RAUL TOOMLA De Facto States in the International System
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DISSERTATIONES RERUM RAUL TOOMLA RAUL POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk TARTUENSIS 10 De facto states in the international system: Conditions for (in-)formal engagement (in-)formal Conditions for De facto states in the international system: RAUL TOOMLA De facto states in the international system: Conditions for (in-)formal engagement Tartu 2013 ISSN 1736–4205 ISBN 978–9949–32–466–8 CORE Provided by DSpace at Tartu University Library DISSERTATIONES RERUM POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 DISSERTATIONES RERUM POLITICARUM UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 10 RAUL TOOMLA De facto states in the international system: Conditions for (in-)formal engagement Institute of Government and Politics, University of Tartu, Estonia. Dissertation has been accepted for the commencement of the degree of doctor of Philosophy (in Political Science) on 15.11.2013 by the Council of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, University of Tartu. Supervisor: Eiki Berg, Professor, Institute of Government and Politics, University of Tartu Opponent: Deon Geldenhuys, Professor, Department of Politics, University of Johannesburg Commencement: January 16, 2014, at 10.00 The publication of this dissertation is granted by the Institute of Government and Politics, University of Tartu and by the Doctoral School of Behavioural, Social and Health Sciences created under the auspices of European Union Social Fund. ISSN 1736–4205 ISBN 978–9949–32–466–8 (print) ISBN 978–9949–32–467–5 (pdf) Copyright: Raul Toomla University of Tartu Press www.tyk.ee CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 9 1. CONCEPTUALISATION AND CASE SELECTION ............................ 14 1.1. Understanding the world of political units ........................................ 14 1.1.1. The international community .................................................. 14 1.1.2. International society ................................................................ 16 1.1.3. The international system ......................................................... 17 1.2. Quest for de facto statehood .............................................................. 25 1.2.1. The state in international law .................................................. 25 1.2.2. Sovereignty ............................................................................. 28 1.2.3. The de facto state ..................................................................... 33 1.2.3.1. De facto states ............................................................ 34 1.2.3.2. Pseudo-states .............................................................. 37 1.2.3.3. Statelike entity ............................................................ 38 1.2.3.4. States-within-states ..................................................... 39 1.2.3.5. Quasi-state .................................................................. 41 1.2.3.6. Contested states .......................................................... 43 1.2.3.7. Non-recognised/Unrecognised states ......................... 44 1.2.3.8. Other concepts ............................................................ 45 1.2.4. Comparison of different approaches ....................................... 47 1.3. Case selection .................................................................................... 59 1.3.1. Abkhazia........................................................................ 59 1.3.2. South Ossetia ................................................................. 62 1.3.3. Nagorno-Karabakh ........................................................ 64 1.3.4. Transnistria .................................................................... 66 1.3.5. TRNC ............................................................................ 69 1.3.6. Somaliland ..................................................................... 71 1.3.7. Kosovo .......................................................................... 73 1.3.8. Taiwan ........................................................................... 76 1.3.9. Palestine ........................................................................ 79 1.3.10. Western Sahara ............................................................ 81 1.4. Filling the System with Conditions ................................................... 83 1.4.1. Representations, involvement in international organisations and formal recognition ............................ 83 1.4.2. Structure ........................................................................ 86 1.4.3. Powerful patron ............................................................. 87 1.4.4. Economy........................................................................ 89 1.4.5. Human rights ................................................................. 90 1.4.6. Omitted conditions ........................................................ 92 5 2 2. METHOD AND DATA ............................................................................. 93 2.1. Introduction to set-theoretic methods ................................................ 93 2.2. Main concepts and language of QCA ................................................ 95 2.2.1. Conditions, outcome and solution ........................................... 96 2.2.2. Logical operators ..................................................................... 97 2.2.3. Necessity and sufficiency ........................................................ 98 2.2.4. Parameters of fit ...................................................................... 99 2.2.5. Limited diversity ..................................................................... 101 2.2.6. Causal complexity ................................................................... 102 2.3. QCA and de facto states .................................................................... 103 2.4. Calibration ......................................................................................... 104 2.4.1. Applying calibration to data .................................................... 109 3. ANALYSIS PROPER ............................................................................... 113 3.1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 113 3.2. Representations .................................................................................. 115 3.2.1. Analysis with the economy as a whole ................................... 115 3.2.1.1. What leads to having foreign representations? ........... 115 3.2.1.2. What leads to no represenatations? ............................ 126 3.2.2. Dismantling the economy – analysis with different economic conditions ........................... 132 3.2.2.1 What leads to representations? .................................... 132 3.2.2.2. What leads to no representations? .............................. 137 3.2.3. Adding borderline cases .......................................................... 141 3.2.3.1. Sufficient conditions .................................................. 141 3.2.3.2. Necessary conditions .................................................. 143 3.2.4. Conclusions on representations ............................................... 144 3.3. Recognitions ...................................................................................... 148 3.3.1. The economy as a whole ......................................................... 148 3.3.1.1. What leads to recognitions ......................................... 148 3.3.1.2. The absence of the outcome ....................................... 153 3.3.2. Analysis with the economic OR .............................................. 156 3.3.2.1. What leads to recognition? ......................................... 156 3.3.2.2. The absence of outcome ............................................. 159 3.3.3. Adding borderline cases .......................................................... 160 3.3.4. Conclusions on recognition ..................................................... 163 3.4. International organisations ................................................................ 165 3.5. Discussion on the results ................................................................... 169 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 185 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ......................................................................... 196 ENDNOTES ................................................................................................... 203 CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 205 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been accomplished thanks to the support of many people. First, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at the Institute of Government and Politics who have through the years been very helpful. Especially, my gratitude goes to my supervisor Prof. Eiki Berg for support, advice and feedback given during the writing of the theses. This rather fruitful cooperation made the thesis possible. Also I am especially grateful to Dr. Mihkel Solvak for his comments on the methodological side of the thesis and, indeed, for introducing me to the method of QCA in the first place. Secondly, I would like to thank