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Fenomén Vikingov V Súčasnej Televízii Interpretácia Historického Faktu V Seriáli Vikings

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Fenomén Vikingov V Súčasnej Televízii Interpretácia Historického Faktu V Seriáli Vikings Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Diplomová práca Fenomén Vikingov v súčasnej televízii Interpretácia historického faktu v seriáli Vikings Bc. Martin Kučera Katedra divadelných a filmových štúdií Vedúci práce: Mgr. Jakub Korda, Ph.D Teórie a dejiny dramatických umení Olomouc 2018 Prehlasujem, že som diplomovú prácu na tému Fenomén Vikingov v súčasnej televízii vypracoval samostatne za pomoci v práci uvedených prameňov a literatúry. Ďalej prehlasujem, že táto diplomová práca nebola použitá k získaniu iného alebo rovnakého titulu Dátum ............................................ podpis Týmto by som chcel poďakovať svojej rodine, ktorá mi vytvorila ideálne podmienky na realizáciu tejto práce. Podpora rodiny a priateľov zohrala kľúčovú úlohu pri mojej práci, pomohli mi docieliť psychickú pohodu, ktorá mi pomohla prekonať mnoho prekážok. Obsah Úvod .......................................................................................................................6 1. Literatúra a pramene ........................................................................................8 1.1 Historická literatúra .......................................................................................8 1.2 Metodologická literatúra .............................................................................. 10 1.3 Pramene ....................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Doplnkové zdroje ........................................................................................ 20 2. Metodológia ................................................................................................... 22 2.1 Definícia mizanscény ................................................................................... 24 2.2 Definícia diváckej aktivity ........................................................................... 26 3. Žánrová špecifikácia ...................................................................................... 31 3.1 Dokumentárny film ...................................................................................... 31 3.2 Mainstreamová dráma .................................................................................. 32 3.3 Dokudráma .................................................................................................. 33 3.4 Miniséria ..................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Seriál ........................................................................................................... 35 3.5.1 Spôsoby sprostredkovania informácií v seriáloch .................................. 36 3.5.2 Obmedzenie spôsobov sprostredkovania ............................................... 36 3.6 Žánrová špecifikácia programu Vikings ....................................................... 37 3.7 History Channel a jeho pôsobenie na poli populárnej histórie....................... 40 4. Historické fakty v seriáli ................................................................................ 43 4.1 Postavy ........................................................................................................ 43 4.1.1 Ragnar Lodbrok .................................................................................... 43 4.1.2 Lagertha ................................................................................................ 48 4.1.3 Rollo ..................................................................................................... 49 4.1.4 Floki...................................................................................................... 50 4.1.5 Ivar the Boneless ................................................................................... 51 4.1.6 Bjorn Ironside ....................................................................................... 53 4.1.7 Aslaug ................................................................................................... 53 4.1.8 Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye........................................................................ 54 4.1.9 Ostatní synovia Ragnara Lodbroka ........................................................ 55 4.1.10 Halfdan the Black a Harald Fairhair..................................................... 56 4.1.11 Ostatné postavy prítomné v seriáli ....................................................... 56 4.2 Mizanscéna .................................................................................................. 60 4.2.1 Mestá a obydlia ..................................................................................... 61 4.2.2 Obyvatelia a rodiny ............................................................................... 66 4.2.3 Vierovyznanie ....................................................................................... 68 4.2.4 Lode a námorníctvo ............................................................................... 70 4.2.5 Štýl boja, armády a bojovníci ................................................................ 72 4.2.6 Zbrane ................................................................................................... 74 4.2.7 Zbroj ..................................................................................................... 75 4.2.8 Štýl boja ................................................................................................ 76 5. Interpretácia historického faktu v seriáli Vikings ............................................ 78 6. Divák a divácka aktivita ................................................................................. 90 Záver .................................................................................................................... 93 Zoznam literatúry a prameňov ............................................................................... 96 Pramene ............................................................................................................ 96 Literatúra ........................................................................................................... 97 ABSTRAKT ....................................................................................................... 100 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... 101 Úvod Tému interpretácie historického faktu som si zvolil, pretože táto oblasť nie je príliš často spracovávaná. Jej výskyt v akademickom prostredí je pomerne ojedinelý, obzvlášť na území Česka a Slovenska. Zvolil som si ju aj z osobných dôvodov, vďaka tomu, že som fanúšikom historickej drámy už od detstva, kedy som so zatajeným dychom sledoval súboje Russela Crowa v gladiátorskej aréne. Navyše som mal vždy záľubu v dejepise, obzvlášť v obdobiach staroveku a stredoveku. Predmetom mojej analýzy je seriál Vikings1. Žáner seriálu som zvolil preto, že pokiaľ je v odborných publikáciách rozoberaná interpretácia historického faktu na poli televízie, tak ide predovšetkým o jej demonštráciu na filmových príkladoch. Ide väčšinou o dokumentárny film a historickú mainstreamovú drámu. Málokto sa doposiaľ venoval seriálu. Považujem za dôležité sa mu venovať, pretože oproti filmom je oveľa komplexnejší. Dôvodom je predovšetkým oveľa väčšia minutáž seriálov, a teda majú omnoho viac priestoru na interpretáciu faktu a vyobrazenie histórie. Program Vikings som konkrétne vybral, pretože sa v posledných rokoch stal veľkým fenoménom a jedným z najpopulárnejších seriálov na svete. Prináša aj odlišný pohľad na Vikingskú kultúru. Dovtedy bolo na nich nahliadané ako na pirátov, hrdlorezov a celkovo boli vyobrazovaní v negatívnom svetle. Cieľom mojej práce je overiť historickú presnosť faktov vyobrazených v seriáli a preskúmať ich interpretáciu v zmysle autorovej práce s faktami. Vo filmovom prostredí je vždy nutné nejakým spôsobom upraviť fakty tak, aby to fungovalo či už z naratívneho alebo technického hľadiska. Niektoré veci a situácie sa za pomoci filmárom dostupných prostriedkov nedajú vytvoriť. Či už ide o veľkosť armád, geografickú polohu, a podobne. Je teda nutné niektoré fakty upraviť a napasovať do naratívu tak, aby nepôsobili rušivo a nekomplikovali divácke vnímanie. V práci budem klásť dôraz predovšetkým na spôsob a potenciálny dôvod vyobrazenia konkrétnych faktov v tom zmysle, ako sa isté udalosti a skutočnosti pretransformovali, čo mohlo byť autorovým zámerom takej interpretácie, aký to môže mať dopad na diváka a ako si ju môže vysvetliť. Mojím cieľom je teda poukázať na klady a zápory interpretácie historických faktov 1 HISTORY CHANNEL. Vikings. Kanada, 2013. History Channel. 3.3.2013 6 v historickej dráme, ktorá musí spĺňať určité štandardy, ktoré priblížim v žánrovej špecifikácii samotného seriálu. Fakty musia teda prejsť istou premenou, dramatizáciou, aby boli divácky atraktívne a vhodné do žánru historickej drámy. Skúmať budem predovšetkým túto premenu, pričom považujem za nevyhnutné poznať historický kontext. Z toho vyplýva, že časť práce venujem overovaniu historickej presnosti, ktorá mi pomôže následne odhaliť nezrovnalosti v seriáli. Z toho sa bude logicky odvíjať analýza interpretácie faktu a toho, ako to na diváka môže pôsobiť. Venovať sa budem aj diváckemu prostrediu, avšak nie na poli kvantitatívneho či kvalitatívneho výskumu, ale budem pracovať s hypotetickým divákom. Nechcem tvrdiť, že s ideálnym, lebo sa pokúsim do svojich úsudkov automaticky zapracovať prirodzené odchýlky či prekážky, ako napríklad časovú dostupnosť, prehľad, vzdelanie a podobne. Teoretické zázemie ohľadom diváckeho vnímania
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