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DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OF CANADA
REPORT OF RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT BRANCH NEWFOUNDLAND REGION FOR 1968
ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND MARCH, 1969 (i)
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
BIO-ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS 3
Exploits River Development Program 3
Noel Fauls Brook Development 3
Controlled Flow Spawning Channel 3
Annual Channel Escapements 3 Egg Deposition, Fry Production and Distribution 5 River Assessments 6
Fence Census, Lower Noel Fauls Brook 6 Electrofishing Studies, Noel Fauls Brook 6
Pollution Investigations 7
Exploits River 7 Mine Wastes 8 Pulp Mill Waste 9
Red Indian Lake 12 Hydroelectric and Other Industrial Developments 15
Bay D'Espoir Power Development 15 Come-by-Chance Water Supply 15 Stephenville Area Water Supply 17
BIOLOGICAL SECTION 19
Development Unit 19
Indian River lroject 19
Controlled Flow Spawning Channel 19 River Population Assessment 19
Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations 22
Pollution Control Unit 25
Iron Ore Company of Canada - Labrador City, Labrador 25 Wabush Iron Ore Company - babush, Labrador 27 Page
Whalesback Project, BRINEX - Near Little Bay, N.D.B. 27 Gullbridge Mines Limited - South Brook 27 Consolidated Rambler Mines Limited - Baie Verte Peninsula 28 Electric Reduction Company of Canada Limited - Long Harbour 29 Newfoundland Pulp and Chemical Company - Come-by-Chance 30 Linerboard Kraft 1-ulp Mill - Stephenville 30 Bowaters Newfoundland Limited - Corner Brook 31
Insecticide Spraying 34
DDT Spraying for Biting Insects 34 Hemlock Looper Control Program 37
Caged fish 37 Wild fish 39 Bottom invertebrates 39 Drifting insects 39 Emerging insects 39 Water Chemistry 41 Conclusions 41
Lake Management Unit 42
Sport Fishery Investigations 42
Population Estimates 42 Creel Census 42 Limnological Studies 45
Growth of Avalon Peninsula Trout and Ouananiche 45 Petty Harbour Long Pond 45 Terra Nova Lake Investigations 46 1969 Program 48
Special Projects Unit 49
Obstruction Survey 49 Fishway Counting Trap Data 49 Seismic Exploration Investigations 54 Oyster Introduction Investigations 54 Port aux Basques Drift Net Fishery 56
ENGINEERING SECTION 57
Special Projects Unit 57
Page
Facilities for Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations 57 Indian River Counting Fence 59 Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channel 59 Salmon Brook, Hare Bay 59 Harry's River 59 Exploit's River, Noel Fauls Counting Fence 59 Preliminary Engineering Surveys 60 Grey River Gauging Station 60 Sheffield, Hinds, and Little Grand Lakes Level Restorations 60 Granite Lake Brook Dam 61 1969 Engineering Program 61
Development and Pollution Control Unit (Engineering Section) 61
SUMMARY 62 INTRODUCTION
During the past three to four years, in particular, this Frovince has been experiencing an upsurge in water use problems - due to such things as water supply for industry and proposed industry, related pollution and potential pollution problems, large scale hydro development, and the general problems concomitant with "catching up" with the rest of the industrialized Western world - such has perhaps taken place in other parts of Canada over a period of decades. The resulting burden on our staff and facilities has been great. Add to this what appears to threaten as over-exploitation of the salmon resource both in local and "distant" waters and the difficulty of adequately handling our major problems comes into focus. To further compound the situation, admin- istrative work has greatly increased its demands on the time of Branch staff at senior and intermediate levels by virtue of changes which have been occurring in our budgetting, accounting, and personnel procedures.
Thus it is that, notwithstanding the obvious necessity to move away from an atmosphere of crisis to one of better reasoned programming and planning, it seems overly optimistic to expect that such a desirable state is likely to be arrived at soon. Notwithstanding the constraints mentioned, worthwhile progress was made in a number of areas, to some of which reference is made following.
We take some credit, for instance, in having contributed to forestalling the use of DDT on some hundreds of square miles of our forest area (with consequent effect on aquatic fauna) and the substitution therefore of the less damaging pesticides Sumithion and Fhosphamidon. Our follow-up studies on the spray program demonstrated their lesser adverse effect (as compared with DDT) on aquatic fauna. Due to last minute changes in, and additions to, the spray area, our evaluations were less thorough than planned but enough information was gained to demonstrate the superiority in this regard of these chemicals. Re- grettably, our biologist assigned to spray programs left our employ at the end of the field season and will probably have to be replaced by someone with lesser experience in that area of investigation. Much larger scale spraying appears to be "in the works" for 1969.
In its first year of operation, our spawning channel at Noel Fauls Brook gave an encouraging fry survival of 53 percent, this being considerably in excess of what might be expected in a completely natural environment. The concensus appears to be developing amongst those of our staff that have been associated with our spawning channels that, for maximum effectiveness, the fry production from such channels requires distribution to suitable rearing areas.
In 1968, the Branch was able for the first time to assign one man (a student) to make a beginning on collecting data on the Fort-aux- Basques drift net fishery requisite to evaluating the effects of this -2- fishery on Atlantic salmon stocks. It was just a beginning but, in co- ordination with local F.R.B.C. personnel, it is hoped that some increased effort can be assigned in 1969. A report has been compiled on our 1968 data and should be available shortly.
Due to problems of multiple resource use, and dual jurisdiction (federal and provincial), our proposed Exploits River Development Program (except for the Noel lauls Brook Channel) has not moved appreciably in the past year. Iroblems here relate to the ultimate fate of the river as a Iroducer of fish; as a receptacle for domestic, pulp and paper, and base metal concentrator wastes; and as a source of hydroelectricity. These require to be solved before long range plans for salmon development can be confidently undertaken.
A significant beginning was made in 1968 on construction of facilities on Sandhill River in Labrador to enable annual tagging of some 10,000 smolts which, when released, will help in the resolution of problems associated with the commercial fishery for Atlantic salmon in Greenland. About three fifths of our "fence" was completed in 1968, the remainder will be in 1969. Lven so, it is planned to initiate smolt tagging on that river in this year. This, except for some adult follow-up in 1969, will enable us to phase out the interim tagging site at Salmon River in northern Newfoundland.
Due to the departure of one of our "lakes" biologists in mid- season, it was not possible to get two investigating teams in the field on "lakes" in 1968 as planned. A new graduate, due to arrive in June of this year, should enable us to partially fulfill this "two-team" ambition in 1969.
We were fortunate in early 1969, in filling our Senior Biologist position with an able and experienced person, Mr. h. E. Cutting. His contribution to our work, especially insofar as Branch administration is concerned, has been invaluable.
These brief comments touch only on some of our more notable work areas. These, and many others, receive somewhat more attention in the main body of our Annual Report. All of our work, whether at Regional HQ or in the field, has been greatly furthered by assistance from other Branches, and in particular by the four District Officers and their field staffs. 3
BIO-ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS
Exploits River Development Program
The Exploits River drainage constitutes the single largest potential for Atlantic salmon on the Island of Newfoundland. Only about 20 percent of its 4,400 sq. mi. drainage is now developed for salmon. Biological and engineering studies have been carried out for several years to define the best approach to the use of the remaining untapped salmon potential. Basically, the drainage is divided into three parts by two obstructions to fish migration located on the main river. Salmon accessibility currently extends inland as far as Grand Falls. The present salmon development program is directed toward the establishment of sea-run salmon in the 1,400 sq. mi. of drainage between Grand Falls and the impassable dam at the outlet of Red Indian Lake. As successful salmon populations are developed in that area, the program may be continued to include development of the significant salmon potential located beyond Red Indian Lake,
In 1968, a portion of the headwater of a major Exploits River tributary (Victoria River) was diverted into the Bay D'Espoir Power Development. This diversion, as well as a second one under consideration (if implemented), will affect discharges in the lower river by reduction of available storage. These reduced flows will decrease dilution of the pollutants from the Grand Falls area, quite possibly resulting at times in stream conditions less suitable for fish life than those that now exist. Efforts directed toward prevention of such deterioration of water quality require the cooperation and coordination of both Federal, Provincial, and private agencies. Realization of the full salmon potential will require coordinated efforts in the fields of fish passage techniques, water flow control, pollution control, fish cultural practices, and fish population manipulation.
Noel Fauls Brook Development
Controlled Flow Spawning Channel
Annual Channel Escapements. During 1967 and 1968, adult Atlantic salmon were transferred by tank truck from Adies Stream on the Upper Humber River to Noel fauls Brook Controlled Flow Spawning Channel situated on the upper part of Noel Fauls Brook (Fig. 1). In both years, most transferred sl -a.wners weighed from 2.5 - 3.5 pounds, measured from 50 - 56 cm. fork length, and were in their fifth or sixth year of life. Annual information on the channel escapements and on the sex ratios is provided in Table I. Spawning commenced in mid-October and continued 21 rn x -o
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C S2: O H C —I 03 1 1 1 32: V 9 13 N33M 5 into early November. Condition of fish in the channel was excellent and few mortalities were recorded during their channel residence. After spawning, spent adults were released into Noel Fauls Brook itself.
Table I. Annual salmon spawning escapements and egg depositions, Noel Fauls Channel, 1967 and 1968.
Channel escapement Estimated egg deposition Number Sex ratio F:M Year Grilse Salmon Total Grilse Salmon Grilse Salmon Total
1967 222 3 225 55:45 100: 273,280 16,170 289,450
1968 358 7 365 43:57 57:43 270,582 26,240 296,822
Based on fecundity of 700 eggs per lb. of female grilse and 800 eggs per lb. of female salmon.
In 1967, kelts were alternately tagged with Atkins and Petersen tags to study fish migration through the Lower Exploits system including physical and industrial obstructions at Grand Falls and Bishop's Falls, and through the marine commercial fisheries. During May 1968, as many as one dozen tagged kelts were observed in the Bishop's Falls Power Dam Forebay at one time. Thirty-one tagged fish (13 Atkins, 18 Petersen) were recaptured in marine waters between St. Anthony and St. John's, with one half being taken within Notre Dame Bay.
In 1967, Atlantic salmon were permitted to spawn at a low channel density of one female per 12 square yards, but, in 1968, the fish were placed in the channel at a record high density of one female per 5 square yards. Superimposition did not appear to be any more serious at this density than at the previous record lower one of one female per 6.4 square yards tested in 1966 at Indian River Channel. Size composition of Indian River and Noel Fauls Brook populations were similar, but the sex ratio at Indian River contained many more females (78:22 F:M). In 1968, eggs from about one quarter of the Noel Fauls population were stripped, fertilized, and planted in the spawning beds at a density of 1050 eggs per square yard as compared to the natural spawning egg density of about 400 eggs per square yard.
Egg Deposition, Fry Production and Distribution. Annual channel egg depositions are shown in Table I. An estimated 153,000 fry were produced in the Spring of 1968 from the 1967 spawning deposition of 289,000 eggs (Table I), for an egg-to-fry survival rate of 53 percent. These fry were distributed to Upper Noel Fauls and associated tributaries at one mile stream intervals, mainly at a density of 30 to 40 fry per 100 square yards of rearing area. -6-
River Assessments
Fence Census, Lower Noel Fauls Brook. During May and June 1968, fyke nets were operated at a fence site constructed on Lower Noel Fauls Brook in 1967 (Fig. 1). The aim of this investigation was to determine the extent of landlocked salmon (ouananiche) downstream movement during the seasonal period when sea-rui 'mon smolts are migrating. Only 40 ouananiche moved past this counting weir during the first year's operation.
Electrofishing Studies, Noel Fauls Brook. In 1966 and 1967, electrofishing assessments were conducted in stream sections which were to receive channel fry in 1968. Before this stocking took place, these sections were usually found to contain low populations of ouananiche and brook trout. During August 1968, electrofishing assessments were conducted in the same areas to measure the survival of the channel fry distributed there two months earlier. Although these data are not yet analyzed, it appears that young-of-the-year salmon populations were significantly higher than those present in 1966 or 1967 before the fry introductions.
J. D. Fratt K. M. Mercer -7-
Pollution Investigations Pollution investigations continued on the Exploits River, including Red Indian Lake, during 1968 (Fig. 1). These studies were directed toward monitoring changes occurring as a result of man's activity in the Exploits drainage.
Grand Falls is the site of the Price (Nfld.) Pulp and Paper Limited pulp and paper mill. This Company produces sodium-base sulphite groundwood pulp. rNastes from this industry affect the Exploits River below Grand Falls. Buchans, located on Red Indian Lake, is the site of a base metal mine operated by the American Smelting and Refining Company Limited (ASARCO) which began production there in 1927. The mine produces copper concentrate (approximately 8,000 tons annually), zinc concentrate (approximately 65,000 tons), and lead concentrate (approximately 40,000 tons), as well as small amounts of silver and gold. Approximately 240,000 tons of tailings are disposed of annually. Prior to December 1965, tailings were discharged to Red Indian Lake via Buchans Brook. At that time, ASARCO constructed a tailings pond to contain the solid wastes from the milling operation and to minimize the discharge of heavy metals. By September 1968, it was necessary to enlarge the tailings pond. Enlargement was accomplished by raising the height of the tailings pond dam by three feet. Extension of the dam was completed in December 1968. During the reconstruction period, a storm washed out part of the dam permitting tailings to escape to Red Indian Lake. The breach was rectified in a few days.
The present impoundment is a substantial improvement over the method of waste disposal before December 1965. It is not, however, fully adequate since there is always a strong possibility (as occurred in late 1968) that, with heavy runoff or flooding, the temporary dyking will collapse and large quantities of tailings will again escape into Red Indian Lake. The enlarged tailings pond, if intact, is expected to provide adequate settling of tailings during the winter of 1968-1969. At the present time, the company is planning a new and larger tailings pond system. The plans will be submitted to the Department for comments and suggestions. Construction is expected to begin in the summer of 1969.
Domestic wastes from 15,000 ieople are discharged to the hxploits River from the towns of Grand Falls, ,.indsor, and Bishop's Falls. These wastes also affect the hxploits River below Grand Falls.
Exploits River - Analysis of Exploits River water has been conducted periodically since 1961 to measure the effect of wastes from the mine -8-
at Buchans, the pulp and paper mill wastes from Grand Falls, and the domestic wastes from Grand Falls, Windsor, and Bishop's Falls. Results are summarized below:
Nine bastes - n,xploits River sampling began in 1961. Between 1961 and 1966, concentrations of both copper and zinc, expressed as fractions of the Incipient Lethal Level (ILL), have been, in the majority of cases, 0.4 ILL or higher (Table II). In 1967, the trend was changed when less than 20 percent of the samples were 0.4 ILL or higher. No doubt this improvement is a result of mine tailings impoundment. In 1968, heavy metal concentrations in the Exploits- River decreased further (Table II). Records are not yet available, but flows in the Exploits diver during 1968 were abnormally high due to exceptionally high precipitation. high dilution, plus the tailings if4oundment, resulted in reduced heavy metal concentrations in the river. It is quite possible, if heavy metal concentrations in the Exploits River continue to decline at their present rate, that they may reach levels acceptable for fish life by the summer of 1969.
Table II. Range of heavy metal concentrations (ug/l) in the Exploits River, 1961 - 1967. Year Copper Zinc
1961 20 - 30 140 - 200
1962 10 - 40 50 - 360
1963 4 - 17 39 - 165
1964 Trace - 15 67 - 260 1 1965 1.2 - 52 40 - 850 2 1966 Trace - 77 35 - 4853
1967 Trace - 464 12 - 232 5 6 1968 Trace - 18 14 - 1877
1/ One value 85 4/ 8.2% above 20 7/ 17.1% above 125 2/ 11.2% above 20 5/ 2.7% above 200 3/ 10.7% above 250 6/ 9.0% above 10
Sprague determined for the Northwest Niramichi diver in New Brunswick that values of 0.4 - 0.5 ILL are sufficient to disturb adult salmon upstream migration and cause fish to return downstream (for copper, one ILL equals 32 ug/1, and for zinc equals 420 ug/1). -9-
Pulp Mill 'i:astes - These wastes are discharged into the Exploits River at the rate of 77,000,000 USgpd, of which 360,000 USgpd are sulphite waste liquor. Fiber is discharged to the river at approximately 15 3.0.D. tons/day, while total solids approach 52 tons/day. These wastes affect primarily dissolved oxygen of the river, but detrimental effects other than from lowered dissolved oxygen, though probable, are not yet documented.
In July 1966, the Company changed from a calcium-base to a sodium-base sulphite process. Because chemical recovery is not practiced, there has been no substantial reduction on the demand for dissolved oxygen in the river. The biochemical oxyen demand of the calcium or sodium base liquor is about 600 lbs./ton of product. 'vi_th chemical recovery, the 3.0.1'. of the sodium-base liquor is approximately 50 lbs./ton of product. 3.0.D. determinations were conducted on the pulp mill waste and Exploits 'River waters during 1966 and 1967. Results of the S.O.S. analyses for 1966 - 1967 (24-hour composite samples) are shown in Table III. The Delartment of Energy, Lines, and Resources completed extensive anal . ses on the Grand Falls pulp mill waste during 1968, but results are not yet available.
Table III. B.O.D. values for pulp mill wastes and Exploits River water, 1966 and 1967.
Location Range B.O.D. (ppm or mg/1)
Exploits River 1 Above Grand Falls (Control) 0.0 - 2.1 Downstream 0.0 - 6.0
Mill outfalls
North Sewer 56 - 494 3 South Sewer 15 - 200 28,000 1/ One value 3.87 2/ Average 273 3/ Average 102
The Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal (Great Britain) and the Ontario 'vater Resource Commission recommend that a 3.0.D. of 4 ppm should not be exceeded in river waters. A 5.0.D. of 2.0 ppm or less indicates clean water.
During the summer of 1968, dissolved oxygen sampling of the main river was not conducted. It was unlikely, because of high flows, that low dissolved oxygen values occurred. Dissolved oxygen saturation -10- values in the main river were 80 percent or higher during the 1967 survey when flows in the river were rarely below 5,000 cfs.
The Exploits River estuary was surveyed during 1968 (Fig. 2). The survey consisted of water sampling (salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (D.0.), 5 - day biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.), sulphite waste liquor (8.1s.L.), and turbidity) and bottom sampling to assess qualitatively the aquatic life and to define areas of sludge and wood material deposits.
Runoff during the survey period was considered excessive, for mean flow rates were accentuated by frequent rainfall. As a result of heavy rainfall and the cooler-than-average weather, river water temperatures usually remained below 13 ° C and approached a temperature of 17 C on only one occasion (July 26, 1968). Because of the high runoff and relatively fast flushing of the estuary, the dissolved oxygen values in the freshwater layer remained at or above 80 percent saturation.
A brackish salt water wedge (20 to 252 salinity) was observed. on several occasions to move up the Exploits Liver estuary to a point above station 3 (Fig. 2). Tidal effects extended to the Bond Bridge at the TCR. Dissolved oxygen values near the bottom were particularly lower within the area encompassed by the head of the salt wedge. Saturation values as low as 10 percent occurred at station 3 during the survey conducted on September 17 - 19, 1968. During other periods, D.O. values of 30 - 70 percent saturations were recorded at this station. In all likelihood, depressed D.O. values were due to oxygen removal by the anaerobic bottom sludge deposits which blanket the area. Dissolved oxygen values in saline and brackish waters at other stations approached saturation. B.O.S. values of slightly brackish surface waters ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 Ppm. Deeper, more saline waters, usually remained below 1.0 ppm dissolved oxygen.
In general, sampling data suggest that the Exploits estuary, which is a partially-mixed salt wedge system, afforded good dilution of pulp mill effluents during this period. The salt wedge maintained much of the fresh water in the 2 - 5 meter upper layer. This indication was evidenced at S.T.L. values of 100 - 200 ppm in surface waters at stations 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 8.
Beyond station 8, waters became more mixed and values dropped to less than 100 ppm. Only the topmost 2 meters of water contained measurable values of 1:%.2. where the salt wedge existed, s..„.L. values dropped to that of background values (10 ppm or less).
A benthic sampling program, though incomplete, defined the general area affected by settleable wood solids. The entire river bed near the estuary, as well as much of the estuary (including Norris Arm), is blanketed by sludge, wood fiber and chips, and bark. In most cases, this bottom layer was undergoing anaerobic decomposition as evidenced by heavy odor of hydrogen sulfide in the samples. During slack tide —11—
BOTWOOD HARBOUR BAY OF EXPLOITS SCALE: 1:250,000
BISHOP'S FALLS
5 0 5 ■Ib 4 scale of miles
CHART OF BAY OF EXPLOITS SHOWING STATIONS OCCUPIED DURING MAY- NOV., 1968.
FIG. 2 -12- periods, sludge masses were often seen drifting into Botwood Harbour. Little or no macroscopic aquatic life existed. Much of the area seaward approximately to station 8 (Fig. 2) seems to be so affected. A more extensive, quantitative benthic survey is planned to assess more accurately the zones of critical pollution.
Because the study in 1968 was considered to illustrate better than average conditions due to continuous high fresh water runoff, an accurate picture of average or poor conditions cannot be estimated. An additional survey of the estuary will be conducted in 1969. Indications from the 1967 survey are that, if river discharges drop below 5000 cfs for a protracted period during the summer months, critical low dissolved oxygen will occur in the estuary and in the lower sections of the river (below Sir Robert Bond Bridge). As a rule, discharge in the river is maintained, near 5,000 cfs. by release of stored water from Red Indian Lake. The amount of release changes during periods of drought or flood. The proposed diversion of the Upper Exploits by the New- foundland and Labrador Power Commission will have serious consequences for both estuary and river if pollution is not abated, or flows maintained at or above 5,000 cfs. below Grand. Falls. Figure 3 shows the seasonal pattern of runoff for the Exploits River at Grand Falls from 1913 - 1959.
Red Indian Lake - Analysis of Red Indian Lake waters has been conducted since 1961. Analysis in 1968 indicates that concentrations of copper and zinc are still at levels unacceptable for fish life. Levels of copper ranged from 4 ug/1 - 18 ug/1 and zinc from 106 ug/1 - 220 ug/l. Expressed as fractions of the Incipient Lethal Level (ILL), most were 0.4 or higher.
Samples of bottom deposits collected in 1962 and 1967 show total copper, zinc, and lead present in extremely high concentrations (Table IV). Values in 1967 are lower than for 1962, possibly due to differences in sampling. Samples in 1967 were collected throughout the entire lake. In 1962 sampling was concentrated in the northeastern half of the lake where mining pollution is more intensive.
In 1968, bottom deposit samples were collected from Lloyds, Star, and Victoria Lakes. These "control" lakes are unaffected by mining pollution. Concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments of the control lakes were considerably lower than in Red Indian Lake (Table IV).
Because of leaching of heavy metals from the bottom deposits into solution in Red Indian Lake, it is highly probable that the metal concentration in the lake itself will remain at unacceptable levels for a number of years even with the mine wastes adequately impounded.
Analysis of water samples in 1967 from Lloyd's River, Victoria River, and Shanadithit River (all of which drain into Red Indian Lake 30-
A—MEAN FOR PERIOD OF RECORD Li B— MOST PROBABLE MONTHLY th AVERAGE 25-
0 CI—, 90% CONFIDENCE RANGE z U) 0 I- 2o. z
0 15- 5
CD ___J 4 C r - Q IO-
J A z 0 2
Jan. I Feb. I Mar. I Apr- I May (June IJuly 'Aug? Sept'. 100 '.Nov 'Dec.
F1G•3 SEASONAL PATTERN OF RUNOFF EXPLOITS RIVER AT GRAND FALLS PERIOD OF RECORD 1913-1959 -14—
Table IV. flange of heavy metal concentrations (ppm) in bottom deposits of Red Indian, Lloyds, Star, and Victoria Lakes.
Lake Red Indian Lake Lloyds Star Victoria Year Metals 1962 1967 1968 1968 1968
Copper 250 - 1,000 100 - 880 34 22 47
Zinc 2,000 - 5,000 220 - 14,600 146 138 120
Lead 1,200 -10,000 250 - 1,250 55 100 68
and are unaffected by mining operations) showed copper and zinc levels were 4.0 ug/1 or lower. These results provide circumstantial evidence that the heavy metal concentrations in Red Indian Lake are due to the mining operation. Samples were collected in 1968 from the same rivers for analysis by Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources but, as yet, no results are available.
In November 1966, weekly sampling of Buchans Brook, which carries the mine waste to Red Indian Lake, commenced and will continue indefinitely to determine the effects of the tailings impoundment. In 1968, copper concentrations ranged from trace - 50 ug/l, and zinc ranged from 80 ug/1 - 1180 ug/l. Except for a few samples, copper and zinc concentrations were less than 30 ug/1 and 500 ughl, respectively.
It is doubtful if there is now, since effective impoundment, any appreciable continuing increase in heavy metals as a result of the mining operations. Present concentrations in the lake are probably due mainly to leaching from tailings discharged between 1925 and 1965.
L. J. Cowley D. hascaluk A. Jamieson -15-
Hydroelectric And Other Industrial Developments
Bay D'Espoir Power Development
The Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission announced plans to proceed with the Bay D'Espoir Hydroelectric Power Development in 1965. The Development is located on the south coast of Newfoundland and will utilize the runoff from four watersheds to provide 600,000 horsepower for power production. hivers involved are the Salmon, Grey, rvalite Bear, and upper section of the Exploits River (Fig. 4).
The Development has been carried out in two phases. Phase I, which includes Salmon and Grey Rivers, is completed, and the powerhouse was in operation since May, 1967. Phase II, which includes diverting the runoff from the upper White Bear and Upper Exploits River watersheds is proceeding on schedule. All major construction work should be completed by late 1969. The Lloyd's River diversion, another tributary of the Exploits, has been deferred until a later date.
Construction work on the dams and canals created several silting problems which required attention during the year.
Facilities for releasing water into Grey River to maintain a minimum flow to allow migrating fish to reach the Salmon Brook tributary were completed, but, again as in 1967, they were not operative at the time required. Fortunately, the fairly wet summer minimized fish migration problems. During 1968, a river gauging station and a radio- telephone system were installed to check on the flow in the river.,
Periodic checks were made at the Bay D'Espoir power plant tailrace to determine if the increased flow was creating an unnatural attraction for the Conne River salmon run. Construction to deepen and widen the tailrace was underway, and there was no indication of any attraction of large numbers of fish away from the Conne River.
Departmental personnel met with the Commission on several occasions to discuss and seek a satisfactory arrangement to the problem of maintaining the anadromous and resident fish populations in that portion of the watershed of White bear River which will not be diverted into the Power Development. The Department's requirements were re-stated in December of 1968. Subsequent correspondence has included the Commission's counter-proposal and the Department's minimum requirements. It is likely that agreement for the protection of White Bear River fish resources will be forthcoming early in 1969.
Come-by-Chance Water Supply
Site preparation for an industrial complex at Come-by-Chance is underway. Early plans for the complex included construction of a pulp -16-
EXPLOITS RIVER
RED INDIAN LAKE
VICTORIA LAKE (
UPPER LLOYDS GREY/RIVER // /
GRANIT LAKE 1 'EBBEGUNBAE( /) CA AL ,/ LAKE CANAL SALMON RIVER
BUR NT POND (Lai ..... / I i SIDEHILL /, / I • CANA / / UDOPS DA „/- / 1 •
GRANITE LAKE DAM /
X
SALMON RIVER DA
I-
BURGEO
SCALE: I in. = 10 mi. FLOODED AREA
FIG.4 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR THE BAY D'ESPOIR POWER DEVELOPMENT -17- and paper mill, a refinery, and an anhydrous ammonia plant.
The refinery and associated petrochemical industries will, in the main, utilize large quantities of sea water for cooling purposes. However, the proposed pulp and paper mill will require a fresh water supply with a capacity of about 20 million gallons per day.
The scheme chosen to satisfy the fresh water demand involves two nearby rivers, Come-by-Chance River and Black River. The proposal includes provision for storage of water on Black River Fond, pumping the water over the divide into the Come-by-Chance River where the water will flow in the natural streambed to a point about one-half mile above tidewater, and impoundment of the water there for pumping via pipeline to the mill site. Once the firm proposal was set forth, the Department was able to make recommendations for the protection of fish resources. Essentially, these recommendations provided for fish passage at the Come-by-Chance Dam, protection for fish at the pump intake facilities, and scheduling of water discharges in the Come-by-Chance River to afford suitable conditions for migratory and resident fishes.
Stephenville Area Water Supply
Fhasing-out of the military units at the Ernest Harmon Air Force Base resulted in considerable impetus by the Newfoundland Government to develop employment opportunity to replace the lost industry. As a result of the attempt to re-establish industry, several new industrial activities have established there. One suggested development, which seems to have moved from the "proposed" stage to the "imminent" stage, is that for a linerboard mill.
The linerboard mill will require a large amount of fresh water; the other industries have varying demands for lesser amounts. The Atlantic Development Board, therefore, retained the consulting firm of Resources Engineering of Canada Limited in June 1966 to conduct a feasibility study for a suitable water supply for the area.
A scheme with an ultimate capacity of about 100 million gallons per day was proposed. The proposal selected Harris River as the most economical source of water (Fig. 7). The ultimate capacity can be reached, if desired, by a 3-stage development. The low-level capacity could utilize water from the Noel Fond and Long Gull Fond drainages. The second stage, with a capacity approaching 50 mgd, would involve extraction of water from Harrys River to supplement the stage one supply. Full development of the water supply would entail construction of a 20-foot- high dam on Harris River to store water on Georges Lake. Stored water will be released, as needed, into Harry's River for extraction with the facilities installed in the stage-two development. -18-
Meetings have been held with A.D.3. and the consultants to develop measures for the protection of Harry's River fish resources. In the main, the protection measures involve the maintenance of suitable river discharges for the use of resident and migratory fishes, the provision of fish facilities at the dams, and the protection of fish at the pump intake structures. Authority to proceed with construction of the water supply system has not been granted.
Pollution problems associated with outfalls from the linerboard mill or the other industries may develop. Adequate information is not yet available for planning pollution control measures. The Department stands ready to recommend adequate safeguards for the fish resources as soon as sufficient information permits definition of the problem. -19-
BIOLOGICAL SECTION
Development Unit
Indian River Project
A controlled flow spawning channel is located nine miles downstream from a diversion structure on Indian River (Fig. 5) which diverts most of this river's headwaters for hydroelectric purposes. The channel, completed in 1962, was built to accommodate the Atlantic salmon run affected by the resulting curtailment in spawning area. Adults were admitted in 1963. The channel is now in the sixth year of operation.
Controlled Flow Spawning Channel
The annual spawning escapements accommodated by this facility have been predominantly 5 or 6 year old grilse, 3 pounds in weight, with a sex ratio of 3 females for every male. Operation of this channel has demonstrated that by persistent control of spawning bed gravel quality, adult and egg predation, and spawner distribution, it is feasible to produce consistently good quality fry at triple the regular egg-to-fry survival rate estimated for the natural spawning beds of Indian River. Spawning and fry production studies have shown that the maximum practical channel capacity is 200 spawning females (one female per 5 to 6 square yards of spawning area) with an egg deposition of 400,000 and an expected annual fry production of 200,000 to 300,000 fish. Even higher capacities, with similar or higher egg-to-fry survival rates, may be possible by employing artificial egg taking and planting the eggs in the gravel. Experiments are now underway at Noel Pauls Brook Channel to investigate this technique. River Population Assessments
Since 1966, considerable information has been collected on channel fry migrational behavior within the river, and on fry, parr, and smolt-rearing capacities of various stream habitats. These aspects have been investigated mainly by the use of electrofishing equipment and counting fence devices.
Electrofishing studies combined with results from a fry recovery fence have shown that channel fry dispersal to the river section adjacent the channel, or from any other release site chosen within the river system, is mainly limited to a distance one mile downstream and a negligible distance upstream. The parr-rearing areas considered to be the most productive or potentially the most productive (i.e. 25 - 40 parr per 100 sq. yard unit, coarse rubble-boulder stream bottom) lie at considerable distances from the channel in Lower Indian River, Black Brook, Burnt Berry Brook (Fig. 5), and other lesser tributaries. Coincidentally, the section of Upper Indian River within range of natural fry emigration from BLACK LAKE
FALLS & FISHWAY UPPER SMOLT & ADULT COUNTING FENCE INDIAN FALLS POND
? SMOLT COUNTING FENCE
LOCATION MAP
NEWFOUNDLAND
scale of miles
FIG.5 MAP OF INDIAN RIVER AND ITS DRAINAGE AREA -21- the channel has been determined to be one of the least productive parr producers in the river system (i.e. 10 to 15 parr per unit, gravel-small rubble stream bottom). Also, channel fry introductions to inaccessible boulder-rubble areas (e.g. Upper Indian River above the channel adult diversion fence), or heavy natural fry seedings in similar but accessible habitat where unusually low parr indices generally prevail (e.g. Lower Indian River), have resulted in increased parr populations.
Because of these results, our primary aim has been to distribute channel fry to these more-productive parr-rearing areas at release sites spaced one to two miles apart and at average densities of 30 to 40 fry per stream rearing unit. Beginning in 1967, inaccessible portions of Upper Indian River and accessible portions of Lower Indian River have been seeded in this fashion, and this program will continue at least until 1970. An extension of the experimental fry distribution plan is now being drafted for further consideration. This plan involves inclusion of inaccessible portions of Black Brook (20,000 smolts potential) and Burnt Berry Brook (15,000 smolts potential) during 1971 to 1974 in the channel fry seeding experiment. In retrospect, research at Indian River during the past few years has generated considerable optimism concerning application of controlled flow channels for Atlantic salmon. Sufficient management and research results have been realized from the study of the salmon's freshwater life stages to provide guidelines for further development activities. Nevertheless, it will require much of the next decade to investigate adequately these applications.
J. D. Pratt S. Pond A. P. Cowan -22-
Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations
A commercial salmon fishery which developed off the west coast of Greenland reached large proportions between 1959 and 1961. This increased catch has caused concern in several countries on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean as to what part the salmon resources of each nation contribute to this fishery. Thus, in March 1966, an investigation was launched in Labrador to find a river suitable for a smolt tagging operation as part of an overall Canadian investigation to ascertain the impact of the Greenland salmon fishery on Canada's Atlantic salmon stocks.
During 1966 and 1967, preliminary reconnaissance surveys were made on 16 rivers in Labrador and 10 rivers on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland (Fig. 6) to locate a river suitable for the tagging project. Because of a paucity of information on the Labrador area, rivers on the Great Northern Peninsula were investigated as possible interim tagging sites while more extensive investigations proceeded in Labrador.
Temporary counting fences were operated on four likely rivers to determine their adult salmon run. A fence was operated on St. Charles River in 1966 and on Sand Hill River and Double Brooks in Labrador and on Salmon River on the Great Northern Peninsula during 1967.
After data were evaluated, Sand Hill River, Labrador, was chosen as the project site. During 1968, construction was begun on smolt enumerating facilities. At the same time, an interim smolt tagging operation was conducted on Salmon River on the Great Northern Peninsula.
The Salmon River fence was operated from May 25 to October 3, 1968. A fish sample was taken from the commercial fishery in Ariege Bay at the mouth of Salmon River to determine the age, length, weight, and sex composition of the catch there in relation to those parts of the run entering Salmon River and commercial catches elsewhere.
At Salmon River, 7,668 smolts were tagged from a total count of 27,411 fish, using a green Carlin tag attached by stainless steel wire (series L 0001 to L 10,000). A total of 792 descending salmon kelts was counted during the same period, and 89 of these were tagged with a red Atkins tag attached by wire (series 110 to 199). The adult spawning run was also enumerated, and 711 salmon (691 grilse, 20 salmon) were counted. Two hundred of the ascending adult salmon were tagged, 100 with a green Petersen disc (series G 1000 - G 1099) and 100 with a green Atkins tag attached by wire (series 400 - 499). The kelt and adult salmon tags were applied to assess tag recovery in the Greenland and local commercial fisheries, and in Salmon River itself in subsequent years.
In 1969, smolt tagging operations will be conducted on-site at Sand Hill River. Also, the salmon counting operation will be conducted GREENLAND- 1966 FIELD SURVEY
LABRADOR - AREA 2 I) GILBERT RIVER 2) SHINNEYS WATERS 3) ALEXIS RIVER 4) ST. LEWIS RIVER 5) ST. MARYS RIVER 6) ST. CHARLES RIVER
LABRADOR- AREA 1 LABRADOR SEA 7) TEMPLE BROOK 8) PINWARE RIVER 9) L'ANSE AU LOUP RIVER 10) FORTEAU RIVER
NFLD. - AREA D-I3 II) EAST RIVER 12) BARTLETTS BROOK 13) WATSONS BROOK 14) SALMON RIVER 14) SOUTH WEST BROOK 15) NORTH EAST BROOK
NFLD.-AREA C-12 16) BIG BROOK 17) EDDY'S COVE BROOK 18) EAST ARM RIVER 19) WEST ARM RIVER 20) ST. GENEVIEVE RIVER
1967 FIELD SURVEY
LABRADOR - AREA 5 21) SHELLBIRD RIVER
LABRADOR- AREA 3 22) DOUBLE BROOKS 23) TOM LUSCOME BROOK 50° 24) FLATWATER BROOK 25) NORTH RIVER 26) WHITE BEAR RIVER 27) DYKES RIVER 28) SAND HILL RIVER 20 0 20 40 60 scale of miles
FIG. 6 SURVEY AREA GREENLAND TAGGING PROJECT '66-68 - 24— at Salmon River to find out the rate of return of Carlin, Fetersen, and Atkins tags to the river and to the commercial fishery. Further smolt tagging is under active consideration for this site.
a. F. Feet H. F. Murphy -25-
Pollution Control Unit
In addition to investigations of the effects of mining wastes on Red Indian Lake, and mining, pulp and paper, and domestic wastes on the Exploits River, pollution investigations were also conducted on the effects of wastes from industrial operations at Wabush Lake, Labrador; Rambler Brook, Baie Verte; Gull Fond, South Brook; Long Harbour, Placentia Bay; and Humber Arm, Corner Brook. Brief visits were made to other problem areas, mainly associated with mining activity.
Iron Ore Company of Canada - Labrador City, Labrador
This Company went into production in 1962 (Fig. 7). Tailings disposal, amounting to about 12,000,000 tons annually, is discharged directly into Wabush Lake. In addition, large amounts of waste (5,050 U.S.g.p.m.) are discharged from a pelletizing plant into the lake. The Company uses a mechanical and chemical flotation process to extract iron from the raw ore. In May 1965, the Department of Fisheries and Iron Ore Company of Canada held meetings in Labrador City concerning mine wastes discharged to Wabush Lake. It had been understood, prior to this meeting, that the Company would build a dyke of tailings in Wabush Lake to confine solid wastes. The Company, however, contends that it is impractical to build such a dyke since it would take at least thirty years to complete. Mine wastes are now discharged to the lake but nothing is being done to prevent their spread by wind action or water currents.
In 1966, a chemical and biological survey of Wabush Lake was conducted jointly by the Fisheries Research Board of Canada (St. Andrews station personnel) and Department personnel. Bottom soil samples were also collected for chemical analysis by the Bedford Institute of Oceanography. Conclusions reached from a preliminary analysis of data are:
1. No obvious direct effects on fish life at present, except for the immediate vicinity of waste outfall. The lethal threshold for concentrator waste, as determined in the laboratory, was 300 mg/1 suspended solids.
2. Benthic fauna appears to have been affected in areas close to waste discharge.
3. The iron content of the sediuents in Wabush Lake is 4 to 5 times higher than values found in other lakes in the region.
4. Long-term changes will occur in the chemistry, sedimentology, and biology of Wabush Lake. 26
54°
NEWFOUNDLAND- LABRADOR
QUEBEC ST ANTHONY
ROS7KTON 51° ATLANTIC OCEAN 7
GULF OF ST. L AWERENCE TE TILT COVE SOLIDATED RAMBLER
L I T TL BAY
YORK CORNER
STEPHE
ANCE
ATLANTIC T. OCEAN LAWRENCE
SCALE: I IN• = 48 M I •
FIG•7 LOCATION OF SOME MINING SITES AND OTHER AREAS OF POSSIBLE POLLUTION, ON THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. -27-
5. It is likely that the long-term changes will adversely affect fish populations.
In 1969, if possible, a monitoring program will be set up for Wabush Lake.
In 1968, I.O.C. proposed to de-water Heath Lake (to facilitate mining operations) by pumping over the watershed divide to spill into Carol Lake. The Department objected on the basis that this operation would unnecessarily extend pollution to Carol Lake and downstream waters. The Company reluctantly agreed to de-water Heath Lake via its original outflow, i.e. Pointer Lake, Luce Lake, and eventually into Wabush Lake. This scheme was acceptable to the Department since these waterways are already affected by mining activity and the de-watering of Heath Lake would not unduly spread the present pollution.
Wabush Iron Ore Company - Wabush, Labrador
This Company began production in June 1965 (Fig. 7). The mine discharges some 12,700,000 tons of tailings annually to Flora Lake which, over a period of years, will be filled with tailings 50 feet above its present water level. Disposal operations were discussed with the Department, prior to the beginning of operation, and agreement was reached on waste disposal. In September 1965, dykes were completed to prevent wastes from this operation entering Wabush Lake. Waters now flowing into Flora Lake will eventually be diverted around that body of water to prevent wastes being flushed to Wabush Lake. Inspections of the disposal area in 1966 and 1968 showed that tailings disposal was
01, being conducted according to the agreement.
Whalesback Project, BRINEX - Near Little Bay, N.D.B.
This industry is a copper mining and concentrating operation which began production in July 1965 (Fig. 7). Whalesback Pond, located on Company property, has been drained about 50 feet below normal level, and mine wastes are discharged into this pond. This arrangement should minimize contamination of surrounding waters. Analysis of water being pumped from the lake in 1967 showed only trace concentrations of copper.
In 1969, regular monitoring of the Whalesback project will commence to ensure conditions remain satisfactory for fish life.
Gullbridge Mines Limited - South Brook
This mine, located at Gull Fond about fifteen miles west of Badger, commenced production in January 1967 (Fig. 7). It is discharging about 2,000 tons of tailings daily into a permanent impoundment area bordering South Brook. The method of waste disposal was agreed to by the Department and the Company in 1966. South Brook and Gull Pond -28-
watersheds could be seriously affected by this operation if concentrator wastes were discharged into the waters without suitable precautions. However, if the agreed method of waste disposal is adhered to, it is unlikely that the watersheds will be affected, except in the immediate vicinity of waste outfalls.
Since 1964, water samples have been collected regularly for copper and zinc analysis (Table V).
Table V. Range of heavy metal concentrations (ug/l) in South Brook system, 1964 - 1968.
Year Copper Zinc
1964 Trace - 15 15 - 72
1965 5 - 25 20 - 275
1966 Trace - 7.6 Trace - 80
1967 0 - 14 Trace - 48 1 2 1968 0 - 20 0 - 94
1/ 0.02% above 10 2/ 0.1% above 10
Analysis of water samples in 1968 demonstrates that the tailings impoundment is working satisfactorily. Consolidated Rambler Mines Limited - Baie Verte Peninsula This Company went into production in July 1964 (Fig. 7). baste discharge control methods and facilities were inadequate until 1967 when the Company constructed a new impoundment area which enclosed Rambler Fond. Englands Brook, which had flowed into Rambler Fond, was diverted into South Brook.
Background levels of zinc and copper at this operation were determined in 1964, prior to the mine operation. Monitoring has been continuous since 1964 (Table VI).
In 1968, with the much-improved impoundment facilities, heavy metal concentrations decreased within acceptable levels. -29-
Table VI. Range of heavy metal concentrations (ug/l) in the Rambler Brook system, 1964 - 1968. Year Copper Zinc
1964 Trace - 5 5 - 120 1965 9 - 95 35 - 760
1966 Trace - 6 10 - 395
1967 4 - 40 3 - 70
1968 3 - 18 4 - 37
Electric Reduction Company of Canada Limited - Long Harbour This operation, designed to produce phosphorus in pellet form, began operations December 10, 1968 (Fig. 7). Some 200,000 tons of local quartz, plus approximately one million tons of imported phosphate rock (Ca(P0 ) ) will be utilized annually. 4 During start-up operations, a fish kill unfortunately occurred. Cod, lobsters, sea urchins, eels, flounders, and possibly other species of fish and invertebrates were killed. The company explained that the kill was a result of the complicated operation of starting up a new plant and that such occurrence would not take place in normal operations. Apparently, condenser water containing phosphorus and fluorine overflowed from what is normally a partially-closed system. Usage of too much water as a safety precaution during "initial start-up" caused the accidental overflow. Within a few days (by December 16), the Company had rectified the malfunction, and no further kills occurred. It is possible that the absence of further kills was due to the fact that aquatic organisms within the outfall zone had been completely killed off by the initial spill. Two days after the Company rectified the situation (on December 18, 1968), the plant ceased operation because of technical problems. On January 9, 1969, the plant re-started at 15 percent capacity and reached full capacity on January 13, 1969. The fish kill may have been caused by a high concentration of elemental phosphorus, fluoride, or a combination of both plus other factors. The Department has commenced a biological, chemical, and physical survey in the area. The survey will continue until toxicity of the effluent to aquatic life is determined, and pollution control measures are implemented to provide full protection for the aquatic resources in the area. -30-
Negotiations regarding disposal of waste materials were initiated in October 1966. The Company agreed to disposal of wastes in the sea via an effluent outfall located in water not less than 30 feet deep at normal low tide. Should this method prove inadequate and aquatic life still be adversely affected, provision has been made to ensure that additional waste control measures will be instituted.
Newfoundland Pulp and Chemical Company - Come-by-Chance
This company is building a newsprint mill (sodium-base sulfite pulp) and petro-chemical complex at Come-by-Chance, Placentia Bay (Fig. 7). Both the mill and complex are under construction. The newsprint mill was expected to go "on line" in late 1969 (present indications are that it will be probably mid-1970). The mill will produce 600 tons of newsprint per day initially, with a total capacity of 900 tons/day.
Total effluent flow from the mill will be approximately 8,100 U.S.g.p.m. (18 cfs.) containing 490 ppm suspended solids, 3,300 ppm dissolved solids, and 1,480 ppm B.O.D. (information supplied by the company). The company proposes to discharge the waste into Placentia Bay through a diffuser pipe. According to the company, this diffuser pipe will give a 493-fold initial dilution and would immediately reduce the suspended solids content to 1.0 ppm and the dissolved solids content to 6.7 ppm. Dissolved oxygen values at no time should drop below 5.0 ppm with this dilution according to the Company. The initial dilution factor of the mill effluent could be further increased by mixing with the sea water cooling system of the petro-chemical complex which normally would be in the range of 100,000,000 - 200,000,000 U.S.g.p.d. (155 - 310 cfs.).
The company does not expect any pollution problems from the Petro-chemical complex. All the residue hydro-carbons will be "skimmed off" before the wastes leave the plant.
The Department is presently studying the effluent disposal system to ascertain whether it will be acceptable for the protection of fish stocks in the area. A biological and chemical survey will commence in the area in early 1969 to collect background information.
Linerbcard Kraft Pulp hill - Stephenville
This mill will be built in Stephenville (Fig. 7). At this time, there is inadequate information on the proposed operation to determine what, if any, control measures will be required at this site to protect fish populations. The Department will conduct a biological and chemical survey in the area during 1969 to collect background information. -31-
Bowaters Newfoundland Limited - Corner Brook
. Bowaters Newfoundland Limited pulp and paper mill is located at Corner Brook (Fig. 7). The mill averages about 1,050 tons of newsprint per day with 250 tons of sulfite pulp and 800 tons of groundwood pulp. In 1968, the sulfite pulping process was converted from calcium to sodium-base. The mill requires an average of 362 mgd. of fresh water, which is gravity-fed to the mill from Glynmill Fond on Corner Brook River. Table VII gives a breakdown of water usage within the plant.
Table VII. Daily water usage within Bowaters Mill Corner Brook.
Mill operation Volume of water required (mgd.) Wood processing 7.0 Sulfite mill 18.25 Groundwood mill 1.75 Paper mill 9.5
There are three main waste lines leading from the plant to the receiving waters, the Humber Arm. These are known as the sulfite mill waste sewer, the west sewer, and the east sewer. The volume of flow of the sulfite waste sewer is 184 mgd. The west sewer is used to discharge all wastes from the wood processing operation and part of the wastes from the groundwood mill and the paper mill. The total volume of wastes from the west sewer is approximately 12.8 mgd. The remainder of the wastes from the paper mill and groundwood mill are discharged through the east sewer. The total volume of wastes there is approximately 5.4 mgd. From October to December, 1968, 8-hr. composite samples were collected at the mill on a once-a week basis and analyzed for various pollution parameters. Table VIII presents a summary of the results obtained in that sampling program.
The pollution control measures employed at the mill are minimal. Save-ails are used within the plant to recover valuable fibre from process waste streams prior to discharge into receiving waters. Save-ails increase the operating efficiency of the mill as well as reduce pollution. Bark (separated from the logs in the wood processing operation) is removed from the waste streams by a screening system. It is then dried and burned. This bark disposal technique is practiced at many pulp mills. Usually, the value of heat energy resulting from -32-
burning the bark is approximately equal to the cost of operating and maintaining the bark disposal system. Regardless of the favorable economics, by collecting and burning the bark the mill greatly reduces the discharge of solids to Humber Arm.
Table VIII. A summary of Bowaters Mill effluent analyses October - December, 1968.
Suspended solids Total solids (p.p.m.) (p.p.m.) pH B.O.D.(p.n.m . ) Source Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range
Sulfite 4.2 3.6-4.6 837 633-1110 262 80-394 4419 2718-5543 mill waste sewer
West 6.6 6.2-7.0 202 154-270 499 268-765 671 445-898 sewer
East 6.7 6.1-7.0 257 220-299 435 260-748 812 555-1115 sewer
A preliminary water and benthic sampling survey was conducted in the Humber Arm on October 8 - 9, 1968 (Fig. 8). Oceanographic observations of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.0.), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D. ), turbidity, and sulphite waste liquor (s.1 were made on water sampl4 collected at the Stations 1 - 5. Benthic grab samples were collected at various points with a modified Petersen dredge.
The analyses of the water samples, though preliminary, gave a general outlook of conditions within the Humber Arm for that season of the year. Values of salinity, density (Sigma "t" - a function of salinity and temperature), and temperature indicated that the Humber Arm and estuary are highly stratified and that major changes occur in the upper 5-meter water layer. An outward flow of freshwater from the Humber River combined with effects of tidal oscillations indicated the existence of a salt wedge system. An intermediate layer of sea water flowing up the Arm becomes entrained with surface layers at the head of the Arm. Dissolved oxygen values near saturation verified the inward flow of sea water. Lower saturation values existed at the surface, and still lower values were measured near the bottom of the Arm. In the vicinity of the Bowaters mill, bottom D.O. saturation values of 70 percent existed. Saturation values increased with increasing distance from the area of Corner Brook and the pulp and paper mill towards the mouth of the Humber Arm. HUMBER ARM BAY OF ISLANDS SCALE 1:147,000
HUMBER LEGEND IVER
• STATIONS BROWN TO GREY-BLACK SEDIMENTS, SOME WOOD MATERIALS, BENTHIC LIFE PRESENT.
• BLACK DEPOSITS OF SLUDGE AND WOOD MATERIALS, DEVOID OF BENTHIC LIFE.
SOME BROWN SEDIMENTS, WOOD CHIPS, BARK AND 0 I 2 3 4 FIBER, LITTLE BENTHIC LIFE. scale of miles
LOCATION OF STATIONS ON THE HUMBER ARM OCCUPIED ON OCT. 8-9,1968. BENTHIC GRAB SAMPLES ARE REPRESENTED BY VARIOUS CIRCLES ( see legend) -34-
Surface S.W.L. values were highest in the vicinity of the mill (680 ppm) and decreased rapidly with distance seawards. Background S.W.L. values (10 ppm or less) were taken below the 2-meter layer only. This result is due to the highly stratified nature of the Arm where lower density effluent remains entrained in the upper layer. Visual evidence of this condition was apparent during ebb tide when the brownish effluent from the Bowaters mill could clearly be seen on the surface of the southern half of Humber Arm.
B.O.D. c values, indicating the presence of S.W.L., were highest in surface wates (range 2 - 7 ppm oxygen) and were in proportion to the concentrations of S.W.L. Intermediate layers were below 0.5 ppm B.0.D. on the average, with bottom layers exhibiting slightly higher values. 5
Benthic grab samples generally indicated the nature of bottom sediment and associated aquatic life. Samples collected on transacts at stations at 1, 2, and 3 contained large amounts of decomposing fiber and bark which, in most cases, was black and smelling heavily of hydrogen sulfide. Little or no macroscopic aquatic life existed in these sediments. The sample areas with the largest amount of anaerobic sediments or solids also displayed bottom water layers with the lowest D.O. saturation values. In general, the area enclosed by Stations 1, 2, and 3 was most seriously affected by fibre and bark deposits undergoing anaerobic decomposition. Foints sampled on the station 4 transect gave evidence of the existence of wood chips and bark, but these were undergoing aerobic decomposition.
Since the conditions observed in this survey were probably typical of fall and since the survey was preliminary, it is suggested that further work be performed. Flow rates of the Humber River vary within the range of mean flows of 3,850 cfs. to 34,000 cfs. Undoubtedly, chemical conditions within the estuary will vary also. From the preliminary benthic deposit survey, it can be seen that a relatively large part of the Arm has its bottom blanketed by sludge and wood deposits. This finding does not illustrate the extent to which settling solids are affecting, over a long period of time, bottom food populations or economically important fish populations, such as the lobster. Much of the area in the head of the Arm is certainly devoid now of animal life, other than for anaerobic bacteria. Future surveys should define existing conditions so that further habitat deterioration can be prevented.
Insecticide Spraying DDT Spraying for Biting Insects - Five areas in Labrador (Nabush, Schefferville (Knob Lake), Twin Falls, Goose Bay, and Churchill Falls) receive annual DDT spraying for control of biting insects (Fig. 9).
In the 'vJabush Lake area, the Iron Ore Company of Canada and Wabush Iron Ore Company conduct annual DDT applications from June to —35—
N
25 0 25 50 75 SCALE OF MILES
QUEBEC
( ATLANTIC OCEAN ) NAI
\
n. ) r\ e \
\ K OB ,--. N • ,1 'AKE £•✓ ----.\.-; MICHIKAMAU LAKE RIVER 1 3 cc c,
L )/3RArjl. GOOSE AIRPORT .914 USH
,- ! S‘) L ABRADOR
I QUEBEC
FIG. 9 LOCATION OF MINING AND INSECTICIDE AREAS, LABRADOR, 1968 -36-
September under the general supervision of Dr. A.S. West of Queen's University. Three types of treatment are carried out, aerial spraying, stream larviciding, and town fogging. Detailed information on town fogging is not available but that program was probably the same as in past years. In 1968, aerial spraying covered 120 square miles of low dosage coverage (0.027 lbs. DDT/acre) and 20 square miles of standard coverage (0.2 lbs. DDT/acre). The application rate of DDT considered potentially dangerous to fish and aquatic life is 0.5 lbs./acre, and the maximum desirable concentration is 0.25 lbs./acre. Stream larviciding was carried out with 10 percent DDT in fuel oil applied directly to streams either at their source or where they emerged from a steady, or pond. DDT is applied at the rate (hopefully) of 1 part in 10,000,000 parts of water. However, the Department's monitoring of the larviciding program for biting insects at Bobby's Brook, Labrador, during 1967, demonstrated that concentrations of DDT at this level are disastrous to aquatic invertebrates, particularly insects. The Department had an observer in the Wabush Lake area during part of the 1968 stream larviciding program. Aquatic insects were significantly, but not drastically, affected. However, it must be emphasized that DDT spraying has been conducted in the Wabush Lake area for ten years and any drastic effects from the spraying probably occurred in the first two years. Town fogging in Labrador City and Wabush is carried out in July and August. Approximately 4,500 gallons of 5 percent DDT in fuel oil is used. Assuming that both towns cover roughly 12 square miles, this amounts to roughly 0.23 lbs. of DDT/acre. Undoubtedly, over the years, a large amount of DDT used in the fogging procedure has settled out in the soil and is transported to the surrounding rivers and lakes during rainy periods. When we consider the persistence of DDT and the total amount used annually in the Wabush Lake area, it is quite probable that undesirably large concentrations are accumulating in the surrounding rivers and lakes, with subsequent adverse effects on the flora and fauna.
Aerial spray operations (similar to operations in Wabush Lake area) were conducted at Schefferville (Knob Lake, Labrador and Quebec territory), Churchill Falls, and Twin Falls during 1968. In 1968, aerial spraying in the Goose Bay area was carried out in three phases, larvicide spray on May 31 and two adulticide sprays on July 13 and August 13. The total area sprayed was approximately 16,000 acres. Total spray solution used was 3,400 U.S. gallons of 5 percent DDT in No. 2 fuel oil. For larviciding, DDT was applied at the rate of 0.075 lbs./acre and for adulticiding at the rate of 0.22 lbs./acre. -37-
In 1968 the Department raised strong objection to the use of DDT, or any other chlorinated hydrocarbon, in biting insect control. Because of these objections the use of DDT will be discontinued as of 1968. Methoxychlor will replace DDT in 1969. It had been hoped that the use of DDT would be discontinued in 1968. However, the insecticides for those large spray programs have to be ordered well in advance of their usage, and the programs could not be quickly changed without great expense.
Inclusion of pesticides in the Fisheries Act as "named" substances deleterious to fish would considerably increase the Department's effectiveness in protecting fish resources from the potentially dangerous pesticides.
Hemlock Looper Control Program - In 1968, in western and central insular Newfoundland, approximately 430,400 acres of forest were sprayed with sumithion and phosphamidon for control of hemlociclooper. In the western region, between July 7 and July 24, 294,700 acres were sprayed with sumithion and phosphamidon in two applications of 0.125 lb./acre. Sumithion was applied over high country, and phosphamidon was applied in buffer zones along waterways. In the central region, between July 26 and August 3, 135,700 acres were sprayed with sumithion in one application of 0.25 lb./acre. One application in the central region was necessary because the advanced stage of insect development required a heavier dose to kill the large insects and time permitted only one chemical treatment before the insects passed out of the stage vulnerable to the pesticide.
Spraying was conducted by Forest Protection Limited, a New Brunswick Crown corporation. The Department monitored the effects of the spraying in western Newfoundland. Flat Bay Brook was in the spray area, and Trout and Southwest Brooks were used as controls (Fig. 10). In central Newfoundland an observer was present during the spraying. Staff and time limitations prevented monitoring the spray operations in both regions.
The effects of the spraying were evaluated by: (a) Caged fish experiments (b) Observations on wild fish (c) Invertebrate sampling (d) Sampling drifting insects (e) Observation on emerging insects (f)' Water analysis
Caged Fish - Results from the caged salmon and trout parr experiments indicated no obvious short-term effects from the spray. No dead fish were found in cages for three weeks following the final insecticide application. -3 8-
FIG. 10 SAMPLING STATIONS ON TROUT, BOTTOM , SOUTHWEST, AND FLATBAY BROOKS IN WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND, 1968 . -39-
Mad Fish - Fyke nets used in the twenty-four hour, drifting insect experiment on Flat Bay Brook caught nine dead salmon fry July 12, one dead fry July 14, one dead stickleback July 17, and seven dead fry on July 20. No dead fry were caught in nets set on the same dates for the same length of time in the control streams, Trout and Southwest Brooks. This result indicates that there was some undesirable effect on fry populations. Numerous live fry and parr were observed in Flat Bay Brook every day during the study period. Analysis of fish tissues demonstrated that some fish accumulated sumithion in their tissues.
On July 31, ten dead parr were found on i-mile of a major brook emptying into Home Pond, near Gander in central Newfoundland (Fig. 11). All of these fish had relatively high insecticide content. Many live parr were also seen. This brook had been sprayed two days previously with sumithion at 0.25 lb. per acre. No other dead fish were found on other brooks, within or outside of the spray plots, searched during the one-day helicopter survey. Drifting insect fyke nets in operation for 24 hours in Barry's Brook, Big Tree Brook, and Two Culvert Brooks (these two brooks have no map name) during a spray caught numerous dead sticklebacks. However, it was concluded that these losses were natural or sampling mortalities since the Two Culvert Brooks (control brooks) nets had as many dead sticklebacks as nets in the two sprayed brooks. No unusual mortality or peculiar behavior of trout or salmon fry, parr, or adults were reported by any of the sports fishermen or fisheries wardens on the brooks in central Newfoundland.
Bottom Invertebrates - Data for the invertebrate plot counts were not continuous for the study because of station moves and washouts. Comparison of total counts taken on Trout Brook (control) and on three stations on Flat Bay Brook shows a decline after the spray at all experimental stations. Individual species all decreased in number after the spray. Drifting Insects - Fifteen minute immersions of the three fyke net units at each station, before and after, the spray indicated an insect kill. Lack of personnel and of advanced pre-spray information concerning the timing and boundaries of the spray plots made it difficult to complete precise follow-up measurements of the drifting insects by the 15-minute method. The 24-hour net sets at one experimental and one control station for three weeks after the start of spraying indicated definite mortality of insect larvae. Many of the insect larvae caught in Flat Bay were dead. Most of the larvae caught at the control station were alive. Mayflies seemed most seriously affected.
Emerging Insects - The rate of emergence of adult insects from the brooks showed no changes attributable to the spray. No pre-spray data -40-
54° 15'
Miles
9 '1. , 0 5 Gander Kilometres •
FIG. II LOWER GANDER RIVER TRIBUTARIES SHOWING LOCATION OF SALMON PARR MORTALITY AND DRIFT NET SETS. -41- were collected on Flat Bay Brook. }lecopteran species were the largest group of adults to emerge from the nine square yards of gravel on Trout Brook, while Tricopteran species constituted most of the Flat Bay total. Ephemeropteran emergence increased at both stations later in the summer.
Several reports of large numbers of dead adult insects floating on the water surface and on the ground after each spray were received from sports fishermen and fisheries wardens on the brooks.
Water Chemistry - Total alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, specific conductivity, and turbidity remained relatively constant for the duration of the study. Water temperatures and level fluctuated widely, as anticipated.
Conclusions
1. Sumithion had no effect on caged trout and salmon parr in Flat Bay Brook.
2. Sumithion sprayed in two applications of 0.125 lb./ acre had no observable effect on wild trout and salmon parr or adults, except for very limited salmon and trout fry mortality.
3. Bottom invertebrates were reduced for a period of time after the spray.
4. Drifting insect nets set for a twenty-four hour period documented aquatic insect larvae and adult insect kills after the spray operation.
5. Insect emergence rates from the brooks were little affected by the spray.
6. Water chemistry showed no changes for the duration of the study.
7. Sumithion sprayed in one application of 0.25 lb./ acre over a plot bordering Home land near Gander caused some mortality in salmon parr.
L. J. Cowley D. iiascaluk C. T. Hatfield A. Jamieson -42-
Lake Management Unit
Sport Fishery Investigation
Evaluation of the intensity of the sport fishery at heavily- fished lakes and ponds near the metropolitan area of St. John's commenced in 1968 with investigation at Thomas Pond, a 250-acre pond near the Trans Canada Highway, 9 miles west of St. John's (Fig. 12). Information on standing crop, yield to anglers, and mortality was obtained through the use of a creel census and a mark-recapture program.
Population Estimate - Brook trout and ouananiche populations were estimated with a mark-recapture program using live-trapping by fyke nets during June to August, 1968. Estimates of the number of catchable brook trout and ouananiche present as of August 11 were obtained from the creel census data, and they are given in Table IX. The June 1 estimates, determined by addition of known depletions, are minimal because natural mortality rates are not known at this time.
Table IX. Estimate of the number of catchable (over 6 inches) eastern brook trout and ouananiche in Thomas Pond on June 1, 1968 (natural mortality not accounted).
Brook trout Ouananiche
Number as of August 11 3,554 3,233
Angler catch to August 11 1,879 2,653
Gill net catch 125 239
Estimated number as of June 1 5,558 6,125
During October, brook trout and ouananiche were captured during spawning and were marked by punching the lobe of the caudal fin and by excision of the left pelvic fin. Recapture early in 1969 will provide information on mortality rate and on size of the post-angling standing crop.
Creel Census - A creel census program was carried out from June to September at Thomas Pond, and information on yield to the angler, both in terms of effort and number and size was obtained. -43-
.1) PADDYS POND
NOTE:
DRAINAGE AREA OF THOMAS POND (AREA INSIDE BROKEN LINE) APPROX . 14.0 SQ. MILES
HOLYSTONE GULLIES
0 I 2
SCALE OF MILES
FIG. 12 -44-
Table X summarizes the catch per man-hour from June to September for trout and ouananiche for both boat and shore fishermen. Generally, the catch per man-hour decreased as summer progressed with the shore fishermen having a more marked decrease in "luck" than the boat fishermen. Overall, boat fishermen took three times as many fish as the shore fishermen. Table X. Catch per man-hour at Thomas Fond, June to September, 1968, for both shore and boat fishermen angling for brook trout, ouananiche, and brown trout.
Site Month Boat Shore Total
June Brook trout 0.45 0.18 0.31 Ouananiche 0.72 0.27 0.49 Brown trout Trace Trace Trace
Total 1.17 0.46 0.81 July Brook trout 0.34 0.19 0.29 Ouananiche 0.54 0.09 0.40 Brown trout - Trace Trace Total 0.88 0.29 0.70
August Brook trout 0.48 0.11 0.36 Ouananiche 0.46 0.05 0.32 Brown trout - - -
Total 0.94 0.16 0.68 September Brook trout 0.24 0.20 0.23 Ouananiche 0.56 - 0.43 Brown trout - - -
Total 0.80 0.20 0.68
June- Brook trout 0.40 0.17 0.31 September Ouananiche 0.56 0.16 0.41 Brown trout Trace Trace Trace
Total 0.96 0.33 0.73
Table XI summarizes the mean daily man-hours of effort and the resulting catch. Overall, some 7,809 man-hours of effort from June to September resulted in a total catch of 2,418 brook trout and 3,290 ouananiche. Fifty percent of the catch was caught by 20 percent of the anglers. Of the -45-
available standing crop on June 1, anglers harvested about 43 percent of the brook trout and 53 percent of the ouananiche.
Table XI. Mean daily number of man-hours fished per day of the week and resulting catch at Thomas Pond, June to September, 1968.
We Day of week S M T W T F S total
Man-hrs. 80 87 63 36 42 36 103 447
Brook trout 27 25 17 9 9 12 40 139
Ouananiche 36 34 20 14 17 16 41 178
Brown trout Trace T T T T T T 1
Total mean 63 60 37 23 26 28 81 318
In addition to information on the harvest, the creel census provided useful information on angling characteristics, such as methods, bait, time of fishing, length of angling trip, and time of capture. This information has not been available for Newfoundland waters.
Limnological Studies - An additional aspect of the project is a consideration of the limnology of the pond. Physical and chemical limnology data were collected, bottom sampling was carried out to determine the nature of the substrate, biomass of the benthos was estimated, and complete depth soundings were taken.
Growth of Avalon Peninsula Trout and Ouananiche
In conjunction with the sport fishery survey, a program was initiated in 1967 to collect growth data on Avalon Peninsula trout and ouananiche. To date, growth data have been compiled for eleven brook trout, six ouananiche, five brown trout, and four rainbow trout populations.
Petty Harbour Long Pond
Petty Harbour Long Pond is one of the reservoirs for the St. John's water supply, and the pond is closed to angling. Investigation of the fish population of this pond was initiated in 1967 as a possible baseline for comparison with populations subjected to fishing. Some additional investigation was carried out in 1968. -46-
The recapture phase of a mark-recapture program begun at Petty Harbour Long Pond during October 1967, was completed during May 1968. The brook trout were fin-clipped when first captured by seining in the fall, and the 1968 spring recapture method was by gillnet. Table XII gives an estimate of the number of catchable (over 6 inches fork length) eastern brook trout present during October 1967. This information is useful for comparison with a similar October estimate for heavily-fished Thomas Pond. During October 1968, a second mark-recapture program at Petty Harbour Long Pond began when over 1,000 brook trout were marked by excision of the adipose and left pelvic fin. Recapture is scheduled for May 1969.
Table XII. Age class distribution of catchable brook trout (over 6 inches fork length) estimated to have been present in Petty Harbour Long Pond in October 1967.
Age class II + III + IV + V + TOTAL
No. of trout 936 1,303 995 270 3,504
Terra Nova Lake Investigations
Investigation of the fish populations in Terra Nova Lake was instituted in June. The work was terminated after one month because the senior investigator chose to enter the field of medicine.
The field operation included considerable gill netting effort for the collection of fish specimens. Fish species recorded include ouananiche, eastern brook trout, American smelt, and American eel. A sample of 165 ouananiche exhibited the following age distribution and growth information (Table XIII).
Similar growth information and age class distribution for 81 brook trout are found in Table XIV. -47-
Table XIII. Age distribution and growth information for ouananiche captured in Terra Nova Lake, 1968.
Age class Percent Mean Fork Mean Weight frequency Length (cm.) (gm.)
1+ 0 0 0
2+ 1.2 13.6 29
3+ 24.8 18.9 83
4+ 35.8 24.1 216
5+ 19.4 27.4 252
6+ 10.9 29.8 294
7+ 7.3 32.7 411
Over 7+ 0.6 21.7 117
Sample mean 25.6 cm. 205 gm.
Table XIV. Age distribution and growth information for brook trout captured at Terra Nova Lake, 1968.
Age class Percent Mean Fork Mean Weight frequency Length (cm.) (gm.)
1+ 0 0 0
2+ 13.6 20.0 74
3+ 34.6 29.4 157
4+ 4404 28.7 322
5+ 6.2 34.3 534
6+ 1.2 36.9 784
Sample mean 26.1 cm. 248 gm. -48—
These preliminary data suggest different gear selectivity for brook trout tnan for ouananiche. On the other hand, the diffrence in size of the smaller fish in each species may indicate different size distribution of those species in the Lake. Hopefully, the field investigation at Terra Nova Lake can be renewed in 1969.
1969 Program
1. The investigation at Thomas Fond will continue with a creel census of ice fishermen. A population estimate for October, 1968 will be completed with a live trapping, mark—recapture operation during late spring. The summer creel census will be continued at Thomas Pond. Fish population assessment may begin at an additional pond.
2. The survey at Petty Harbour Long Fond will probably conclude after tne 1969 spring recapture program.
R.J. Wiseman C.C. Sturge W.G. Whelan J.P. Davis - 49 -
Special Projects Unit
Obstruction Survey
Removal of natural and artificial obstructions on salmon streams has been a continuing prime activity of the Resource Development Branch in Newfoundland. This technique, properly applied, can substantially increase usage of salmon production areas and, in so doing, result in increased salmon numbers.
The year 1968 marked the second of an extended program for implementing the use of fishways in Newfoundland. When the program is completed, most major obstructions will have been surveyed. Priority within the fish passage construction program will be established for each site.
The success of such a program is keyed on close liaison between engineering and biological section teams.
In 1968, a biological survey of Avalon Peninsula rivers was undertaken (Table XV). From the results of this survey, a list of priorities will be prepared. The second phase, detailed engineering surveys, will begin soon.
In addition to the Avalon rivers, further study was completed on Fishels Brook and on the Upper Humber River. Based on the results of these studies, we selected the Upper Humber as the better of the two rivers to provide most returns for the fish passage investment involved. Main Falls is proposed as the site of the next major fishway.
Fishway Counting Trap Data - The Branch installs and operates a counting trap at new fishways for at least a two-year period to measure efficiency. On selected fishways, the annual count is maintained indefinitely to provide a relative index of the annual escapement to these rivers.
In 1967, a team of one biologist and one engineer began an evaluation program on our ten major fishways and other remedial works built by the Department during the past several years. This initial survey indicated the need for repairs in some cases, as well as improvements in operating methods. Steps to correct these deficiencies were began in 1967 and continued into 1968.
Table XVI shows fishway counts and angling data for those rivers with counting traps in 1968. In addition, a counting trap was operated in the Lomond River fishway from June 2 to September 21; however, only 5 fish were counted during that operating period. Approximately 100 yards above Lomond Falls, a counting fence was operated on the Lomond hiver from July 7 to August 31, 1968. Two fish were counted through the fence during the period of operation; one fish apparently ascended the falls. Alterations and repairs to the fishway entrance were delayed this season because of high water conditions. It is hoped, however, that these will be effected in 1969. - 50 -
Table XV. List of Avalon Peninsula Rivers with obstructions surveyed, 1968.
Total lgth. of main r. Est. (mi.) plus Distance of Rearing adult trib.(not obst.location area above Atlantic incl.stand- from river Degree obst.(100 salmon River ing water). mouth (mi.). of obst. yds. 2units). potential Biscay Bay 24.0 8.00 Partial 3,245 600 River Branch 23.7 5.50 Partial 7,670 1,500 River Cape Broyle 8.0 0.00 (1) Partial 253 50 River Cape Broyle 0 .3 - 2.0 7 falls; River 5 partial, 2 complete at low water.
Little Bara- 12.7 1.50 Complete 2,620 500 chois Little Hr. 29 . 4 (1)0.50 Complete 9,375 1,500 'diver
Little Hr. (2)1.50 Complete River Little Sal- 28.0 (1) 0.00 Partial 4,100 monier
Little Sal - (2)2.50 Partial monier
Little Sal- (3)6.00 Partial monier North Arm 6.4 (1) 0.05 Partial 1,301 260 River
North Arm 0.05 - 0.75 5 partial River Northeast 4.0 0.00 Partial 262 50 hiver (Trepassey)
(continued) - 51 -
Table XV. (continued)
Total lgth. of main r. * Est.adult (mi.) plus Distance of hearing Atlantic trib.(not obst.location area above salmon incl.stand- from river Degree obst.(100 poten- River ing water). mouth (mi.). of obst. yds. 2units). tial. North River 1.5 3.80 Partial 155 30 (C.B.) at low water Northwest R. 26.0 1 .00 Partial 8,923 1,700 (Trepassey) at low water 1.00 - 9.00 9 partial Red Head R. 9.5 (1)1.25 Complete 1,246 250 Red Head R. (2)3.50 Complete Red Head R. 17 partial on Looney's Brook trib. Renews R. (1)0.75 Partial Not completed Renews R. (2)2.00 Partial Rocky R. 45.0 (1) 0.00 Complete 11,388 2,000 Rocky R. (2) 0.25 Partial South R. (C.d.) 9.0 (1) 2.25 Complete 860 150 at low water South R. (C.B.) (2)2.25 Partial South R. (C.B.) (3)2.25 Partial Spread Eagle 9.6 0.75 Partial 1,368 250 River
St. Shotts R. 26.4 (1) 2.50 Partial 1,058 200 St. Shotts R. (2) 3.40 Partial St. Shotts R. (3) 3.50 Partial St. Shotts R. (4) 4.00 Complete at low water St. Shotts R. (5) 7.00 Complete at low water
Rearing area based on amount available abo ve the first obstruction, either partial or complete. Main river only, tributaries not included in rearing area. -52-
Table XVI. Fishway counting trap and angling data, 1960-1968.
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
Indian River Fishway 519 154 289 1244 394 298 116 682 Angled 180 176 224 575 258 257 127 351 Total 699 330 513 1819 652 555 243 1033
Exploits River - Bishop's Falls Fishway 1170 957 * 1267 * 1433 1333 2082
Angled 460 255 674 469 1146 363 578 332
Total 1630 1212 674 1736 1146 1796 1911 2414
Exploits River - Rattling Brook Fishway 103 372 1068 528 1868 777 1412 1204 2021
Angled * * 86 37 171 46 147 49 225
Total 103 372 1154 565 2039 823 1559 1253 2246 Terra Nova (Lower) Fishway 707 417 771 871 716 728 588 972 1089
Angled 165 131 279 303 339 337 226 339 331 Total 872 548 1050 1174 1056 1065 814 1311 1420
Terra Nova (Upper) Fishway 86 75 288 407 264 385 136 415 437 Angled No angling above Lower Fishway
Total 86 75 288 407 264 385 136 415 437
Torrent River Fishway * * * * * 41 51 30
Angled 86 80 141 171 106 98 56 47 77
Total 86 80 141 171 106 98 97 98 107
No count available .1111•1111/I■■■ . lemmas IMO
TENNECO GEOPHYSICS
WABUSH LAKE
110"11M1 DEMAR GEOPHYSICS
ELF GEOPHYSICS
SEW
..mmummosimi -••
MOBIL 9 100 200 GEOPHYSICS PAN AMERICAN SCALE OF MILES GEOPHYSICS
FIG. 13 APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS OF SEISMIC EXPLORATIONS IN THE NEWFOUNDLAND, LABRADOR AREA , 1968 In 1965, remedial work was carried out on Big Falls, Northeast River, Placentia. Six concrete baffles were placed in the falls where, with the natural rock sides, they formed several pools. A temporary counting trap was installed in 1968 to provide information on river utilization by salmon. However, torrential rains washed out the trap after two weeks of operation. During the brief period of trap operation, 68 salmon were counted. Next season, another attempt will be made to evaluate the effectiveness of the improvements carried out on this obstruction.
Seismic Exploration Investigations
During 1968, marine seismic exploration surveys included all coasts of Newfoundland and the entire eastern coast of Labrador, as well as interior Labrador (Fig. 13).
Pan American Petroleum and Mobil Oil Canada Limited continued to explore their oil permits at a pace similar to previous years, with surveys running from June 4 to October 9 and May 19 to September 2, respectively. Both companies carried out reflection, seismic, and gravity meter surveys. Elf Oil (formerly Petropar Canada Limited) completed reflection and refraction surveys July 11 to July 16 and October 21 to November 4. Observation of activities of all three companies was carried out by Branch staff. Newly developed equipment and techniques are reducing the need for large-scale observation as in previous years.
The trend in seismic investigations is now toward use of a non- dynamite source of acoustical energy. Such techniques as flexotir and vibroseis can generate equivalent energy using 50 gm. charges as compared to 100 lbs. using conventional seismic dynamite sources. These methods have much less hazard for fish resources than the dynamite-using methods.
The Department of Energy, Mines and Resources continued continental shelf investigations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, as well as Canadian Pre- Cambrian Sheld studies at Wabush Lake, Labrador. In both cases, conventional seismic techniques were used. Since large charges (up to 4,000 lbs. at Wabush Lake) were fired, the Department monitored both operations closely. In neither case were kills of more than minor importance.
Tenneco Oil initiated reflection seismic investigations on the east coast of Labrador July 9 and completed survey work October 17. The seismic program used compressed air as its energy source. No observation of this program was undertaken because of the isolated location and of the low risk to fish resources from that survey equipment. The survey ship was observed when in port at Goose Bay, Labrador.
Oyster Introduction Investigations
In 1965, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) was transplanted to four selected sites in Newfoundland. The purpose of this experiment was -55-
to determine whether the shallow bays and barachoises around the Newfoundland coast hold any potential for commercial rearing of this species. Two of the plantings, at Main Gut, St. Georges Bay, and Grand Beach, Burin Peninsula, have failed, due to shifting bottom material and heavy seas, respectively. The two remaining plantings, Two Guts, Port au Port Bay and Broad Lake, Trinity Bay, as well as Grand Beach, were studied for a three-year period. Growth rates at all three sites ranged from 5% to 30% in seed oysters, but adults exhibited negligible growth. Mortality rates were below 10% in seed and as high as 91% in adult oysters. Meat conditioning is well below the medium level, indicating an insufficient quantity of food or unavailability of suitable prey species. The poor results with the adult oysters may have been due to poor quality oyster stock for the transplant or inability of the adults to acclimatize to the new environment.
It remains now to analyze fully the available data and assess the next phase of the experiment, i.e. to introduce into one of the areas a commercial-sized plant to determine rearing possibilities on a larger scale.
L.G. Riche D.F. Downer H.J. Shea G.R. Traverse - 56 -
Port aux Basques Salmon Drift Net Fishery
Nearly one-half million pounds of salmon was caught in the Port aux Basques drift net fishery in 1967. In 1968, due to a limitation of fishing effort by restriction of licences and to unfavorable weather conditions, the drift net catch was less than 225,000 pounds. This catch resulted from a combined gear limit of 40,300 fathoms of drift net for the participants.
A student technician was stationed at Rose Blanche in 1968 to obtain information on the biological characteristics of the catch. He was able to collect some information on about 9 percent of the salmon catch landed at Rose Blanche. "Bits and pieces" of information derived from the sampling include:
1. The female to male sex ratio was 2.32:1.
2. The mean weight of the gutted, head-off salmon was 8.8 pounds (4.0 kg.). A regression equation relating dressed weight to round weight permits a calculation for the mean weight of the whole salmon at the drift net fishery as 11.1 pounds (5.1 kg.).
3. River age composition was: 2-year, 21.5%; 3-year, 74.1%; 4-year, 3.9%; and 5-year, 0.3%; with a mean of 2.83 years.
4. Maiden salmon composed 92.4 1=,3rcent of the catch, none of which were grilse. The sea age distribution of the maiden salmon was 2-year, 81.5%; 3-year, 10.8%; and 4-year, 0.1%. About 30 percent of the previous spawners were mending kelts from the 1967 spawning season. -57-
ENGINE RING SECTION Special Projects Unit
Facilities for Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigation The Special Projects Unit of the Engineering Section worked on the design and construction of counting facilities for this project. The decision to construct salmon enumeration facilities on the Sand Hill River, Labrador, was made in early 1968. The fence design is considerably different than any previously constructed in Newfoundland. The fence is in the shape of a "W" and is designed as a two-way counting facility with adult and smolt traps located as shown in Figure 14. The platform, or base, for the A-frames is located on a bed-rock section of the river bottom. The base is constructed of re- inforced concrete but not as a solid platform. It is anchored to the bed- rock by steel dowels, and a back wall is provided only where necessary. A complete front wall permits the embedment of channel iron for proper support for the removable panels. The collapsible A-frames are constructed of 4" pipe. The bottoms of the A-frames are set down into slots in the base. The A-frames, when collapsed, will be recessed below the surface level of the river-bed for protection from ice and other debris during the time they are in the collapsed position. The panels are constructed of wooden slats spaced 1/2 inch apart. The construction crew loaded materials and supplies for the project onto a chartered boat at St. John's and Botwood and then sailed for Labrador on June 12, 1968. The boat arrived off Sand Hill River on June 17, and the crew immediately started unloading and transporting the materials the 3 miles upstream to the construction site. Imported materials included living accommodations and fence materials, even concrete aggregate. The charter boat was unloaded by the end of June. Living quarters were completed by mid- July, at which time work was started on the river-bed drilling and fence base construction. Work progressed well during the summer, and by September approximately 60% of the base had been completed (Fig. 14). The crew remained in Labrador into October, but construction was hampered by high water and cold weather. The men returned to Bishop's Falls late in October. During the fall and winter months, the panels for the fence were constructed at Bishop's Falls. They will be moved to the fence site for use in the spring of 1969. Construction of the project will continue in 1969 when the crew will move in as early as possible to assist the biological crew in installing the panels on that section of fence platform that was completed. The crew will continue the construction of the fence curing the summer, and all phases of the project should be complete by September. - 58-
LEGEND: liFFLOW SCALE I 40' S.T.— Smolt Trap
AT —Adult Trap
'Water Line
A.T. no. 3 Shaded area completed september 1968 .■ A.T. n o. 2 Wing 4
•-•
no. 34 A.T. Wing 2 1 Left Wing 3 abutment •
Cabin no.8 " --- A Frame no. 49 edrock S.T. no Right Wing I Outcrop no. I ii abutment Bedrock Outcrop no. 2 ti S.T. no.2 Frame no. I
S.T. no. I
417'-4"
Proposed ballast to steady flow ••• ■■• ■aftg.klit let4t1w Pati- itg ■VIPA.:14 OtalpV.S:ita ree1/41/rd Rock Island Main Island 41141 I Valt C Rapids
FIG. 14 SAND HILL RIVER COUNTING FENCE -59-
Indian River Counting Fence
The construction crew installed the A-frames and walkway in April just after the ice moved out of the river. In May, the construction crew returned to the Indian River Counting Fence to construct temporary facilities for enumerating salmon smolts. These facilities consisted of wire-meshed panels and A-frames installed in the form of "Vees" upstream of the main platform. These facilities were found satisfactory to guide salmon smolts to the counting gear.
In July, a decision was made to construct permanent smolt enumerating facilities. A small. crew, supervised by a carpenter foreman, commenced work in early August to install a permanent platform in the form of "Vees" upstream from the original platform. The A-frames and panels required for this installation next spring were constructed at the Bishop's Falls workshop during the winter.
Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channel
No major gravel cleaning was required at the channel this year. Routine maintenance was carried out at the channel and the auxiliary facilities necessary for the operation there.
Salmon Brook, Hare Bay
The A-frames and panels for the Salmon Brook counting fence were constructed at Bishop's Falls workshop during early spring. The construction crew moved to Salmon Brook in early May to install the A-frames and panels. Counting traps for both smolts and adults were also fitted into place. Other work required to complete the project was carried out before the crew moved to other projects.
Harry's River
In June, the crew removed the temporary crib platform which was used in 1967 for enumerating the adult salmon run.
Exploits River - Noel Pauls Counting Fence
Operation of the counting facilities during 1968 was very limited due to poor water levels. However, it was necessary to make some alterations at the platform to ensure that efficient enumeration can be carried out in 1969. The river-bed above the platform was levelled in order to obtain a more uniform flow pattern along the platform. A pool was created downstream from the platform to dampen the velocity at high flows so that fyke nets can be operated. A cable was strung across the river in order to facilitate various operations at the fence. -60-
Preliminary Engineering Surveys
Surveys were carried out, or continued, on various rivers on the Island. The most concentrated work was carried out on two west coast rivers, namely Robinsons River and Fishels 'Brook.
Robinsons River was surveyed on June 12, where two large falls were located twenty-one miles upstream from tidewater. The heights of these falls were measured at 41 feet and 241 feet. Other falls and rapids were located within two or three miles farther upstream. The tributaries were checked and one fall, estimated at 38 feet, was located. Further consideration of fish passage facilities here has been terminated for the present time, due to the complexity of the problem.
Fishels Brook was surveyed on June 15, at which time two falls were located on the main stem. The lower falls located 20 miles from tidewater is 19 feet high. The second falls, located 29 miles upstream, shows a rise of 19 feet in a horizontal distance of 100 feet. The latter rapids did not seem to be a complete obstruction to fish. A more complete survey was carried out on the lower falls during July.
Other rivers investigated on the west coast were Crabbs, Castor, St. Genevieve, West Brook, Little Barachois Rivers, and Cook's Brook.
A fish passage problem on Ragged Harbour river, Bonavista North Peninsula, was investigated. An engineering survey on the falls and rapids was carried out to define corrective measures.
Several rivers on the Avalon Peninsula were investigated in the latter part of the year after the Biological Section had carried out surveys.
Grey River Gauging Station
A gauging station was constructed during 1968 just below the confluence with Salmon Brook. The gauging station will provide a record of river discharges at this location as required in the agreement with the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission. Installation of the stilling well was carried out in July, and the recorder was installed later in the year.
Sheffield, Hind's and Little Grand Lakes Level Restorations
During 1966, Bowaters Newfoundland Company idmited was granted permission to lower the levels of three lakes to obtain additional water for power generation at the Deer Lake hydroelectric plant. Permission was granted, subject to the provision that levels would be restored when the water shortage was over. The Company carried out the restoration work at the three lakes during 1968. Supervision of the work was carried out by the Special Projects Unit along with Protection personnel from District "C". -61-
Granite Lake Brook Dam
During the construction of Granite Lake Brook Dam, which is part of the Bay D'Espoir Power Development, a problem developed from the washing of material for fill for the dam. Silt from the washing operation entered Granite Lake Brook and was carried downstream into White Bear River. The contractor on the project was contacted and instructed to construct a settling pond for silt retention. The pond was created, and observations during the fall months indicated that silting of Granite Lake Brook was reasonably well controlled.
1969 Engineering Program
The Engineering Section will finish construction of the counting fence on Sand Hill River, Labrador. This effort will be the major construction project for 1969. Work should get started in early June and be completed by the end of September.
The superstructure for the various counting fences will be installed in the spring for the Biological Section. Permanent counting facilities will be installed at the south end of the dam at Bishop's Falls during the late summer to improve Exploits River salmon counting operations.
Maintenance of fishways and other facilities will be carried out as required with special attention being given to remedial work on Ragged Harbour River and other rivers as time permits.
Additional engineering investigations and surveys will be carried out on various rivers as recommended by the Biological Section.
Investigations of problems associated with industrial and hydro- electric developments now in progress will be continued.
The Engineer with this Unit resigned near the end of 1968. We are hopeful of recruiting engineering staff during the early part of 1969.
Development and Pollution Control Unit (Engineering Section)
The work carried on by this Unit is done in conjunction with the Development and. Pollution Control Units of the Biological Section. Limited progress was made during the year as we were not successful in re- cruiting a replacement for the engineer who resigned in 1968.
In July, we were able to recruit an Engineer for the pollution -62-
work of this Unit. The Engineer worked very closely with the Pollution Control Unit on the Exploits River and other problems. In addition to the above work, he began compilation of a report covering pulp and paper manufacturing industry processing and wastes with particular reference to the mills presently operating in Newfoundland. Much of the work on this report was carried out by year end.
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B.R. Bauld J.J. Carnell -63-
SUMMARY
Exploits River Development Program Only 20 percent of the Exploits River drainage is now in use by Atlantic salmon. A development program is directed toward the full utilization of the untapped salmon potential. The program will progress in a two-phase operation, i.e. to establish salmon in the river between Grand Falls and Red Indian Lake, followed by salmon establishment in the 3,700 square miles above Red Indian Lake. Recent diversion of headwaters of Red Indian Lake to the White Bear River presents problems for the development program. Until close liaison between several agencies assures reasonable solution to the problems, the salmon development program will go ahead in spite of the presently unclear future. Hopefully, the concept for multi-purpose use of resources in the Exploits drainage will soon become viable. In the meantime, studies on the fish populations, pollution problems, fish passage problems, and cultural techniques cannot, in good faith, be deferred.
Bay D'Espoir Power Development The Bay D'Espoir Power Development has pabsed Stage I where waters from the Salmon and Grey Rivers have been diverted through the Powerhouse located near Northwest Brook at the head of Bay D'Espoir. Installation of structures is well underway for the diversion of Victoria River waters (Exploits River) and White Bear River waters into the Grey River for increased generation capacity. These Stage II developments will be near completion by the end of 1969 and near-full generation capacity will be operational.
Come-by-Chance Water Supply
The development of an industrial complex which will include a pulp and paper mill, a refinery, and petrochemical industry, has been planned. Extensive site preparation and some construction in 1968 seem to indicate the imminent status. The freshwater requirements for the complex, mainly for the pulp and paper mill, will be obtained from a water supply scheme involving Black River and Come-by-Chance River. The proposal, for which fish protection measures have been prepared, is awaiting the "go-ahead" signal.
Stephenville Area Water Supply
The industrial development at the Ernest Harmon Air Force Base -64-
following military deactivation has created a demand for a supply of fresh water. In particular, the proposed liner board paper mill will require a large volume. Total requirements have been estimated at approximately 100 mgd.
The most economical source of water is Harry's River. A proposal for the development of a water supply therefrom has been prepared by consultants for the Atlantic Development Board. The proposal requires certain fish protection measures, particularly in the area of sustained river discharges, which have been prepared in anticipation for construction at an early date. •
Controlled Flow Spawning Channel, Indian River
The controlled flow spawning channel was constructed on Indian River in 1962 to accommodate the salmon run affected by a headwater diversion project. In six years of operation, the egg-to-fry survival has equalled or exceeded rates in nature. Natural fry distribution has been limited to a distance of about one mile downstream from the release site. Manual distribution of fry has resulted in improved survival and better utilization of nursery areas.
Electrofishing studies have shown considerable differences in the size of the salmon parr populations on various stream habitats. This information has been useful in achieving greatest benefit from the channel fry distributions.
Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations
River investigations in 1966 and 1967 by the Resource Development Branch resulted in the selection of a site for a long-term smolt tagging and adult enumeration operation. The operation is one facet of the study to assess the effect of the West Greenland salmon fishery on Canadian salmon stocks. The Sand Hill River in Labrador was the site chosen, and construction of the counting facilities and accommodations got underway in 1968. The construction crew completed about 60 percent of the base of the counting fence in spite of weather problems. Hopefully, this progress will ensure the tagging of at least some smolts at Sand Hill River in 1969.
An interim smolt tagging project, at Salmon Brook, Hare Bay, was undertaken while design and construction of the Sand Hill facilities took place. About 7,600 smolts were tagged at Salmon Brook in 1968. Recapture of a surprisingly large number of those tags in Ariege Bay suggests an intensive salmon fishery there.
Tagging of adult salmon, both kelts and ascending spawners, will provide information on natural survival and commercial fishery utilization - 65 -
of these fish. The fence will be operated in 1969 to recover the 1968 smolt tags and whatever tagged adults are returning to spawn an additional time.
Pollution Investigations
Pollution problems during 1968 were associated mainly with industrial effluents, mining wastes, or insecticide programs. Investigations on the Exploits River were directed toward assessing results of tailings control at the Buchans mine, documenting the pollution conditions below Grand Falls, and determining the extent of possible deterioration of the waters of the estuary.
Control of mining wastes in Newfoundland and Labrador is sufficient to avoid severe pollution conditions. Monitoring studies demonstrate that lethal conditions, if present, are limited to the immediate outfall area.
Forest spraying for the control of hemlock looper was conducted in Newfoundland in 1968. Field investigations indicate that use of sumithion and phosphamidon minimized fish kills associated with the spray program.
Biting insect control is an annual program in Labrador. Control is attempted by aerial spraying, larviciding, and town fogging with DDT. The Department notes that continued objection to the use of DDT has resulted in the proposal to use methoxychlor instead of DDT in 1969.
Departmental personnel hold continuing discussions and negotiations with varied industrial concerns to improve control of existing sources of pollution or to prevent new sources from becoming pollution problems.
Lake Investigations
The 1968 field program was mainly a further evaluation of the problems associated with "overfishing" by the sport fishermen in standing waters. Waters under study at this time lie along the Trans Canada Highway near St. John's. The program is designed to assess the size and composition of the fish populations and to relate these characteristics to the intensive sport fishery promulgated in that area.
Preliminary investigation of the fish population at Terra Nova Lake got underway. These studies should provide information on potential comraercial use, on characteristics of the native species, and on the desirability or advisability of introduction of additional species. -66-
Seismic Investigations
Oil exploration companies continue to encircle Newfoundland and Labrador with seismic programs to locate oil reserves. Branch observers reported no significant fish losses as a result of the seismic activity. The continuing trend by the companies to use non-dynamite acoustic energy sources has greatly reduced the hazard for fish resources.
Survey of Obstructions to Fish Migration
The program for the biological survey of obstructions to fish migration continued in 1968. These surveys will be complemented with engineering surveys for the preparation of a document listing and recommending priorities for remedial work where justified. Annual contribution to the survey program will achieve a meaningful tabulation of all significant obstructions, permitting a province-wide analysis of the relative importance of various steps in the remedial program.
Introduction of Maritime Oysters
Continuing studies of the four 1965 introductory experimental plantings of oysters by Branch, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, and Memorial University of Newfoundland personnel confirmed that seed oysters grew and survived reasonably well while the adults did not do well at all. No immediate reason for the poorer performance of the adult oysters is apparent. Further assessment may require at least a pilot planting on a commercial scale.
Port aux Basques Drift Net Fishery
A student technician was stationed at Rose Blanche during the salmon drift netting season to collect information on the catch. No grilse were reported from the catch, and previous spawners composed about 7.6 percent. The mean river age for the fish suggests that the stock is from a source other than Newfoundland.
Engineering Works The major construction project for the Engineering Section was at the Sand Hill River salmon counting facility. Additional construction or repair was undertaken at the Indian River counting fence, the Salmon Brook counting fence, the Noel Pauls Brook counting fence, Harry's River counting fence, and the Indian River and Noel Pauls Brook spawning channels. Engineering investigations were carried out on Robinsons River, Fishels Brook, Cook's Brook, and Ragged Harbour River.