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Volume J Number J Feb.-Apr. 1977 free Atlantic development Have ~e been had! by Ralph Surette abortive attempt to raise cattle on the barrens of the prtmary resorces of farming and the fishery. For those who had the misfortune to believe Newfoundland, one might have been tempted to In some ways this is an unspoken admission of that what we have been doing in the Atlantic accept this argument. Surely, more industrial the failure of industrial development. It should Provinces for the last quarter of a century to intelligence and evaluation capacity is needed. have been done before, not after, billions of attract industry constitutes "progress," the But after the continual refusal to learn from dollars went down· the pipe on hare-brained winter of 1977 has come as a shock. experience which is exhibited by the New schemes. Twenty-five years and billions of dollars later Brunswick government even now, what hope is Strengthening the farming and fishery we have an unemployment rate that varies between 10 and SO per cent in some areas and localities. The industrial roulette wheel has come full circle, and Shaheen, Spevack, Bricklin, Doyle and their like haven't saved us after all. That things have come to a sorry pass was evident early, as some of the gurus of industrialization East-coast style started chew­ ing each other out back in December. Robert Stanfield said the DREE didn't know where it was going any more, Tom Kent complained that the "bi'g bang" theory of economic development of the 1960's with its spectacular failures had contributed to Cape Breton's present sorry plight, and Robert Manuge, an early president of Nova Scotia's Industrial Estates Ltd., complained about Tom Kent. To put it roundly, it isn't just DREE that doesn't know where it's going. The whole philosophy of throwing out the taxpayer's bread to attract industry, which doesn't need our money but is only too glad to take it anyway, has Malcolm Bricklin and his "safe sports car for the average Joe". It cost New Brunswick taxpayers $20 reached a brick wall. million. (Some sports car - some average.) Anybody with his or her eyes open didn't need the winter of '77 to realize that, but then again there that better industrial evaluation would sectors, encouraging ocean-oriented technology, the question of who has or hasn't got their eyes make any difference? Besides, how are Atlantic aquaculture and sheep farming are all good open is what the argument is all about. Provinces' governments going to match the signs. But ultimately that alone won't do it. resources of multinational companies? Just as in the farming sector the aim is to Government Attitudes Differ Which Direction? produce locally what we consume here instead of The collapse of the Shaheen refinery in The winter of '77 has, then, turned out to be a lugging it in from halfway around the world, the Newfoundland and of the Bricklin auto plant in watershed. W.hat will happen now in terms of aim should be similar in manufacturing: the New Brunswick seems to have had an effect on developing the economies of the Atlantic region? creation under, any form of ownership that will the governments of Nova Scotia and Newfound­ (and I use the word development in a broad work (small business, government or worker­ land, but oddly enough not on that of New sense; with author Frances Moore Lappe I say controlled industry, various mixtures of produc­ Brunswick. Both Nova Scotia and Newfoundland "development is the evolution of self- deter­ tive capacity aimed first at supplying the have announced they would henceforth put the mination; of not being vulnerable to forces that Atlantic market and only then at exporting. accent on agriculture and the fishery. The are outside your control. Development is growth Here we will run immediately into another petsistent and justified image of Atlantic in self-reliance." In other words, industrial official myth: only large export-oriented produc­ Provinces governments as suckers available to complexes can often enough be counter-devel­ tion facilities (necessarily owned by multi­ be taken for a ride by any industrial hustler opment). national corporations) can produce, because only apparently became too much to take. Will we see another burst of more of the they can take advantage of "economies of It's true that the government of Nova Scotia same? Will DREE and provincial governments scale". wants desperately to get a supersteel complex at give up altogether? Will we see an exodus of But there are small industries in the Gabarus--something it most probably won't people away from region--to Alberta this time Maritimes which serve the regional market. get--but it doesn't see this as a save-the-world­ instead of to Boston and Toronto? Will we see a How do you explain them? Why can't there be in-one-shot affair. Rather, Gabarus is needed to mix of all these? more, given government interest in them? keep industrial. Cape Breton afloat: the very Or will our governments attack the problem in And the "economies of scale" argument is same government has compromised industrial completely new ways, ways that emphasize one that--whatever reality it did have--is Cape Breton by allowing the $150 million human development rather than passage of tax weakening all the time. The unadmitted renovation at Sydney Steel to be botched. money to multinational corporations, that presupposition propping up "economies of Gabarus is a last gasp, not a breath of spring. encourage development on a human scale of scale" is the existance of cheap fossil fuels. In New Brunswick, the government appears to things rather than accordit:tg to the myth These are no longer cheap. Transportation into have learned nothing from the development hammered ceaselessly into our ears by the daily the Atlantic region is going to get more disasters of the past 20 years. It's almost too press that all we need to do is be nicer to the expensive too, making imported goods more much to believe, but since the Bricklin fiasco in multinationals and they'll all rush in here and expensive. the fall of 1975 the government has pumped save us. It is true that thanks to the complicity of · There is an opportunity here to produce money into over a dozen industries which have national governments, multinational corpor­ locally, on a scale appropriate to the region, collapsed. There are more to come. ations are indeed "where the money is .. " It developing local talent manpower, and resour­ So things have come to an impasse, as should be--through our purchases and our bank ces. But our governments would have •to show inevitably they would. The believers in deposits we hand it right to them. We have no continued on page 2 giveaways are relatively silent, although they choice. That's the money which legitimately haven't disappeared by any means. I was talk­ should be staying here and should be used for ing to one economist at the University of New capital investment. But using more of our money INSIDE THIS ISSUE Brunswick recently who said what we need is to bribe these corporations to come here is more of the same: more subsidies and grants to simply staying on a vicious circle with no hope of industry, particularly to manufacturing industry, ever getting off. Energy self-reliance but with stricter controls. The fiascoes of the past two decades were due to "lack of proper Back to Basics . Fishing and Farming industrial intelligence" on the part of govern­ Budworm spraying ments, he said. The governments of Nova Scotia, Newfound­ After the first industrial spectaculars--the land and P .E.I., and to some extent that of New Glace Bay heavy water plant and Clairtone Brunswick--its failures aside--have in the past Silver Donald Cameron Sound--or perhaps even after Joey Smallwood's couple of years been putting more emphasis on Atlantic Issues I Feb.-April I 2

Atlantic Issues in Atlantic Canada we are accustomed to thinking that we are the underprivileged partner in Confederation. The aim of this newspaper is to examine how and why this is the case. 1 Compared to most countries in the world Canada is wealthy. And indeed we see everywhere around us superficial signs of wealth. Yet Canada is integrated into an international economic system which has failed to satisfy the needs of the majority of the world's inhabitants. Many of the problems created by this system appear within our own borders: high unemployment, run-away inflation, gross inequality of income, industrial disease, waste, pollution, crowded cities, and so forth. In a peripheral region like Atlantic Canada these problems are compounded by what is usually called "economic underdevelop­ ment." The term ''development'' as commonly used is associated by most people with. things which do little to improve their daily lives: the construction of an airport, a nuclear power plant, a shopping centre, a clover leaf, or massive but unattractive buildings like Scotia Square in Halifax or Atlantic Place in St. John's. The editors of Atlantic Issues favour a different form of development: the creation of types of work, consumption, accomodation, transportation, health care, education, and leisure which bring a genuine improvement to the quality of people's lives. We also favour a form of development which will enable common people to acquire some real control over the society in which they live. This control is now the almost exclusive preserve of the rich and powerful. The daily newspapers in our region are controlled by individuals who have a vested interest in the existing economic structures. Only rarely then do they discuss regional issues from a perspective which does not take these structures for granted. We hope to provide Maritimers and Newfoundlanders with a type of information and analysis which thay cannot easily find elsewhere. The principal concern of Atlantic Issues is that the existing economic and social structures are not working to the advantage of the majority of Atlantic Canadians, that the region is both underdeveloped and the object of a type of development whose principal beneficiaries are the wealthy. We intend to publish straightforward, critical views of many different aspects of life in Atlantic Canada, and where possible, to suggest ways in which our quality. of life can be improved. Occasionally we shall also publish articles concerning the problems of other countries and their-relation to our own. Atlantic Issues welcomes comments from its readers on the articles published in this first edition, and we invite submissions from persons who share our concerns.

Are you getting a fair share? Distribution of income in Canada rich and poor is widening. The tax is becoming more and more unequal system is not correcting this in­ according to the latest Statistics equality. Canada report. In fact it is doing just the The report reveals that the richest opposite. The corporate sector's 40 per cent of our population share of the national tax burden has received 67. 7 o/o of the national been declining steadily as a result of income in 1975 while the bottom 40 tax write-offs and accelerated de­ per cent got only 14.SV2. preciation allowences. If we look at the top 20 o/o we find In the fiscal year 1951-1952 the they received 42.4 per cent of the corporate sector contributed 54 per total national income, while the cent of income tax revenue, while bottom 20 per cent got only 3.9 per the personal income taxpayers cent. supplied 46 per cent. Since then the Atlantic Issues is published quarterly by the local Oxfam committees One of the most significant corporations' share has dropped to of the Atlantic region in co-operation with the Dalhousie Gazette. findings in the report is that the a little over 30 per cent, while the Opinions expressep are not necessarily those of Oxfam-Canada, the . share of income going to the upper personal income taxpayers share Dalhousie Gazette, or the editors. Special thanks are extended to the two-fifths is higher than it was in has risen to nearly 70 per cent. Dalhousie Association of Graduate Students, to the Dalhousie Student 1965. The bottom two-fifths are Corporate profits rose from $7.7 Union, and to individual donors for their generous financial support. receiving less proportionately than billion in 1970 to $17.8 billion -an Atlantic Issues is distributed free of charge throughout the Maritime they were in 1965. What this means increase of 131%-. This huge provinces and Newfoundland. It is independently financed through is that the distribution of income in increase has happened at the same individual and group donations, and we will be very grateful for any Canada is becoming more and more time as their share of taxes has gone contributions from readers. Letters to the editors, manuscripts, and unequal and the gap between the down. donations should be sent to: Atlantic Issues, Oxfam-Canada, Box 18000, Halifax, N.S., or Box 18000, St. John's, Nfld.

Editorial board for this issue: Wayne Edgar, Steve Greene, Harvey Surette now tmport. Atlantic provincial MacKinnon, Eleanor Maclean, Jim Maclean. continued from page 1 governments should take that pro­ posal seriously. They should--col­ We would like to thank the following people for contributing to make this that they were interested. lectively or individually--compile a issue possible: By and large they're not inter­ list of goods we import that could be lynn Stow Mike Donovan ested. Sooner or later they may be produced here, and then aim at Ralph Surette Donna Treen forced to get interested. But r>y that John D'orsay starting up such production. Silver Donald Cameron time the best opportunities may One thing is certain: a new burst Val Mansour Eric Wood have slipped by. Blair Mitchell Ann Joseph of " more of the same" will bring The Nova Scotia Federation of about more of the same results--a Dave Gutnick John Sollows Agriculture has proposed that an David Smith ~b Wakeham transfer of the common eople's Atlantic Provinces Development wealth to an outside industrial eHte. Corporation be formed to encourage and no development progress in the local production of many things we Atlantic province . Atlantic Issues I Feb.-April/3 Energy policy Is self -reliance a myth? by Blair Mitchell The wheels of Atlantic Canadian industry have produced all their own energy. If you needed workers roaming from project to project." never been able to gather quite as much horse power, you raised work horses. We don't "Decentralized power production - small momentum as their counterparts in the St. propose returning to the campfire and tent, but power plants, the alternate energy systems - · Lawrence River Valley or the north central United there are ways of making modern technology fit creates more and continuin_g jobs, as opposed to States. When the North American business th;lt lifestyle." There was a time when windmills turbines you bring in from Russia or God knows system sputters, our factories are among the first were used extensively on Prince Edward Island. where." Surette continues. And so it is with Point to close. When trade elsewhere begins to revive, "There's no reason modern technology couldn't Leprau. The New Brunswick government is our plants are the last to be retooled. build on that." she says. saddled with the major costs of the development. It's been that way since before the twentieth Progressive P .E.I. Federal contributions, originally planned to total century. Atlantic pulp is exported· to be returned The island has become a national centre for half the costs of production, were frozen at the as high quality paper. Gypsum returns as alternate energy research. With the help of original estimates of the costs of the plant. Now wallboard. Steel bars as finished, tooled federal agencies, the province is putting hundreds machinery. Exported raw materials carry jobs and of thousands of dollars from its small budget into "It looks good, it panders to the industrial development with them. And recently wind and solar energy research. That makes the energy has been added to the list. province the darling of Maritime environmen­ Bob Coates Chronicle-Herald The debate before Nova Scotia's Public talists. Utilities Board into the provincially owned Nova mentality, and it gives political The island's Institute of Man and Resources, in Scotia Power Corporation's application for a rate which supervises the provincial energy research muscle ••• the short run it sounds increase has been examining power development plan, is headed by Premier Campbell's former great." and distribution alternatives in a depth never executive assistant, Andrew Wells. Still widely before seen in this province. Ramifications flow recognized as Campbell's right hand man, Wells' the plant is oriented towards the New England far beyond its borders. The range of alternatives role in the project gives it a status second to none. to present policy is wide and proposed curatives to market when New Brunswick is already exporting To some people the Institute's activities the equivalent of four fifths of Nova Scotia's the highest power rates in the country end in a crystallize all the things that Islanders don't like hopeless tangle. But one thing is becoming annual consumption at a cheaper rate than about the province's development plan. One Newfoundland power sold to Nova Scotia and· increasingly clear: as far as possible energy must former government employee has said about this be controlled here, according to policies that suit PEl, even if Quebec and New Brunswick plan, "The government thinks nothing will come transhipping rates are taken into account. this region. of their money unless they spend it on ideas, Dalhousie economist and former NDP candi­ U.S. Control? date Mike Bradfield explains it this way: "Energy There is the danger, of course, that the is a commodity like anything else. When you are northeastern U.S. could become dependent on dependent on someone else to help you develop New Brunswick power. There is the potential of a that commodity, or to buy your commodity, or to Richard Rohmer scenario," says Ecology Action sell you that commodity, your priorities are being Centre's Holtz. determined by that someone else. Anything that But far, far more dangerous is the possibility helps to break that dependence almost automat­ that the plant now under construction could ically would promote development here." become a large and very expensive white elephant. Alliance for Power "Power usage in many parts of the United The agreement on the need for local control of States is declining rapidly as conservation and the power industry has produced an interesting £)( NUCLEAR increased costs take hold. Even the New alliance between the NDP and regional environ­ PHYSICIST Brunswick power projections for which the plant was built may never be realized," she continues. mental activists. The NDP has come to be aware WrrH WfFE of the connection between a quality of life The situation at New Brunswick's P9int Leprau measured in decent housing and jobs, and what is AND fs­ closely parallels that of the potentially costly ecologically appropriate. urAtt~ Fundy Tidal development. As one local writer The roots of the alliance lie in the environ­ SUPPofn- has characterized it, "Baron de Rothschild would mentalists' "small is beautiful" slogan. This idea get the profits, the United States the power, and fits neatly into the Nova Scotia NDP's policy of ~ Maritimers the ecological disaster." encouraging local businesses to counter the Environmentalists view alternate technology, easily produceable here and very simple in design, as an alternative not only to environmentally damaging power development, but as a way of "Baron de Rothschild would get experts and products that come from outside. The countering corporate concentration. the profits, the United States the ~nstitute of Man and Resources is no different." "I would hate to see what would happen if power, and the Maritimes the Ecology activist Holtz disagrees. "Maritimers EXXON got control of alternate energy," says like anyone else want to see something work ecologist Holtz, "Imagine every · five years ecological disaster. before they change their plans. Tal~ to some equipment breaking down just in time for the people in the neighbourhood of the Ark-an latest model change. Decisions about power influence of large-and in their view-undepend­ Institute-funded experiment in energy and food source design and production should be made able employers from outside the Atlantic region. self-reliance-you'll find a completely different where they will be used", Holtz says. These employers do not hesitate to shut down attitude. People are trying out the things they see "Above all, whatever programs are adopted, we when subsidies run out or wages rise. This gives for themselves". must do our oest to see that as 'far as is possible, the party the advantage of a short term political If the love affair between one Island and the Atlantic provinces control their own target. environmental activities is intense now, it wasn't energy development ... for themselves." As Marty Dolin, Nova Scotia politician and always that way. A year and a half ago, Prince Whether and how such a development would special assistant to provincial NDP leader, Edward Island and Nova Scotia each owned come about remains to be seen. Large in itself, Akerman, puts it: "those dinosaurs at the shares in the first nuclear plant to be built in the Power Corporation think that anything that Maritimes, Point Leprau. The political furor doesn't come from a furnace or a generator-that raised over the development, together with rapidly "Those dinosaurs at the Power goes for their own ideas as well-is 'exotic'! escalating capital costs caused both provinces to Corporation think that anything Alternate technology (wind, solar, waste produced pull out of the project. However, they still plan to that doesn't come from a furnace methane power) is practical; there's no reason it buy the power generated by the plant. couldn't be produced here." Point Leprau is planned to meet projected or a generator - that goes for Dolin advocates small power developments on increases in power demand for New Brunswick their own ideas as well - is rivers that are generally thought insufficient to alone. Plans were that the province could offset exotic." produce hydro power. "Hell, we went out and costs by selling to the United States while waiting mapped some of them. They're producing for domestic demand to rise. PEl's contribution to energy research is a pittance generators in Sweden that are small but could It was the kind of plan that a few years ago incomparison with the vast resources of distant produce enough electricity to keep the town of would have met with the approval of the NDP. It governments and corporations. History has shown Bridgewater going." is large, it provides construction jobs, and that it is capital and · political power,, Susan Holtz, co-ordinator of the Halifax-based afterwards, well, there would always be some rather than technological expertise, which are Ecology Action Centre's energy committee was revenue from sales. · the determining features of development and one of the prominent members of the -centre's Halifax journalist Ralph Surette calls prestige underdevelopment around the world. team at the PUB hearings. Susan is less voluble power developments the logical inheritance of The pattern is no less true here. Whether the than the politician who shares her views. pork barrel politics. emphasis on alternate technology by the "I can't give you a picture of what an east coast "It looks good, it panders to the Bob Coates environmentalists, and particularly by the NDP, self-reliant in energy would look like," she said. Chronicle-Herald mentality, and it gives political can promote se.lf-reliance remains to be seen. "I believe that change comes piecemeal and not muscle- in the short run it sounds great. In the aut whatever the technique used to attain such once and for all." long run, the power and the profits are all self-reliance, one thing is very clear: as far as "But there was a time when these provinces exported. What's left is bands of construction possil}le, we must control our own power. Atlantic Issues I Feb.-April I 4

Sudworm _spraying The battle of the year by Mike Donovan us that something is wrong with our forests". Canadian Paper Workers' Union, Cape Breton contractors and truckers. On the other side: On February 3rd, Premier Regan announced in The history of the budworm a province-wide television and radio address that environmental and landowner groups, Cape it was the decision of Cabinet not to "approve an The spruce bud worm is not a new phenomenon Breton oyster and sheep farmers, Cape Breton aerial spray programme for the Cape Breton in Atlantic Canada. In 1922, J.D. Tothill, beekeepers, some vocal members of the Nova forests at this time". He described the decision as following the outbreak of 1910-1921, observed, Scotia medical establishment, and a local group "the most difficult one Cabinet has ever had to "It is plain that the next outbreak may be of concerned mothers. make". expected when the existing fir reproduction now At the height of the dispute in the fall of 1976, Reaction to the announcement was varied. being released ... becomes tall enough to pass much contradictory evidence was being presented Lief Holt, President of the Nova Scotia Forest through the crown of the forest so as to form an Products Association, said it was "a very sad day immense food supply for the insects. On the basis of average annual growth, the next general To date, five of the ten New outbreak may be expected at any time, after the Brunswick children afflicted lapse of about thirty years." True to prediction, in 1952, precisely 30 years with the disease have died. later, the budworm attacked again. New Brunswick said "yes" to the spray; and Nova for the forest industry of Nova Scotia". John May, Scotia said "no". a member of Cape Breton Landowners Against Since 1952, New Brunswick has sprayed every the Spray, said "Our position all along has been year (except 1959). Over twelve million pounds of that the way to overcome the budworm is to DDT and almost eight million pounds of organo properly manage the forests and not to spray phosphates (Fenitrothion) have been dumped on them." the forests of New Brunswick. Last year alone, the Premier Regan's decision put a temporary end spray programme cost almost nineteen million dollars. Over 500 people attended a meeting in Port to two years of controversy which began in the Hawkesbury, N.S. on Jan. 23 to discuss the budworm spring of 1975. At that time, the Cabinet was In Nova Scotia, the budworm infestation spraying. lt is believed that the meeting was in· under pressure from Nova Scotia Forest collapsed from natural causes after five years. An strumental in Regan 's decision not to spray. Industries (N.S.F.I.), a Cape Breton company estimated 100,000 cords of fir were killed, of owned by Stora Kopparberg Bergstags A.B. of which 60,000 were safely salvaged (the budworm by both sides. On December 2nd, Erik Sunblad, Sweden. Finally, the Cabinet approved an eats only the needles; the wood remains President of Stora Kopparberg, gave a press application to spray large tracts of forest land in untouched). conference in which he said the pulp mill would western Cape Breton which were showing signs of Effect on the environment have to phase out its operations, unless the spruce budworm infestation. The insecticides presently being sprayed on the budworm was brought under control with The chemical to be used was Fenitrothion, a New Brunswick forests not only succeed in "properly controlled insecticide spraying". pesticide that has had very little research done on reducing the budworm population but also kill Cape Breton Landowners Against the Spray, it. It was introduced in the late 1960s by the however, pointed out that the mill requires forestry industry to replace DDT. The controvetsy revolving 300,000 cords of wood a year and that even if the When the government announced approval of a bud worm kills SO% ofthe trees (which is unlikely), spray programme, local grassroots environmental around the Nova Scotia then there will still be 9 million cords left standing groups voiced strong disagreement. Their dis­ Cabinet's decision not to spray in the Cape Breton Highlands. They argued that approval fell on deaf ears until the Cape Breton revealed other skeletons in the furthermore, wood can easily be imported from Post printed a news leak concerning the chemical. the mainland, where overmature stands are A medical research team from Halifax had linked provincial closet. rotting uncut. In addition, they claimed that with a vigorous salvage operation, 20-40% of the dead many other species of insects, including bees, and trees can be salvaged over the next five years. the budworm's own predators and parasites. In N.S.F.I. replied that the company does not have Cape Breton, the Beekeepers' Association, with the capacity to process that much wood. They over SO members, has actively opposed the spray expressed this view in full-page newspaper ads programme. carried in local newspapers, titled "Spruce Although the insecticide has no direct effect on Budworm- What are the Facts?". flora and fauna, it interferes with the forest The dispute over whether to spray or not to eco-system in many subtle ways. For example, the spray became a battle of facts and projections - spray deprives birds of insects which are their each side predicting disaster if the other side's natural food supply. In 1975 alone, three million course of action was adopted: economic disaster birds are reported to have been killed as a result on the one side and ecological disaster on the of the spray programme. other. The budworm Plants also depend upon insects in many ways. In the later stages of the controversy, the tide Certain commercial species, such as blueberries, began to turn in favour of the environmentalists the emulsifier used in the spray to a children's are highly susceptible to variations in the insect disease known as Reye's Syndrome. population. Last year, a New Brunswick blueberry The research team at the Izaak Walton Killam operator, Cole Bridges, won a lawsuit against the The dispute over whether to Hospital for Children had been ~.lerted to the Province and Forest Production Limited amount­ spray or not to spray became a possibility of the connection between the spraying ing to $58,000.00 for damages to his blueberry and the disease when it became apparent that all crop as a result of the spray. battle of facts and projections - ten of the children admitted to the hospital in There are some who say the spray's effect on each side predicting disaster. recent years with the rare disease were from New· the environment is exaggerated. Romeo LeBlanc, Brunswick. That province has carried on an active Minister of the Federal Department of Fisheries and the forest-management advocates. A rumour spray programn:e since 1952. and the Environment, has said that the bird circulated that some cabinet ministers, including population will recover in five short years, while it Lands and Forestry Minister Vincent MacLean, To date, five of the ten New Brunswick children threatened to resign if the spray lobby won the afflicted with the disease have died. takes 80 years for a forest to recover. New Brunswick Industrialist, K.C. Irving believes the day in Cabinet. The controversy revolving around the Nova spray is harmless and ineffective. "No better than .At this stage, N.S.F.I. sudJenly changed course Scotia Cabinet's decision not to spray revealed dishwater" is his comment. midstream, abandoned its defence of the other skeletons in the provincial closet. Charges of Although Nova Scotia recovered from the 1952 chemical Fenitrothion, and began advocating the forest mismanagement and governmental sell-out bud worm attack, the insect re-emerged in­ use of another pesticide, Sevin, which required no of cheap Crown forest land to foreign multi­ Cumberland, Annapolis, and Kings Counties in chemical-based emulsifier. Sevin, a more expen­ national companies have been mixed with 1970 and in the Cape Breton Highlands in 1974. sive pesticide, is currently in widespread use in demands for a profound re-examination of the In the winter of 1975, N.S.F.I., which has a virtual Maine. direction of Nova Scotian policy on development monopoly over cheap Crown land forests and At this time, other insect control substances of its resources and the environment. which operates the Point Tupper Pulp mill, came to the att~ntion of the public. Among these LS. Howbolt, the recently retired administra­ directly and indirectly employing 2,000 Cape were Tetradecenal, an insect sex attractant and tive assistant to Nova Scotia's Deputy Minister of Bretoners, applied to the provincial government BT (Bacillus thuringiensis), an anti-budworm Lands and Forests says, "Good forestry practices, to spray 100,000 acres in the north-central part of organism. Both Sevin and BT were immediately not chemicals, are the answer to budworm­ the highlands. The license was approved but discredited as being too under-researched to proofing." shortly afterwards cancelled at the insistence of warrant use. The American Environmental Protection Agency in Washington, D.C., stated Dr. Stephen Manley, a silviculturist with the provincial Health Minister, Allan Sullivan, when that Sevin was "suspect right now". Dr. Earle PEl Department of Agriculture and Forestry, is a the Reye's Syndrome connection was made Refd, Chief of Medicine at the Halifax Infirmary, little more graphic. He describes the spruce public. potnted out that Sevin's use in Nova Scotia had budwo·rm infestation as a "blessing in disguise". The battle of the year then began. On the one already resulted in poisoning cases which had He says, "the spruce bud worm epidemic is telling side: N.S.F.I., a woodlot owners' association, the continued on page 5 Atlantic Issues I Feb.-April I 5

Government policy unclear Joint ventures threaten fishery by Bob Wakeham ST. JOHN'S, NFLD. - only profit and loss-oriented." marketing agency in which the private com­ -Because of a basic mistrust of government The federal government claims that these first panies and governments will have equity, plus and the fact that Newfoundland has a history of co-operative arrangements with foreign coun­ representation from the fishermen, would be an betrayal and sell-out of its resources, the tries are simply a "data-gathering tool to assist ideal structure to supervise and to develop a fisherman's union here is not exactly jumping in building a brighter future for Canadian marketing strategy for Newfoundland pro­ for joy at the prospects of joint fishing ventures fishermen." ducers. between Canadian and foreign companies. They say they will move cautiously in Government should also take the initiative in Joint fishing ventures allow foreign fleets and approving any applications from Canadian developing a new system for the establishment fishermen to catch the Canadian quotas of fish of fish prices to primary producers. which this country's undersized fleets cannot "H we dont see concrete evidence The union feels that the future development of handle. Under the joint venture, this fish would the inshore and near-shore fishery, particularly then be processed in Newfoundland, thus of a comprehensive policy on the Northeast Coast, depends to what extent creating jobs in the fish processing sector, but developing," Mr. Cashin said, we permit the northern stocks to regenerate so not in the fishing or fishing-related sectors. "we will oppose any venture in as to favorably affect the growth of the inshore The Newfoundland Fishermen, Food and fishery. Allied Workers Union, 10,000 1978 and we have the power and "We are not satisfied that the federal influence to stop them." government has given us all the information and the alternate courses of action open to Canada companies to become involved with the foreign with regard to the management of our northern fleets. cod stocks, particularly as they affect our inshore But the concern of a great many people in fishery," Mr. Cashin has told the premier. Newfoundland is that these pilot projects will He said it is the belief of many that fishing eventually be expanded, despite Ottawa's northern cod stock in the winter months should contention that they are only to be utilized as a be banned and that the benefits to Canada of a learning experience, and will lead to a regenerated northern cod stock will be immense. dominance of the Canadian fishing by foreign ''There is a school of thought that believes . vessels , at the expense of the fishermen. Canadian fishermen can catch this fish at times With the large foreign vessels catching part of other than the winter months and that, the Canadian quota and landing it in Newfound­ therefore, there would be no need for land fish plants, government will continue to put ice-strenghened vessels offoreign fishing effort, what is described as the "development" of the Mr. Cashin said. Canadian fishery. Generally speaking, Mr. Cashin said, "if But according to the union, signs of that Newfoundland can devise a comprehensive development must become definite in the near fisheries policy, then ultimately we will be future or it will not support any further catching and processing the fish off our shores.'' co-operative ventures between Canadians and If this is to be successful we will need new foreigners. market development and technical assistance, "If we don't see concrete evidence of a he said, and it is with these objectives in mind comprehensive· policy developing,'' Mr. Cashin that the union is prepared to consider the joint said, "we will oppose any venture in 1978 and venture pilot project. we have the power and influence to stop them." "We do feel it would be unfortunate if the Joint ventures could triple employment in fish The basis of the union's present co-operation rationale for this was the creation of a few extra processing for Newfoundland, but pose a definite threat and future co-operation, Mr. Cashin has told to the development of the fishing industry as a whole. Premier Frank Moores, is that there must be a "We are not satisfied that the members is committed to the policy that would clear and practical indication that the govern­ federal government has given us all have all the resources in the Northwest Atlantic ment of Newfoundland is willing to develop a the information and the alternate harvested by Canadian fishermen in Canadian comprehensive fisheries policy, "something owned and operated vessels. which in our view has not been tackled courses of action open to Canada "Our real concern about the joint ventures," completely at any time in our history." with regard to the management of says union president Richard Cashin, "is a The union has also told the province that our northern cod stocks, particular­ basic mistrust of government.'' certain basic principles should be incorporated Neither the federal nor the provincial in such a plan, including an immediate ly as they affect our inshore government has a comprehensive fisheries indication from government that steps will be fisheey." policy, he said in a recent interview. taken to increase catching capacity in Newfound­ The union also distrusts the fish corporations, land, either by purchase or leasing of European jobs," he said. "We believe that the time has pointing to the fact that although the companies trawlers or building new trawlers and new long passed when we should stop the repetition initially opposed joint ventures, they all jumped mid-shore and near-shore vessels. of this same old line and start to develop our own on the supportive bandwagon once the first of Government should also establish a provincial strategy for survival." the so-called pilot projects involving a foreign marketing agency consistent with the principles Well up to 8,000 people are now working in country was approved. laid down by the federal government of the island's fish processing industry. That ''The minute the first one was approved, they consolidation of marketing, the union says. number could possibly be tripled if foreign­ all wanted one," Mr. Cashin noted. "They're It feels that one large Newfoundland caught fish are processed on the island.

continued from page 4 Also, the bud worm controversy has contributed owners throughout the province registered over been treated at the Halifax Infirmary. The sex to a rethinking of the efficient use of Nova and over again one complaint - no market for attractant substance which confuses the bud worm Scotia's forests. It became clear during the their wood. moth so as to effectively prevent mating is spraying controversy that Maritime forests are, in Dr. Stephen Manley suggested a solution: currently under study at St. Francis Xavier fact, grossly under-harvested. Private woodlot "There is enough dead wood in the forests here (in University, under the direction of Dr. Brian P.E.I.) to provide all the electrical energy needs Lynch, but at this stage, this substance is of this province for at least a year, and besides considered to be prohibitively expensive. A third world travel lesson that the wood that is dying annually could Finally, on February 3rd, the decision came pretty well keep the burners going to provide down from Cabinet and the first round went to For example, the first world travel agents electricity if it could be harvested." the environmentalists and forest management used to tell the ladies of china Clarence Porter, past President of the Nova group. What will happen now? that their feet were naturally small Scotia Forest Products Association, said "there is The future which meant they weren't destined enough low-grade hardwood in this province to Since 1970, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland to go out into the world maintain wood-burning plants indefinitely". He counties have suffered outbreaks of budworm added "plants using wood for fuel would harvest a infestation which are believed to have arisen The global experts recommended instead renewable resource which is plentiful in Nova through moth fights from New Brunswick and a simple vacation around the house Scotia." surprisingly, each spring, the forests have and vigorous exercise One thing is clear: the future looks good recovered. Also, a cold, wet spring this year could on other parts of the anatomy because with proper management, Maritime kill the budworm population (the insect thrives in forests can be made "budworm proof'. L.S. hot, dry weather). L.S. Hawbolt has stated that like the knees for serving Hawbolt has said "the problem is a complex and the budworm food supply is very delicately like the knees for praying long-term one. A farmer can plant a seed in the balanced and that "the tree need not be even Susan Perly ground this spring, and harvest the produce in the severely defoliated for the young budworm to fall, but with the forest for a field, it takes a whole starve from lack of food". generation to see the end result." Atlantic Issues I Feb.-Aprit/6

Silver Donald Cameron Real development begins with people We asked Cape Breton freelancer Silver reward, though, is jobs -- clearing the land, for war. Aristotle Onassis left his mark on the Strait Donald Cameron to contribute to Atlantic Issues, instance, our land. A friend of mine recently in 1970, when the ARROW-- which he owned, and found him racing to finish a book. "But I've thought of working on the project. He discovered through a string of companies-- dumped 17,000 already said my piece about development, " he that a gang of six men would be paid so much tons of Bunker C here. He didn't pay to clean it remarked, "in a little essay I did for a similar per acre -- and had to walk in to the site on their up; the taxpayers of Canada paid. There's no supplement of The Scotia Sun in Port own time. The pay would be decent only if they money in cleaning up your messes. Now we are Hawkesbury, back in 1974. The details of it are a worked outrageous hours-. He decided not to told that Onassis, hallelujah, may build a whole little dated now -John Shaheen is evidently out bother. The refinery, incidentally, will cost $250 refinery here. Surely Canada should present him of business, and Premier Regan is distinctly less million or so, and Shaheen's people expect that with a $3 million cleaning bill before we even bullish about the joys of heavy industry. But I money back within five years or so. They are allow him to bring ships in here again, let along think the general view of development I outlined worried about the productivity of Nova Scotia a whole refinery. there is at least as apt in 19 77 as it was three years labour, they say. ago." Think about that for a moment. They expect to Samia: The Urban Model make something like $50 million a year on that Perhaps Cameron 's essay will remind our But we are governed, it seems, by fools and readers that these issues don 't go away. They refinery, and they bitch because Nova Scotians rascals, by ·men committed to the idea that it's ( won't sweat their guts out to build it for them for bedevilled Nova Scotians twenty years ago, and fair for public resources to be used for private peanuts. they will probably face us twenty years into the profit. Our leaders, it appears, have an idea of Cape Breton labour, they say, is volatile, future, too. what our community should look like a unpredictable, unreliable: but hardly anyone generation from now: it should look like Samia asks why. If anyone did ask, he'd quickly find by Donald Cameron or Pittsburg, places from which people are 'On a chilly, sunny day last October I stood on the fleeing to buy property in Nova Scotia. So one end of a rotting dock on the Lennox Passage side "They didn't come to give us huge plant after another is slapped down .on the of Janvrin's Island, and looked around me at the jobs: they came because they shores of the Strait, and the politicians crow flaring reds, burning yellows and incandescent about development. greens on Rabbit Island, Strawberry Point and think plants here can make This isn't development; this is indecent the far shore of Inhabitants Bay. The sea ·rolled money, and for no other assault. Real development would start with past, slate-grey with flecks of white; . a nippy people. Real development would ask who the breeze pushed the odd puff of cloud across the reason." people of the Strait are, and what they like to do, sky. Behind me were two houses, one falling into out that Cape Breton has a history of abuse at and what they do well. My own fingertip feeling ruins, the other neatly painted. Aside from those the hands of giant international corporations -­ is that people down her don't like to be two houses I could see no sign of man and his like the British Empire Steel and Coal regulated, that we respond to the weather and works. Corporation (BESCO) and its successor, Domin­ the seasons more than to the time clock. My I suppose I am wrong to think that such places ion Steel and Coal (DOSCO). Ask any old miner friends and neighbours will work like mules all ,and such occasions are good for the soul. No in Glace Bay about the "labour troubles" of the day for nothing, to help a friend; they will fish ·doubt the imagination of a man like John Twenties, and he'll tell you why they might and hunt and garden with ferocious concen­ Shaheen would be fired by the knowledge that better be described as "company troubles". tration; they will do their own carpentry over along Inhabitants Bay that slate-grey sea BESCO would cut wages by 40 per cent or so, plumbing, heating and wiring. They are almost concealed depths of sixty or seventy sheltered and then, when the miners went on strike, cut never idle. feet within a few yards of the shore, that a . off their credit at the company stores, set goons Industrial Evil stone's throw from the end of my rotting pier of on them with iron bars and revolvers, cut off the water is forty feet deep. Gerry Regan, who is They will also call in sick or strike or go on the water and power to their homes, and if pogey when they don't feet like working; they proud that the population of Nova Scotia has necessary call in the army. finally nudged over 800,000, would frown in will cheerfully put off till tomorrow what might concern to see all that territory unoccupied; have been done yesterday; and they will often Regan may be the only politician left alive who is consider everything else secondary to a good still in favour of the population explosion. John party. Personally, I think these are splendid Buchanan would alight from a helicopter with a qualities, and anything calling itself "develop­ big smile like the one he recently conferred on ment" should build on them rather than fight the ponies of Sable Island, and vow that he could with them. Life is not basically a matter of do everything Regan could do, but faster. Quiet Please! "This isn't development; this is If they would all just be quiet, we could hear indecent assault." the sound of the keening wind, the whoosh of the little waves, the cry of a single seagull. You can't mortgages and promotions and payrolls and hear that in Boston, in New York, in Baltimore. responsibilities; it's a once-only trip through a In cities like those, the people are going crazy, magnificent world, and the only reason to spend raping and mugging and killing one another. It's your time working hard is because you love the true even in staid old Canada: a weel in Toronto work you're doing. Work you don't love is is enough to ~ive you heartburn, a quick tour of drudgery that cuts into the time you have for real Montreal reveals a fetid river filled with living; nobody in his senses would spend more garbage, a clutch of oil refineries, an Olympic than a minimum of his time at drudgery. extravaganza siphoning hundreds of millions of Yet what does the modern industrial plant dollars while the people crouch in crumbling offer us except drudgery, for the most part? I warrens, bombing mailboxes and strangling spent a couple of summers working in a paper cabinet ministers every now and then in a milt in British Columbia; I met some marvellous desperate bid for attention. . PortH ury people there. They built hot rods and motor I haven't been back to my rotting dock on Today's compames aren't llke that, we're told boats, read poetry and philosophy, played the Lennox Passage this spring, but I gather the -- and certainly the modern corporation is more saxophone, collected !lntique guns and sang view has changed; on the far shore they are refined. Today the companies use the courts Scottish folk music. They were creative, vital ripping up trees and butldozing the ground for a rather than the army, but ask the fishermen of people -- but not during working hours. They Canso, Mulgrave and Petit de Grat whether considered their jobs a kind of necessary evil, "Shaheen's people •.• expect to Booth and Acadia Fisheries showed any and they went through the working day in a kind different attitude during the 1970-71 trawler­ of trance. Only when the shift changed and they make something like $50 million men's strike. And if the new industrial jobs are went home did they become human. a year on that refinery, and they so glorious, why does Michelin still have to Threescore years and ten: none of us has time spend exorbitant amount~ of money advertising to waste. I sat on the end of the rotten old wharf bitch because Nova Scotians for workers at its Granton and Bridgewater and listened to the gulls and the waves, won't sweat their guts out to plants? Why is the labour movement so hostile grateful that I was no longer wasting time build it for them for peanuts." to Michelin, and why is Michelin so firmly putting in a shift in a mill. Then I came home opposed to unions in its plants? and sat down at my typewriter and worked like a Dow Chemical salt plant. From the other side of The Industrial Leopanl son of Cape Breton, for love and money both. Janvrin's Island you can see the spreading scar, Through the window of my workroom I could see like a giant cancer, that marks the clearing for The industrial leopard hasn't changed his Charlie next door working in his garden, and John Shaheen's new refinery, to be built by an spots. He purrs, but he's no tabbycat; he's still a some children running across my field to the Italian contractor using British equipment, so leopard. All the new plants either in place or beach. that oil from Kuwait and Iran can be refined into proposed for the Strait are multinational The people I meet in rural Nova Scotia seem to jet fuel and heating oil for the markets of Europe corporations devoted to making a profit for their know in their bones that life doesn't have to and the United States. The tankers will no doubt owners. They didn't come to give us jobs: they mean imprisonment in a mill followed by a play be registered somewhere like Liberia, where came because they think plants here can make period at home. They reckon it's possible to be taxes and inspection standards are loose. money, and for no other reason. The American human all the time. The real trouble with this Nova Scotians, of course·; are not ·entirely war planes that fricasseed the villagers of bogus "development" which progressively forgotten. We get to guarantee $40 million in Vietnam ran on Gulf jet fuel and dropped uglifies the Strait is that is doesn't respect the loans, and we built a $30 million dock. Our real napalm from Dow Chemicals. There's money in humanity of the people it claims it will serve. Atlantic Issues/Feb.-April/7

Worse than New York Sydney: a breath of death by David Smith remain relatively inactive during periods of high Sydney has the highest unemployment rate of pollution. any city in Canada. It also may be the most It has been more than a year since the unhealthy city in which to live. For the moment, Department of the Environment began a study though, the latter remains undocumented. to determine the health hazards from Sydney Steel's pollution. In the winter of 1976, the local The provincial Department of the Environ­ media gave much coverage to the original ment placed pollution monitoring devices at a monitoring which included giving medical number of locations around Sydney about two examinations to over a thousand residents as years ago. In Whitney Pier, an area close to the well as taking air samples. Since then the press pr.ovincial government's Sydney Steel Corpbr­ has been silent. Like all of us, they await the atlOn, the pollution index actually exceeded the long over due test results. When questioned uppermost level on the recording monitor. The ___...~IJIIIili'*I:~IJS best educated guess of how much ore dust falls about the delay, government officials simply on Whitney Pier is 825 tons per square mile per state that there are a large number of month. The Sydney average is over 100 tons per calculations that must be made before any square mile per month. conclusions can be reached. When the report is finaly released the extent Both the provincial and federal governments of the haz~rd posed by the government owned have the powers to limit the discharge of steel plant will be revealed. If the report shows pollutants. But neither government has felt it that the pollution is above acceptable limits, the necessary to take any action against the provincially owned steel plant. government i~ caught in a dilemma. Sydney Steel was created in order to provide jobs. If the Based on official statistics, which are often pollution level is too high the plant might have considered to be conservative, Sydney has a to be closed - at least temporarily. This would be higher pollution index than New York or Los financially disasterous to the area. Angeles. Health officials in these American The best solution would be to "clean up" the cities relate their pollution to chronic and often plant so that it would pollute less. But that might fat.al respe~ratory diseases. Unlike in Sydney, cost too much money. In the meantime, Sydney dally pollut10n counts are featured on radio and residents continue to run the risk of a serious television stations. Residents are urged to respiratory ailment.

Rich Fuchs Discussing rthe price of fish'

Interview with Richard Fuchs, be " entertainment" in the sense of taking you make them Canada's 'Happiest Province'." - Education Director of St. John's Oxfam Centre away from reality and letting you forget your Fuchs: The point of the play is that the present Last spring and summer, a play called problems (like most movies & TV shows do) -- on economic system is not working to the advantage "What's That Got To Do With The Price of the contrary, it can draw you into an of the majority of Atlantic Canadians, that the Fish?" toured Newfoundland and the Mari­ understanding that you can't get by watching region is both underdeveloped, and being ti~es. It was performed by the Mummers television or reading magazines or books. developed in a way that benefits chiefly the Theat~e Troupe of Newfoundland, and by the wealthy. But even more, this relation between time September came and the show closed in St. A.I.: What is the play about? the wealthy few and the majority of poor is John's, it had visited over twenty communities Fuchs: Can I quote a review? It sums it up pretty exactly the same on an international scale, across Canada and reached some 13,000 people. well: It's " an evening of songs, skits and comical between countries: a continent like Africa is no Theatre critics gave it rave reviews (Toronto and anecdotes about the not-so-comical history of more "poor" than a region like Atlantic Canada Vancouver were lukewarm, faulting it for not Newfoundland since Confederation, .. (it) looks is -- the real problem is, who controls and being theatrical enough); the troup had standing at politicians, carpetbaggers from abroad, benefits from the wealth of both regions? Who ovations from all its audiences (--including industrial tycoons and strategies that were plans development in both areas? Toronto and Vancouver). The play was an supposed magically to improve their lot and example of the critically and audience appealing A.I.: How does this relate to the rest of the work type of work that can be and is being produced in Oxfam does in the region? our region. "Atlantic Issues" interviewed Fuchs: When people came to see the play, they Richard Fuchs of the St. John's Oxfam Centre, received a programme, but also a pamphlet, which was responsible for producing the play, to "Mining and Development in Newfoundland", find 'out why the play was produced. which was produced by our Centre here. So we hope that in this way, people will see that ATLANTIC ISSUES: Why did a local Oxfam problems here at home and in other countries committee get involved in Theatre? Isn't Oxfam are often the same. Many people were surprised a charity that sends food overseas? to learn that we also have slide/tape shows on Fuchs: Where should I start? First, I guess, by mining, fishing and farming in the Atlantic saying that Oxfam does do work overseas, but provinces. very little of it is the ''feeding the hungry'' type in the old soup-line sense of the word. Most of A.I.: Did Oxfam pay for the tour? our projects are in agriculture, health or Fuchs: Oxfam-Canada did make a small grant to the financing of the tour, but the main thing we education -- but the play was part of our did was to arrange funding from other sources education programme here in Canada. for the play. We worked on research, Oxfam-Canada tackles the results of under­ programmes, sets also. The entire tour developed (poverty, disease, illiteracy, unem­ (theatres, reservations, vans) was arranged for ployment, poor housing etc) through the projects free b.y volunteers -- a tremendous job. it supports here as well as elsewhere. It has come to recognise that the causes of these A.I.: Can you give us one of the highlights? problems have much to do with the way the Fuchs: Well, that depends on the person seeing richer countries like Canada control the world's it, but one of the parts I liked best was on how trade and resources. So our education pro­ Newfoundland "got developed". It's a 1950's­ gramme aims to make Canadians more aware ?f style scene, called "True Concessions", and we the basic changes that wiii be needed both tn see little Miss Newfoundland being seduced by Canada and internationally to bring about a all the great, "big-time lovers" like Baron de more equal world situation. We try to uncover Rothschild, John C. Doyle, John Shaheen ... and what we see to be the problems facing poor the song goes: people in Canada and throughout the w~rld, and Ooo Sweetheart deals - we also try to point to the role Canadtans can I know exactly how it feels play in changing these problems for the better. He left me naked on the rocks But you should have seen the size A.I.: I see what you mean about an educatio~ of his bank account. Ooo programme, but how does thea~e fit into th!s. All her great "Love affairs" with the big Fuchs: The~ tre is one very creative and engagmg developers leave Newfoundland devastated and way of gett mg your point across. It doesn't ha ·e to Mummers: rejected in her declining years. Atlantic Issues I Feb.-April I 8

Even though it has a sophistica­ tion that demands attention from the reader, it is not beyond anyone's Further reading... depth. Articles are well written; poetry and art work contribute to the attractive layout. Are you interested in the questions company threatening to pull out of This Magazine raised by Atlantic Issues? There are an area; why food prices are rising; Subscription: monthly. Yearly, a number of good Canadian thaga­ health and safety hazards on the job. $9.00. Senior Citizens, Students, zines which examine these and Also, articles of special interest: $6.00. Slightly lower rates for longer related questions, usually as they living conditions in prisons; wage subscriptions. Address: The Cana­ dian Forum, 3 Church Street, No. affect the country as a whole. 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