible through an extensive card file. The Library's holdings are catalogued by author/title and subject. Current activities of the Center are described in The Army Historian, a quarterly publication.

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS Office, Chief of Engineers Historical Division Kingman Building Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 (703) 355-2543 355-3558 Dr. John T. Greenwood, Chief Dr. Martin K. Gordon, Historian/Curator The Division prepares historical reports and bibliographies which document the activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and maintains a research collection related to engineering history and biography. There is a data base, detailed finding aids, machine searchable by individual name. Cf. Frank N. Schubert, Vanguard of Expansion: Army Engineers in the Trans-MississippiWest, 1819-1879 (USGPO, n.d.). 155 WHEELER SURVEY NOTEBOOKS, 27 vols., ca. 1875. Contains three lists of organization and equipment including barometers for hypsometry. CIVIL WORKS FILES: DISASTERS, 31 Boxes, 1843 - ca. 1980s Contains news clippings, correpondence, and reports of floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, civil disturbances, toxic spills, etc. as they affected Corps operations and projects. Of note are the following: Leland R. Johnson, "Emergency Response: A History of the Army Engineer Disaster Relief Mission, 1794-1950," (1978); De Witt Smith (ed.), Disastersand DisasterRelief (1957); and "The Corps of Engineers in Disaster Relief and Recovery," a bibliography by the Historical Division (1977).

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resources Library 18th and C Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20240 (202) 343-5815 Phillip M. Haymond, Chief Collections include 5 unpublished manuscript items. Linn, Robert M. Weather modification as a management tool in the Florida Everglades. 1971. A paper presented at the Second National Biological Congress, Miami Beach, Florida. October 25, 1971. 8 pp., 27 cm. Vance, Dale L. and Dennis E. English. Automatic weather station: development and test. Denver, CO: Office of Scientific System Development, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1977. This report is a result of work accomplished under ARS-171 Remote Automatic Weather Station, and D-54, GOES-DCP. 53 pp., ill., bibliography, 27 cm. Preliminary evaporation reduction studies. Lake Hefner, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Report of a committee of collaborators. Denver: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Commissioner's Office, 1957. Water quality studies, Kids Lake, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. 18pp. diagrs., tables. 27 cm. Kauper, Erwin K. Some specific climatologies of the California desert. Final report to the Desert Planning Staff, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior, Monitoring Services, (1979). Contract CA-060-CT8-63, 44pp., ill., maps, bibliography, 28cm. Franks, James W. Cloud seeding in Alaska: a program to aid in the control and prevention of wildfires. Anchorage Bureau of Land Management, 1973. Meteorological Society, Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska, Sept. 26, 1973. 20 pp., ill., maps, bibliography, 27cm. 156

INDEX

(ENTRIES FOR MAJOR COLLEC1IONS ARE CAPITALIZED)

AAAS 1 COMMITTEE ON ARID LANDS 2 COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE 1 OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE 1 AAAS-UN CONFERENCE ON DESERTIFICATION 2 ABBE, CLEVELAND 5,9,43, 135, 137, 146 Abbe, Truman 5 ABBOT, CHARLES G. 136, 138, 145 ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE 89 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES 132 AERONAUTICS, BUREAU OF 81 Agamennone, G. 148 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, BUREAU OF 85 AGRICULTURAL STABILIZATION AND CONSERVATION SERVICE 108 Agricultural War Relations, Office for 49 AGRICULTURE, DEPT. OF, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 44 AIR WEATHER SERVICE 153 Albert, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg 12 Alden, J. 73 Aldredge, Robert C. 135 Aldrich, Loyal B. 136 Aldrich, Michele 141 Alexander, Patrick 12 Alexander, Stephen -11 Allison, J. 117 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE 1 AMERICAN BAPTIST PUBLICATION AND SUNDAY SCHOOL SOCIETY 6 American Geophysical Union 38 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS 6 Ames, Nathaniel 8 Amundsen, Roald 12, 127 AMUNDSEN-ELLSWORTH ARCTIC EXPEDITION 124 ANDREWS, JOSEPH GARDNER 6 ARMY AIR FORCES. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 49 AZPELL, THOMAS F. 96 BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS 7, 11, 52, 137, 146 Bache, Nancy Clarke Fowler 137 BAIRD, SPENCER F. 142, 144 BALCHEN, COL. BERNT 153 BALDWIN, EVELYN BRIGGS 7,128-29 Bale, Shelby G., Jr. 124 Barnes, C.P. 88 Barnes, Joseph K. 95 Baum, Werner A. 24 Baxter, James Phinney, m 115 Bedini, Silvio A. 13 Behring, Vitus 22 Bell, Alexander Graham 9, 12 157 Bennett, Hugh H. 97 BERLANDIER, JEAN LOUIS 18, 137 BEST, BRIG. GEN. WILLIAM N. 153 Bien, Julius 22 Bishop, William D. 44 Blodget, Lorin 77, 142, 146 BLUE HILL COLLECTION 69 Bolin, Bert 18 Bosnett, James 30 BOYD, MAJOR VERNON D. 27 BOYDEN, URIAHA. 147 Brady, Matthew 17 BRANTZ, LEWIS 8 BRESSMAN, EARL N. 47 Brooks, Charles F. 24 Brown, Ralph 13 BROWNE, GEORGE W. 8 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 107 Burke, Edmund 44 Burnaby, Andrew 3 Bums, Dave 1 Burrows, C.R. 118 Butler, Henry Prentice 21 Buys Ballot, C.H.D. 146 Byrd, Admiral 126 Canal Zone Biological Area 136 Capron, Horace 44 CARLSON, WILLIAM S. 124 Cassedy, J.H. 135 Cattell, James McKeen 9 Cermond, H.H. 118 Chanute, Octave 12 Chamey, Jule 23 CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER, OFFICE OF THE 91 Meteorological Correspondence 55 CLARKE, JOHN 8 Clayton, Frances Lindley 138 CLAYTON, HENRY HELM 138 Clemson, Thomas G. 44 Clyde, John C. 138 COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 51 COAST SURVEY NOTEBOOKS 62 Coffin, James Henry 137-38, 141-42, 146 Colman, Norman J. 44 Compton, K.T. 117 CONSTITUTION (whaler) 9 Cood, Nathan L. 22 Cooper, Thomas 13 CORE COMMITTEES ON METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 33 Corwin, Leonard B. 101 Coulson, Thomas 140 COULTER, THOMAS 139 COURIER (whaler) 9 Cressman, George 19, 20 158

Crouch, Tom D. 6 CURLEY, JAMES 151 GUSHING, JACOB 9 Custis, Peter 10 CZEGAKA, MASTER TECHNICAL SERGEANT VICTOR H. 27 DALL, WILLIAM H. 139, 142 DALRYMPLE, PAUL 125 Dalton, John 146 Damm, Ernst 12 Daniell, John F. 146 Darter, Lewis J., Jr. 15 DAVIDSON, JAMES 126 DAVIES, DR. FRANK T. 126 Davis, Charles H. 71 Delisle, Joseph Nicholas 22 DEMAS, EPAMINONDAS J. 126 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FEDERAL EXTENSION SERVICE 70 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STILL MEDIA RECORDS CENTER 2 DeSaussure, Henry William 11 Dixon, Jeremiah 81 DOHM, C.F. 100 DORSEY, HERBERT G. 126 DRAPER FAMILY COLLECTION 148 Draper, Daniel 9, 148, 149 Draper, Daniel C. 9 Draper, Henry 148-49 Draper, John C. 148 Draper, John William 148-49 DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM and FAMILY 9 Dryden, Hugh L. 24 DuBridge, L.A. 117 Dunwoody, H.H.C. 149 East Gulf Blockading Squadron 13 Edison, Thomas A. 12 Eiffel, Alexander Gustave 9 Eisenhower, D.D. 122 EKLUND, DR. CARL R. 126 Ellsworth, Henry L. 44 ELLSWORTH, LINCOLN 127 ENGINEERS, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF 81 English, Dennis E. 155 ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARRANTINE, BUREAU OF 43 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SERVICES ADMINISTRATION 123 ESPY, JAMES POLLARD 10, 28, 77, 136, 142, 146 Evans, Lewis 133 Evans, T.C. 118 Ewbank, Thomas 44 FAIRFAX COUNTY -- ARCHIVES OF THE CIRCUIT COURT 3 Fauquier, Francis 3 Feldhaus, Gilbert 12 Ferrel, William 146 FESSENDEN, R.A. 61 Finch, Vernon c. 99 Finley, Clement A. 95 159

Fleming, James R. 54, 142 Force, Peter 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 21 FORCE, WILLIAM QUEREAU 10 FORDNOY, COLONEL CHESTER L. 27 FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICE 108 FOREIGN SERVICE POSTS 89 FOREST SERVICE 90 Francis, Frederick L. 13 Franklin, Benjamin 12, 133 Franks, James W. 155 FREEMAN, THOMAS 10 Friedman, Robert M. 20 FRIEZ, JULIEN PIERRE 150 Friis, Herman R. 124 Fry,T.C. 118 GALLOWAY, BEVERLEY T. 48 Gardner, Alex 17 Gatty, Joseph 30 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 80 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 GEORGETOWN COLLEGE OBSERVATORY 4 GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 4 GERMAN METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE 153 GIBBES, LEWIS REEVES 11 Gibbes, Miss S.P. 11 Glassford, William A. 12 GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM (GARP) 34 Goetzmann, William H. 82 Golder, Frank A. 22 GOOD RETURN (whaler) 11 Gore, Howard M. 44 Gould, L. 130 Graves, L.M. 118 GREELY, ADOLPHUS WASHINGTON 11, 65 Greely, Miss Rose 11 Greene, John C. 13 Griffin, S.W. 79, 86 GRIMMINGER, GEORGE 127 Grosvenor, Gilbert H. 12 Gunn, Ross 21 Guyot, Arnold Henry 55, 138, 142, 146 HAINES, WILLIAM C. 127 Haines, William Cassius 126 Hallgren, Richard E. 19 Hammond, William A. 95 Hardie, James A. 18 Hare, Robert 146 Harris, Oren 24 Harrison, Henry T. 126, 127 Hayes, Isaac 51 HAZARD, EBENEZER 12 Hazard, Samuel 12 Hazen, William Babcock 12 Henning, Robert 150 160

Henry, Harriet 141 Henry, Joseph 11, 22, 28, 55, 137, 140-42, 144, 146 HENRY, JOSEPH. PAPERS 145 Henry, Mary A. 141 Herrick, Edward C. 11 HILDEBRANDT, ALFRED LOUIS HEINRICH 12 HILL, MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM P.T. 27,28 Hilliard, Jack B. 27 Hodges, Silas H. 44 HOFFMAN, CHARLES 12 Holley, William 9 Holmboa, J. 124 HOLMES,ABIEL 12 Holoway, David P. 44 Holt, Joseph 44 Holt, W. Stull 82 HORNER, GUSTAVUS RICHARD BROWN 13 Houghton, Henry G. 23, 24 Houston, David F. 44 Hoy, Harry 89 HUBBARD, COL. CHARLES J. 127 Hull, Mrs. M.L. 25 Hume, Edgar Erskine 134 Humphreys, William J. 5 Hunsaker, J.C. 24 Hunt, Thomas 6 Hyde, Arthur M. 44 HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE 71 INDIAN AFFAIRS, BUREAU OF 81 INSTRUMENTS, EXPERIMENTAL 67 INTERIOR, SECRETARY OF THE 77 International Association for Geochemistry & Cosmochemistry 36 International Association of Geomagnetism & Aeronomy 36 International Association of Meteorology 36 International Association of Scientific Hydrology 36 International Biological Program 36 International Council of Scientific Unions 32, 34, 36 INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR 32,36 U.S. National Committee 32 International Meteorological Organization 36 International Research Council 36 INTERNATIONAL SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATIONS 62 International Symposium on Atmospheric Diffusion & Air Pollution 36 International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics 36 International Union of Geology and Geodesy 34 International Union of Radiotelegraphy 36 International Union of Scientific Radio 36 Jardine, William M. 44 Jefferson, Thomas 10, 13 Jessup, L.T. 88 Johnson, Leland R. 155 Johnstone, H.F. 116 Jolliffe, C.B. 117 Jones, Loren F. 117 161

JUDAH, HENRY MOSES 13 Kane, Elisha K. 51 KARNAK(ship) 13 Kauper, Erwin K. 155 Kennedy, John F. 19, 34 Killian, James B. 122 Kincer, J.B. 87 KIRKPATRICK, JAMES A. AND SARAH E. 13 Kober, George M. 15 Kohlstedt, Sally G. 1 Lake Survey 82 LAKE SURVEY RECORDS 62 LANDSBERG, HELMUT E. 152 Langley, Samuel P. 12, 136, 141, 144-45 LANGMUIR, IRVING 14 Lapham, Increase Allen 146 Latimer, W.L. 116 Lawson, Thomas 95-96 Lear, Tobias 29 LeDuc, William G. 44 Leighly, John 15 LEMAY, GEN CURTIS 153 LERCH, ROBERT L. 72 LEWIS (whaler) 14 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, MANUSCRIPT DIVISION 5 Lindenkohl, Adolph 22 Lindenkohl, Henry 22 LINDSEY, DR. ALTON A. 127 Lining, John 134 Linn, Robert M. 155 Lockweed-Jones, Rosalee 25 Loomis, Elias 11, 142 Loring, George B. 44 Lovell, Joseph 95 Ludlow, Ann Maury 9 M'Clintock, Sir Francis 51 Manning, George 23 Marconi, Gugliemo 12 MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTER 27 Marschner, F.J. 87, 88 MARTIN LUTHER KING MEMORIAL LIBRARY 28 Mason, Charles 44, 81 MAURY LOGS 69 Maury, Antonia C. 149 MAURY, MATTHEW FONTAINE 11, 14, 18, 23, 71-74, 84, 146, 148 Maury, Thompson B. 16 May, P.M.W. 73 McCabe, W.L. 116 McClellan, General 91 McKinley, President 112 Melloni, M. 148 Menoher, Charles T. 50 Meredith, Edwin T. 44 Mergentheler, Ottomar 150 162

Merriam, C. Hart 98 MILITARY ARCHIVES, OFFICE OF, SEIZED ENEMY RECORDS 119 Miller, Hunter 22 Miner, Mrs. Dwight M. 9 Mitchell, Billy 12 Mobile, Umberto 127 Moffett, W.A. 81 Moreaux, Th. 16 Morton, J. Sterling 44 Mott, Valentine 9 MOUNT VERNON LADIES ASSOCIATION OF THE UNION 29 Moyer, W. Joseph 152 Mulford, F.L. 98, 99 Murnaghan, F.D. 118 Murray, A.F. 117 MYER, ALBERT JAMES 15, 91,146 Myer,H.B. 18 Namias, Jerome 19 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 112 ARCHIVES 30 SPECIAL COMMITTEES 37 National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 120 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 120 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM 146 NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION 42 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 132 GIFT COLLECTION 113 GIFT COLLECTION ON POLAR REGIONS 124 PRE-FEDERAL MAPS 133 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 106,109 NATIONAL DEFENSE RESEARCH COMMITTEE 116 National Institute for the Promotion of Science 136 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE 134 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147 ARCHIVES CENTER 147 DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES 150 PHYSICAL SCIENCES PHOTOGRAPH COLLECTION 151 NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION 135 NATIONAL PLANNING BOARD 112 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, COMMITTEES AND ASSEMBLIES 38 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 121 NAVAL OBSERVATORY 84 JOURNALS 62 NAVAL OPERATING FORCES 121 NAVAL OPERATIONS, OFFICE OF THE CHIEF 76 NAVAL RECORDS COLLECTION 77 NCAR 34 Neiburger, Morris 19 NEW ENGLAND FISHING SCHOONER LOGBOOKS 142 Newcomb, Simon 140 Newton, Isaac 44 NICARAGUA CANAL SURVEY 129 Nicholson, Walter L. 137 NICOLLET, JOSEPH NICOLAS 18 163

Noyes, W.A. 116 O'Quinlivan, Michael 27 Obendorf, L. 141 Odishaw, Hugh 24 OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 122 OFFICE OF TERRITORIES 107 Olmsted, Denison 110 OSCANYAN, COLONEL PAUL C. 128 Pacific Science Association 36 Pacific Science Congress 36 Paine, S.C. 75 PALADIUM (schooner) 18 Pan Indian Ocean Scientific Association 36 PANAMA CANAL 110 PARKER, MAJOR ALTON N. 27 PATRONICK, JOSEPH 128 Paxson, E.W. 118 Peary, Robert E. 12, 128 Perry, Matthew C. 72 Pettersen, S. 21 Phillips, Sir Thomas 18 Pierce, W.C. 116 Pike, Zebulon 89 PLANT INDUSTRY, SOILS, AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, BUREAU OF 77 POLAR REGIONS, NATIONAL ARCHIVES GIFT COLLECTION 124 POULTER, THOMAS C. 129 Pratt, Haraden 117 PRE-FEDERAL MAPS IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES 133 PUBLICATIONS OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT 121 Purdy,E.S. 16 QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, OFFICE OF THE 89 Raisz, Erwin 89 Rakestraw, Joseph 30 Randolph, Frederick J. 13 Ravenstein, Hans 12 Redfield, William C. 1, 11,146 Reed, William G. 87 Reichelderfer, Bruce A. 18 REICHELDERFER, FRANCIS WILTON 18, 24, 120 Reid, William 146 Reingold, Nathan 5, 140 ROBERTS, CHARLES L., JR. 123 Rodebush, W.H. 116 Rogers, Elmer E. 7 RONNE, CAPTAIN FINN 129 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 19 Roosevelt, Theodore 12 Rossby, C.G. 6, 18, 19, 20, 23 Roth, Benjamin 126 Rouse, Edward G. 13 ROWLAND, WILLIAM F. 21 RUBIN, MORTON J. 129 Rusk, Jeremiah M. 44 164

RUSSIA. AKADEMII NAUK. ARKHIV (LENINGRAD) 22 SARGENT, RUFUS HARVEY 22 Scheimpflug, Karl 12 Scheips, Paul J. 15 SCHNEIDER, LEONARD R. 129 SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY B. 81 SCHOTT, CHARLES ANTHONY 22,51,142 Schubert, Frank N. 154 SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, OFFICE OF 114 Seaman, A.G. 23 SEELIG, WALTER R. 129 Settle, T.G.W. 27 Shea, Petrina Abbe 5 Shedd, Mrs. George H. 11 Shirley, William 8 Signal Office, Meteorological Correspondence 55 Sigsbee, C.D. 75 Skinner, W.W. 86 Smagorinsky, Joseph 21, 150 Smart, Charles 134 Smith, De Witt 155 SMITH, GENERAL OLIVER P. 28 Smithsonian Institution 13, 90, 136 ARCHIVES 136 DIBNER LIBRARY 150 DIVISION OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES 139 Meteorological Correspondence 55 METEOROLOGICAL PROJECT 141, 146 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM 146 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY 147 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 142-45 Tropical Research Institute 136 Smyth, Charles Piazzi 9 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 97 Solomon, Samuel. Collection 3 Spanberg, Martin 22 Spengler, Kenneth C. 19 Spillhaus, Athelston 6 STATE, DEPARTMENT OF 81 Stejneger, Leonhard 136 Steward, Guy 99 Stine, O.C. 87 Stokes, John W. 44 SULLIVAN, PAUL 130 SURGEON GENERAL (ARMY) 95 Tabba 21 Taft, William Howard 12 TAYLOR, HENRY C. 87 Taylor, John Rogers Meigs 15 Taylor, W.B. 140 THAMES (whaler) 22 THOMAS, CHARLES WARD 130 Thomas, Phillip F. 44 THORNTHWAITE, C. WARREN 99 165 Thornthwaite, C.W. 98-101 Tichomirov, E.I. 22 Tilton, James 134 TREASURY, DEPARTMENT OF 80 Tyndall, John 9 United Nations 36 U.S. AIR FORCE 2 HEADQUARTERS 122 HISTORY OFFICE 152 U.S. ANTARCIC SERVICE EXPEDITION 130 U.S. Army 2 CENTER FOR MILITARY HISTORY 154 CORPS OF ENGINEERS 154 SURGEON GENERAL 95 U.S. COAST GUARD 53 U.S. Coast Survey 7 U.S. COURT OF CLAIMS 107 U.S. Department of Commerce 14 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 155 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 119 U.S. Marines 2 MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL CENTER 27 U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY 131 U.S. National Committee for the International Geophysical Year 32 U.S. NAVAL ACADEMY 132 U.S. NAVAL OBSERVATORY 22 U.S. Navy 2 Depot of Charts and Instruments 15 U.S. SENATE 77 UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND 152 USF Savannah 13 USF United States 13 USS John Adams 13 Van Cleef, E. 87 Vance, Dale L. 155 Verhoeff, John 128-29 VESTINE, ERNEST HARRY 23 Victory, John F. 120 VON NEUMANN, JOHN 23-24 VON SIEBOLD, PHILIPP FRANZ 23 von Zeppelin, Graf Ferdinand 12 WALCOTT, CHARLES D. 145 Walden, Judge E. 17 Walker, Frances Amasa 22 Wallace, Henry A. 19,44 Wallace, Henry C. 44 WAR INFORMATION, OFFICE OF 113 Warren, Joseph 18 WASHINGTON, GEORGE 24, 29 PRIVATE DIARY 29 Washington, George Augustine 29 Washington, Lund 29 Washington, Martha 29 WATERHOUSE, BENJAMIN 134 1 66

Watts, Frederick 44 WEATHER BUREAU 54 Administrative and Fiscal Records 61 Diaries, Journals, and Misc. Papers 65 General Correspondence 58 Other Records 66 Records of Marine Observations 64 Records of Polar Expeditions 65 Records of Surface Land Observations 61 Weber, Gustavus A. 54 Werth, James R. 14 WETMORE, ALEXANDER 145 Wexler, Hannah 24 Wexler, Harry 21, 24 Wexler, Libby 24 Wexler, Susan 24 WHEELER, GEORGE M. 82 Whipple, Fred L. 24 WHITE, JOHN 25 White, Robert 19, 20 White, Simeon 18 Whitnah, Donald R. 21, 54 Wilkes, C. Denby 25 Wilkes, Charles 19, 25, 72, 77 Williams, Frances Leigh 15 Wilson, E.R. 76 Wilson, James 44 WING, PELEG 26 Winthrop, Colonel 18 WMO 34,36 WNET/13 130 Wollard, George F. 23 Wood, Charles A. 27 Wright Brothers 12 WRIGHT BROTHERS MATERIAL 69 ORVILLE AND WILBUR 26 Yost, D.M. 116 Zuccolo, Vitale 150 167

About the author:

James R. Fleming is an Assistant Professor of Science and Technology Studies in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Colby College, Waterville, Maine (04901). He received a B.S. in astronomy from Pennsylvania State University, an M.S. in atmospheric science from Colorado State University, and a Ph.D. in history of science from Princeton University. He was a Smithsonian Fellow with the Joseph Henry Papers, and, in 1987- 88, served as a historical consultant for the American Meteorological Society. His book, Meteorology in America, 1814-1874, is forthcoming from the Johns Hopkins University Press.