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THE ANALYSIS OF PARALINGUISTIC FEATURES

IN TEXT

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for Requirements For The Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

By:

Sabila Rosdiana

C0308006

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA

2012

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PRONOUNCEMENT

The researcher honestly declares that the thesis The Analysis of Paralinguistic

Features in Twitter Textsis not a plagiarism. The thesis is originally written by the

written in quotation and stated in the bibliography.

If the pronouncement is proven to be incorrect, I will be ready to accept any

academic consequence and penalty, including the cancellation of the thesis and

academic degree obtained from completing the thesis and study.

Surakarta, November 2012

Sabila Rosdiana

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(Waltz Disney)

(Surah Al-Insyirah 5)

(Onew, SHINee)

(Infinite)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

, praise and gratitude are to the Most Merciful

and the Most Beneficent, Allah SWT, for blessing the writer in accomplishing this

thesis entitledTheAnalysis of Paralinguistic Features in Twitter Texts. I would

like to express her deepest gratitude and appreciation to the people who have ever

helped her in finishing this thesis.

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed.,Ph.D. as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and

Fine Arts for giving the approval for this thesis.

2. Drs. Agus Hari Wibowo, M.Hum.,Ph.Das the Head of English Department

for supporting the finishing of this thesis.

3. Dr. Sri Marmanto, M.Humas mythesis consultant for guiding me in

accomplishing this thesis. Thank you for the patience and suggestion to

assist me in finishing this thesis.

4. Dra. SK Habsari, M.Hum.,Ph.D as my academic supervisor for the

assistance during my study. Thank you for the guidance and support

during my study in Sebelas Maret University.

5.

although it was just a short time we met, thank for your kindness and

support.

6. All the lecturers in English Department, who had taught me, thank you for

giving guidance during my study.

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7. The lifetime motivators, my endless lovemother and father, my two

brothers, my sister in-law an coming-soon

thank you for thesupport, and pray that is always spoken every time.

8.

me happy when I was getting bored in finishing my thesis.

9. My Shining Stars, Skull Princess, KANSAS, Kiki unnie and Momo.

Thank you for being my eternal friends.

10. My Twitter , Unay

unnie, Ekka,Oliph,KBS fellas and everyone whom I could not write here.

Thank you for the support.

11. All English Department 2008students.

12. Everyone whom I meet in my life.

13. The last but not least, My Infinite, SHINee and B1A4 boys who always

accompanied me in finishing my thesis. .

I realize that this report is not perfect, in order to make it better, I accept

some advice and criticism. Finally, I wish this research paper would be useful for

all readers.

Surakarta,November 2012

The researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

vii

TABLE OF CO ix

LIST OF xii

xiii

ABSTRACT xiv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. 1

B. 7

C. 7

D. 8

E. Researc 8

F. Research Benefits 9

G. 9

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CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW

A. Communication 11

B. . 12

C. Speech Community 13

D. Internet Language 14

E. Paralinguistics 17

F. 18

G. Twitter 22

1. Brief History of Twitter 22

2. How Twitter 24

3. Features of Twitter 25

4. Article related with Twitter 27

H. 29

I. Other Relat 30

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of 32

B. Data and Source of Data 32

C. Sample and Sam 33

D. Research Procedure 34

E. Technique of Col 34

F. Technique of 35

G. Technique of An 37

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CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS

A. Introduction to Data Analysis 38

B. Data Analysi 39

C. Discus 92

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. 101

B. Suggest 107

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1. Classification of Paralanguage Features ... 39

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 12

Figure 2.2 Smiley 22

Figure 2.3 Verified Account on Twitter 24

Figure 4.1 98

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Human beings are social beings who need others to help them in living.

They live in society which most activities are usually done relating to each other.

Therefore, they need communication to interact with others. Communication

happens between two or more persons whom relate to each other. It is used by

human beings to get their needs. It is also needed to maintain good relationship

with others. In short, communication holds an important role for human beings.

To communicate, human beings need a tool called language. Language is

the main instrument in communication. It is used to convey meaning from one

person to another. According to Sapir, Language is a purely human and non-

instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of

voluntarily produced symbols (1921:8). Symbols are sounds or things which have

meaning given to person by the users and originally, the meaning is arbitrarily

assigned. In other words, language is built from symbols and constructs a meaning

(O'Neil, 2006). Language is as a systematic, the conventional use of sounds, signs,

or written symbol in a human society for communication and self-expression

(Crystal in Tonkin, 2004). In short, human uses language to express emotion or

ideas in order to communicate with many kinds of variation symbols that have

been conventionally assigned whether by any certain of group or large group.

Nowadays, with the development of technology, people could

communicate with others at anytime and any places in the world. Cell phone, commit to user

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computer and laptop are always being developed to the more sophisticated one in

order to help people become more mobile in communication for instance SMS

(Short Message Service) and it is called Computer Mediated-Communication

(CMC). Mostly the CMC is text-based which is similar with written

communication (Herring, 2001). Moreover, Internet access is also being a part of

CMC that attracts many people to use it. It is also stated that language will change

1). The sophisticated

technologies, the developments of new products and new experiences must need

new proper words to refer them more clearly and efficiently. Internet itself makes

some changes into the nature of language. It is called Internet Language or

NetSpeak. Davis and Brewer, quoted from Crystal (2001), explained that it is

writing that very often reads as if it were being spoken and as if the sender were

writing talking. Internet language or NetSpeak is invariably more dynamic,

unpredictable, spontaneous, and public (Thurlow, 2001). Therefore, it appeals its

users since every written message is read as it is spoken by the sender. The

different types and styles of language are being written as it is spoken, for instance

language of geeks and its jargons which has a strong influence to the characteristic

of NetSpeak (Crystal, 2001: 25).

It is clear that the NetSpeak has different mode which combines the

spoken and written mode. One of the differences between the spoken and written

mode itself is the usage of paralanguage. In spoken mode, people could transfer

message featured with intonation, tone, pitch, etc which helps the sender to

modify meaning or convey emotion. (Crystal, 1975). Meanwhile, NetSpeak is

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quite different. Although it is text-based, the user of NetSpeak still could employ

some paralanguage expressions which make it looks like it is being spoken face-

to-face. Thus, the form of paralanguage itself is also in written form. The

existence of paralanguage in NetSpeak somehow appeals many users to join the

conversation or getting related into Internet. It is also stated that without that kind

of expressions, the chatting on the Net would be pretty boring (Roeder in

Voichici, 2004).

Commonly, paralanguage is always related to non-verbal elements such

as tone, pitch, facial expression, gesture and many more but it is quite different in

NetSpeak. Everything is written and so does the expression. For the example, the

use of exaggerate of exclamation mark (!!!!) which means that the sender wants

something to be necessarily noticed. There are some others paralanguage features

which would clearly present later. As the nature of paralanguage, it is not literally

seen as language, but one of the language properties which seem to have

important role in the communication of meaning (Crystal, 1975: 163).

Internet access makes people invent new tool in communication which is

well-known as Social Networking. The emergence of Social Networking Sites

(SNS) leads people to interact more often to share interest, activities, ideas or real-

life connections within their individual network. In 2005, Facebook was

introduced by Mark Zuckerberg. This sophisticated technology where people

could share their daily-life activities and photos becomes one of the most popular

sites in the world. According to Hachman (2012), there are over 900 million

people registered on Facebook in May 2012 and it proves that people have a high

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interest on Social Networking. One year later, a new site came out namely Twitter.

It also made a hit in lately worldwide raking of Social Networking services which

already have had 200 million active users in 2012 (Twitter Blog, 2012). It is quite

different from its competitor, Facebook. The most striking difference is the

limitation of words that people could share. Facebook has no limitation words to

say, people could write whatever they want to say. Meanwhile, Twitter only

tweets

Twitter distinguish and also considered as online micro-blogging. The other one is

communication concept. Widely known, the Facebook user should ask the other

Otherwise, Twitter follower and following

tweets, they will get many followers. While following

is like if the users have the same interest or want update news, they will follow

some accounts which contain their interest without asking permission. Twitter

somehow is more public than Facebook if the users do not lock their tweets.

Tweets contain of many things such as news, spam, promotion, pass-

along value, pointless-babbles and conversation. According to pearanalytics

(2009), pointless-babbles and conversation have the biggest percentage while the

rest share in the similar percentage. Pointless- I am

watching TV now tweet, is like sharing their daily life activities or does not

contain any serious thing on the tweets. While the conversational is like chatting

@

sharing ideas which somehow they also have the same interests.

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Twitter is one of the social media where the paralanguage features could

be found easily. Twitter is also a place where people make new term in

abbreviating or committing a new symbol of emotion or known as emoticon. Even

though, the users only update their status, they mostly like to put some unique

symbols to express their condition or feeling at that time. It could be seen at the

example below:

DAY 2 complete This filming is killin me a bit more than usual for some reason -_-

This was tweeted by (American Youtube artist) when he had a

tour in March 15, 2012. Seeing the tweet, it might be unfamiliar to people who do

not have a Twitter account. Firstly look, it is included as informal language.

capital letters, the multiple periods emoticon -_- . He used

some symbols in order to make the tweet To

people who has been being active on Twitter, this tweet is easily understood. On

-_- . Each of these

symbols has different meaning. Capital letters of the word is used to

emphasize the word meanwhile the repetition of periods is used to give a

pause and the emoticon -_- means that he was confused with the condition that

he felt This filming is killin me a bit more than usual for some

on the second day when it was completed. He expressed what he felt on

that day using symbols.

It can be seen that the paralanguage features is used to make the tweet

more alive like it is being spoken. Twitter is a place to share everything like ideas, commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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news or only the daily life which is known as pointless-babbles. Although it is a

pointless-babble, they always use an informal language or usually known as

colloquial. They share everything they have like they are talking to many people

whom will respond them. That is Twitter where many people get together in one

place to share their daily life like they communicate to each other.

Besides, there are many people registered on Twitter including men,

women, young, adult who have many different interests and jobs including

celebrities as well. Twitter allows celebrities to have the blue-checked mark as a

sign that it has verified that the account is the real account from the celebrities.

The American Celebrities Twitter accounts would be used as the object of this

followers so it could be a good representative

since their style could be imitated .

Therefore, based on this phenomenon, this research is focused to analyze

the paralanguage features on tweets, containing babbles and conversational

between the Twitter users. The object of this analysis is the tweets written by

American Celebrities. It attempts to find out the variety of paralanguage features

used on Twitter and describe the meaning of each paralanguage feature in the

tweet. PARALANGUAGE

FEATURES IN TWITTER TEXTS

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B. Problem Statement

The research is conducted to answer the following problems:

1. What are the types of paralinguistic features that are commonly used on

Twitter?

2. What is the meaning of each paralinguistic features which is employed

in tweets on Twitter?

C. Research Objective

The research is conducted to:

1. Find out the types of paralinguistic features that are mostly used on

Twitter.

2. Describe the meaning of each paralinguistic features which is employed in

tweets on Twitter

D. Research Limitation

The research is to find out the types of paralanguage features that are

mostly used on Twitter and to describe each meaning. The types of paralinguistic

features are using the classification from the most common strategies used by the

user on Internet from Thurlow (2001) and Carey (1980). It consists of vocal

spelling, lexical surrogates and many others which will be explained more detail

in Chapter II. The object is also limited only the American Celebrities whom have

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more than five hundred thousand millions of followers and are also verified by

Twitter.

E. Research Methodology

This research belongs to a descriptive research. It refers to the method of

solving problems by collecting, classifying and interpreting the data of the

research.

In this research, the paralinguistic features commonly used on Twitter are

described. Firstly, choose the Celebrities whom fulfill the requirement which are

verified by Twitter. Thus, the data are collected from the tweets that are written by

the Celebrities, the data must tweets which contain the paralanguage feature.

Then, classify them into the determined categorizations to find out the type of

paralinguistic features used on Twitter. Finally, analyze the paralinguistic features

to describe what its meaning.

F. Research Benefits

The research is expected to be beneficial for:

1. students of the English Department: to let them know that the new social

networking services, considered as micro-blogging, named Twitter makes

such a phenomenon in English language. It also gives information that

Twitter is a place where people use the paralanguage features in written

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2. lecturers: to provide information paralinguistic features that is used in

Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) especially on Twitter. The

forms of paralinguistic features are served in order to be beneficial for

further research especially on the paralanguage expression.

3. other researchers: to inspire a good alternative to conduct researches in

language study and to give the information with the evidence about the

contribution of Twitter in our language especially English and its Internet

Slang used by the American Celebrities on Twitter.

G. Thesis Organization

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION. It covers Research Background, Problem

Statement, Research Objective, Research Benefits, Research

Limitation and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERARY REVIEW. It discusses Communication,

Language, Speech Community, Internet Language,

Paralinguistics, Paralanguage in CMC, Twitter, Celebrities,

and Other Related Study.

CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, covering Type of

Research, Data and Data Source, Sample and Sampling

Technique, Research Procedure, Technique of Collecting Data,

Data Coding and Technique of Data Analysis.

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CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS. It covers Introduction to Analysis, Data Analysis

and Discussion.

CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will concern with the literature review which describes

some points the theories as the bases to the analyses. In order to make this

analysis is well understood, the researcher needs some theories related to support

the ideas and to solve the problems found in the analysis.

a. Communication

Middle English (Old

French) comunicacion, from Latin communicatio(n-), from the verb communicare

'to share'. So, communication is a way to share thoughts and express emotions

which contains a message, so that there will be understanding among those who

involve in it.

Communication is a process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts,

feelings and emotions through speech, signal, writing, or behavior (Notes Desk,

Williamson (2008) also tries to explain communication with a diagram

which shows a process of participants in getting and giving feedback:

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ENCODE ENCODE

INTERPRET INTERPRET

DECODE DECODE

Figure 2.1. Diagram of Communication

In another point, Cooley (in Effendy, 1981: 40) explains communication

as the mechanism causing relationship between human and thing that develop

symbols of thought, along with the device to send the message in space and to

record it in time. This includes gesture, mimic, sound, written text, telegraph,

telephone and any latest invention to master space and time.

As stated above, it can be concluded that communications is a process of

transmitting information, ideas, feelings, and attitudes from one person to another

which have the same interpretation toward the massage transmitted so that the one

who gets the message could give response to the sender.

b. Language

As stated in Chapter I, language is the main instrument of

communication. Harttman also states that language is the most fundamental means

of communication (1972: 123). Therefore, every communication needs language

to transfer a message or idea. Practically, language is divided into three forms.

Firstly, it is spoken language. It is language that is transferred orally or with

spoken words. It can be face-to-face communication or speech, or communication

by phone. Secondly, it is written language which means language transferred by commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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written, language that is delivered by written form and symbols. Lastly, it is silent

language. It is language which is not spoken and written. It is language that is

transferred with body gesture like hands or facial expression.

Many experts also define language into some definitions. According to

Yawkey (quoted in Mukhtar Abadi, 2010: 1), language is arbitrary system of

articulated sound made of by a group of human as means of carrying on their

society. The other definition from Sapir, he says that language is a purely human

and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by

means of voluntarily produced symbols (1921:8). It can be concluded that

language is a symbol that is produced by human to communicate.

c. Speech Community

According to Morgan (2004) explains that speech community is a

concept which takes a fact that language represents, embodies, construct and

constitutes meaningful participation in a society and culture.

Bloomfield (as quoted in Morgan, 2004), states that speech community is

a group of people who used the same set of speech signal. The members of the

group share the same set norms about the use of language which is distinctive

with any other groups or community.

In short, it might be concluded that speech community is a group of

people who shares the same way of speaking. They use sign, symbol and style

which are different with the other groups. The one who do not belong to the

community might be awkward when they enter the community since they have commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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not recognized how to use the language and what kinds of signal employed in the

community.

d. Internet Language

Internet language is language which broadly used by the users of

Internet. Linguists are called it as NetSpeak or Computer-Mediated

Communication (CMC). What makes different between language and internet

language is only the medium of transferring the language itself. The Internet is an

electronic, global and interactive medium and each of these properties has

consequence for the kind of language found there (Crystal, 2001: 24).

Furthermore, Herring (2001) states that CMC is communication produced by

people interact with one another by transferring messages via network computer.

Instead of the medium, the other difference is the way of transmitting the

language. Commonly, people have already known about the form of how

language is transmitted, such as spoken and written language. According to

Vincent & Kathryn (2005), spoken is a dynamic transfer of information since it

could employ signal like gesture, intonation, volume, pitch, pause, movement and

any visual cues such as appearance while written is a fairly static from of transfer

as it could only employ written symbols or signs to transfer the message. Based

on the way a person exploits words, oral and written are a

Donnell, as quoted in Chafe & Tannen (1987: 386), finds that the written

contained more gerunds, participles, attributive adjectives, passives and modal

and perfective auxiliaries while the spoken had more noun clause, infinitives and commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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progressive auxiliaries. Seeing the differences, what NetSpeak should be included

addition, Hale and Scanlon (1999) in Wired Style explain that NetSpeak is

NetSpeak is a mixture

between spoken and written language. Crystal (2001:28) also adds that NetSpeak,

as a form of communication, belongs to both spoken and written mode. Most of

CMC (include NetSpeak) are text-based which is messages are typed on a

computer keyboard and read as text on computer screen, typically the sender and

the receiver are in the different location (Herring, 2001). Although it is written,

tal 2001:29).

According to Crystal (2001: 6), there are four situations on Internet

boards which could be distinguished which their language is seen significantly

distinctive. There are Email, Chatgroups (Synchronous and Asynchronous),

Virtual worlds, and WWW (World Wide Web).

Email originally comes from the phrase . It is the use

of computer system to transfer message between users (Crystal, 2001: 10). It is

quite similar with SMS (short message service) which they transfer their message

users

account on some sites for instance Yahoo!, Google, Live Messenger, etc.

Chatgroup is divided into two situations which are distinguished by the

time of the users log on. The one is asynchronous group chat. This kind of

chatting is keeping all the activities done by a group as they post, comment or

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only read the news or issues. Although the members of the group are already late

with the news or discussions, they still could catch up everything since the sites is

stored in some format and made in available for every users (Crystal, 2001: 11).

For examples are bulletin boards and mailing list.

The other one is synchronous group chat. It needs the user to register and

log on for entering the site. According to Crystal, this situation is when the user

enters a chat room and joins a conversation in real time (2001: 11). The most

popular site for this situation is IRC (Internet Relay Chat). It is a site which

provides many kinds of rooms where people could chat with everyone in it.

Different with the asynchronous group chat, this situation is needed people to

enter the room at the same time if they want to meet and start conversation. In

spite of time, some of the sites does not record and save the conversations. So, it

is difficult for people to join conversation if they do not log on at the same time.

The next one is Virtual worlds. Crystal (2001) explains that virtual

worlds are all imaginary where people could enter and use text-based, they have

fantasy social interaction. The social interaction might be in campus, in school,

market and many more. It also has correlation with online games. This kind of

games use Internet to play and the users could interact with other players on it.

The last one is WWW

other persons, somehow they would directly relate it with the Internet. Crystal

(2001: 13) also says that the full collection of all computers linked to the Internet

which contains documents or graphics that are freely accessible by any persons or

users. This is like a main domain where people could get in touch together

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discussing some issues. In short, WWW is a place where linguistic varieties are

gathered as for example the four situations above are also using WWW to make

their own site or domain. Crystal (2001: 195) also adds the language varieties are

happened in all language features on NetSpeak such as graphic (the typewritten,

handwritten, and printed text), the orthographic features (like spelling,

punctuations and capital letters), as well as a distinctive grammar and vocabulary

features.

It could be seen that the Internet Language, now, might lead to some

changes in our language. The users play some new words, ignore the punctuation

and use emoticons (would be explained later). Some linguists are still observing

with the unique features on NetSpeak which could attract many users. They also

want to know whether what the impacts of NetSpeak to our language or how the

language is employed by us on NetSpeak.

e. Paralinguistics

Paralinguistics is a study about paralanguage. Thus, according to Crystal

(1975: 162), paralanguage is not a language but it is rather a bridge between non-

linguistic forms of communicative behavior and the central areas of verbal

linguistic study such as grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. Paralanguage is

also a non-lexical component of communication by speech, for example

intonation, pitch and speed of speaking, hesitation noises, gesture, and facial

expression (http://oxforddictionaries.com/). It could be seen that paralanguage

also plays important role in the mode of communication especially spoken. It is commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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the way people transfer message with exploiting such kind of non-verbal elements

to modify meaning and convey emotion

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralanguage). Thus, Crystal (1975: 163) also adds

that these kinds of elements seem to have important role to play in the

communication of meaning.

Therefore, it could be concluded that paralanguage is an element such as

pitch, intonation or facial expression which is employed by the sender to express

their emotion in communicating the messages.

analysis can be directed towards forms of print which mimic, contain elements of

oral communication. These include comic strips, novels, graffiti and computer

f. Paralanguage in CMC

The presence of Internet Language does make some distinctive features.

As it has been stated before, CMC or NetSpeak has distinctive way of

write they way people talk CMC

or NetSpeak is actually text-based which means that it is lack of prosody and

paralanguage. Hence, the users of NetSpeak or CMC are different. They start

employing some features which could be indicated as paralanguage. This feature

is one of the reasons why somehow the NetSpeak written speech

Paralanguage is commonly related with oral communication such as

intonation, pitch, gesture or facial expression. Thus, they are non-verbal element

which could be exploited when they communicate orally or face-to-face. On the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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other hand, somehow NetSpeak or CMC still could express their facial expression

or give the intonation to the text. The way they express their feelings and add

intonation with the use of punctuations, capitalizations, etc. There are some

paralanguage features which have been categorized from into five (Carey, 1980):

1. Vocal spelling

These features include non-standard spelling which can bring

attention to sound qualities such as //weeeeell//, //breeeeak//, etc.

2. Lexical surrogates

People use words to describe their tone of voice in the message,

for example //

all the problem involved in transmitting files//.

3. Spatial arrays

Spatial arrays are actual graphics: arrangements of letters to

, users often leave the space

between words, combine words together, or skip line within

paragraph. This kind of features is clearly seen in the example below:

//$$$$$$$$$$$$$ When the next bill comes in from EIES//

4. Manipulation of grammatical markers

Grammatical markers such as capitalizations, periods, commas,

etc are manipulated by users to add stress, modify tone and a signal

change of voice. It could be seen in the example:

//Welcome Abroad!!!!!//, //

paper//

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5. Minus features

The absence of certain features could exploit the tone of the

message. For example, a user may have spelling error and not pay

attention to paragraphing or capitalization. It indicates that the user is

in hurry in typing the message.

As it has been mentioned before, NetSpeak leads to language change. The

changes here mostly happen on the language varieties. Crystal (2001: 67) explains

that the arrival of NetSpeak, as the emerging of varieties. The Internet users start

to search the new vocabulary to describe their experiences, to capture the

character of the electronic world and to overcome the communicative limitation of

its technology.

Different with the classification from Carey, Thurlow (2001) states that

communication nowadays as the emergence of Internet is highly interactive that

demands for speed, spontaneity and often brevity. Therefore, he has categorized

some the most common strategies more detail that are usually used by the user to

keep it up on Internet. He classified it into eight groups:

1. Abbreviations

It includes the letter homophones, acronyms and the mixture

of both. Letter homophones are Internet Slang that is the most used

by the users. A simple three-or-four-letter abbreviation could be used

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In the same notion,

Crystal (2001:86) states that individual word could be reduced or

shortened two or three letters e.g

Meanwhile, acronyms are quite similar with the

abbreviations, but it might contain not only word or phrase, but also

sentence (Crystal, 2001:86) e.g.

2. Punctuations

There are some unique forms used by the Internet users for

3. Capitalizations

It is the use of capital letters in the sentence, phrase or word.

4. Symbols

5. Onomatopoeic

It is word that imitates of the sound that it describes.

on the NetSpeak which is more or less quite same with interjection,

such as wow, yeaah, etc.

6. Emoticon

some punctuations and form human facial expression, for instance

[:)], [:(], etc.

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7. Direct requests

It is an acronym which is commonly used to ask the identity

in the conversation. This is mostly happened on mIRC (massive

Internet Relay Chat) A/S/L

8. Colored graphic

This kind of Internet Slang depends on the program which is

featured by the medium. For example for coloring text, what are ya

doin? and smiley like the figure below

Figure 2.2.

g. Twitter

1. Brief History of Twitter

Twitter was created in March 21, 2006 and launched in July in the same

Flickr. twttr

since so many people was randomly following the twitter team makers. Thus, they

invented a new term named commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

23

and not randomly followed by random users. The users could manage their

following users as they want.

As twitter.com launched, back then only a few people knew its value. It

was like a common social media since there were no limitation characters as it

worked for months. It was quite similar to SMS (Short Message Service). It is

written only 160 characters but it can be multiple as long as they want to say and

then send it. Then, the team maker decided to place a limit on number of

characters which finally settled on 140 characters. In February 2007, Jack Dorsey

Finally, twitter.com has reached its success as it won an award in the

Blog category. Although not many people registered on twitter, at least people

already recognized that there was a new term on social networking site that only

allows you to write in only 140 characters which let you make a change to the

world (Sagolla, 2009). Dom Sagola is the co-creator of Twitter who was in the

same team with Jack Dorsey when they launched and developed Twitter.com.

Twitter is being established in many ways to make it more perfect. In

June 2008, twitter launched a verification program. Stone (2009), co-founder

Twitter, says:

The experiment will begin with public officials, public agencies, famous artists, athletes, and other well known individuals at risk of impersonation. We hope to verify

more accounts in the future but due to the resources

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He also adds that due to so many fake accounts, the reason why Twitter

introduces this program. There is special seal for those who deserve it like blue

check mark on their profile, as shown below:

Figure 2.3. The Verified Account

2. How Twitter works

Twitter is a unique social networking site which people need time to

know and get familiar with it. Twitter actually is quite similar with Yahoo!

Messenger or mIRC but twitter is somehow more public. Twitter is built not only

for chatting or having conversation but also for sharing news or daily life updating

like we usually see on Facebook.

Firstly, getting start on twitter, we should register and wait for the

confirmation on our Email. As the confirmation come, we could sign in with the

o

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accept friend or ignore

follow and unfollow lla (2009) adds

the interaction model and visual metaphor for the services were constantly in flux.

regularly. So, everyone, even they are strangers, still could communicate if only

they have the same interests. being followed or follow someone is not always that

we are being friends like we know on Facebook, it is more like we need to know

everything from someone, for instance celebrities daily activities or news, so that

Steven Johnson (2009) describes twitter in very clear and quite simple

that:

principle of followers. When you choose to follow another

page. so that, if you follow 10 peo tweets scrolling down the page containing breakfast-cereal updates, interesting new links, music recommendations,

even about the news of educations.

3. The Features of Twitter

There are many devices that are served by twitter. These devices

somehow are really unfamiliar for those whom use it at the first time. These are

some explanations about the features of Twitter:

1. Tweet = everything which is posted by the user. It could be

containing pointless-babbles like sharing their activities or news.

2. Mentions or Replies =

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3. Direct Message = it is Twitter feature when the users do not want to

in the SMS (short message service).

4.

the mentions instead of only typing her/his username. He/ she replies

with quoting the mentions that he/she gets.

For example:

Retweet = i just did little monster :-) RT @thefaithmonster I wonder

it @ladygaga will ever notice my tweets :-(

--- @thefaithmonster.

Quoting = TheRealRobyD: @xzibit Whats The Name Of The

---- @TheRealRobyD.

5. Hashtag

Tuning into a hashtag on Twitter is a handy way to dig into any

interest, topic or timely conversation (Twitter blog, 2011). It is word

Trending Topic hashtag on Twitter:

arose the hashtag #here2help in support of those who were affected.

By clicking on the hashtag in a Tweet or doing a direct search, you

can see all the Tweets flowing in from those who are there as well as

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others who are sharing information and offering aid to those looking

Twitter

blog, 2011).

In short we could say that hashtag is usually to promote

something due to some reasons in order to make the world concern

about it. We could take another example in Indonesia. The

Indonesian Idol, a singer talent show like American Idol, also

functions hashtag to promote the show to the world and it is always

happening on the top trending topic in the world when the show is

airing.

4. Article related with Twitter

Many experts, journalists and media have many responses due to the

emergence of Twitter. Some say the impact is positive and others are negative.

These are some article and journals related about Twitter:

1. The New Media Consortium (2007).

It concerns about how communication is (still) changing. It

says that nowadays internet has made a big progress and impact

towards communication. When email has been found, then people

start keeping in touch everywhere and in anytime like diminishing the

time and place. It does not take a long time to people to

communicate. Even now, the emergence of Social Networking Sites

like Facebook and Twitter increases the possibility of people in

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short messages

that usually have to do with whatever is happening to them at the

time whether it is intellectual, practical, social or professional in

nature to create an ongoing log of activity across a community at

the minute-by- ype of

communication which is similar to Instant Messaging but it is

publically posted.

2. Nicole Edry, TMCnet Contributor (2011)

Edry said that dumbing

Language. He adds by saying that language is evolving and changing,

and it is fundamentally unable to be static. He wrote in his article

that:

As Twitter supporters have pointed out, a clear timeline and up-to-date commentary show real-time reactions to breaking news. Twitter also facilitates studies of sociolinguistics, as it is easy to follow

word trends for different regions and demographics. Social sciences theoretically are in favor of

vehicles like Twitter, which provide unprecedented glimpses into the evolution of language, thought that human language evolved in universally

linguistic structures in our brains. Instead, language seems to have evolved along varied, complicated

paths, guided less by neurological settings than cultural circ So it is culture that shapes the parameters of our language, and culture is ever- changing. Sites like Twitter and Facebook are the

heralds announcing new players on our world stage.

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In short, Twitter is an interesting object to observe since this

features and even people see twitter as the matter of debating issues.

h. Celebrities

In entertainment industry, artists are usually stated as celebrities. The

xford Dictionary, is originally from late Middle English (in

the sense 'solemn ceremony'): from Old French celebrite or Latin celebritas,

it could be said that celebrity is

someone whom honored by people. Celebrities are close to fame and being

famous, so that they could give a big impact to society. King (2011) also wrote an

article about celebrity and impacts on society. She explains that:

I use celebrities as examples because they act as good reflections for us. When Larry King has a heart attack and tells his audience how it prompted him to stop smoking, he

Montel Williams for MS. When Teri Hatcher reveals that her uncle sexually abused her, it makes it easier for us to admit that it happened to us as well. When Britney Spears

is brought to the hospital and evaluated for bipolar disorder, we feel differently about our own depression. When another politician is caught having sex with someone not

his spouse and tries to squirm out of it, we see our own reluctance to reveal our own secrets. So the impact of celebrities can be positive as well as negative.

It is clearly stated that celebrity does give a big impact to society both

positive and negative. The celebrity will be their role-model in their life. They live

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their life or their speaking or writing style somehow based on the celebrity that

they like.

i. Other Related Studies

Paralanguage is non-verbal element in communication. People

unintentionally employ it when they have conversation or speech for instance

intonation, pitch or facial expression. Meanwhile, the arrival of Internet has made

some changes to how the way people communicate and the language used. It is

usually called as Internet Language. It is quite new in the field which people could

not easily acknowledge with. Therefore, there are only a few people have started

observing it. It also could be hard enough to observe since nowadays there is no

fixed theory and rules used on Internet. Internet somehow a place where people

could create any kinds of new words, new terms of using punctuations, or even

new way in expressing their feeling freely. Hence, there are two journals which

also discussed about the non-verbal communication (paralanguage).

The one is Annamaria Kilyeni (2009), University of Timisoara. Her

elements which are usually employed in the printed advertisement. She found that

some of nonverbal elements were used in the Advertisement for example the

pictures, the alphabetic letters, etc. She emphasized that paralanguage also plays

an important role in communicating the advertisement.

The other journal is entitled Mediated Gesture: Paralinguistic

Communication & Phatic Text by Michael Schandorf (2011). He observed the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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gesture on Computer-Mediated Communication. He found that some gestures

were employed by the user in the way they communicate like they were talking

face-to-face. Based on this research, the researcher is interested to observe the

paralinguistic features which are used on Twitter as of the most popular social

media. Thus, the objective is to know the types of paralinguistic features used on

Twitter and to find out the meaning by the user based on each kind of types.

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CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

a. Type of Research

This study belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. It is a qualitative

which employs descriptive method. Qualitative research is a research relying

primarily on the collection of qualitative data (Johnson and Christensen, 2000:

17). Qualitative research is a research which is conducted with observation and

interview, and the data are usually in the form of words. So, it is different from

quantitative research which always employs numbers in the research.

Meanwhile, the purposes of descriptive research are describing the facts,

their characteristics and also the relationship among the phenomena being

observed systematically, factually and accurately (Nazir, 1988: 63). Employing

descriptive qualitative research, the researchers generally focus on the

phenomenon, collect the data and draw a conclusion.

b. Data and Source of Data

Subroto (1992) points out that data are the materials which are selected in

a research, for instance, in the form of words or phrases. The data source refers to

the subject from which the data are taken from magazines, newspaper, or some

others media.

The data in this research are the tweets that written text containing

paralinguistic features used by the American celebrities. The data were taken on

March 2012 May 2012. The data source is Twitter. The tweets are only from the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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verified account from the American celebrities because later this research wants to

find out the paralinguistic features used by the users of Twitter and celebrities are

taken as the sample. Hence, the celebrities are somehow the portrait of common

people whom could imitate their style.

c. Sample and Sampling Technique

According to Moleong (1989), sample refers to a group of individual

which are taken from population. The purpose is to describe specific things in

data. It is taken selectively as much as needed meanwhile it is already represented

all the data. The act of selecting the sample is sampling technique (Mason and

Bramble, 1997: 113). Sampling technique concerns with the way of researcher to

select the data and to limit the number of data from data source. In qualitative

research, the data source should represent the information rather than the

population (Sutopo, 1989: 37).

Twitter is a new communication which publically opens for anyone

whom wants to keep in touch with others. As stated in Chapter I, twitter contains

not only conversation, but also pointless babbles, news, self promotion, spam and

pass along value. Meanwhile, the intention of this research is finding out the

paralinguistic features used by the users of Twitter especially American

celebrities, therefore the tweets which are taken are only the conversation and

pointless babbles since it usually contains the paralinguistic features. Besides,

conversation and pointless babbles are placed in the top two of the Twitter

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content. The criterion for the sample of this research is that the tweets should

show the paralinguistic features on Twitter.

d. Research Procedure

Research procedure is a series of activity which are done by the

researcher to do a research. The research procedure is arranged as follow:

1. Collecting the data

2. Identifying the data. The data are the tweets from the American

Celebrities which contains the paralinguistic features.

3. Defining and classifying the tweets the types of the paralinguistic

features.

4. Analyzing the data. The data are analyzed based on the problem

statement in the research.

5. Drawing conclusion and giving suggestion based on the result of the

analysis.

e. Technique of Collecting Data

In qualitative research, a technique to collect the data must be concerned

to obtain the adequate data. As mentioned before, the data of this research include

the tweets that are written on Twitter by the American Celebrities which contains

the paralinguistic features. Those data were obtained through carefully reading all

tweets day by day, collecting the data as the sample, and writing down all the

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tweets such as words, phrase, sentence and even symbols that contains the

paralinguistic features used on Twitter.

The data were collected from all the American Celebrities. Thus, the

collected data were selected and took only the conversation and babbles as it is

needed. The data which did not show the paralinguistic features are not used.

Below are the steps:

1. Choosing seven the American celebrities whom are verified by

Twitter.

2. Reading all their tweets from the American Celebrities.

3. Collecting all their tweets that contain paralinguistic features.

4. Choosing the tweets to have it as the sample since there are a lot of

tweets containing same paralinguistic features.

5. Getting about five tweets every celebrities. It was thirty five tweets

taken totally.

f. Data Coding

To make the analyzing of data easier, data coding is employed based on

categorization. The data coding is as follow:

1. The types of paralinguistic features are classified as follow:

Abb: Abbreviations

This group is divided again into two groups:

- LH : Letter homophone

- Acr : Acronym

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PUNC: Punctuations

This group is divided again into three groups. The alphabetic

letters are represented:

- I : Multiple Exclamation Marks

- II : Multiple Periods

SYM: Symbols

This group is divided again into three groups:

- A : Asterisk (*)

- B : At Sign (@)

- C : Hash Tag (#)

CAPS: Capitalizations

ONO: Onomatopoeic

EMO: Emoticons

2. Arabic numbers (01, 02, 03,...) are used to indicate the series of data.

3. The initial of American celebrities which are used in the

classification are given as below:

a) AL : Adam Lambert

b) ALV : Adam Levine

c) LL : Lindsay Lohan

d) KC : Kelly Clarkson

e) KK : Kim Kardashian

f) KP : Katy Perry

g) RH : Ryan Higa

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The illustration of data coding as explained above is as follow:

For example Datum PUNC/I/5/KC should be read as: the datum is no. 5

of the category of Punctuation. The more specific classification is Multiple

Exclamation Marks. It is taken from Kelly Clarkson tweet (KC).

g. Technique of Data Analysis

The data had been collected are analyzed by conducting following steps:

1.) Classifying the paralinguistic features with the theory from Thurlow

(2001), the data are divided based into six groups. There are

abbreviations, punctuation, symbols, capitalizations, onomatopoeic,

and emoticon.

2.) Analyzing all the data in the form of tweets (written text) containing

babbles and conversation.

3.) Describing all the paralinguistic features used on Twitter based from

each classification.

4.) Interpreting the tweet as well as explaining the function of the

paralinguistic features one by one.

5.) Drawing conclusion and giving suggestion.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A. Introduction to the Analysis

This research deals with the Internet Language which concerns with its

paralinguistic features as it is used by Twitter users especially the American

Celebrities as the object of this research. As it has been stated in Chapter I, this

research will focus on the various types of paralinguistic features used on Twitter

and describe its meaning. This chapter will give detail descriptions about the

problem stated.

This chapter comprises of three parts namely Introduction, Data

Analysis, and Discussion. The first part is Introduction. It is the general overview

of the steps to analyze the data. As it has mentioned in Chapter III, the research

producer has five important points which the first and the second have been

explained also in the Chapter III. Therefore, this chapter will analyze the data one

by one based on the types of paralinguistic features.

The second part is Data Analysis which classifies the types of

paralinguistic features as it is used by Twitter users especially the American

Celebrities as the object of this research and conveys its meaning. It involves the

analysis of data which is defining and classifying the tweets the types of the

paralinguistic features and analyzing the data based on the problem statement in

the research. The paralinguistic features found on Twitter are classified and later

defined each features to make it easy to recognize. Each analysis contains the

tweet, the Context of Situation such as who tweeted or when it was tweeted, and commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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the Data Interpretation, mentioning type of paralinguistic features to analyze its

meaning. The last chapter is Discussion. It will present about the result of the data

analysis. It will also discuss about the findings from the results as it is used to

answer the questions in the problem statement.

B. Data Analysis

B.1 Types of Paralinguistic Features

C. Thurlow (2001) theory classifies the most common features of

NetSpeak used by its users into eight groups. Meanwhile, in this research, the

researcher only found six groups of all. They are Abbreviations, Punctuations,

Symbols, Capitalization, Onomatopoeic and Emoticons. As it has stated from the

Chapter III, the data are totally thirty five from seven American Artists. From all

the data, the researcher got seventy five paralinguistic features employed by the

American Artists. Based on the classifications, the numbers of paralinguistic

features derived from the types are shown in the following list:

Table 4.1. Classifications of Paralinguistic Features

The Classification of paralinguistic features Number

Abbreviations 9

Punctuations 20

Symbols 18

Capitalizations 11

Onomatopoeic 11

Emoticons 7

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The types will be explained more detail in the following analysis below.

The data analysis will be analyzed based on each type. These are the

paralinguistic features found by the researcher:

B.1.1 Abbreviations

B.1.1.1 Letter Homophones

1. Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with

some VERY special guest..

2. Sometimes you just have to let people grown up on their own. Even

if u 4 them.

3. Just finished rehearsals. Resisting the urge 2 stuff my face w/ pizza,

what's my healthier option here?!

4. Aw! Ur cute! Hope u feel better!

B.1.1.2. Acronyms

1. When a good song comes on makes you run faster on the treadmill

lol

2. OMG

3. RIP Adam Yauch

4. Lmao, Pacman destroyed Bradley... Someone got paid big time

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5. Glamberts FTW!

B.1.2 Punctuations

B.1.2.1 Multiple Exclamation Marks

1. My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!!

Wow. This dude is the real deal!!!

2. Hope everyone tunes into #Glee tonight!!!!!!!

3. #payphone is officially number one!!!!!!!!! Ahhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!!!

Thanks to all who made it happen!!!!

4. Twitter PARTY!!!

5. Today I am 30 years old YEAHHHHHHHH!!!!

6. sorry all!!!! i wish i could keep chatting, but work calls!!!! xoxo

7. #THANKYOU!!!

8. We love you Bruce!!

9. I love them all!!

10. I LOVE YOU GUYS!!!

11. Go team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

B.1.2.2 Multiple Periods

1. Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with

some VERY special guest..

2. Had the best workout today... Music is everything!

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3. Tomorrow we narrow it down to our top10... So much

undiscovered talent!

4. DAY 2 complete... This filming is killin me a bit more than usual

for some reason -_-

5. oh... it was just a rumor...

6. I don't care how many times it happens...I will NEVER turn Back

to the Future off when it comes on.

7. but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is

nice... and working which is the best!

8. oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay

9. Lmao, Pacman destroyed Bradley... Someone got paid big time

B.1.3 Symbols

B.1.3.1 Asterisk

1. -it will be verified soon*

2. *steps down*

B.1.3.2 At Sign

1. oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay

2. Had a great time @ the IPL ceremony in INDIA.

3. Just wanted to let everyone know that the premiere date for

@DuetsABC is May 24th at 8 PM!

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4. Please support @mikelohan and @SmokeyRobotic to make the

Top 3.

5. but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is

nice... and working which is the best!

6. Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with

some VERY special guest..

7. My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!!

8. Please vote for my boy @jermainepaul on the voice tonight!

B.1.3.3. Number Sign

1. Day 1 of #interneticon complete!

2. Just finished rehearsals. Resisting the urge 2 stuff my face w/ pizza,

what's my healthier option here?! #midnitesnack

3. but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is

nice... and working which is the best!

4. #payphone is officially number one!!!!!!!!!

5. 2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :)

#THANKYOU!!!

6. Hope everyone tunes into #Glee tonight!!!!!!!

7. Check out this #OMA Fan Army Manifesto featuring a few of my

amazing fans

8. Be sure and tune in! #Duets

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B.1.5 Onomatopoeic

1. oh, one more thing....

2. dang

3. gonna be a looooong flight home!

4. Aw! Ur cute! Hope u feel better!

5. hahha I think they're old kill city jeans

6. Go team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

7. Wow. This dude is the real deal!!!

8. Amen! Haha

9. Ahhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!!! Thanks to all who made it happen!!!!

10. oh... it was just a rumor...

11. Today I am 30 years old YEAHHHHHHHH!!!!

B.1.6 Emoticon

1. This filming is killin me a bit more than usual for some reason -_-

2. I knew all of this travellng & no sleep would make me sick :-(

3. I'm excited :)

4. 2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :)

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5. Excited to see the official Billboard 200 when it comes out

tomorrow! ;)

6. The fan request song tonight is one of my favorite artists so I'm

very excited :)

7. sorry all!!!! i wish i could keep chatting, but work calls!!!! xoxo

B.2 Meaning of Paralinguistic Features

B.2.1 Abbreviations

which means to shorten

words or phrase. Abbreviation commonly happens in CMC or NetSpeak. For the

sake of typing fast and saving the keystroke, the users mostly employ

abbreviations (David Crystal, 2001:87). One of the remarkable cases is the

variation of abbreviations and acronyms (David Crystal, 2001:81). This type will

be explained in the following:

Datum Abb/LH/1/RH

Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with some VERY

special guest.. I'm excited :)

Context of situation:

This tweet was from Ryan Higa. He is an American YouTube artist. As a

YouTube artist, his job is always correlated with video and YouTube (video-

sharing website). This was tweeted in March 12, 2012.

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Data Interpretation:

On this tweet, he shared about his new video and worked with his friend

Chester See (@chestersee). Seeing the bold word, it is included as a contraction.

The bold word vid

Datum Abb/LH/2/KK

Sometimes you just have to let people grown up on their own. Even if u know 4 them. They will look back & realize their mistakes

Context of Situations:

It was tweet-ed by Kim Kardashian in May 9, 2012. She is an American

Socialite who sometimes becomes actress and model. As a socialite, she has many

followers whose tweets are always be concerned about.

Data Interpretation:

On this tweet, she wanted to share something about living. She asked her

followers to realize something that she had before about life. There are two

abbreviations on this tweet, such as u and 4

Phonologically, these two

forms of abbreviations are similar with the original one.

Datum Abb/LH/3/KP

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Just finished rehearsals. Resisting the urge 2 stuff my face w/ pizza, what's my healthier option here?! #midnitesnack

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Katy Perry in May 23, 2012. She stated that she just

finished her rehearsals. She seemed get a bit tired as she stated that she tried not to

eat the pizza. Then, she asked her followers about something good to eat in the

midnight.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, there are two abbreviations employed by the user. There are

2 and w/

Datum Abb/LH/4/KP

Aw! Ur cute! Hope u feel better! RT @RyanSeacrest: Backstage still singing @katyperry, love that song. Who knew we had night vision cameras?

Context of Situation:

The tweet is from Katy Perry in April 26, 2012. She was being a guest star

presenter) tweet for her. As Ryan Seacrest met Katy Perry at American Idol, he

tweeted that he loved the song. Then, Katy Perry replied his tweet by saying that

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he was cute and she hoped that Ryan Seacrest would get better. In that time, Ryan

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, there are two abbreviations used here, there are Ur and u.

The abbreviation Ur

Datum Abb/Acr/1/KK

Had the best workout today... Music is everything! When a good song comes on makes you run faster on the treadmill lol

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Kim Kardashian. She wanted to tell her followers about

her daily life. She said that she already had workout and she added that when you

were listening to music, you would get more power.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she stated that music could make her run faster on the

treadmill. As she stated, she also wrote the word lol at the end of the tweet. lol

actually comes from phrase This means that the user is

laughing with her statement. She said that good song could her run faster. The

user intends to modify the meaning by giving the reality as she experienced

although it did not make sense. Therefore, the user employed this abbreviation to

express that as if they also laugh in real life, the users mostly use this on their

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Datum Abb/Acr/2/KK

OMG

Context of Situation:

The tweet above is from Kim Kardashian in May 21, 2012. She said her

trending topic in the world. Getting a

tweet-ed about her

tweet. Her tweet was unknowingly

being trended on Twitter and she did not expect before.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, t Oh My God actually. It is also

included as acronym since the user only wrote the initial letters. The user

employed since she was amazed. She did not expect that her tweet

d in worldwide trending topic.

Datum Abb/Acr/3/KP

RIP Adam Yauch

Context of Situation:

It is tweet-ed by Katy Perry in May 5, 2012. Katy Perry is an American

singer. On this tweet

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to be an American rapper and songwriter. He died in May 4, 2012. This tweet

above was tweeted by the user and dedicated it to the late Adam Yauch.

Data Interpretation:

The user, at beginning of the tweet,

from Rest In Peace. She tweeted RIP

expresses her condolence to Adam Yauch.

Datum Abb/Acr/4/RH

Lmao, Pacman destroyed Bradley... Someone got paid big time

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Ryan Higa in June 10, 2012. At that time, there was a

Boxing match between Manny Pacquiao (Pacman) and Timothy Bradley. Finally,

Bradley won over the great boxing player, Pacquiao.

Data Intepretation:

lmao tweet. It actually

stands f . The user stated that if Pacman could beat

Bradley, someone would get much money this time.

means that he jokingly stated that someone would get big prize if Pacman could

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win over Bradley. The user used the acronym to show what his feeling about the

match.

Datum Abb/Acr/5/AL

Glamberts FTW! Check out this #OMA Fan Army Manifesto featuring a few of my amazing fans

Context of Situation:

This tweet is from Adam Lambert in June 23, 2012. He asked his followers

to check the blog containing about his fans getting nominated in the O Music

fans club name of Adam Lambert.

Data Interpretation:

The datum above contains one unique form of word. It i FTW

to be a winner in the awards. He felt delighted when he saw his fans really

FTW

as his fans had become the real winner according to him.

From the data above show that the abbreviations could be concluded is a

way people simplify their statement by replacing the word with numbers or only

writing the initial letters of the phrase. Thus, the abbreviation could also be an

These abbreviations could be found

on netlingo.com which helps the novice of NetSpeak to keep it up their life on

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Internet. Besides, these expressions could modify or change the interpretation of

the reader.

B.2.2. Punctuations

B.2.2.1. Multiple exclamation marks

People are already used to know about the form of exclamation mark (!)

which is commonly used to command or ask someone to do something.

Meanwhile, on NetSpeak, the users have many different forms. They employ

multiple exclamation mark (!!!!!!!) on their statements. This type will be

explained in the following examples below:

Datum PUNC/I/1/ALV

My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!! Wow. This dude is the real deal!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in May 1,

2012. He watched the Voice (an American talent show) and he watched that one

of the contestants named Tony Lucca (@Luccadoes) was really great in that night.

Data Interpretation:

The meaning of the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) that the user intends

to give an extra emphasize to his statements that he was really great when commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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performed at that time. He for Tony Lucca while also

added the multiple exclamation marks (!!!). It shows that the contestant was

amazing so he employed the many exclamations to give more emphasize in his

statement that Tony Lucca had the best performance.

Datum PUNC/I/2/LL

Hope everyone tunes into #Glee tonight!!!!!!!

Context of Situation:

tweets which she tweeted in May 16, 2012.

She asked her follower to watch Glee, American drama TV-series, since she was

being a guest star there.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, the multiple exclamation marks means that she wants to

give an extra emphasize so that she really hoped that her followers really watched

Glee on that night.

Datum PUNC/I/3/ALV

#payphone is officially number one!!!!!!!!! Ahhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!!! Thanks to

all who made it happen!!!!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Adam Levine in April 18, 2012. He said that his song

entitle Payphone was being the top music chart. In this datum, he employed the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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multiple exclamation marks as it implies the song was really on the top in the

music chart.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, the way he expressed what his feeling whose song was

getting the first and his gratitude to his fans, he employed multiple exclamation

marks (!!!) as he was really happy and he really thanked to his fans whom made it

being the top of the chart. It is used to give more stress which finally the song was

ranked the top. He also thanked for his fans who voted, downloaded and many

more so it could be the top chart.

Datum PUNC/I/4/AL

Twitter PARTY!!! C'mon ask me bout this album

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Adam Lambert in April 18, 2012. He stated that he had

Twitter party as he was welcomed many questions about his new album to be

answered by him.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he employed multiple exclamation marks (!!!) means that it

is to give extra emphasize that he received and answered every questions asked to

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him about his new album. He exaggerated that he started the party by giving the

exclamation marks as he also wanted to catch his fans attention.

Datum PUNC/I/5/KC

Today I am 30 years old YEAHHHHHHHH!!!! I am happy, healthy, and looking forward to my thirties! Have an awesome day everybody!

Context of Situation:

tweets which she tweet-ed in April 24, 2012.

That day was her birthday. She stated that she was happy, healthy and looking

forward for her thirties.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) as giving

extra emphasize that today was her birthday and she became 30 years old. It

means that she finally reached the age of 30 and she was very happy about it.

Datum PUNC/I/6/LL

sorry all!!!! i wish i could keep chatting, but work calls!!!! xoxo have a glorious day!

Context of Situation:

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It was tweet-ed in May 23, 2012 by Lindsay Lohan. She was very sorry to

her followers since she should stop their chatting as she should go to work. Before

she left, she wished her followers a glorious day.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she employed the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) there.

The meanings are quite same. The first one, she wanted to apologize for her

followers. It is reflected by the way she employed the exclamation marks after the

she was very sorry at that time. The other one, she

stated that she really wanted to keep chatting but she could not since she had to go

to work.

Datum PUNC/I/7/ALV

2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :) #THANKYOU!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in April 10,

2012. He got more over two million followers.

Data Interpretation:

He gave multiple exclamation marks (!!!)

implies to give more stress which expresses his thanked to his followers. He was

really thankful with all the follower that he has.

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Context of Situation:

The tweet above is from Kim Kardashian in May 21, 2012. She said her

trending topic in the world. Getting

tweeted about her

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she employed multiple exclamation marks (!!) there to give

extra emphasize that actually she loved Bruce, her stepfather. Although what she

said had been trended, but she showed that she really loved him as she gives the

multiple exclamation mark.

Datum PUNC/I/9/AL

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets in May 18, 2012. He is

an American singer. It was actually a tweet from Hannah Eileen (@_Tayshell) for

Adam Lambert (@adamlambert

his favorite song in his new album and he answered that he loved all.

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Data Interpretation:

As he was asked by his fans, he answered while he also employed the

multiple exclamation marks (!!!). The use of multiple exclamation marks there is

used to extra emphasize that he really love all the songs in his new album.

Datum PUNC/I/10/ALV

Overwhelmed and amazed by all of this incredible love and support. Thank you so much for the birthday well wishes. I LOVE YOU GUYS!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in March

18, 2012. He had his birthday on that day. He got many wishes and love by

everyone.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he added the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) in the

hasize that he really

loved everyone for celebrating his birthday.

Datum PUNC/I/11/KC

Hey everybody! Please vote for my boy @jermainepaul on the voice tonight! Go

team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

Context of Situation:

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It was tweet-ed by Kelly Clarkson in May 8, 2012. She asked her followers

to vote her friend named Jermaine Paul (@jermainepaul) in the Voice, an

American talent show.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she also supported the Blake Team (one of the team in the

Voice), she used the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) to give extra emphasize

which shows that she really support the team.

The multiple exclamation marks (!!!) are the new way in communicating

to give some stress and emphasize in the statement. On Twitter, the users are

creatively using the exclamation marks as they want to emphasize a thing.

be concerned about. The amount of the multiple exclamation marks (!!!) is varied

since there are no restricted rules to use that. So, it is up to how long the user

presses down the key as it also implies the feeling of the users in emphasizing

thing.

B.2.2.2. Multiple Periods

Period (.) which is to be concerned about is the multiple periods or

generally linguists call it Ellipsis Similarly, on NetSpeak, the users

sometimes also employ in their tweets. According to Wikipedia, Ellipsis itself has

different intention as where it is positioned. Meanwhile, on NetSpeak, multiple

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periods usually places in the middle of the tweets. This type will be shown and

explained in the following examples below:

Datum PUNC/II/1/RH

Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with some VERY special guest.. I'm excited :)

Context of situation: This tweet was from Ryan Higa. He is an American YouTube artist. As

a YouTube artist, his job is always correlated with video and YouTube (video-

sharing website). This was tweeted in March 12, 2012. On this tweet, he shared

about his new video and worked with his friend (@chestersee).

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he employed multiple periods (..) means to give pause.

He gave pause since he wanted to say more about his feeling to this new video.

Datum PUNC/II/2/KK

Had the best workout today... Music is everything! When a good song comes on

makes you run faster on the treadmill lol

Context of situation:

It was tweet-ed by Kim Kardashian. She told her followers about her

daily life. She said that she already had workout and she added that when you

were listening to music, you would get more power.

Data Interpretation:

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In this datum, she also employed multiple period . Since she wanted

to say more, she employed multiple periods. It implies that it is used to give pause

as if she was thinking.

Datum PUNC/II/3/RH

Day 1 of #interneticon complete! Tomorrow we narrow it down to our top10... So much undiscovered talent!

Context of situation:

This datum was tweet-ed

about an online video-making talent competition. Ryan Higa is one of the

producers and the judges of this program.

Data Interpretation:

to combine the two sentences. He intended

to use multiple periods to give him a pause as he wanted to give another

compliment related with the statement before.

Datum PUNC/II/4/RH

DAY 2 complete... This filming is killin me a bit more than usual for some reason - _-

Context of Situation:

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This datum was tweet-ed in March 15, 2012 by Ryan Higa. It was the

second day of , a show where he was in. He stated that the second

day filming is complete. He added that the filming was a bit hard for him that day.

Data Interpretation:

periods to give him a pause as he wanted to give another statement related with

the statement before.

Datum PUNC/II/5/KK

oh... it was just a rumor...*steps down*

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweet-ed

datum, refers to her previous tweet saying that One Direction (Boy band from

UK) did not perform on VMA (Video Music Awards).

Data Interpretation:

In this e

same functions. They are to give pause as she wanted to add something more to

say.

Datum PUNC/II/6/ALV

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I don't care how many times it happens...I will NEVER turn Back to the Future off when it comes on. Never. Never Ever.

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in March

27, 2012. It was his statement about his life. He said that something had been

happened to him many times. He added that he would not turn back and keep

move on.

Data Interpretation:

juxtaposition which also employed by him to give some pause as he had another

statement to say.

Datum PUNC/II/7/LL

but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is nice... and working which is the best!

Context of situation:

It was tweet-ed by Lindsay Lohan in May 23, 2012. She only shared her

daily life. She stated that she liked to spend her time while she also loved her job.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, t is used to give pause as the writer

wants to add more statement. It implies as if she was thinking and feeling so good.

Datum PUNC/II/8/LL

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oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay - it will be verified soon* Thank you!

Context of Situation:

This tweet is from Lindsay Lohan as she tweet-ed in May 23, 2012. She

added a thing before she left Twitter on that day. She informed to her followers

that she had a new account on Twitter and she asked her follower to follow the

new account too. She also added that it would be verified soon by Twitter and she

thanked for it.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, since she wanted to say something as she remembered, she

employed the . It has function to give pause between

statement. It also implies that she was thinking when she wrote it.

Datum PUNC/II/9/RH

Lmao, Pacman destroyed Bradley... Someone got paid big time

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Ryan Higa in June 10, 2012. At that time, there was a

Boxing match between Manny Pacquiao (Pacman) and Timothy Bradley. Finally,

Bradley won over the great boxing player, Pacquiao.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, since she wanted to say something as she remembered, she

following statement. It also implies that she was thinking when she wrote it.

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On CMC, especially in this case is Twitter, there is no convention rule of

the number of periods which should be employed by the user. Regardless the

numbers of periods, the functions of multiple periods used by Twitter users are

same, that is giving pause between the statements. As it is paused, it could imply

that the writer is thinking and has something more to say. Similarly with the

multiple exclamation marks, the numbers of periods depend on the time of the key

is held down but mostly the users intend to use .

B.2.3 Symbols

B.2.3.1 Asterisk

This symbol lately becomes popular as the emergence of Internet. This

online.

analyses how asterisks used on Twitter and give some explanations about its

function detailly:

Datum SYM/A/1/LL

oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay -it will be verified

soon* Thank you!

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Context of Situation:

This tweet is from Lindsay Lohan as she tweeted in May 23, 2012. She

added a thing before she left Twitter on that day. She informed to her followers

that she had a new account on Twitter and she asked her follower to follow the

new account too. She also added that it would be verified soon by Twitter and she

thanked for it.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the asterisk in the sentence it will be verified soon*.

It implies that she wants to make sure that her followers should believe as it

would be verified by Twitter soon. It uses to add information towards the new

account that she had.

Datum SYM/A/2/KP

oh... it was just a rumor... *steps down*

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweet-ed

datum, refers to her previous tweet saying that One Direction (Boy band from

UK) did not perform on VMA (Video Music Awards).

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the two asterisks, that is *steps down*. It is used to

show what she was doing when she tweet-ed it. She said that it was the rumor so

she calmed down herself by writing that kind of asterisks.

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On NetSpeak, this symbol has been emerged and popularized by the users.

Similar with the data above, the asterisk means that it is to express the user in

does a thing. Besides, it is also used to add the information to something.

B.2.3.2 At Sign

As the arrival of Internet, the symbol at sign (@) becomes popular as it is

used by people when they make an Email for instance @gmail, @yahoo,

@windowslive and many more. by the users of

NetSpeak. In mean times, the function of At Sign (@) is being widened as the

other social networking sites are born. The following examples are used to explain

the type:

Datum SYM/B/1/LL

oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay -it will be verified soon* Thank you!

Context of Situation:

This tweet is from Lindsay Lohan as she tweet-ed in May 23, 2012. She

added a thing before she left Twitter on that day. She informed to her followers

that she had a new account on Twitter and she asked her follower to follow the

new account too. She also added that it would be verified soon by Twitter and she

thanked for it.

Data Interpretation:

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The way she wrote her account with the symbol (@). It means that she

asked her followers to follow her new account namely DameLindsay. The use of

(@) is used to tag her account directly.

Datum SYM/B/2/KP

Had a great time @ the IPL ceremony in INDIA. Met Sachin Tendulkar, one of the BEST cricket players in the world!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Katy Perry. She was in India in April 6, 2012. She

stated that she had a great time in India. She attended the IPL (Indian Premiere

League) ceremony.

Data Interpretation:

She also employed the symbol (@) but it has different function from the

examples above. The two examples above are for referring the other users while

symbol (@) is same

with

Datum SYM/B/3/KC

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Just wanted to let everyone know that the premiere date for @DuetsABC is May 24th at 8 PM! Be sure and tune in! #Duets

Context of Situation: It was tweet-ed by Kelly Clarkson in April 6, 2012. She gave the

information about the premiere date of Duets (Singing competition) where she

was the one of the judges.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the symbol (@) to refer the show directly. She

wanted to promote the show, so the account could get many attentions from her

followers.

Datum SYM/B/4/LL

Please support @mikelohan and @SmokeyRobotic to make the Top 3. Please vote, it means the world!

Context of Situation:

Lindsay Lohan tweeted this in May 13, 2012. She asked her follower to

help her to vote her brother Michael C. Lohan (@mikelohan) and his friend

Smokey Robotic (@SmokeyRobotic) at New Seminar Music on Facebook. She

added that it meant the world.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the symbol (@) as she referred her brother directly.

The symbol (@) is to mention other accounts.

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Datum SYM/B/5/LL

but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is nice... and working which is the best!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Lindsay Lohan in May 23, 2012. She only shared her

daily life. She stated that she liked to spend her time while she also loved her job.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she used the symbol (@) to refer her mother directly name

Dina Lohan (@dinalohan) since her mother has account on Twitter.

Datum SYM/B/6/RH

Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with some VERY special guest.. I'm excited :)

Context of Situation:

This tweet was from Ryan Higa. He is an American YouTube artist. As a

YouTube artist, his job is always correlated with video and YouTube (video-

sharing website). This was tweet-ed in March 12, 2012.

Data Interpretation:

On this tweet, he shared about his new video and worked with his friend

Chester See (@chestersee). Instead of stating the name of his friend, he prefers to

use the symbol (@) to mention his friend directly.

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Datum SYM/B/7/ALV

My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!! Wow. This dude

is the real deal!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in May 1,

2012. He watched the Voice (an American talent show) and he watched that one

of the contestants named Tony Lucca (@Luccadoes) was really great in that night.

Data Interpretation:

He mentioned Tony Luca and the show, by using the symbol (@). It was

referred to the persons directly since he wanted also promoted the show

(@NBCTheVoice) and the person (@Luccadoes). This symbol is featured by

Twitter to mention any person who also has an account on Twitter.

Datum SYM/B/8/KC

Hey everybody! Please vote for my boy @jermainepaul on the voice tonight! Go team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

Context of Situation:

It was tweeted by Kelly Clarkson in May 8, 2012. In this datum, she asked

her followers to vote her friend named Jermaine Paul (@jermainepaul) in the

Voice, an American talent show.

Data Interpretation:

jermainepaul

automatically direct to Jermaine Paul. It is one the features served by Twitter. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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Therefore, if it is written @jermainepaul It is

for referring someone directly.

On Twitter, the symbol (@) is used to mentioning or referring another

account directly as the user addresses him/her. Besides, there is one datum shows

different meaning. It means the preposition . Despite using the preposition, the

user intends to use the simpler one.

B.2.3.3 Number Sign

On Twitter, the number sign is usually called as Hash Tag (#). It is the one

of unique symbol which is commonly used to promote something or to give tag to

a certain things for instance shows, books, movies, albums and etc. Furthermore,

the use of hash tag (#) is getting broader. Firstly, it is only used to promoting, but

nowadays, the creativity of the user could use hash tag (#) for showing opinion or

expression. This type will be explained more in the following examples below:

Datum SYM/C/1/LL

Hope everyone tunes into #Glee tonight!!!!!!!

Context of Situation:

tweeted in May 16, 2012.

She asked her follower to watch Glee, American drama TV-series, since she was

being a guest star there.

Data Interpretation:

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In this datum, she used the symbol (#) to means that the

user promote the show where she was in, so that her follower watch her on the

drama.

Datum SYM/C/2/ALV

2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :) #THANKYOU!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in April 10,

2012. He got more over two million followers.

Data Interpretation:

He also employed his thanking by using the symbol (#). It shows how he

feels towards his followers. It is like his opinion or something he had on his mind

to his followers as he thanked to all his followers.

Datum SYM/C/3/ALV

#payphone is officially number one!!!!!!!!! Ahhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!!! Thanks to all who made it happen!!!!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Adam Levine in April 18, 2012. He said that his song

entitle Payphone was being the top music chart.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he used the symbol (#) as he promoted his song which was

being number one in music chart.

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Datum SYM/C/4/LL

but, i'm spending #1on1 time with my mum @dinalohan which is nice... and working which is the best!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Lindsay Lohan in May 23, 2012. She only shared her

daily life. She stated that she liked to spend her time while she also loved her job.

Data Interpretation:

The user here used the hash tag (#) to represent her opinion. The #1on1

represents the quality time between her and her mother.

Datum SYM/C/5/KP

Just finished rehearsals. Resisting the urge 2 stuff my face w/ pizza, what's my healthier option here?! #midnitesnack

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Katy Perry in May 23, 2012. She stated that she just

finished her rehearsals. She seemed get a bit tired as she stated that she tried not to

eat the pizza. Then, she asked her followers about something good to eat in the

midnight.

Data Interpretation:

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In this datum, the use of hash tag (#) in the p

express what she needs. It expresses what she thought at that time which she

needs something to eat in the midnight.

Datum SYM/C/6/RH

Day 1 of #interneticon complete! Tomorrow we narrow it down to our top10... So much undiscovered talent!

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweeted

about an online video-making talent competition. Ryan Higa is one of the

producers and the judges of this program.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he employed the hash tag (#) there to promote his show so it

could get attention from his followers

The symbol hash tag (#) has been popularized as the emergence of Twitter.

It is one of the features on Twitter which originally used for promoting shows,

albums and many more. Instead of promoting, lately the users also use hash tag

(#) not only for promoting but also giving some opinions or feelings.

B.2.4 Capitalization

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As it has been stated in Chapter II, the capitalizations are not a case-

sensitive on NetSpeak. The user prefers to use small letter since it saves time in

typing. Despite saving the time, using capitalizations could be interpreted as

different meaning. The following analysis is about the capitalization with its

function based on the situation happened.

Datum CAPS/1/RH

Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with some VERY special guest.. I'm excited :) Context of Situation:

This tweet was from Ryan Higa. He is an American YouTube artist. As a

YouTube artist, his job is always correlated with video and YouTube (video-

sharing website). This was tweeted in March 12, 2012.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he shared about his new video and worked with his friend

Chester See (@chestersee in capital

letters. It means that he emphasizes that there will be a very special guest in his

new video.

Datum CAPS/2/KK

OMG

Context of Situation:

The tweet above is from Kim Kardashian in May 21, 2012. She said her

trending topic in the world. Getting a

tweeted about her

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Data Interpretation:

My s her expression as she really

amazed that why it could be trended on Twitter.

Datum CAPS/3/KP

Had a great time @ the IPL ceremony in INDIA. Met Sachin Tendulkar, one of the BEST cricket players in the world!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Katy Perry. She was in India in April 6, 2012. She

stated that she had a great time in India when she attended the IPL (Indian

Premiere League) ceremony.

Data Interpretation:

was written in capital letters. She used

the capital letter there to emphasize the word as it represents that she really met

letter is used to emphasize the word which implies she was really in India. On the

Datum CAPS/4/KC

Today I am 30 years old YEAHHHHHHHH!!!! I am happy, healthy, and looking forward to my thirties! Have an awesome day everybody! Context of Situation:

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tweets which she tweeted in April 24, 2012.

That day was her birthday. She stated that she was happy, healthy and looking

forward for her thirties.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she expressed it by

she was very happy

Datum CAPS/6/AL

Twitter PARTY!!! C'mon ask me bout this album

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Adam Lambert in April 18, 2012. He stated that he had

Twitter party as he welcomed many questions about his new album to be

answered by him.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, t

Datum CAPS/7/KC

Hey everybody! Please vote for my boy @jermainepaul on the voice tonight! Go team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

Context of Situation:

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It was tweet-ed by Kelly Clarkson in May 8, 2012. In this datum, she

asked her followers to vote her friend named Jermaine Paul (@jermainepaul) in

the Voice, an American talent show.

Data Interpretation:

used it to express as if she shouted to support the Blake Team at the show.

Datum CAPS/8/ALV

My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!! Wow. This dude is the real deal!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in May 1,

2012. He watched the Voice (an American talent show) and he watched that one

of the contestants named Tony Lucca (@Luccadoes) was really great in that night.

Data Interpretation:

great when he sang at the show and he would be the best that night.

Datum CAPS/9/ALV

2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :) #THANKYOU!!!

Context of Situation:

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This tweet tweets as he posted in April 10,

2012. He got more over two million followers.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, the way he thanked to followers by using capital letters for

Datum CAPS/10/ALV

Overwhelmed and amazed by all of this incredible love and support. Thank you so much for the birthday well wishes. I LOVE YOU GUYS!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in March

18, 2012. He had his birthday on that day. He got many wishes and love by

everyone.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he expressed his happiness by writing the statement in all

capital letters. It implies that he shouted that he really everyone whom celebrates

and wishes his birthday.

Datum CAPS/11/ALV

I don't care how many times it happens...I will NEVER turn Back to the Future

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Context of Situation:

tweets as he posted in March

27, 2012. He stated about his life.

Data Interpretation:

the word as he would never get back and keep move on.

From the data above, it could be seen that the capitalization is still used to

write name of shows or place. Besides, the capitalizations also have the other

which is capitalized, it is used to emphasize. Meanwhile, if the capital letters for

B.2.5 Onomatopoeic

On NetSpeak, where everything is text-based, the users are lack of prosody

and paralanguage to help the receiver understand the message. Therefore, the

unique way is emerged on NetSpeak. By using onomatopoeic expressions, the

user could exploit many kinds of letters which could represent their emotion.

Onomatopoeic or stylized spelling (Thurlow, 2001) are quite similar with

interjection. This analysis would be explained how the onomatopoeic expressions

are used to and what its functions in their tweet.

Datum ONO/1/LL commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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oh, one more thing.... you can follow me at @DameLindsay - it will be verified soon* Thank you!

Context of Situation:

This tweet is from Lindsay Lohan as she tweeted in May 23, 2012. She

added a thing before she left Twitter on that day. She informed to her followers

that she had a new account on Twitter and she asked her follower to follow the

new account too

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, there is an onomatopoeic expression. The onomatopoeic

oh means that like she remembered something to say and wanted to add

another statement.

Datum ONO/2/RH

dang forgot the dream in the process and ran out of this letters to explain

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweeted in May 8, 2012. This datum only contains of his

statement and he shared it with people. He stated that he forgot what he should

tweet although firstly he insisted to tweet what he had in his dream.

Data Interpretation:

The datum contains which is included as onomatopoeic as it is

similar with the expression of a person remembers something. There is no specific commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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meaning of this term. It was employed by the user to express his condition that

something should be done (e.g. tweeting).

Datum ONO/3/KK

I knew all of this travellng & no sleep would make me sick :-( gonna be a looooong flight home!

Context of Situation:

May 25, 2012. She said that she would be sick if she had gone for travelling and

she got less sleep.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she was at Cannes Festival in France and heading back to

America. She expressed the long way she had by typing repeated letters like the

looooong The user employed it to draw the long way she got on her

way back home.

Datum ONO/4/KP

Aw! Ur cute! Hope u feel better! RT @RyanSeacrest: Backstage still singing

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Context of Situation:

The tweet is from Katy Perry in April 26, 2012. She was being a guest star

presenter) tweet for her.

Data Interpretation:

aw

is praised by the other user. She felt glad as he always sang her song at the

backstage.

Datum ONO/5/AL

XxMusicLuvr18xX: @adamlambert Where do you get your leopard pants? hahha I think they're old kill city jeans

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets. He tweeted in April

18, 2012. He answered a question from his fans asking where he got his leopard

pants.

Data Interpretation:

hahha

giggled with the question asked for him. It is the sound of laughter.

Datum ONO/6/KC

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Hey everybody! Please vote for my boy @jermainepaul on the voice tonight! Go team Blake!!! WOOHOOOO!!!!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Kelly Clarkson in May 8, 2012. In this datum, she

asked her followers to vote her friend named Jermaine Paul (@jermainepaul) in

the Voice, an American talent show.

Data Interpretation:

As she also supported the Blake Team (one of the team in the Voice), she

woohooo shouted

to support the Blake Team at the show.

Datum ONO/7/ALV

My man @Luccadoes KILLED it tonight on @NBCTheVoice!!! Wow. This dude is the real deal!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in May 1,

2012. He watched the Voice (an American talent show) and he watched that one

of the contestants named Tony Lucca (@Luccadoes) was really great in that night.

Data Interpretation:

as he expressed

that he was amazed with the great contestant there.

Datum ONO/8/KC

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@iamQuddus Haha

Context of Situation:

In this datum, she commented what Quddus (@iamQuddus) had said by

quoting his tweet in May 20, 2012. She

said.

Data Interpretation:

As she agreed his statement, she also laughed by his statement. She

haha

Datum ONO/9/ALV

#payphone is officially number one!!!!!!!!! Ahhhhhhhhhhhh!!!!!!!!! Thanks to all who made it happen!!!!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed by Adam Levine in April 18, 2012. He said that his song

entitled Payphone was being the top music chart.

Data Interpretation:

ahhhhh as if he was really

happy since his song being top in the chart.

Datum ONO/10/KP commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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oh... it was just a rumor... *steps down*

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweet-ed in September 7

datum, refers to her previous tweet saying that One Direction (Boy band from

UK) did not perform on VMA (Video Music Awards).

Data Interpretation:

in the beginning of her tweet. It is used by the user

to express her calming down expression since she found out that something was

just only a rumor.

Datum ONO/11/KC

Today I am 30 years old YEAHHHHHHHH!!!! I am happy, healthy, and looking forward to my thirties! Have an awesome day everybody!

Context of Situation:

tweets which she tweet-ed in April 24, 2012.

That day was her birthday. She stated that she was happy, healthy and looking

forward for her thirties.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she employed the onomatopoei yeahhhh

used to show her happiness since that she was being 30 years old. It also implies

loudly.

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The data show that the onomatopoeic expressions are employed to convey

their emotion towards something. They exploited many variation combinations of

letters to draw their feeling and hope the followers could have the same feeling.

B.2.6 Emoticon

In CMC, emoticon is gradually being popularized by its user. Emoticon

mbinations some punctuation and

forms a new one to represent the human facial expression. This analysis would

explain the variety of emoticons and what it represents or uses on the tweet.

Datum EMO/1/RH

DAY 2 complete... This filming is killin me a bit more than usual for some reason - _-

Context of Situation:

This datum was tweet-ed in March 15, 2012. It was the second day of

Internet Icon, a show where he was in. He stated that the second day filming is

complete. He added that the filming was a bit hard for him that day.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, the emoticon (-_-) is expressing that he could not even think

straightly why it happened to him as he had a bad mood on that day.

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Datum EMO/2/KK

I knew all of this travellng & no sleep would make me sick :-( gonna be a

looooong flight home!

Context of Situation:

tweets as she tweet-ed in

May 25, 2012. In this datum, she said that she would be sick if she had gone for

travelling and she got less sleep.

Data Interpretation:

she had sleepless and travelled anytime could make her sick, she expressed it with

is to represent that she was sad.

Datum EMO/3/RH

Working on a new vid with @chestersee for the next week with some VERY special guest.. I'm excited :)

Context of Situation:

This tweet was from Ryan Higa. He is an American YouTube artist. As a

YouTube artist, his job is always correlated with video and YouTube (video-

sharing website). This was tweeted in March 12, 2012.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, he shared about his new video and worked with his friend

Chester See (@chestersee). In this datum, he stated that he was excited to his new commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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time.

Datum EMO/4/ALV

2 million followers? What are you people thinking? :) #THANKYOU!!!

Context of Situation:

This tweet tweets as he posted in April 10,

2012. He got more over two million followers.

Data Interpretation:

He employed the emoticon :) here to express that he was happy that he

could get many followers. He expressed with a smile face.

Datum EMO/5/AL

Excited to see the official Billboard 200 when it comes out tomorrow! ;)

Context of Situation:

It was tweeted by Adam Lambert in May 23, 2012. He said that he was

excited to see Billboard chart (American music chart) tomorrow.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, h

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Datum EMO/6/KC

The fan request song tonight is one of my favorite artists so I'm very excited :)

hope y'all like it!

Context of Situation:

tweets which she tweeted in March 7, 2012.

She stated that she was very excited with the fans request song which she also

loved it too.

Data Interpretation:

In this datum, she employed an emoticon :) as expressing her feeling is

Datum EMO/7/LL

sorry all!!!! i wish i could keep chatting, but work calls!!!! xoxo have a glorious

day!

Context of Situation:

It was tweet-ed in May 23, 2012 by Lindsay Lohan. She was very sorry to

her followers since she should stop their chatting as she should go to work.

Data Interpretation:

She used the emoticon xoxo to express that she still really wanted to

keep chatting. It expresses hug and kisses to all fans whom participated in

chatting.

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The data above show that the emoticon contains many expressions which

could represent any kinds of facial expression. The function of emoticons is often

used to alert the followers to the temper of a statement. It also could change and

improve interpretation of plain text. Although there are many symbols could be

used, the emoticon would be the best way to avoid misinterpreting. The presence

of emoticon could psychologically affect the respond of the followers like having

more playful statements. Since emoticon represents the facial expression, it could

make the communication run smoothly as if they talk face-to-face.

C. Discussion

As it has been stated in the beginning of this chapter, the last part is

Discussion which puts the findings based on the result of data analysis above.

These findings are based on the problem statement of the research covering types

of paralinguistic features and its meaning. The following discusses the findings

drawn from the data analyzed.

1. The types of paralinguistic features

There are only six types from eight types of paralinguistic features

classified by Thurlow (2001) which could be found in the data. There are

abbreviations, punctuations, capitalizations, symbols, onomatopoeic and

emoticons. Meanwhile the other two are direct request and colored graphic. In this

case, the Twitter users never use the direct request since it is mostly used for the

mIRC (Microsoft Internet Relay Chat) users to know their identity. Otherwise, commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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Twitter is not only a place for chatting but also for sharing activities or news

where people should not acknowledge each other. Thus, Twitter does not provide

the feature of colored graphic like Instant Messaging or mIRC. The tweets have

the same form and size without any difference color instead of mentioning

someone (@) or tagging with hash tag (#).

Considering the difference, it proves that language varieties emerge

because of situational factors such as various kinds of setting time, place, topic

and goal (Chaer & Agustina, 2004: 16). Regarding the development of the

technologies, the language might also have some changes as for the example these

paralinguistic features. Some might be created but on the other hand some will be

diminished and lost.

2. The meaning of paralinguistic features

The analysis of paralanguage aims to know the non-verbal element which

is employed by the sender to such as intonation, pitch, etc and convey its meaning

to know the intention of the sender employed those kinds of paralinguistic

features. Therefore, this subchapter will discuss the meaning based on each type

paralinguistic features.

In addition for the explanation of language varieties above, that language

varieties could be happened because of its goal. In the analysis, the researcher

found some paralinguistic features which have the same form but different

meaning.

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Firstly the acronym found in the data, there are five acronyms which have

unique form such as LOL, LMAO, RIP, OMG and FTW. This acronym does not

only use to abbreviate the phrase or sentence but it also has another intention, that

is, to express the users feeling. In datum Abb/Acr When a

good song comes on makes you run faster on the treadmill lol

www.netlingo.com). She wanted to give a good

impression to her statement by using the playful acronym. The existence of these

acronyms could improve the interpretation of a statement.

Thus, the other type is symbols. The symbols were produced to represent

any distinctive things. The one is At Sign (@). This kind of symbol actually has

emerged as the time when email was introduced. Moreover, on Twitter, this

symbol has been widely used for tagging another account like mentioning or

calling people and replying messages. This is the one of Twitter features which

should be mastered by the users. Besides, the researcher found this symbol with

Had a great time @ the

IPL ceremony in INDIA or even

replying messa

one because it has simpler form and they are phonologically the same. The other

one is hash tag (#). This symbol is featured by Twitter to tag some issues which

could help people to know everything related to the issues. Looking at datum

SYM/C/1/RH which was written Day 1 of #interneticon complete! it shows the

use of hash tag on Twitter. Internet Icon itself is one video-making competition in

America. It appears with different color on Twitter. Thus, when it was clicked by

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any users, all the tweets relating about Internet Icon will be exposed automatically

by Twitter. In spite of that, the research also found the unique form of hash tag

which somehow does not correlate with some issues, shows, etc. The datum

SYM/C/2/KP shows the hash tag which is not used for promoting something. It is

more like to show its opinion related to the tweet. It Just finished

here?! #midnitesnack . From this tweet, the use of hash tag is not for tagging

some issues or even promoting something but it prefers to show what is in her

mind and what she was talking about.

The more people are connected to computer, the more creative people

would be in exploiting and expressing language. The language varieties become

more diverse and unique. The growing variation the language feature shows that

the language is always changing in this case as the emergence of sophisticated

technology especially Twitter.

3. Language Change

From the analysis above it is proven that Internet as the emergence of

sophisticated technology has made some changes to language in term of its

written communication.

NetSpeak is a mixture of speed, efficiency, informality and creative typography

where many of traditional grammar structures and style

Thus, Twitter, one of the most popular social networking services, could be the

most suitable source to show the language change. This analysis focuses on the commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id

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paralinguistic features which reflect the phonological and orthographic

(graphology) features of language. The discussions also shows that the

abbreviations is mostly used to add the intonations, express facial expression and

for the sake of brevity. The following is the explanation of each finding:

- New word creations

The letter homophones and onomatopoeic expression how the

distinctive words are creatively used by its user especially American artists.

The abbreviations show that how the users exploit letters and numbers to

replace the full word for the brevity. The limitation of characters (140

characters) forces them to be creative in composing sentences, phrases and

words in order to fit in only one tweet.

Twitter is one kind of CMC which everything is text-based. It

means that it is lack of expressions. Otherwise, on Twitter, it could be easily

playful manner. The first one is acronym. Commonly, it is used to

abbreviate name, place or organizations with initial letters. Nowadays,

especially on Twitter, acronym is also used to abbreviate such kinds of

expressions. There are five acronyms expressions used by the users such as

LOL, OMG, LMAO, FTW and RIP. From the discussion above, these kinds

hey creatively

exploit and abbreviate phrases or sentences into simpler one. The other one

is onomatopoeic expressions. This is quite similar to interjection or linguists

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It is the non-lexical component of communication by

speech, for example intonation, hesitation noises, gesture and facial

expression (Oxford Eleven Ed). It could be seen by the expressions which

were used, for instance wow, loooong, dang, woohoo, haha, etc. These

expressions also could be easily found on Twitter. This is used by them to

what they feel as it also could give more emotionally effect

towards the other users.

The form of letter homophones and onomatopoeic expression could

be varied based on what the users want to express. As long as it could be

understandable, they will create and employ it as much as they want.

- Unique graphology

Graphology is related to form of the text. On Twitter, the users

ignore about the

need. Twitter is a kind of CMC which reflects the existence of unique

graphology. To show the common graphology, this is the example taken

from daily conversation would be as the comparison with the tweets taken.

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Figure 4.1. Example of English Conversation

From the Figure above, it could be seen that the conversation also

uses some punctuations, exclamation marks (!), periods (.) and some

interjection (Yeah, uh, oh). The distinctive one that this conversation does

not employ exaggerates form of exclamation marks (!!!!!!!). This

conversation only shows the exclamation mark to emphasize the statement

there are many variations of exclamation marks which somehow it is

interpreted as the users want Wow.

or even have this kind of exclamation marks

#payphone . There is no restricted rule

with the amount of the punctuation marks. Despite of that, it depends on

how long the users press down the key and how the readers interpret the

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meaning of the multiple exclamation marks such as the more exclamation

marks used, the more emphasize got in every statements.

The other one is the use of capital letters or capitalization. The

figure above shows that the capital letter is only used in the beginning of

sentence and name of person (e.g. Cathy). On the other hand, on NetSpeak,

since it is not a case-sensitive, so it would have different intention if

someone employs capital letters in the statement. In order to give emphasize

tal letters on words,

phrases and sentences although it is in the middle of their statement. For

instance, datum CAPS/8/ALV and CAPS/10/ALV, the first datum reflects

the use of capitalization is to give emphasize to specific things as the user

KILLED

I LOVE YOU GUYS

someone.

- Symbolism

From the analysis, there are some unique symbols used by the users

on Twitter. There are symbols and emoticons. Symbols here are the various

features such as asterisk (*), at sign (@) and hash tag (#). These symbols

have each own functions which could be varied depends on how the users

employ the symbol. At Sign (@), for example, this has been designed for

Twitter that at sign (@) is used to mention or directly refer to others

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account. Meanwhile, this symbol also could be used to replace the

This shows that the

symbols could be used in every way which later could represent another

function based on how creative the users employ those symbols.

Symbolism in paralinguistic features is largely represented through

various combinations of characters that visually represent their body-

language counterparts. Emoticons are the combinations of symbols that are

used to represent facial expressions. For example, a generic smile emoticon

[ :) ] can represent more than feelings of happiness, just as an actual smile

can. Emoticon conveys all the emotion of the users by giving the unique

construction of punctuation which draws the facial expression. This is also

quite popular on Twitter since it is the playful manner to improve the plain

message as it represents the feeling of the users.

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