Les Provinces Et La Fédéralisation De L'immigration Au Canada, 1990-2010

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Les Provinces Et La Fédéralisation De L'immigration Au Canada, 1990-2010 Université de Montréal Les provinces et la fédéralisation de l’immigration au Canada, 1990-2010 par Mireille Paquet Département de science politique Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat en science politique Octobre 2013 © Mireille Paquet, 2013 Pour la réalisation de cette thèse, un grand pan de mes recherches empiriques a été effectué à Bibliothèques et Archives Canada à Ottawa entre 2010 et 2012. Depuis la fin de 2012, sous l’impulsion d’une restructuration commanditée par le gouvernement conservateur, la collection des publications provinciale n’est désormais plus accessible aux chercheurs, et ce, pour une durée indéterminée. Cet état de fait doit être connu et dénoncé, alors que la recherche comparée sur les provinces réserve encore tant de trésors. ii Remerciements J’ai eu le privilège immense de travailler sous la direction de Jane Jenson pendant 5 ans. Je lui suis reconnaissante de m’avoir convaincue de m’installer à Montréal plutôt qu’à l’autre bout du pays et d’avoir trouvé mon projet de départ quelque peu intéressant. Surtout, je me sens très privilégiée d’avoir pu bénéficier de sa confiance de son support, de ses critiques constructives et d’avoir eu la chance faire virevolter mes idées folles dans son bureau. Sa patience, sa générosité et son honnêteté me furent très chères durant mon doctorat. En plus d’être une directrice hors pair, Jane est un modèle de chercheuse, d’intellectuelle publique et aussi de collègue que je compte tenter de répliquer (avec plus ou moins de succès, j’imagine) durant ma carrière. Travailler avec Jane implique aussi devenir membre d’une famille et je serai toujours reconnaissante de ses efforts visant à s’assurer que j’en fasse partie. Le département de science politique de l’Université de Montréal a été un milieu fécond pour la production de cette thèse. Éric Montpetit, Denis Saint-Martin, Éléonore Lépinard et Christine Rothmayr ont été très généreux de leur temps pour des discussions qui m’ont été utiles pour l’avancement de ma réflexion. Merci aux collègues (anciens et nouveaux) de la Chaire de recherche en citoyenneté et gouvernance du Canada : Patricia Garcia, Cem Uktu Duyulmus, Rachel Sarrasin, Andy Dawson, Kaisa Vuoristo, Nora Nagel, Karine Ali, Julien Vallée, Grant Holly et Thomas Gulian. Dans le cadre de la réalisation de cette thèse, j’ai pu bénéficier de la générosité et de l’accueil de Caroline Andrew à l’Université d’Ottawa. Nos conversations, nos projets et nos aventures en Ontario furent très importants dans mon parcours des dernières années. À l’Université d’Ottawa, je remercie aussi Martin Papillon, Dimitrios Karmis, François Rocher et Elke Winter pour leurs portes toujours ouvertes. Il me faut aussi remercier chaudement Irene Bloemraad de l’Université de la Californie à Berkeley pour m’avoir accueillie en début de parcours et pour avoir conservé un intérêt pour mon projet malgré la distance. À Ottawa, John Biles et Meyer Burstein m’ont iii beaucoup aidée à ouvrir le sésame de l’administration publique fédérale actuelle et passée. Paul London a servi de fil conducteur tout au long de cette thèse. Il m’a écoutée, a parlé du gouvernement avec moi et a cru en moi quand moi je n’y croyais pas. Merci pour ta patience, tes inquiétudes, tes idées, ta générosité et de m’avoir forcé à prendre des congés. Merci aussi d’être toujours resté ouvert à mes idées. Merci à mes parents, Ginette Bouchard et Maurice Paquet, pour les encouragements et le support tout au cours des années. Marguerite Paquet et Monique Bouchard furent aussi des inspirations importantes pour la poursuite de mes études. Plusieurs amis m’ont accompagné au cours des dernières années. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement (dans un ordre aléatoire, non hiérarchique et nullement significatif) : Audrey Lespérance, Catherine Ellyson, Julie Cunningham, Noemi Kreif, Marie Depelteau-Paquette, Melissa Thornton, Laura Madokoro, Tarek Hassan, Andrew Riddles, Mélanie Tanguay, Mathieu Séguin, Helaina Gaspard, Erin Tolley et Stéphanie Chouinard. La magie de Ted Rutland a été très appréciée dans les derniers mois de thèse. Les yeux de Martine Hubert furent essentiels, comme la légende le dit, à la réalisation de ce grand projet. Un nombre important de fonctionnaires et de personnes œuvrant au sein d’organismes de prestation de services aux immigrants m’ont donné de leur temps dans le cadre de la réalisation de cette recherche. En acceptant de me rencontrer formellement ou de façon plus informelle, ces personnes m’ont aidé à raconter une histoire dans laquelle elles sont les héros. Leur générosité et surtout leur passion pour l’immigration et l’intégration me semblent finalement les ingrédients magiques du « modèle canadien », même fédéralisé. Le soutien financier du Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines et celui de l’Université de Montréal furent intégraux à la réalisation de cette thèse. iv Résumé Cette thèse analyse un processus de changement institutionnel graduel défini comme la fédéralisation de la gouvernance de l’immigration et de l’intégration. Ce processus s’est déroulé au Canada entre 1990 et 2010. Il a comme caractéristique centrale la croissance des activités en immigration et en intégration de tous les gouvernements provinciaux ainsi que le maintien parallèle d’activités du gouvernement fédéral. L’argument central défendu est que les provinces ont joué un rôle de déclencheur et de mainteneurs dans ce processus, qui ne peut donc pas s’expliquer uniquement par une volonté fédérale de décentraliser la gouvernance de l’immigration. L’analyse démontre que la fédéralisation est le résultat de l’interaction, dans le temps, de deux mécanismes : la construction provinciale et la décentralisation. Centrale à cette démonstration est la mise en lumière de l’existence d’une variation structurée dans les politiques, programmes et discours provinciaux en matière d’immigration et d’intégration. En effet, la thèse s’ancre dans la démonstration empirique de quatre modes d’intervention en immigration et en intégration : 1) holistique (Québec et Manitoba), 2) réactif (Ontario et Colombie-Britannique), 3) passerelle (Alberta et Saskatchewan) ainsi que 4) attraction-rétention (provinces atlantiques). Malgré ces différences, l’analyse montre qu’une similarité est partagée par les dix provinces : une conception de l’immigration comme ressource pour la société provinciale. Le retraçage du processus de fédéralisation s’effectue par le biais d’études de cas des trajectoires provinciales, au sein desquelles il est possible d’observer le fonctionnement et les interactions des deux mécanismes. L’analyse montre que le positionnement temporel des provinces dans le processus de fédéralisation explique en partie les différences dans les modes d’interventions en immigration et en intégration qu’elles ont développés. Plus largement, l’analyse met en lumière l’importance de tenir compte de l’évolution du contexte fédéral pour comprendre la mise en mouvement du mécanisme de construction provinciale en immigration dans les dix provinces canadiennes entre 1990 et 2010. Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes. Premièrement, nous montrons l’efficacité d’une analyse institutionnelle historique centrée sur les processus de changements institutionnels graduels pour l’étude du fédéralisme et des politiques publiques au Canada. Deuxièmement, nous effectuons une contribution empirique en retraçant et comparant les trajectoires contemporaines des 10 provinces en ce qui a trait au développement de politiques et d’institutions liées à l’immigration et à l’intégration, à l’aide d’entretiens, de l’analyse de documents officiels et de documents d’archives. Troisièmement, notre analyse démontre qu’une analyse mécanistique permet de revitaliser la notion de construction provinciale en augmentant sa portabilité et sa portée explicative. Mots clés : fédéralisme, immigration, intégration, provinces, Canada, institutions, mécanismes sociaux, v Abstract This dissertation analyzes a process of gradual institutional change defined as a federalization of the governance of Canada’s immigration and integration regime. This process of change unfolded gradually between 1990 and 2010. Its central feature was the growth of the activities of the ten provincial governments in the domains of immigration and integration, coupled with the maintenance of federal activities in these same policy areas. The central argument defended in this dissertation is that provinces acted both as central triggering agents of this process of institutional change, as well as the maintainers of this process Thus, federalization cannot be understood solely as the result of federal decisions to decentralize Canada’s immigration and integration regime. Instead, the analysis shows that this change is the result of the interaction – in time – of two mechanisms: province building and decentralization. Central to this argument is the existence of a structured variation in provincial policy responses, which hints at provincial agency within a specific institutional regime. Indeed, the dissertation’s central argument is rooted in the empirical demonstration of four contemporary modes of intervention in immigration and integration: 1) holistic (Quebec and Manitoba), 2) reactive (Ontario and British Columbia), 3) bridging (Alberta and Saskatchewan), 4) attraction-retention (Atlantic Provinces). Despite this structured variation, one similarity is shared by all of the provinces: a conception of immigration
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