Not to be quoted without specific permission from issuing office.
DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OF CANADA
RE1-ORT OF RESOURCE DEVELOIdtvit i.).ANCH NEWFOUNDLAND h ..0 ,)N FOR 1966
'I. Dept. of Fizh:aries •f Ganada St. John's, Nfld.
ST. JOHN'S, NFLD. FEBRUARY, 1967 Not to be quoted wit t speoifio permission from issuing offioe.
Department of Fisheries of Canada
REPORT OF RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT BRANCH NEWFOUNDLAND REGION FOR 1966
St, John's, Nfld. Fbbruary, 1967 ( ±)
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
BIO-ENGIMERING INVESTIGATIONS .. 2
Exploits River Development Program 2
Biological Investigations 4
Engineering Investigations 6
Pollution Investigations 8
Exploits River 9
Red Indian Lake • .. 13
Hydro Electric and Other Industrial Developrrents 16
Bay DrEspoir Power Development 16
Terra Nova River Hydro Development 19
Churchill Falls Hydro Development • 22
Newfoundland Pulp and Chemical Company 24
Newfoundland Ammonia and Refining Company Limited 25
Water Supply Development, Stephenville Area 26
Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations .. 28
BIOLOGICAL SECTION 32
Development Unit 32
Rattling Brook Adult Salmon Trans fe r 32
Camp One Fishway Operations 32
Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channel 33
Channel Escapement 34
Spawning Activity 36
Kelt Tagging Program 36 Page
Smolt Count 37
Assessment of Fry Production ...... 38
Ele ctrofishing Studies 140
Pollution Unit 141
Iron Ore Company of Canada - Labrador City
Wabush Iron Ore Company - Wabush, Labrador 1414
Maritime Mining Corporation - Tilt Cove 145
Whalesback Project, BRINEX - Near Little Bay 145
Gullbridge Mines Limited 46
Consolidated Rambler Mines Limited 47
Electric Reduction Company of Canada Limited 48
Newfoundland Pulp. and Chemical Company .... ... 149
Big Nana Mines Limited 49
Stephenville .
DDT Sp raying for Biting Insects • . 50
Lake Management Unit ...... 55
Special Projects Unit 56
Seismic Explorations - 1966 56
Pan-American Pe trole um Explorations 56
Gulf of St. Lawrence Survey by D.M E R 56
Geological Survey of Canada, D.M E R 56
Proposed 1967 Operations 57
Oyster Investigations 57
Fishway Counting tiTrap Data - 1966 60
Page
Stream Catalogue 62 Long Harbour River Investigation 63 Smolt Count 63
Adult Count 64
The Estuary 67 River Reconnaissance Surveys 67
Engineering Section 69 Construction and Surveys ... 69 Indian River Counting Fence . 69 Cloud River 70 South West River, Port Blandford 70 Gander River . ... 70 Barry's Brook 71 Brian's Feeder, Portland Creek 71 N.E. Placentia River . 71
Great Rattling Brook, Exploits River .. 73
Brooms Brook, Grand Codroy River 73 Naskaupi River, Labrador 74 Fishway Repairs . 74 Exploits River Development Program ...... 74 Fish Transfer Tank 74 Harry's River, St. George's Bay 75 Sheffield Lake . ...... 75
1967 Engineering Program 76
(iv )
Page
Construction 76
Surveys 76
Design 76
SUMMARY .. 77 INTRODUCTION
Several significant accomplishments have been recorded during the past year, including: a wastes disposal agreement to protect fishes worked out with a base-metal mining company prior to its going into production; three sources of existing pollution that have taken, or are planning to take, steps to improve wastes disposal practices; a recorded survival to the fry stage at our Indian River Spawning Channel of about 50 percent - almost twice that of earlier years; and, a new spawning channel completed on the Exploits River to examine its effectiveness in establishment of new salmon populations in barren areas. On the less cheerful side was the inability of our Lake Management Unit, due to the departure of the biologist in charge, to carry out any significant work.
In the area of ind ustrial de ye lopme nt affecting freshwater areas, we are continuously faced with a dilemma due to the lack of dead" time usually available for necessary investigative work. Either, on the one hand, we attempt to know 11a little bit about a lot of things" and perhaps not handle any of them adequately or, on the other, we concentrate on one or two problems and hope that the others will remain static until we can return to them. Either way, the situation is an unfortunate one which does not necessarily provide the best long term answers to the problems being studied. None-the-less, since industry is unlikely to wait upon our preparedness, or lack of it, this Mumma is one that we must learn to live with.
Whilst the Branch is more than fully occupied fighting industrial threats, of one form or another, to the (mainly) freshwater habitat of anadromous fishes, and devoting some effort to development procedures in the same area, the fact that other major ihfl uenoe s on the resource exist in the nature of commercial and sport fisheries must not be lost sight of. It is still an open question as to whether or not escapement through the fisheries is adequate to enable our rivers to produce at optimum levels. If it is not, then this has serious implications as to the ultimate success of other management measures that are being implemented.
As in past years, we express our appreciation to all Departmental officers, especially those of the Protection and Conservation Branch, for their help when we have had to call on them for assistance. In particular, we record our indebtedness to the four District Officers without whose co-operation our work would, in many cases, be made much more difficult, -2-
BIO-ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS Exploits River Development Program
The Exploits is the largest river on the Island of Newfoundland, It now supports sea-run Atlantic salmon only in tributaries located below the obstruction known as Grand Falls. This accessible area comprises less than 20 percent of the total watershed of the river
(Fig. 1). The Exploits River rises in the Annieopsquotch 'Mountains, in the southwestern region of the island, and flaws in a north-easterly direction for approximately 175 miles to empty into the Bay of Exploits on the northeast coast of Newfoundland. The area of the watershed is 4300 sq. miles. This is divided into three sections by natural and man-made obstructions. The first section, between the river mouth and Grand Falls, has been thoroughly investigated during the past 8 — 10 years and, in addition, some remedial work has been done on obstructions in the same area during this period. The second
section, between Grand Falls and Exploits Dam 2% the outlet of Red Indian Lake, is in the early stages of development as a spawning and rearing area for Atlantic salmon. This area, some 1400 sq. miles in extent, is approximately one-third of the total drainage area of the Exploits system. The third section, above Exploits Dam, totals 2100 sq. miles or approximately one-half of the total watershed area. There are 870 miles of tributaries in the whole drainage area of which approximately 575 miles are below the Exploits Dam at Red Indian Lake. Fit I EXPLOITS RIVER WATERSHED AREA BETWEEN RED INDIAN LAKE AND MOUTH The development program underway in the second (or middle) section is directed initially toward establishing a run of Atlantic salmon in the 1400 sq. miles between Grand Falls and Red Indian Lake. To this end the following investigations were carried out in 1 966.
Biological Investigations, 1965-1967
During 1965, the Development Unit conducted reconnaissance surveys on several tributaries of the Exploits River between Grand Falls and Red Indian Lake. Besides examining streams and determining their suitability for Atlantic salmon, it was decided to select two test streams for use in experimental fish introductions. Pdult salmon would be transferred to these tributaries from other watersheds. In one stream, fish would spawn in a controlled flow channel; in the second, they would spawn under natural stream conditions. The salmon production arising from these different management procedures would be compared by subsequent assessment of smolt production and adult returns in each tributary. Noel Pauls Brook was chosen for the channel investigation and Mary Snn Brook for the natural part of the spawning experiment (Fig. 2).
In 1966, a channel was constructed on Noel Pauls Brook.
However, all adult introductions were postponed until 1967 to permit time for the collection of electrofishing data on landlocked fish populations residing in the two streams. This delay also provided an opportunity to select suitable donor streams required as a source of adults for the two test streams. Towards this end, adult enumeration stations were operated in the Upper Humber River at Lower DROP STRUCTURE
DROP STRUCTURE OBSERVATION BOOTH
- - 231' 556 DIFFUSER
F LOW
V- 0 CONTROL GATE SCALE I in = 80 ft
CONTROL DAM 15'
10
15.0
2.0'
— 1275
TYPICAL CHANNEL SECTION
SCALE 1/4 in = I ft 0 in
FIG.2 NOEL PAUL CONTROLLED FLOW SPAWNING CHANNEL - LAYOUT AND SECTION 6-
Adies Stream and at Birchy Basin. It was estimated that salmon escapement to this section of the Humber River was adequate to allow a combined removal of five to seven hundred fish for several years without detriment to stream populations. During 1966, transfer equipment for adult fish was also assembled and tested. In addition, rough access roads to adult release sites on both Mary Ann Brook and Noel Pauls Brook were almost completed. Transfer of adults to the two streams slated for development will begin in 1967. Information on resident populations in these streams will continue to be collected by downstream fyke net assessments in the Spring and by an electrofishing survey over the Summer. Comprehensive follow-up studies will be conducted in subsequent years.
Engineering Investigations and Construction The Engineering section constructed a Controlled Flow Spawning Channel and carried out other related surveys on Noel Pauls Brook as part of the Exploits River Development Program A contract was awarded for the construction of a Controlled Flow Spawning Channel on Noel Pauls Brook as the first phase of this development. The channel is approximately 1000 feet long and 15 feet wide at the surface of the spawning gravel (Fig. 2). Banks of the channel are sloped at 1.5:1, with gravel placed well up the sides above the water line. Spawning gravel was washed and screened to remove all materials 1/2 inch in size and smaller. The maximum size of gravel is L inches. It was placed to a depth of 2 feet in the channel. The project includes a control dam and intake structure with two 36 inch gate valves to regulate flow in the channel. Energy is dissipated by means of a diffusar chamber from which water is released into the channel. Depth of water during spawning will be maintained between
18 and 24 inches. Velocity will be in the order of 1.5 feet per second. The channel is divided into two sections by means of a drop structure. A second drop structure is located at the fish entrance to the channel. Three large holding pools have been incorporated into the channel and an underwater observation booth is sited near its upper end. Field accommodations have been provided at the site.
Cost of the completed project was between $70,000 to $75,000. Engineering surveys were also carried out at Pind Falls, located several miles downstream from the channel site. This obstruction is passable at most water levels but some remedial work may be required to ensure passage of migrating fish at extreme low water levels. Surveys were also carried out at a logging dam located at the outlet of John Pauls Steady which is several miles downstream from Pine Falls. Should this dam be operative by the time an anadromous run of fish has been established in Noel Pauls Brook, it will be necessary to install fish, pass facilities. A survey was completed on a second falls, upstream from the channel, to determine the degree of obstruction which it might present to any run of Atlantic salmon which may be established in this stream. To assist biologists in carrying out biological assessment of
Noel Pauls Brook, markers were placed at one mile intervals over a twenty to thirty mile length of river. - 8_
Pollution Investigations Pollution investigations continued on the Exploits River, and at
Red Indian Lake, during 1966 (Fig. 1). Grand Falls is the site of the Price (NFLD.) Pulp and Paper Ltd, (formerly Anglo-Newfoundland Development Company). This Company produces sulphite and groundwood pulp. Wastes from this activity affect the Exploits River below Grand Falls. In June, 1966, the Company switched from a calcium base sulphite pulp to a sodium base sulphite pulp. Buchans, located on Red Indian Lake, is the site of a base metal mine operated by the American Smelting and Refining Company Limited (ASAR00). Raw ores are concentrated at Buchans and approximately 260,000 tons of tailings are disposed of annually. Prior to 1966 the Company discharged tailings to Red Indian Lake via Buchans Brook. In 1966, partial impoundment of tha waste commenced in an area 1700 feet west of the mill. This impoundment was a substantial temporary improvement over the former method of waste disposal. However, it is not a full solution since evidently toxic waste,. from the area must eventually reach Buchans Brook, After discussion with the Department and the Provincial Government, the Company has submitted for comment a proposal which envisages complete impoundment of solid tailings. The Pollution Unit has made recommendations for improvements to this proposed impoundment scheme. Domestic wastes from about 15,000 people are discharged to the Exploits River from the towns of Grand Faris, Windsor and Bishop's Falls. These wastes also affect the Exploits River below Grand Falls. Both Price (NFLD.) Pulp and Paper Ltd., and the American Smelting and Refining Company Limited, may be eligible for pollution abatement aid, by way of financial assistance from the Atlantic Dev- elopment Board. In the case of Price (NFLD.) Pulp and Paper Ltd,, such payment would be in proportion to B.O.D. reduction, while for ASARCO Company payment may be based on the degree of reduction of heavy metal concentrations below the Incipient-Lethal Level of 1.0.
Exploits River - Analysis of Exploits River water has been conducted since 1961 to measure the effects of mine wastes from Buchans, pulp and paper mill wastes from Grand Falls, and domestic wastes from Grand Falls, Windsor and Bishop's Falls. Results are summarized below. (i) Mine Wastes - In September, 1961, copper concentrations
in the Exploits River were between 20 ug/1 - 30 ug/1 and zinc from 1140 ug/1 - 200 ug/l. In August, 1962, copper concentrations ranged from 10 ug/1 - !i0 ug/1 and zinc from 50 ug/1 - 360 ug/1. In Lugust and September, 1963, zinc concentrations ranged
from 39 - 165 ug/1 and copper concentrations from 4 ug/1 - 17 ug/l. In August and September, 1964, copper ranged from a trace - 15 ug/1 and zinc from 67 ug/1 - 260 ug/l. One copper result was 40 ug/l. In 1965, from June to October, copper ranged from 1.2 ug/1 to 52 ug/l, except for two samples when the copper was 85 ug/l. Zinc ran d from 40 ug/1 - 850 ug/l. The 1965 results, compared with former - 10 -
years, were generally much higher. This may have been due to low precipitation in 1965, and the consequent releasing of larger than normal volumes of stored water from Red Indian Lake for power production and log driving. From May to September, 1966, copper concentrations ranged
from a trace - 77 ug/1. 11.2% of the results were above 20 ug/l. Zinc ranged from 35 ug/1 - 485 uel with approximately 10.7% of
the results above 250 ugil. Since Exploits River sampling began in 1961, concentrations of both copper and zinc, expressed as fractions of the Incipient Lethal
Level (ILL), have been, in the majority of cases, 0.4 T17, or higher. Since it has been determined for the Northwest Miramichi that values
of 0.4 - 0.5 are sufficient to disturb adult salmon migration and
cause fish to return downstream (Sprague, 1964), this is an
undesirable situation.
(ii) Pulp Mill Wastes - These are discharged into the Exploits River at the rate of 86 1400 1000 U.S.g.p.d., of which 500,000 U.S.g.p.d, are sulphite waste liquor. Fiber discharged to the river is
approximately 15 B.D. tons/day. These wastes primarily affect dissolved oxygen and pH of the river, but the possibility exists of
a detrimental effect other than from lowering dissolved oxygen or
altering pH. In 1966, the Company switched from a calcium base to a sodium base sulphite process which should result in a substantial reduction on the demand of dissolved oxygen in the river. The B.O.D. of the calcium base is roughly 600 tons/ton of product produced while for the sodium base it is 50 tons/ton of product produced. B.O.D. determinations were conducted on the pulp mill waste and Exploits River water during 1966.
Results of the 1966 B.O.D. analyses are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. B.O.D. values for pulp mill wastes and Exploits River water ) 1966.
Location Range B.O.D. (ppm or mg/1) 1 Forebay (Control) 0.0 - 2.1 Downstream (1/4 mile below mill) 0.0 - 4.68
Sir Robert Bond Bridge 0.0 - 4.0 3 North Sewer 48 - 650.0 2 South Sewer 19 - 200
S.W.L. 1852
1 One value 3.87 2 61.5% between 100 ppm. - 200 ppm. 8% above 200 ppm
3 68.1% between 200 ppm - 400 ppm. 13.6% above 400 ppm
The Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal (Great Britain) and
Ontario Water Resources Commission recommends that a B.O.D. of 4 ppm
should not be exceeded in river waters. 4> B.O.D. of 2 ppm or less
indicates clean water. The North and South Sewers discharge groundwood waste ) sulphite waste liquor and wash water. The change over frcm the calcium base to - 12 -
the sodium base process occurred between the end of June and mid-July.
The B.O.D. results are on a 2L hour composite sample. In June and
July the B.O.D. results showed wide fluctuations. This would be expected in a change of processes. However, on completion of the change over and with the sodium base sulphite process operating satisfactorily, the B.O.D. for the North Sewer was 300 ppm .0 50. For the South Sewer the B.O.D. was 125 ppm .0 50. It will be necessary to correlate B.O.D. results of the North and South Sewers with river discharges and water temperature to determine the D.O. depletion to be expected in any given month. From August 4 to ii.ugust 30 dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river were not significantly affected by pulp mill and domestic wastes as values were near or above saturation. Water levels during the sampling period appeared to be adequate. Exact river discharge at present is not known but, from past experience, it may be assumed to be above 4000 cfs. Since 4000 cfs. or greater appeared to be sufficient to offset the effects of the former calcium base sulphite waste (which has an extremely high B.O.D.), it would appear to be more than adequate to offset effects of the sodium base sulphite waste. The paper Company as a rule, maintains water discharge in the river above 4000 cfs. through the release of stored water at Red
Indian Lake. This changes during periods of drought or floods.
Figure 3 shows seasonal pattern of runoff for the Exploits River
at Grand Falls from 1913 - 1959. - 13 -
Analysis of sulphite waste liquor content of the river was conducted in May and September, 1966. In May the range was 120 - 296 ppm. This was prior to change over in sulphite processes. In
September with the new process the sulphite content was relatively constant 200 - 201 ppm. ! benthic fauna survey was started on the Exploits River in 1965 and continued in 1966. Qualitative analysis of the benthic samples is completed but quantitative work still remains to be done.
In general, the river does not seem to have a wide variety of in- vertebrates species in polluted or unpolluted zones. Preliminary indications are, however, that there are wide quantitative differences
in the two zones.
Red Indian Lake - Analysis of Red Indian Lake waters has been
conducted since 1961. The results indicate that concentrations of
copper and zinc in certain areas of Red Indian Lake are at serious
levels for fish life. Levels of copper have been ranging from trace -
50 ug/l, and zinc from 10 ug/1 - 510 ug/l. Expressed as fractions of
the Incipient Lethal Level (TLL), most were 0.4 or higher.
Samples of bottom deposits collected in 1962 over an area of approximately ten square miles showed total copper, zinc, and
lead present in extremely high concentrations (Table 2). r- -
A—MEAN FOR PERIOD OF RECORD B— MOST PROBABLE MONTHLY V23 AVERAGE
90% CONFIDENCE RANGE 0
I 20
C I
A t-
Jon• I Feb. I Mor• Apr- I Mop (June (July TAut Septi• (Oct- (Nov• 'Dee.
FIG•3 SEASONAL PATTERN OF RUNOFF EXPLOITS RIVER AT GRAND FALLS PERIOD OF RECORD 1913-1959 -15-
Table 2. Heavy metal concentrations in bottom deposits of Red Indian Lake.
Metals Range in ppm
ak.•■•■•••• Copper 250 - 1,000
Zinc 2,000 - 5,000
Lead 1,200 - 10,000
Because of the probable effect of these metals in solution on existing or potential fish populations in these areas, ways must be
found to reduce them to acceptable levels. Lnalysis of water samples in 1964 from the southern end of Red
Indian Lake (presumably unaffected by mine wastes), and Lloyd's Lake,
Star Lake and Victoria Lake (all of which drain into Red Indian Lake and are thus unaffected by mining operations), showed copper ranging from 2.2 ug/1 - 16 ug/l and zinc ranging from 7.0 ug/1 - 34.6 ug/l.
These results indicate that the increase in copper and zinc in the
northern end of the Red Indian Lake is due to the mining operations.
In November, 1966, weekly sampling of Buchans Brook, which
carries the mine waste to Red Indian Lake, commenced and will
continue for at least twelve months. The purpose is to measure the
degree of reduction in the concentration of heavy metals entering
Buchans Brook and Red Indian Lake with impoundment of the tailings.
It will also assist the L.tlantic Development Board in their evaluation
of the efficiency of pollution control procedures by 434%RCO insofar
as eligibility of the Company for financial assistance in this regard
is concerned. - 16 -
Hydro Electric and Other Industrial Developments
Bay D'Espoir Power Development
The Bay D'Espoir hydro-electric development first came to the attention of the Department in 1959. The decision to proceed with the project was announced in 1965. The development is located on the South Coast of Newfoundland and will utilize the watersheds of four rivers to provide an eventual output of some 600,000 H.P. Rivers involved are the Salmon, Grey, White Bear, and upper watershed of the Exploits (Fig. 4). Reconnaissance surveys have been carried out on three of the four rivers since the Department became aware of the project. It was only in 1966 that the Department was informed of plans to incorporate the upper section of the Exploits River into the project.
The overall scheme for water supply for this project is shown in Figure 2. The storage reservoirs, created by raising the levels of existing lakes, will become some of the largest lakes on the Island of Newfoundland.
Phase 1 of the development, which includes Salmon and Grey
Rivers, is well underway. Construction of Salmon River reservoir and powerhouse was on schedule until December, 1966, when floods damaged the intake channel and penstocks causing the "on power" date to be postponed until or May, 1967. Work on the construction of access roads into Pudopts damsite and Ebbegunbaeg Lake Canal was completed in late 1966. Work on the dam and canal will be proceeding during - 17 -
EXPLOITS RIVER
RED INDIAN LAKE
6`' 0 VICTORIA LAKE
UPPER LLOYDS GREY/RIVER
GRANITI LAKE CA AL SALMON RIVER
WHITE BEAR
UDOPS DA
es VJ o~ '
WHITE B
(
BURGEO
SCALE I in. = 10mi. FLOODED AREA
FIG. 4 WATER SUPPLY SCHEME FOR THE BAY 0' ESPOIR POWER DEVELOPMENT
• - 18 -
the Winter months. It is expected that the cofferdam at the damsite will be closed off in March, 1967.
During the early stages of this development discussions with the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission resulted in a n agreement to protect Grey River salmon populations by the inclusion of water release facilities in Pudopis Dam to ensure a minimum flow of 600 cfso below the confluence of Salmon Brook and Grey River. This minimum flow would enable the existing salmon run to continue to utilize Salmon
Brook, the major spawning tributary of the system.
Late in 1966, however, the Power Commission informed the
Department that major changes in the overall development made it necessary to find some source of water release other than via Pudops dam. The method and source of supply of transportation water in the lower section of Grey River is thus now being re-appraised by both agencies in an effort to find some other adequate source of supply,
The second phase of this development has been advanced in time, and enlarged to include some 550 sq. mi. of the upper watershed of the
Exploits River in addition to White Bear River. The proposal is to divert tile water at a point on Victoria Lake into the White Bear
River and then through Granite Lake into Pudop is Lake. It is estimated the scheme will divert an average flow of 1800 cfs. from the Exploits
River.
Investigation of fishery problems associated with the several phases of this development are continuing. The main fish runs involved are these of the Grey and White Bear Rivers and discussions are in - 19 -
progress with the Power Commission to find acceptable solutions to the difficult problems posed for fish populations by this development.
Terra Nova River Hydro Development The Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission has submitted a proposal to develop the Terra Nova River, and several others, in a large development to be known as Terra Nova River Development. This development envisages two power plants, a number of diversions, and three potential storage sites to produce 100,000 H.P. or more.
This development will likely utilize headwater areas of several rivers, including Piper t s Hole, Eastern iieelpaeg Lake (Long Harbour
River) and upper and l owe r reaches of Northwest Port Blandford
River (Fig. 5). The first stage of this development will include installation of a powerhouse at Clode Sound with storage provided at Mollyguajeck
Lake. Diversion of Eastern Meelpaeg Lake, headwaters of Long Harbour
River, would also be included. Stage two would involve construction of the Mollyguajeck powerhouse and diversion of Northwest River and Upper
Piper" s Hole into the storage area. Volume of storage in this second phase would be increased by raising the Mollyguajeck reservoir., Drainage areas involved in this proposed development are as follows: Upper Terra Nova River - 426 sq. mi.
Eastern Neelpaeg Lake - 56 sq. mi. Upper Northwest Rive r - 192 sq. mi. - 20 -
Upper Piper's Hole North - 31 sq. mi.
Lower Terra Nova River -. 186 sq. mi. Lower Northwest River and Salmon Brook -. 89 sq. mi. 980 sq. mi.
Runoff from 705 sq. mi. would be utilized through the Molly- guajeck Plant while the runoff from the additional 275 sq. mi. would be used at the Clode Sound Plant° Long term average flow at the Clode Sound Plant is predicted to be 2935 cfs. The Special Projects Unit carried out an investigation of the fish population of Long Harbour River during 1966. A report of this survey is found in the Special Project Unit's report. Salmon populations of this stream were the least known of those that may be involved in the hydro development. Other useful fish populations involved have been the subject of other studies in earlier years. With the announcement that Churchill Falls Development is to be proceeded with, the necessity for additional hydro to be supplied by the Terra Nova development should be postponed for several years. The Terra Nova, the big river in this development, is the best salmon river on the eastern part of the Island and one in which the Department has a large investment - two fishways and other stream remedial work. Mhen and if this development is proceeded with, it is anticipated that major provision to protect fish populations will be necessary. - 21 -
CMARLO ETOWN--• P
LODE AM OUND
RT BLANDFORD
( -- FLOODED AREA )
PLACENTIA BAY
FORTUNE BAY SCALE I in. z. 10 mi
FIG.5 PROPOSED TERRA NOVA HYDRO DEVELOPMENT -22-
Churchill Falls Hydro Development
In late 1966, an announcement was made that this very large hydro development would proceed and that work would start before the end of 1966 (Fig. 6). Plans call for construction of accommodations during the Winter of 1966-67 with construction of the powerhouse and other facilities to commence in 1967. This development will produce in the order of 6,000,000 h.p. and the target date for "on power" is 1971 or 1972 depending on the demand. The Churchill River (formerly Hamilton River) is the largest river in Newfoundland and Labrador. This river does not carry any anadromous fishes beyond Muskrat Falls which is located a few miles from the mouth. The main river will have a regulated flow once the project is completed. This may benefit the lower section of the river by regulating flows in that area. Several other rivers will also be affected by headwater diversions to the Churchill system. :.mongst these are the Naskaupi,
Canairibtok and Julian Rivers. Only the Naskaupi diversion is expected to affect any significant salmon populations. In 1966, an engineering survey team visited 4eau Rapids on the Naskaupi River to obtain a water-line profile of the area. It is possible, but not probable that, under the new flow regime, a difficult point of access may appear at this location.
Discussions have been held with Churchill Power Corporation Ltd., to discuss the requirements which the Department will require for fish saving facilities. These discussions will be continued during 1967. — 23 —
N LABRADOR SCALE OF M ES 25 0 25 50 75
L., 1 QUEBEC 7 AT L ANTIC
NAI OCEAN
HOPEDA LE
\P\
OSE T 0 AIRPOR
RIVE (-)
*-R
ce \
J
QUEBEC z 0
FIG•6 MAP OF LABRADOR SHOWING AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH MINING PROBLEMS AND CHURCHILL
RIVER ( HAMILTON RIVER) DEVELOPMENT- - 24 IMO
Newfoundland Pulp and Chemical Company, Come-by-Chance (Third Mill) For a number of years, the Government of the Province of Newfoundland has attempted to interest various commercial interests in establishing a pulp and/or paper mill on the East coast of the Province. In 1965, it appeared that these efforts were reaching fruition and that a mill would be established at Come-by-Chance the isthmus of the Lvalon Peninsula (Fig. 9). In late 1966, some site preparation began at this location but, to the date of w riting, we are unaware of the existence of plant design or construction plans. It is known that water supply for the proposed mill was the subject of a feasibility study by a consulting engineering firm retained for that purpose by the Ltlantic Development Board. Copy of the consultants report was made available to us by 4.D. B. in late 1965. Indications are that the Come-by-Chance Mill, when established, will produce sulfate (Kraft) pulp and/or newsprint at an initial level of about 500 tons per day. Possible pollution problems that may be expected as a result of such an operation are briefly referred to elsewhere in this report. On receipt of the water supply feasibility report, it was possible to arrange preliminary evaluation of the effects of this phase of the development on fish populations, if it proceeded as per the report under reference. Conclusions to date are briefly summarized in the following paragraphs. -25-
The proposed mill will require, in its initial stages, a water supply in the order of 25 million gallons per day (25 mgpd). Projected expansion of production envisages a requirement of about 50 mgpd.
The development scheme to supply these amounts which has been recommended by the consultants would involve impoundment, and controlled release to the mill area, of the runoff from the catchment areas of both Come-by-Chance and Black Rivers. The latter stream would require diversion from its present course to link up with Come-by-
Chance River. The Department's interest in the water supply scheme is, of course, mainly on the effects that engineering facilities will have on resident and anadromous fish populations of the affected waters.
It is also necessary, if adverse effects are predicted, to recommend fish protective facilities. Branch evaluation of the water supply scheme is continuing.
However, if the water development scheme proceeds as outlined by the consultants, it does not appear that a fisheries solution will be easily, or cheaply, arrived at.
Newfoundland ,'„mmonia and Refining Company Limited It was announced by Provincial authorities in early 1966 that, in conjunction with the proposed mill to be constructed at Come-by-
Chance, an industry to produce anhydrous ammonia, a basic component of fertilizers, would also be located in the same area (Fig. 9). Raw material for the anhydrous ammonia plant would be South 2,merican crude - 26 -
oil. idthough some very preliminary discussion was held with the project supervisor for plant construction shortly after this announce- ment was made, no further information has become available since that
time. It now appears that this development has been shelved for the
time being.
Water Supply Development, Stephenville st.rea (Fourth Mill)
It was announced in late 1965 that the Ernest Harmon Lir
Force Base at Stephenville would be phased out in 1966 (Fig. 9).
Because of the employment problem that this presented to the surrounding
area, the Provincial Government soon began strenuous efforts to provide new employment opportunity in that area by the attraction of
new industry. l,s a result it now appears that, amongst other
industrial activity that may locate in the Stephenville area, a new
fibreboard and kraft paper mill (Fourth mill) may be established there.,
Such a mill would need a large volume of water for its operational
requirements. Other proposed new industries would also require a
guaranteed source of water supply. In June, 1966, therefore, the
atlantic Development Board retained the consulting firm of Resources
Engineering of Canada Ltd. to carry out a feasibility study on a
water supply development for the area. This firm completed a report
on their studies in October, 1966, copy of which was made available
to the Department.
The development scheme proposed by the consultants is based
on a requirement of 100 million gallons of water per day and it -27-
appears that the most economic source of supply is Harry's River (Fig. 9). An engineering scheme has been recommended that will involve the construction of various dams, canals, and such like.
On receipt of advice on the proposed development scheme for
Harry's River, Branch staff immediately began examination of it
insofar as remedial facilities would be required to protect Harry's
River fish populations. Recommendations were put forward. Meetings with 4.D.B., the consultants, and officials of this Department were
subsequently held to discuss fish facilities required to protect
the estimated Atlantic salmon spawning escapement of 10,000 fish
(4- 25%) to Harry's River if the development proceeded. Very briefly, the main features of the proposed development
are: construction of a control dam (about 20' height) at a point
about one half mile below the outlet of Georges Lake; a submerged weir (dam) in the vicinity of Black Duck to provide a headpond for water diversion; and a cannl from the Black Duck area to link up with Long Gull Pond and proceed from thence to the mill site at
Stephenville. Other engineering components of the development scheme
also require consideration as to fish facilities that may be
required.
If the development proceeds as outlined, fishways will be
required at all obstructions in the form of dams, etc; screening
facilities, to protect juvenile migrants, will be required at all
intakes; cushioning pools may be required where smolts and/or kelts -28—
must pass downstream via spill facilities incorporated in dams; and a specified minimum flow of water will be required to be maintained throughout salmon and trout migratory routes. The foregoing paragraphs are, of course, an oversimplification of engineering proposals for the development, and of fish remedial facilities that may be required. In summary, it may be said that the Department's evaluation of the value of anadromous fish runs to Harry's River is such that any water supply development scheme which involves that river will require incorporation into it of all remedial works necessary to maintain its fish populations at a level not less than that which now exists. If the construction of a pulp and/or paper mill at Stephenville does proceed, major pollution problems may be encountered. Other proposed industries in the same area may also pose similar problems.
At the present time, however, information on these industrial proposals is almost completely lacking. Consequently, little or no planning as to pollution control measures required at these sites can be carried out.
Greenland Salmon Fishery Investigations
Since 1959 salmon have become an increasingly important part of the commercial fishery of West Greenland. In 1964, the salmon catch in these waters exceeded three million pounds.
As Greenland itself has only one salmon river, the salmon caught in this fishery originate elsewhere. Tag recoveries indicate that - 29 - salmon from both sides of the North Atlantic have a common feeding ground in the Greenland area. It is known that salmon from Canadian
Rivers, including Newfoundland, are taken in this fishery. In March, 1966, as part of an investigation to ascertain the impact of the Greenland salmon fishery on Canada's Atlantic salmon stocks, it was decided that the Resource Development Service,
Newfoundland Region, would select a river in Labrador for long term smolt tagging and adult enumeration operations. The purpose of this program is to help elucidate the degree of exploitation of the
Greenland fishery on salmon produced in Canadian rivers, especially those of more northern areas. Beginning in June, 1966, to November, 1966, a river reconnaissance survey team (consisting of two biologists, an engineer and an engineering technician) visited twenty rivers, located on the southern Labrador coast and on the northern tip of the Great
Northern Peninsula of insular Newfoundland, to choose a site for the proposed project. Geographic location, s ize of salmon escapement suitability for a fence site, and accessibility were used as prime
criteria for selection of a river. All rivers which were investigated occur in an area bounded by
St. Genevieve Bay and Canada Bay on the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland in the south, to Gilbert Bay on the Labrador Coast
in the north (Fig. 7). During the first part of the survey, June 9 to August 5, ten rivers located in south-east Labrador were visited. The fishery patrol - 30 -
vessel Eastern Explorer was used for most of the survey in conjunction with a helicopter, which was used for inland reconnaissance work.
As part of the investigation, a temporary fence was operated on the St. Charles River in Labrador to ascertain the composition of its sea—run populations. The trap count revealed the run to be predominantly Arctic char (877) with a minority of salmon (30). Because of this, it was ruled out as a suitable site for our field program. In October, further investigations were carried out on ten rivers of the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. It was possible to carry out these surveys using a Departmental vehicle.
Evaluation of all twenty rivers included in the surveys narrowed the choice of a suitable location to only four rivers. These were the St. Mary' s (Mary ' s Harbour River) and Forte au Rivers in
Labrador, and the Salmon and St. Genevieve Rivers on the Great
Northern Peninsula of insular Newfoundland.
Possible fence sites we re examined on tae se rive rs during the initial surveys. k subsequent visit was made to Labrador by the engineering party to view selected fence sites at water levels prevailing later in the season. Following this, all rivers were
again evaluated and it appeared, based on the 1966 surveys, that either the St. Genevieve or Salmon River would be a logical choice. The alternative is a further delay of one year while additional rivers
on the Labrador coast, not examined in 1966, are evaluated as possible
sites for the proposed program. - 31 -
o 1 58 ° 5 7 ° 56° 55° 54 65 ° 60 ° 55 ° 50 ° 45° O 0 Labrador - Area II od a GreenlondO I) Gilbert River 600 N 2) Shinney's Waters 3) Alexis River A 4) St. Lewis River 5) St. Marys River 6) St. Charles River
Labrador — Area I Labrador Sea 7) Temple Brook 8) Pinware River 9) 12anse au Loup R. 10) Forteau River 55o_ Nfld.- Area C-13 II) East River 12) Bartletts Brook 13) Watsons Brook 14') Salmon River 14") South West Brook -"N 15) North East Brook Q J e b e c Nfld.— Area D-12
16) Big Brook 50°— - 50 o 17) Eddy's Cove Brk.
18 ) East Arm River ,•■■•■•••••••• 19) West Arm River 20) St. Genevieve R.
45°—
)50 50° 45 ° 600 1 LOCATION MA P
SURVEY AREA GREENLAND TAGGING PROJECT
SCALE 32 MI.
FIG• 7 SURVEY AREA — GREENLAND TAGGING PROJECT - 32 -
BIOLOGICAL SECTION Development Unit
Rattling Brook Adult Salmon Transfer
Camp One Fishway Operations - In 1958, the Newfoundland Light and Power Company Limited constructed a hydro-electric development on Rattling Brook, a stream draining into Bay of Exploits, Notre Dame Bay (Fig. 1). This development made it unfeasible to maintain the Atlantic salmon run on Rattling Brook. To offset the effect of this development, the entire adult run to Rattling Brook was transferred to Great Rattling Brook, a stream entering the Exploits River just above Bishopts Falls (Fig. 1). The transfer was carried out over the years 1957 to 1964, during which time almost 3,000 adults were moved. Coincident with the transfer of adults from Rattling Brook to Great Rattling Brook, a fishway was constructed over Camp One falls in
1960. Prior to 1960 this falls presented a total obstruction to migrating salmon. The run through Camp One f:shway since 1960 is summarized in Table III.
Table III. Summary of Counting Trap and Angling Records on Great Rattling Brook, 1960-1966. Year 1960 1961 1962 196 3 1964 1965 1966
Fishway count 103 372 1,068 528 1,868 777 1,412 Angled below fishway 86 37 171 46 147 Total run 103 372 1,154 565 2,039 823 L,559 - 33-
The 1960 escapement must be attributed to the natural run existing below Camp One Dam, since no offspring from transferred fish would be returning to spaan in that year.
The 1961 escapement was, in all probability, similar in
composition to that of 1960, but it is possible that some were progeny of transferred fish which migrated to sea as 2+ smolts (21% of Tote
Brook smolts were 2+).
Since most Tote Brook smolts were 3+, and since most Rattling
Brook fish return to spawn after spending one year in the sea, it was expected that the run through Camp One fishway would increase in 19620
That this was so, can be seen from Table III, which shows that 1,068
adults passed through Camp One fishway in that year. The Table also
shows that the upward trend in numbers of salmon utilizing Great
Rattling Brook has continued since the fishway was opened in 1960,
but especially since 1962 when offspring from transferred fish
presumably began to appear.
It is, therefore, considered that the•iult run, which was
threatened with extinction in Rattling Brook, has sucessftilly re-
located in Great Rattling Brook,, The transfer of the Rattling Brook
run to Great Rattling Brook has contributed largely to the establish-
ment of an adult salmon run to the latter stream.
Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channels
The Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channel is located nine miles downstream from a diversion structure (Fig. 8) which diverts - 34 - most of the rivers headwaters for hydro-electric purposes. The channel was built to accommodate that portion of the Atlantic salmon run affected by the resulting curtailment in spawning area. The channel was completed in 1962. Adults were admitted in 1963. It is now in the fourth year of operation.
Channel escapement: Indian River is mainly a grilse river. Channel escapement is,
therefore, predominantly grilse, with 50 - 80 per cent of the run being female. During 1964 and 1965, 50 adults were transferred from Indian Falls to the channel. In 1966, 100 adults were transferred. Table III presents a summary of data pertaining to the channel escapement for the years 1 963-66. (Transferred fish are included).
Table IV. Sex, length and weight of spawning escapements, Indian River Controlled Flow Channel, 1963-1966. No. Sex Av. length (cm) Av. weight (lb) in ratio Channel Female Female Male Female Male Grilse 1963 111 68:32 51 53 3.0 3.4 Salmon 2 50:50 • 85 77 o record 9.5
Grilse 1964 283 71:29 50 53 3.2 3.3 Salmon 1 100: 68 - 7.2 -
Grilse 1965 140 77:23 50 50 3.2 2.8 Salmon 2 100: 73 - 8.0 -
Grilse 1966 144 78122 48 49 2.9 2.6 Salmon 2 100: 66 - 6.6 -
N
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6 'W CF CAN RIVER AND ITS DRAINAGE AREA - 36 -
Age composition of the 1966 escapement is given in Table IV. As in previous years, most of the spawners are 5 and 6 year old grilse. Few fish spawn more than once and only a small proportion spend more than two successive years in salt water.
Table V. Age composition of .Atlantic salmon, Indian River Spawning Channel, 1966.
43 53 54 63J 64 65 75 95 Regenerated Total
No. of specimens 1 1 103 1 19 29 2 1 4 161
Percent of sample 0.6 0.6 64.0 0.6 11.8 8.0 1.2 0.6 2.5 99.9
General condition of adult fish has been excellent throughout channel operation with only slight pre spawning or immediate post- spawning mortality.
Spawning Activitys Spawning usually occurs in late October and early November. Studies carried out at the channel have shown that each female spawner utilizes about 1.5 - 3.0 sq. yd. of spawning area.
Kelt Tagging Program: This program was initiated in 1964 when 162 spent fish were tagged before release from the channel. During 1965, a total of 79 recaptures, by the commercial fishery, were re corded. Two were recovered in lower Indian River and one in the channel. One hundred and four spent fish were tagged in 1965. Of these, 32 were recovered 37
by commercial fishermen and two returned to Indian River (one to the channel). One hundred and forty one fish were tagged in 1966.
Most marine returns have been within 30 - 40 miles of Indian
River but one fish was caught, in 1965 2 180 miles from the release site.
Smolt Count: During the Spring of 1966, a smolt count was conducted on the upper tributary of Indian River, where the spawning channel is located.
The first major contribution of the channel to the smolt run should occur in 1967. The 1966 count was carried out to obtain some idea of smolt production on Upper Indian River before the effect of the channel would be realized. L barrier of 1/2" mesh netting was stretched across the river to guide smolts into two fyke nets. A complete count was thereby obtained. The results of the census were disappointing in that a mare
400 smolts were counted (1500 - 2000smolts anticipated). Construction
of the Bowater Diversion Dam in 1962 may have affected the 1966 smolt
count since it probably diverted smolts reared above the diversion
into Birchy Lake (Fig. 8). Also, the severe reduction in rearing area
below the diversion, due to reduced water levels and channelization
of the river bed, undoubtedly had its effect on smolt production.
The smolt, run began on May 26, peaked on June 7 3 and ended on June 16.
Smolts be gan running after water temperatures had reached and remained - 38 -
o above 7 C. Eighty-three smolts were scale sampled and released downstream from the trap. Sixty-six others were killed, weighed, measured and scale sampled. Results of scale reading (11414 samples) show that 3.5% were 1+, 23.6% were 2+, 64.6% were 3+, 7.6% were and 0.7% were 5+. Age and growth information of smolt samples is given in Table VI.
Table VI. Age and growth of Smolts taken at Indian River - 1966.
Ave rage Length Ave rage Weight No. Age Length Range wt. Range Samples (Annuli} (Gins.) (Gins.) (gin.) (gm.)
1+ 5.6 4.9 - 6.6 1.4 o.5 - 2.7 4 2+ 8.3 8.0 - 9.6 7.8 6.o - 9.5 lo
3+ 12.1 8. 8 - 13.8 16.3 6.9 - 27.8 LID
4+ 12.8 12.0 - 13.3 19.4 16.3 - 23.1 5
5+ 15.o - 32.5 - 1
Assessment of Fry Production
Egg to fry survival for 1965-66 was 56%. This is the highest survival yet recorded. The fry run began on June 7, 1966, and continued until July 1, 1966. The peak of the run occurred on June
17, 1966, when 33,875 fry were enumerated.
Annual fry production in the channel is summarized in
Table VII. - 39 -
Table VII. Egg deposition and fry survival of Atlantic salmon, Indian River Spawning Channel, 1963-1966. Egg to fry Spawning Year Channel I • • de•osition Fry produced Survival
1963 185 ,000 46,000 25.0%
1964 515,00o 168,000 32.6%
1965 268,000 150,000 56.0% 41 Vo di , 1966 220,000 itt
1 Based on 800 eggs per lb. of female fish.
Low survival in 1963-64 is attributed to Aooding in early
1964. Channel silting due to highway construction nearby is believed to be responsible for high mortality in 1964-65. In 1965, about two-thirds of the channel gravel was removed, screened and washed. The other one-third was cleaned but was not removed and screened. The increased survival of fry in 1965-66 indicates that the procedure of screening and washing was warranted.
A fry-marking program, to assess channel contribution to smolt and adult runs on Indian River was begun in 1965. In that year, some
6,000 fry were marked by removal of the dorsal fin. The program was continued in 1966 when 10,000 fry were marked. Attempts to recapture marked fry have been disappointing. Four marked fry were recovered in 1965 and twenty in 1966. Electrofishing Studies: The purpose of the electrofishing study was twofold: (1) to trace the distribution of marked fry, and (2) to establish a population index for parr and other species in different habitat types, in order to determine the best areas in which to introduce fry in future years should this be considered necessary. A study of fry dispersal, using electrofishing gear showed that, at the most, fry moved about 2 to 2.5 miles downstream. Although data has not yet been fully analyzed, preliminary observations show that the best areas for parr production are those areas in which coarse rubble and boulders predominate. Parr production capacity of Indian River is about 18 per 100 sq. yds.
Indian Pond Studies: Further attempts were made in 1966 to catch young salmon in
Indian Pond, by towing a specially constructed townet. The net, constructed of 1/4" oval mesh nylon, was towed behind two boats using 18 h.p. and 28 h.p. motors. No fry or parr were caught. This method is difficult to apply in Indian Pond, since a large part of the pond is shallow. The net becomes entangled in debris or clogged with mud.
Limited seining (6 hours) carried out on shores of Indian Pond took a total of 11 fry, 26 parr, 3 trout and 75 sticklebacks.
1967 Programs In addition to routine studies at the channel, electrofishing studies will be continued to test interpretations made from the 1966 NO
data. Further studies will be done on Indian Pond, using seines and electrofishing gear.
POLL-n[0N UNIT
In addition to investigations of the effects of mining wastes
on Red Indian Lake; and mining, pulp and paper, and domestic wastes
on the Exploits River; pollution investigations were also conducted
on the effects of wastes from mining operations at Wabush Lake,
Labrador; and Rambler Brook, Baie Verte. Investigations on background
levels of copper and zinc continued for Gull Pond and South Brook. Brief visits were made to other problem areas, mainly associated with
mining activity (Fig. 6 and 9).
Iron Ore Company of Canada - Labrador City, Labrador This Company went into production in 1962 and, except for 1961,
inspection of the area has been carried out annually since that time. Tailings disposal amounts to about 8,000,000 tons annually, soon to
be increased to 12,000,000 tons, ana are discharged directly into
Wabush Lake, In addition, large amounts of wastes (5 0 050 U.S.g.p.m.) are discharged from a pelletizing plant into the lake. In 1966, the
Company be an using a chemical flotation process, in addition to
their mechanical process, to extract iron from the raw ore. Prior to the introduction of this process, tailings discharged to the lake
contained a high percentage of iron (about 4%). It may be expected that the flotation process has reduced iron content of tailings from the foregoing figure but results of 1966 sampling are not yet available to substantiate this.
In Nay, 1965, the Department of Fisheries and the Iron Ore Comparr of Canada held meetings in Labrador City concerning mine wastes discharged to Wabush Lake. It had been understood, prior to this meeting, that the Company would build a dyke of tailings in Wabash
Lake to confine solid wastes. The Company now contends that it is
impractical to build such a dyke since it would take at least thirty
years to complete. As a result, therefore, mine wastes are now being
discharged to the lake but nothing is being done to prevent their
spread by wind action, water currents, etc.
Prior to the meeting referred to, water samples collected from
several areas of the lake had been analyzed for IOC by Dearborn
Chemicals. These analyses revealed the normal background level of iron
to be around 2.0 ppm.. Total iron content of the lake at the time of
the survey ranged from 0.5 - 29. 1 ppm. The greatest concentrations
occurred in the area of wastes discharge.
In July, 1965, the Department carried out a preliminary pollution
survey of Wabush Lake. This included water sampling , benthic fauna,
and some netting. Water sample s we re analyzed by Mines and Te chn i cal
Surveys, Ottawa. Total iron ranged from 0.10 ppm. - 2.40 ppm. There
was little or no dissolved iron (ferrous). The latter is due to the
fact that soluble iron readily undergoes oxidation to an insoluble 150
NEWFOUNDLAND- LABRADOR
QUEBEC
5I• •-•14 AT L ANTIC OCEAN
GULF OF ST. LAWERENCE TE ILT COVE SOL IDATE D RAMBLER
YORK CORNER
ATLANTIC OCEAN LAWERENCE
SCALE: I IN s 4S MI•
FIG•9 LOCATION OF SOME MINING SITES AND OTHER AREAS OF POSSIBLE POLLUTION, ON THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. form in well oxygenated waters or on standing. Iron values determined by Nines and Technical Surveys were lower than those of Dearborn Chemicals. There are two possible explanations for this:
(i) Samples collected for Mines and Technical Surveys were analyzed after a long standing period in plastic bottles. Adherence of the metal to plastic is apparently acute. (ii) Difference in sampling time may also be a factor. Samples for Dearborn Chemicals were collected when the lake had a heavy ice cover; those for Mines and Technical Surveys at an ice-free period.
In 1966, a more extensive chemical and biological survey of Wabush Lake was conducted jointly by the Fisheries Research Board
(St. Andrews) and our personnel. Bottom soil samples were also collected for chemical analysis by the Bedford Institute. Results of the survey have not been fully analyzed but it is expected that an adequate description of the pollution situation at Wabash Lake will be established. This should enable the Department to better determine its future course of action regarding this perennial problem.
Wabash Iron Ore Company - Wabush, Labrador
This Company began production in June, 1965. At full production it discharges some 12,700,000 tons of tailings annually to Flora
Lake which, over a period of years, will be filled with tailings to some 50 feet above its present water level. Disposal operations were discussed with the Departnent, prior to the beginning of operation, and agreed to by both parties. However, during the 1965 -45- survey at Wabush, large quantities of tailings from the Company's operation were spilling into Wabush Lake instead of Flora Lake. As a result, in November, 1965, a meeting was held between the Department and the Company. At this meeting the Department was informed that, as of September, 1965, dykes had been completed to prevent wastes from this operation from entering Wabush Lake. Waters now flowing into Flora Lake will eventually be diverted around that body of water to prevent wastes being carried to Wabush Lake. An inspection of the disposal area in 1966 showed that tailings disposal was being conducted according to the agreement worked out with this Department.
Maritimes Mining Corporation - Tilt Cove, Notre Dame Bay This Company operates a copper concentrator which discharges about 2,000 tons of copper ore tailings per day to the harbour at Tilt Cove. This has been a problem area for several years due to the alleged effect of these tailings on fishing operations and gear. The ore body, at Tilt Cove, was thought to be mined out and operations would
cease in 1965. However, new ore discoveries have since been made and the mine will continue to operate for at least a few more years.
Whalesback Pro'ect, BREZ.;1. - Near Little Bay N.D.B. This is a copper mining and concentrating operation which began
production in July, 1965. Whalesback Pond, located on the Company property, has been drained to approximately 50 feet below normal levels and it is into this pond that mine wastes are discharged. This -46- arrangement should reduce the contamination of surrounding waters to a minimum. Analysis of water being pumped from the lake in 1964 indicated copper concentrations of between 4 ug/l - 45 ug/l. This indicates a satisfactory situation insofar as fish life is concerned.
Gulibridge Mines Limited This mine is located at Gull Pond, about fifteen miles west of
Badger, and commenced production in January, 1967. At present it is discharging about 2,000 tons of tailings a day into an impoundment area bordering Gull Pond. A method of waste disposal was agreed to by the
Department and the Company in 1966. South Brook and Gull Pond watershed could be seriously affected by this operation if concentrator wastes were permitted to be discharged into the system without suitable precautions. However, if the method of waste disposal agreed to by the Company and the Department is adhered to, it is unlikely that the surrounding watershed will be significantly affected except in the immediate vicinity of waste outfalls. Since 1964, water samples have been collected regularly to establish background levels of copper and zinc. In 1964, copper concentrations ranged from trace - 15 ug/1 and zinc from 15 ug/1 - 72 ug/l. In 1965, copper concentrations ranged from 5 ug/i - 25 ag/1 and zinc from 20 ug/1 - 275 ug/l. In 1966, copper concentrations ranged from trace - 7.6 ug/1 and zinc from trace - 80 ug/l. There is a substantial reduction in the background levels of both metals in 1966. -47
The reason for this reduction in levels is uncertain but is probably related to precipitation and water levels. In 1967, bio-assay experiments will be conducted at Gull Pond to measure the effects of mine wastes on aquatic life at the outfall. Laboratory bio-assay experiments will be conducted at the same time.
Consolidated Rambler Mines Limited This Company went into production in July, 1964. Liquid wastes and solid tailings from this operation enter Rambler Brook, Englands Brook, Rambler Pond and South Brook (Bade Verte). Netting of Rambler Pond and South Brook indicates that the prime fish species present is the Eastern brook trout. These streams do not support anadromous fish runs. Waste discharge methods and facilities were not adequate at this mining site in 1964-65. This was especially evident during heavy flooding in May and June, 1965. At that time, tons of silt were washed into Rambler Pond when portions of the wastes impoundment area gave way under the heavy flood waters. Facilities for impounding the tailings have been considerably improved since that time and, under present conditions, no problems are expected to be encountered in this regard. Background levels of zinc and copper at this operation were established in 1964, prior to the mine going into operation. At that time copper ranged from trace - 5 ug/1 and zinc from 5 ug/1 - 120 u4/1. The Company had not reached full production when sampling ceased in 1964 and the water quality of Rambler Pond and South Brook has not changed noticeably. During 1965, with the mine in full production,
copper values ranged from 9.0 uel - 95 u:c/1„ and zinc from 35 u4/1 - 760 u4/1. In 1966, copper ranged from trace - 6 u4/1 and zinc from 10-395 uW1. In the same year, high levels of these metals occurred in Rambler Brook. This was to be expected due to the high
ratio of mine waste water to river flow. Beyond Rambler Brook, concentrations of these metals were at acceptable levels.
In 1967, bio-assay experiments will be conducted at Rambler
to determine the short and long term effects of these wastes on aquatic life. Laboratory bio-assay experiments will also be conducted.
Electric Reduction Company of Canada Ltd. This operation, designed to produce phosphorus, in pellet form,
is expected to begin operations in mid-1968. Some 200,000 tons of local quartz, plus approximately 1,000,000 tons of imported phosphate
rock (3Ca(P002) will be utilized annually. Negotiations regarding disposal of waste materials were
initiated in October, 1966. An agreement has been worked out whereby the Company has agreed to dispose of wastes in the sea via an effluent
outfall located in a water depth of not less than 30 feet at normal low tide level. Should this prove inadequate, and aquatic life still
be adversely affected, provision has been made to ensure that
additional waste control measures will be instituted. Precise prediction
as to the effects of these wastes is not possible at this time due
to lack of detailed oceanographic information on the area involved. -49-
There is also a gap in our information on the probable composition of the effluent itself. A monitoring program, plus bio-assay procedures, will be conducted in the area affected by wastes from this operation when production finAJly begins.
Newfoundland Pulp and Chemical Company This Company proposes to build a pulp mill (sulfate) at Come-by-
Chance, Placentia Bay. The pulp mill is expected to have a capacity of about 500 tons pulp per day. Sulfate mill wastes may exert both toxic and oxygen depressing influences on receiving waters. At this time, there is inadequate information on the proposed operation to determine what, if any, control measures will be required at this site to protect populations of aquatic animals.
Big Mana Mines Ltd. This Company proposes to produce copper, zinc, silver and gold,
concentrate at York Harbour on the West Coast of the Island. Wastes disposal will be small initially since production will be only in the order of 200 - 300 tons daily. No wastes disposal area has yet
been decided on,
Stephenville Also on the West Coast, at least five new industries are proposed, all of which may create pollution problems. These industries
are a fish reduction plant (Litton Industries of California and W.R. Grace Inc. of New York) with a potential of 40 tons of fishmeal - 50 - per hour; an aluminum cable manufacturing plant (Aluminum Company of Canada); a brewery (a Newfoundland Company); a liner-board kraft pulp mill (see discussion elsewhere), and a magnesia plant. Since few details are known of any of these proposals, it is impossible to determine at this time the pollution problems that may arise. Table VIII gives a tabular summary of some important features of major pulp and paper and mining operations in the province.
DDT Spraying for Biting Insects There is no widespread pesticide spraying in Newfoundland- Labrador. However, two areas in Labrador (at Wabush Lake and at Goose Bay) receive annual DDT spraying for the control of biting insects. A similar program for biting insect control, by stream larviciding, may be initiated by the Bowater Company at their logging operations at Port Hope Simpson in 1967. In the Wabush Lake area, the Iron Ore Company of Canada and Wabush Iron Ore Company conducts annual DDT application from June to August under the general supervision of Dr. A.S. West of Queens University. Three types of treatment are carried out. These are aerial spray, stream larviciding, and town fogging. Aerial spraying was carried out in this area on June 4 and 6, 1966. It covered about 50 square miles using 5800 gallons of 12% DDT in Fuel Oil. This is roughly 0.173 lbs. acre of DDT. The amount of DDT considered potentially dangerous to fish and aquatic life is 0.5 lbs. acre and the desirable concentration is 0.25 lbs. acre or less. Eleven streams in the same area received larviciding treatment in 1966. Discharge in these streams ranged from 1.0 cfs. - 3.5 cfs. Each was treated three times between June and August with 10% DDT in Fuel Oil. The total amount of this concentration of DDT applied to each stream ranged from 0.44 pints - 3.00 pints. Town fogging in Labrador City was carried out between July 3 —
August 26, 1966. The number of hours of fogging during this period was approximately 74 hours. The fogging machine utilized approximately
30 gallons of 5% DDT in Fuel Oil per hour. This gives a total of approximately 2227 gallons of 5% DDT applied at Labrador City. No figures are available for the town of Wabash but it is assumed that roughly the same amount was applied. This gives a total for both towns of approximately 4454 gallons of 5% DDT in Fuel Oil. Assuming that both towns cover roughly twelve square miles, this is roughly 0.23 lbs. of DDT/acre. Undoubtedly, a large amount of the DDT used in the fogging procedure in both towns settles out in the soil and is transported to the surrounding rivers and lakes during rairly periods. Individual DDT spraying operations probably would not affect aquatic life except in localized regions. However, considering the total amount of DDT used and the fact that it is used annually, it is quite possible that undesirably large concentrations may accumulate in the surrounding rivers and lakes with subsequent adverse
effects on their flora and fauna. In 1966, approximately 16,000 thousand acres were sprayed with 2,748 gallons of 10% DDT in # 2 Fuel Oil in the Goose Bay area of Labrador. This is roughly .17 lbs. of DDT/acre. Bowaters Nfld. Pulp and Paper:gills Ltd. proposes to start a biting insect control program in the Port Hope Simpson area in 1967. Stream larviciding will be conducted at roughly 3 week intervals in two streams - Black Water Brook and Bobby's Brook. It is proposed to use 10% DDT in oil solution at a dosage of 1 part DDT to 10,000,000 parts of water. Application will be over a 15 minute period. It is expected that there will be 20 - 30 treatment points on each stream. If the manpower situation will permit, it is hoped, in 1967, to examine the effects of DDT spraying on fish life in the
Port Hope Simpson area. It is becoming apparent that, with the rapid industrialization of Labrador, DDT spraying may become widespread for the control of biting insects. Thus it is imperative that surveys be initiated to determine the effects of such operations, as they are now being conducted, on fish and other susceptible aquatic life of the areas involved. - 53 -
Summary of active or pending mining operations that are, or may become, pollution problems. Prod. Location Waste Products Approx. wastes Area affected Remarks Company Date
Amerioan Smelting Base met al 260,000 short Red Indian Lake Main problems relate to & Refining Co. Buohans 1927 tailings tons annually Exploits River dissolved Zn and Cu in lake and river s Department negotiating with Company.
Prioe (Nfld.) Pulp Sulfite liquor, 41bout 500,000 Exploit s River Converted from a Calcium base process to a Sodium & Paper Ltd. Grand Falls 1909 bark, fiber g.p.d. of SIL, below Grand Falls base in July, 1966.
%. Maritime Mining Tilt Cove, About Copper tailings Lbout 3,000 Harbour at Tilt and poss.. Corp., Ltd. N.D.B. 1954 t.p.d. of Cove copper lay surrounding tailings sea coast
-, Wastes oonfined to Shoal Atl antic Coast Little Bay, Copper Salt water - ,t,rm by dyke. Copper Corp., Ltd. N.D.B. 1961 tailings 900 t.p.d. Shoal 41rm - _ Deer Pond and Disposal appears to be ilhalesbaok Project Near Little Copper est. 1,000 river out of satisfactory. BRINES Bay, N.D.B. 1965 tailings t.p.d„ Deer Pond — — 1\ - 4Avocate Mines Asbe stos Could extend to salt water. limited Baie Verte 1962 waste s 5,500 t.p.d. None at present
Cullbridge Mine s South Brook Tailing disposal program Ltd. - Subsidiary Gull Pond, Copper approved by Department of Maritime Mining South Brook 1967 tailings 2,000 t.p.d. and Gull Pond Corit,,,Ltd.
Consolidated Rear B aie Base metal Waste disposal methods Rambler Mines Ltd. Yerte 1964 tailings Unknown Rambler p ond, (incl. gold) South Brook Pond satisfactory. Company and South Brook enlarging its tailings disposal area. 54
Table VIII, (Cont' d ). Prod. Company Location Wastes Products Lpprox. wastes Date Lrea affeoted Remarks
Iron Ore Company Iron Ore 5,000,000 Problem due to dispersal o f of Canada Labrador 1962 tailings tons annually Wabush Lake tailings in lake.
Wabush Iron Ore Iron ore 12,700,000 Tailings disposal prigram Company Labrador 1955 tailings tons annually Flora Lake approved by Department.
Nfld. Flourspar 1930's Mainly Not immediatE' Company uses settling basin- Company St. Lawrence (?) silt known None Infrequent silt problem.
Big Mana Mines Base metal 15,000 tons In construction Ltd. York Harbour ? tailings annually ? stage.
Nfld. Pulp and Come—by-
Chemical Company Come—by—Chance ? Kraft Chance River Planning stage , and salt water
Nfld. Lmmonia & Refining Co. Ltd. " n n ? ? n n n n n
Melville Chemical and Cellulose Co. & Schneider & Stephenville ? Kraft ? ? Planning stage. Creu sot
Electrio Reduction Long Harbour, Phosphorus Co. Plaoentia Bay 1968 Sulphur Lpprox. Salt water In construction stage. Flourine 97,250 Silt lbs/day - 55 -
Lake Management Ihit
No field programs were carried out by this Unit in 1966. This was due to the resignation of the biologist attached to that Unit and the fact that it was not possible in 1966 to locate a suitable applicant to fill the position left vacant. Work that had been planned for the Lake Management Unit in 1966 thus remained undone. Perhaps the most important flakes'? program that was postponed in 1966 was that relating to a survey of lakes destined to become part of the main storage reservoir for the Churchill Falls Power development. This survey, which was to be preliminary to a full scale pre-flooding survey of the Michikimau Lake Complex (as we refer to the several lakes involved) in 1967, has now had to be indefinitely postponed (Fig. 6). The lake system in question, when the storage area has been flooded, will form one of the largest lakes in
North America, being some 4,000 sq. miles (2.5 million acres) in extent. Surveys now planned for 1967, which are unlikely to get underway before mid-summer, may attempt some preliminary exploration of the intensity of the sport fishing pressure in heavily fished lakes and ponds near the Trans-Canada Highway on the Avalon
Peninsula. - 56 -
SPECIAL PROJECTS UNIT
Seismic Explorations - 1966
Pan-American Petroleum Explorations, Grand Banks Area - Activity by this Compe•y in 1966 was mainly a follow-up to conventional seismic explorations conducted in 1965. It included drilling of several test holes in the area covered by the 1965 survey.
Gulf of St. Lawrence Survey by Department of Hines, Energy, and Resources - This was a continuation of seismic explorations begun by D.•.E.R. in 1965 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Several of the nshot linesn were proposed to terminate in near-shore waters of the
West Coast of Newfoundland, using charges of Geogel - 60% and Nitrone
S.H. Super X in charges varying in size from 5 - 500 lbs., generally
at a depth of 200 1 . Our patrol boats in the area were alerted to be on the look out for this activity by the ships involved (CNAV
Sackville and H.V. Theta) but best information at the time of writing suggests that no activity relating to this survey occurred at or near the Newfoundland Coast.
Geological Survey of Canada, - 4 seismic survey of certain near-shore and inland areas was planned for the Fall of 1965
by the Geological Survey. Some shot points were to be in pre-drilled
holes, others in shallow tidal areas, and still others in lakes and rivers. Charges of up to 100 lbs. of explosive were planned for use
at the locations. Advice on this program was received just a few - 57 - days prior to its scheduled beginning on September 6. Arrangements were made with the two Districts involved ("Cu and "D") to ensure that shot locations were such that a minimum of damage to fish populations would result. The survey party in question did arrive on the Island and, shortly afterwards, their explosive truck was demolished in an accident. Thus no "shooting" was possible in
1966. We are advised that the survey activity planned for 1966 will now be re-scheduled for 1967.
Proposed 1967 operations - 14t this time it appears that most seismic activity scheduled for 1966 will be continued in the same areas in 1967. This includes such operations as the two projects by D.Ii.E.194 and the Pan Jmerican explorations in the Grand Banks area. Preliminary information also indicates that conventional seismic
explorations (reflection and refraction) will be carried out in the
area between 46° and 48°N. Lat. and 47 ° and 49°30 1 W. Long. by Mobil Oil Canada Ltd. Other advance information suggests that a French Firm,
"Petro-Par," has also scheduled conventional seismic exploration activity in the area "S.E. of the Avalon Peninsula" in 1967. More
detail is expected to be available on these two last named operations
within a few weeks from the date of writing.
Oyster Investigations
In May, 1965, 150 boxes of adult oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and 40 boxes of seed oysters were planted at four sites -58- in Newfoundland as an experiment to determine growth rates and survival rates of oysters in these waters. Follow-up procedures of larger plantings at Point au Mal (Port au Port) and Bellevue Beach
(Trinity Bay) were conducted by the Fisheries Research Board and Memorial University respectively. Minor plantings at Main Gut (Bay
St. George) and Grand Beach (Fortune Bay) were studied by Departmental personnel. Water temperatures and salinities were checked regularly at these locations and oyster samples examined to determine raat quality, condition, growth rate and mortality.
Survival rates for 1965 and 1966 are presented in Table IX. The greater mortality of adult oysters, as compared with seed oysters,
may have been due in part to their condition at planting time. However, the shifting bottom at Main Gut no doubt contributed to excessive mortality at that site. It appears that, at all locations, seed oysters were better able to adjust to Newfoundland conditions than
were the adults. There is some indication that adult oysters are less
able to withstand transplanting procedures thaa are the seed. 4clult and seed oysters each added about one-eighth inch and
one-quarter inch of shell growth respectively during the 1966 growing season. Tray held oysters grew better than bottom planted oysters. Further time is needed to satisfactorily determine if seed
oysters will grow at rates commensurate with commercial production in
Newfoundland waters. Consideration is being given, in the Spring of
1967, to carrying out a much larger scale planting of seed oysters - - 59 - adequate to give some idea of commercial rearing possibilities - at one of these locations, perhaps at Bellevue Beach.
Table IX. Mortality of introduced oysters at several locations, 1965-66. Adult Seed oysters Location Date No. % No. % checked Mortality Checked, Mortality, GRAND REACH August 31/65 92 12% 65 0% net. 5/65 64 12% 68 3%
lug. 9/66 99 33% 59 3% Sept. 12/66 14 57% 45 9% Nov. 2/66 63 79% 33 10%
MAIN GUT Sept. 13/65 131 10% No seed slanted Sept. 28/65 99 10% " n u July 19/66 48 81% " " a
July 22 /66 95 79% n n n Nov. 3/66 186 91.6% U " n
IEET.TRVUE EE! CH June 1965 11% 1.5% (Tray Oysters) July 1965 14% 2% August 21% 2%
/TWO GUTS July 1965 16% NIL Barachois August 1965 16% NIL - 60 -
Fishway Counting Trap Data - 1966
It is the Branch's policy to count runs at each new fishway for at least two years. Certain fishways are counted for an indefinite number of years. This is to provide an index of annual escapement to the rivers. All fishways, with the exception of the Lomond, functioned well in 1966. Minor adjustments to this fishway again failed to attract salmon into the entrance resulting in the lowest count on record
(Table X). The new vertical slot fishway on Torrent River began operation in 1966. Some 41 salmon were counted through. Table X shows fishway counts and angling data for those rivers with fishways. With the exception of the Exploits River, counts are somewhat down from the previous year but seem to follow a fluctuating pattern. The Great Rattling trap is located above the Bishop's Falls fishway and should show smaller numbers than the latter.. The reverse, however, occurred in 1966. The reasons for this discrepancy may be due to an early run before the Bishop's Falls fishway became operative. 61-
Table X. Fishway Counting Trap and Angling Data, 1960-1966. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 INDIAN RIVER FISHWAY 519 154 AA 289 1,244 394 298
*ANGLED 180 176 *A 224 575 258 257
TOTAL 699 330 AA 513 1,819 652 555
TERRA NOVA (:,01/01) FISWAY 707 417 771 871 716 728 588 *ANGLED 165 131 279 303 339 337 226 TOTAL 872 548 1,050 1,174 1,056 1,065 814
TERRA NOVA (UPPER) FISHWAY 86 75 288 407 264 385 136
*ANGLED No angling above Lower Fishway
TOTAL 86 75 288 407 264 385 136
EXPLOITS RIVER BISHOP'S FALLS FISHWAY 1,170 957 At 1,267 Ak 1,433 1,333
14NGLING 460 255 674 469 1,146 363 578 TOTAL 1,630 1,212 674 1,736 1,146 1,796 1,911
GREAT RATTLING FISHWAY 103 372 1,068 528 1,868 777 1,412
AnGLING AI AA 86 37 : 171 46 147
TOTAL 103 372 1,154 565 2,039 823 1,559
LOMOND RIVER FISHWAY A* 12 49 31 24 22 2 *ANGLING tt - 233 35? 373 342 290
TOTAL 12 282 383 397 364 292 TORRENT RIVER FISHWAY AA At At AL AI AA 41 IKANGLED 86 80 141 171 106 98 56 Tara 86 80 1111 171 106 98 97 Jag e - caught aw the is way. Fishway non-operative or no data available. Stream Catalogue The enlarged operations of the Department in recent years have produced increasing amounts of information on the physical and biological characteristics of Newfoundland's rivers. These materials have been variously distributed and not readily accessible to users. There has thus been a growing need for collation of these data in some readily accessible form. For this reason, the Special Projects Unit has been compiling a ustraam catalogue" to serve as a digest of qualitative and quantitative information related to streams of the Island of Newfoundland.
The project is a joint effort with the Salmon Group of Fisheries
Research Board of Canada (St. John's). This group is contributing material on the geomorphological characteristics of over three hundred major drainage basins on the Island, a summary of Departmental 4,tlantic
salmon angling statistics, and tables of meterological and hydrological data.
Contributions from the Resource Development Branch include assignment of stream code numbers, research into Department files and reports, condensation of physical and biological information from many sources, arrangement of information under respective rivers, and illustration and statistical treatment of hydrological and meter- ological data. The work is scheduled for completion during the first half of 1967. - 63 -
Long Harbour River Investigation
is probable future hydro-electric development by the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission may include, amongst other rivers, the Terra Nova, Pipers Hole and Long Harbour. Information on salmon runs to these rivers was most deficient on Long Harbour (Fortune Bay) and a field program was carried out in 1966 to attempt to remedy this situation. L,s part of this survey, information was collected
on the following: (a) The run of salmon smolts, (b) The adult salmon escapement, (c) Physical aspects of the river including spawning areas, rearing areas, and barriers to migration,
(d) The estuary as a possible site for future oyster plantings.
Smolt Count - L mark and recapture technique, using fyke nets, was employed at Long Harbour to estimate smolt numbers. Smolts were captured and fin clipped at one net (upstream), and recaptured in a
downstream net. During the 37 day period from May 10 - Jane 15, 11.6112 smolts were taken in the upstream net; of these, 2529 were marked and 47
recaptured below (Table XI). Using the Schaefer 'Method, an estimate of 114,111 smolts was arrived at. Values for the upper and
lower 95% confidence limits have been set at 64,059 - 325,971. - 64 -
Table II. Number of fish taken in trice nets, Long Harbour River, 1966. Brook Smolt Parr Ecls Smelt Period • Trout May 10 - June 15 2647 783 287 4642 343
Juno 22 - Aug. 31 5316 1579 89 775 368
Totals 7963 2362 376 5417 711
The smolt run began in early Hay and peaked on Nay 25 (Fig. 10), but some continued to move out as late as August 10. Average weight and length of smolts was 36.5 gm. and 17.5 cm. respectively. The majority of fish fell into the 3+ year-class (Table XII).
Table XII. Average le ngth and weight of 'smolts sampled at Long Harbour River, 1966. Average Average No. Age (annuli) Length Weight in % Frequency _ (cm) (C) Sample 2+ 14.4 20.7 7 14.0 3+ 17.0 27.0 43 84.o 4+ 21.4 63.0 1 2.0 Combine d Ave rage 17.5 31.6 51 100.0
Adult Count - Beginning on June 22, adult salmon wore counted through a two-way fence. Other species moving both upstream and down, were also counted. The operation terminated on August 31. During this period the fence was out of operation twice due to high water levels. Some 876 adult salmon were counted through the trap. Anglers took 163 fish below — 65 — the fence. No attempt is made to estimate tip number of fish that escaped upstream during periods of non-operation. However, it is known that substantial numbers escaped detection during the highwater period of July 26 - 29, when the net was submerged. The adult run peaked on July 21 when 159 fish moved into the trap. Fish sampled ranged in weight from 2.5 - 9.0 lbs. Hors than
90% of these weighed less than four lbs. Female to male sex ratio was 3:1 based on a sample of 120 fish taken by anglers. Table X shows the numbers of immature salmon, and fish of other species, counted through during the operation of the Tyke nets.
Stream Survey - On Jay 11 a three man party was flown to the headwaters of Long Harbour River at Eastern Heelpaeg Lake to begin a seven day ground survey of the physical characteristics of the river. Data relating to the distribution of fish species in the system was collected at the same time. Long Harbour River arises from a complex of small ponds and streams which flow into Eastern Heelpaeg Lake. The total drainage area is approximately 380 square miles. There are some twenty-six miles of main river from the outlet of Eastern Mbelpaeg to its mouth at Long Harbour in Fortune Bay. The main river is completely accessible to anadromous
fish although three small falls located at 6, 12 and 17 miles upstream might slow up passage at low flow periods. Bottom types in the main
river were estimated at 30% boulder, 25% bedrock, 25% rubble and 20%
gravel. Flow velocities throughout were estimated to be approximately: (a) "rapids" (more than 3 fps) — 15% (b) "steadyts" (less than 3 fps) — 85% 650
500
450
400—
HT 350 G CAU
T 3 00— SMOL
F 250 O
NO. 2 00—
150 IIMN■wir
100--
60—
0 10 1 1 12 13 14 IS Is 17 MI 19 20 Li 22 23 24 25 2$ 27 2• 2$ 30 3 1 1 t 4 • $ 7 • I MAY JUNE
FIG•10 SMOLT MIGRANTS, LONG HARBOUR RIVER MAY 10- JUNE !S,11141 - 67 -
The Estuary - Long Harbour inlet was examined to determine its potential for future oyster plantings. It occupies a deep fjord-like valley which extends 22.5 miles from the river mouth to the main coastline. Depths in this inlet ranged from 90 fathoms (several miles from the river mouth) to less than 1 fathom in the shallow estuarine area. Water temperatures and salinity at the surface ranged from
34° to 60°F and 8°/oo to 33 °/oo respectively. L few isolated areas were deemed suitable for oyster plantings but these were inadequate in total size for any worthwhile contribution in this regard.
River Reconnaissance Surveys In addition to the biological survey on Long Harbour River, reconnaissance surveys were conducted en several rivers in the Fortune Bay area. These rivers were surveyed to gather physical and biological information to be used in the compilation of the
Stream Catalogue. Table XIII shows the streams surveyed and some of their physical features. Investigations were only of a preliminary nature. Most of these rivers are known primarily as sea trout rivers. However, Atlantic salmon do occur in some of them. Fish samples were collected with rod and reel. 2., planned aerial survey of the upper drainage of these streams did not materialize due to other
committments. Table XIII. Physical features of rivers surveyed, Pbrtune Bay, 1966. Obstruction % Spawning 4mount Fish River Section & & rearing (=mined accessible type species area SIMMONS 1st. li mi. nil falls - nil nil BROOK complete
SOUTHWEST 0.5 from falls - Sea-rur l 15% BROOK mouth complete at E.B.T. at lower water falls levels
SALMON 1st. 5 mi. entire falls - Sea-ruril 15% RIVER section partial E.B.T. Atlantic salmon NORTHEAST 1st. li mi. entire falls - Sea-runt 20% BROOK section partial E.B.T. Atlantic salmon (parr)
NORTHWEST 1st. mile 1st. i mi. falls - Sea-runt 15% BROOK complete E.B.T. RENOONIRE 1st. mile entire falls - Sea-runt trace BROOK section partial E.B.T. Atlantic salmon
BELLE HR. 1st.- 3 entire small Sea-run* 5% RIVER miles section falls - E.B.T. partial
MAL BAY 1st. li mi. 1st. 11 falls - Sea-rapt 10% BROOK miles complete E.B.T.
Sea-runt 10% GRAND 1st. 114 • entire falls - LAPIERIE section complete E.B.T. BROOK
I Eastern Brook Trout - 69 -
Engineering Section
The Engineering Section of the Resource Development Branch consists of a Chief Engineer with engineers in charge of two Units, namelys Development and Special Projects, and Construction and Surveys. Four technicians are attached to the Engineering Section. Three of these are assigned to surveys and drafting. A fourth is the field construction supervisor. A construction crew, made up of seven or eight casuals, is hired annually for the various construction projects undertaken by the
Branch.
Construction and Surveys
Indian River Counting Fence A salmon counting fence, which was started during the latter part of 1965, was completed by our own forces during 1966 (Fig. 11).
It consists of a 330 foot long platform built on a 3' deep timber
crib. nAll frames are spaced at 7! — On intervals. Panels are in two sections and can accommodate a 6 to 7 foot rise in water level. Prov- ision has been made for the installation of four counting traps to be used to enumerate adult salmon as they migrate upstream. The fence will also be adapted to enumerate downstream migrant smolts. A building to serve as field accommodation for the operation of this fence was also constructed during the season. Total cost of this project was about $30,000. — 70 —
Cloud River Further field data were gathered on the obstruction on this river (ag. 11). If these indicate the obstruction to be a source of delay, or holdup, to upstream migrants, a fishway may be constructed in the future — if warranted by the fish runs adversely affected and/or the potential to be realized by such construction.
South West River, Port Blandford
A preliminary engineering survey was carried out on an obstruction, in the nature of a 60 foot falls, on this river (Fig. 11). This falls is a total obstruction to migrating fish. No remedial work will be carried out at this site until biological investigation has been conducted to determine whether or not such construction would result in commensurate increase in fish production.
Gander River Several tributaries of the Gander River required attention during
1966 (Fig. 11). Trouble spots were located at the downstream end of highway culverts where fish were held up due to turbulent water and the height of the culvert openings. This Department carried out temporary repairs at Weirs Brook to enable salmon to proceed upstream. The Department of Highways, at our request, installed temporary wooden dams to create pools below the road culvert on Island Pond Brook and thus make it passable for salmon migrants. - 71 -
Barry's Brook - A preliminary engineering survey was carried out on a falls located on this Gander River tributary (Fig. 11). The obstruction consisted of a series of low falls and rapids over a length of 1;00 - 500 feet. This` forms a very difficult section of river for migrating fish and some remedial work may be carried out at this site in the future to facilitate fish passage.
Brian's Feeder, Portland Creek Brian's Feeder is tributary to Portland Creek Pond, a pond located on the river by the same name (Fig. 11). This tributary is blocked a short distance from the pond by a series of falls and rapids that extend over a two to three mile length of river. A water line profile was taken to determine the height of the various obstructions. It was determined that there are thirteen locations which could be hold up points to migrating fish. The field data will be analyzed during the Winter to determine feasible methods of overcoming these obstructions. Biological investigation will also have to be carried out before any decision to proceed with engineering remedial work can
be made.
N.E. Placentia River Remedial work, in the form of a series of notched weirs, built
across the river channel at the rapid area, was carried out on this
river in 1965 (Fig. 11). Recent reports indicate that the major holdup at this location has been eliminated. However, another problem (silting of the river bottom) has affected this river during 1966. — 72 —
5 4 ° LABRADOR
QUEBEC
ATLANTIC 5 1 0 OCEAN
GULF OF
ST. LAWRENCE •RAM R MINES
0 SHEFFIELD 07 LAKE LOITS IGR E AT /RATTLING BK 'se
9
BAY (YESPOIR DEV LOPMENT JOHN'S 7-11-Ya J LONG HARBO
ATLANTIC OCEAN
SCALE I in -= 48 irt,
FIG II LOCATION OF ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS AND PROJECTS 1966 - 73 -
Silt is carried into the river from a highway being constructed along its banks. At one point, a small landslide encroached on the river duo to this activity. The contractor, on request, removed this material and restored the river to its original course.
A program of sampling of gravel in the river bed is being carried out in an attempt to determine the amount of silt deposited due to road construction and whether the river bed is being cleaned of deposited silt during freshets. It this latter does not occur, it may be necessary to require that this be done by some mechanical means by those responsible for the road construction.
Great Rattling Brook, Exploits River A request to remove gravel from Great Rattling Brook for use in road building was received during 1966 (Fig. 11). Discussions were held with the Company concerned and a suitable supply of gravel was subsequently located nearby. A threat to maintenance of spawning and rearing area in this stream was thus removed.
Brooms Brook, Grand Codroy River A flood control program was instituted on this brook by ARDA, in co-operation with the Provincial Government, in late Summer (Figure 11). It consisted of raising stream banks to prevent flooding of surrounding low farm land during high run-off periods. Although agreement between this Department and the other agencies involved was subsequently reached to enable this project to proceed to its conclusion, it was an example of uncoordinated work by conflicting
agencies that should best not be repeated. - 74 -
Nashaili River, Labrador A preliminary engineering survey was carried out at Ageau Rapids on the Naskaupi River, Labrador (Fig. 11). As mentioned elsewhere in this report, the Churchill Falls Hydro-Electric Development will require that approximately 50% of the watershed area of this river be diverted. This will reduce flow in the Naskaupi River by approximately one half and may create an obstruction to salmon at the Meau Rapids at low flow periods following the diversion. A pre-diversion water line profile was obtained during our survey to keep elucidate this problem. Due to highwater experienced during the survey it was, however, inconclusive in this its main aim.
Fishway Repairs Minor repairs were carried out to several fishways during the year. A counting trap and stop-logs were installed in the fishway at the falls on Torrent River. Repairs were made to the entrance pool of the Lomond River fishway.
Exploits River Development Program Work carried out on this river by the Development and Special Projects Unit has been described under Bio-Engineering Investigations.
Fish Transfer Tank A fish transfer tank was received during early 1966. The tank is constructed of reinforced fibre glass and is capable of transporting — 75 —
50 to 60 fish at one time. The tank was used in 1966 to transfer fish from Indian River fishway to the spawning channel located some 30 miles upstream. The tank proved successful during the transfer.
Harry's River, St. George's Bay It was announced that a fibre-board mill was to be erected in the Stephenville area and that Harry's River was being considered as the most probable source of fresh water for the mill (Fig. 11). A survey team from the engineering section visited the river and carried out a water line profile survey on several miles of the river. Cross-sections of the river bed were also taken to determine flows and depth of water in the river. Details of a proposed water supply development scheme on this river are discussed elsewhere in this report.
Sheffield Lake A request was received from Bowater Nfld. Co. Ltd. seeking permission to lower the level of Sheffield Lake by approximately four feet in order to obtain additional water for the hydro-electric plant at Deer Lake. A canal approximately 1000 feet in length, 10 feet wide and four feet deep was blasted from the outlet of the lake. The canal was completed on November 30, 1966. It is expected that it will take six weeks for the lake to run off. The Company has agreed to restore the lake to its original level when the immediate need for water has eased. - 76 -
1967 Engineering Program
Construction - Construction of an adult/smolt counting fence in connection with the Greenland Salmon Investigations will be carried out by our construction crew on a river on the Northern Peninsula or Labrador as their main project for 1967. In connection with the Exploits River Development program, platforms for operating Tyke nets on Noel Pauls and Mary Ann Brooks will be constructed by our own crew or under contract. Remedial work at Big Falls, Humber River, will be carried out
during late summer. Maintenance work will continue on fishways as required.
Surveys - Additional surveyw will be carried out on the Exploits River and tributaries if required under the development program. It is proposed to concentrate on obstructions on the rivers located on the Northern Peninsula and carry out preliminary surveys on obstructions which may require remedial work in the future. Surveys of obstruction in Labrador may also be carried out if time permits.
Design - Work will continue on the prbposed fishway for the Exploits River at the location known as Grand Falls. 'Design of the proposed fishway for Cloud River will be carried out during 1967 with construction scheduled for 1968. Investigations of the proposed diversion of water from the upper Exploits River, in connection with Bay D'Espoir Development, will
be carried out. -77-
SUMMARY
Exploits River Development Program
A proposed development program on the Exploits River is directed towards establishing Atlantic salmon in the 1400 square miles (1/3 drainage area) between Grand Falls and Exploits Dam at the outlet of Red Indian Lake. Biological investigations of this latter area in 1965 resulted in the selection of two streams for use in experimental fish introductions. ,Adult salmon will be transferred to these tributaries from other watersheds. In one stream, fish will spawn in a controlled spawning channel; in the second, spawning will be under natural conditions. Noel Pauls Brook was chosen for the channel investigations and, in 1966, a channel was constructed. Mary Ann Brook was chosen for the natural part of the spawning experiments. Adult introductions to both streams were postponed to 1967 to permit the collection of electrnfishing data on landlocked fish populations. Major engineering investigations associated with this project were directed towards the construction of the controlled spawning channel, and field accommodation, survey of several falls and a logging dam on Noel Pauls Brook to determine the degree of obstruction that these might present to migrating Atlantic salmon. Pollution studies on the Exploits River consisted of analysis of mine waste from Buchans, pulp and paper mill wastes from Grand Falls, and domestic wastes from the towns of Grand Falls, Windsor and Bishop's Falls. Results leave little doubt that wastes in the river may have an 78 — adverse effect on salmon populations during years of low flow and high temperatures. Results of water analysis from Red Indian Lake show concentration of copper and zinc in certain areas to be at serious levels as far as fish life is concerned. The development program for the Exploits envisage control of all wastes entering the river to levels that are acceptable for aquatic life.
Hydro Electric and Other Industrial revelopments The Bay D'Espoir hydra-electric development commenced in 1965. It is located on the South coast of Newfoundland and will utilize the watersheds of four rivers — the Salmon, Grey, White Bear and upper watershed of the Exploits. The uon power" date will be late April or early May, 1967. The Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission has also submitted a proposal to develop the Terra Nova River, and several others, in a large development to be known as Terra Nova River Development. This development will produce 100,000 h.p. or more. In late 1966 it was announced that the Churchill Falls hydro development would start before the end of that year, This development will produce 6,000,000 h.p. and the target date for non poweru is 1971 or 1972 depending on the demand. The Churchill river is the largest river in Newfoundland and Labrador. It does not carry any anadromous fishes beyond Muskrat Falls. However, several other rivers will be affected by headwater diversions to the Churchill system — - 79 - the Naskaupi, Canairibtok and Julian Rivers. Only the Naskaupi diversion is expected to affect any significant salmon populations. Discussions have been held with Churchill Power Corporation Ltd. concerning the
Department's requirements for fish saving facilities.
In 1965 it was announced that a sulfate (Kraft) pulp and/or newsprint at an initial level of 500 tons/day would be established at Come-by-Chance. In late 1966, some site preparation began but, as yet, we are unaware of the existence of plant design or construction plans. Whter requirements for the proposed mill will be initially 25 mgpd. and a projected expansion of production envisages 50 mgpd. To provide these amounts impoundment of the runoff and catchment areas
of Come-by-Chance and Black Rivers will be necessary.
In 1966 it was announced that in conjunction with the proposed mill at Come-by-Chance, an industry to produce anhydrous ammonia, a basic component of fertilizers, would be located in the same area. It
appears that this development has been shelved for the time being.
As a result of the phase out of Ernest Harmon Air Force Base at Stephenville in 1966, several industrial concerns will move into the
area. It now appears that one of these may be a new fibreboard and kraft
paper mill. Such a mill would require a large volume of water. Other proposed new industries would also require a guaranteed source of water
supply. Together, these requirements have been estimated at approximately
100 mgpd. It appears thattbe most economic source is Harry's River. An engineering scheme to develop this source has been recommended. It will involve construction of various dams, canals, etc. The scheme has been examined by the Department and recommendations put forward to protect fish populations of the river. Since 1959 salmon have become an increasingly important part of the commercial fishery of West Greenland. As Greenland has only
one salmon river, the salmon caught in this fishery originate elsewhere.
Tag recoveries indicate that these come from both sides of the North
Atlantic. In 1966, as part of an investigation to ascertain the impact of the Greenland salmon fishery in Canada's Atlantic salmon stocks, it was decided that the Resource Development Service, Newfoundland
Region, would select a river in Labrador for long term smolt tagging and adult enumeration operations. In 1966 (June - November) a reconnaissance of twenty rivers located on southern Labrador and northern tip of the Great Northern Peninsula of insular Newfoundland was conducted to choose a site for the proposed project. All rivers were evaluated and it was decided, on the basis of the survey, that the most feasible choice would be either the St. Genevieve or the Salmon
River on the Great Northern Peninsula. The alternative is a further delay of one year while additional rivers on the Labrador coast, not examined in 1966, are evaluated as possible sites for the program.
Little Rattling Brook Hydro Development (Adult Salmon Transfer)
A hydro electric development, which began on Rattling Brook in 1958, made it economically unfeasible to maintain the existing
Atlantic salmon run in that stream. As a conservation measure, the Department undertook to relocate the run to Great Rattling Brook. A transfer of adult fish commenced in 1958 and continued until 1965, during which time nearly 3,000 salmon were transferred. Evaluation of the project based on: (1) Tagging data, (2) Redd counts, (3) Smolt migrations, (4) Numbers of adults returning to Great Rattling Brook, (5) Marked smolts returning as adults, and (6) Statistical analyses of size distribution of adult fish, suggests that the Rattling Brook run was successfully relocated in a stream not formerly utilized by salmon.
Indian River Controlled Flow Spawning Channel A controlled flow spawning channel was constructed on Upper Indian River in 1962-63, as an effort to offset loss of spawning grounds brought about by hydro-electric development.
Since 1963, salmon have been accommodated in the channel. Egg to fry survival rates have ranged from 25% to 56%. Kelt tagging programs were carried out in 1964, 1965 and 1966. A 49% return to the commercial fishery and 1.9% return to Indian River were recorded in 1965. In 1966, a 31% return to the commercial fishery, a 1.9% return to Indian River were recorded. A smolt count carried out on upper Indian River in 1966 showed that a disappointingly low number (400 smolts) migrated downstream. Low smolt production is believed to be a result of construction of the diversion canal in 1962, and the resulting low water levels in upper
Indian River in 1963. - 82 -
Electro fishing studies, undertaken in 1966, showed that fry- migration was limited to about 2 - 2.5 miles downstream from the channel.
From these studies it was evident that boulder and nibble sections of stream beds are the best parr producing areas. Studies were continued on Indian Pond, to determine the suitability of this body of water as parr producing area. Little
success was realized due to malfunction of the gear. These studies will continue during 1967.
Pollution Investigations Pollution problems during 1965 were many and varied. Invest-
igations continued on the effects of mining, and pulp andIaper mill
operations, on the Exploits River and Red Indian Lake. In addition, investigations were conducted at Wabash Lake, Labrador, and Rambler Brook
watershed. Investigation at Wabash Lake was a joint effort by the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada (St. Andrews) and this Department.
Discussions and negotiations continued with several industrial concerns
to (a) in case of existing pollution, find ways of reducing or eliminating it; or (b) in case of new developments, prevent them from
becoming problemo.
Lake Investigations No field investigations were conducted in 1966 due to the fact
that the biologist in charge resigned in early June and no suitable
applicant could be found to fill the vacant position. — 83 —
Seismic Explorations
In 1966 on the Grand Banks Pan-American Petroleum Explorations continued mainly a follow-up to conventional seismic explorations conducted in 1965. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1966, the Eepartment of Mines,
Energy and lbsources continued seismic explorations begun in 1965.
Several of the "shot lines" were proposed to terminate in near-shore waters of the West Coast of Newfoundland. However, it appears that this did not materialize.
Oyster Investigations
The Maritime oyster (Crassostrea virginica) was introduced
(150 boxes adults and 40 boxes seed) to four selected locations on the
Island of Newfoundland in 1965. These introductions were to determine whether or not oysters of this species could be grown commercially in
our waters. Survival rates for 1965 and 1966 indicate that seed oysters
were better able to adjust to Newfoundland condition than were the
adults. Adult and seed oysters each added about one-eighth inch and
one-quarter inch of shell growth respectively during the 1966 growing
season. Further time is needed to satisfactorily determine if seed
oysters will grow at rates commensurate with commercial production
in Newfoundland waters. 84-
Stream Catalogue This effort has become a joint effort between the Department's
Special Projects Unit and the Salmon Group of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada (St. John's). Efforts are being directed towards pooling and presenting all qualitative and quantitative information pertaining to the major streams on the Island of Newfoundland. Physical, hydrological, meteorological and biological data are included along with graphical illustration. The work is scheduled for completion during the first half of 1967.
Long Harbour Investigations A probable future hydroelectric development by the Newfoundland and Labrador Power Commission may include, amongst other rivers, the Terra Nova, Pipers Hole and Long Harbour. Information on salmon runs to these rivers was most deficient on Long Harbour and a field program was carried out in 1966 to remedy this situation. As part of this survey information was collected on the followings (a) the run of salmon smolts, (b) the adult salmon escapement, (c) physical aspects
of the river, (d) the estuary as a possible site for future oyster plantings.
River Reconnaissance Surveys In addition to the biological survey on Long Harbour, reconnaissance surveys were conducted on several rivers in the Fortune
Bay area. These rivers were surveyed to gather physical and biological
information to be used in the compilation of the Stream Catalogue. - 85 -
The survey included: Simmons Brook, Southwest Brook, Salmon River,
Northeast Brook, Northwest Brook, Rencontre Brook, Belle Harbour River,
Mal Bay Brook and Grand Lapierre Brook.
Engineering Construction and Surveys A new adult/smolt counting fence was constructed on Indian River during 1966. It consists of a 330 foot long platform built on a 3'
deep timber crib. Field data was collected on obstructions on the following:
Cloud River, South West River, Port Blandford; Gander River; Barry's
Brook; Brian's Feeder, Portland Creek and Naskaupi River, Labrador. Remedial work was carried out on the N.E. Placentia River on the
Avalon Peninsula. Minor repairs were carried out to several fishways during
the year. A request was received from Bowaters Nfld. Co. ltd. in 1966 to lower the level of Sheffield Lake, Little Grand Lake and Hinds
Lake to obtain additional water for the hydro-electric plant at Doer Lake. Permission was granted with the proviso that the Company
would return lakes to their original elevations when the immediate
need for water haw eased.