Positioning of the Vaal Triangle in a New South Africa
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POSITIONING OF THE VAAL TRIANGLE IN A NEW SOUTH AFRICA Dr D J Bos Department of Town and Regional Planning PU for CHE Manuscript accepted September 1994 1 INTRODUCTION local circumstances. Suggestions and will not dominate other regions concerning the Vaal Triangle, made politically. The process of regional The underlying motivation for the provision for, inter alia: demarcation is, however, as important subdivision of national states into as the final product. Provision was smaller geographic areas, each consist • Sasolburg to be excluded from made to involve the leading parties ing of its own government with spe development Region H, to form from the start by holding regional cific responsibilities, lies in the wishes part of Development region C conventions to determine whether of the inhabitants to make their own (Orange Free State). groups (i) wish to be part of a particu decisions concerning certain matters lar region or not; (ii) need to manage which affect their daily living. This • Development region H to be di common interests joindy; and (iii) approach is based on the phenomenon vided into various sub-regions. wish to handle domestic concerns that countries often consist of disting autonomously. uishable units based on the following • The Vaal Triangle to be excluded factors: climatic and physical aspects from Region H and included in and in addition socio-economic com- Development region C (Orange 1.2 Points of departure munality. Free State). At the time the study was conducted it During the fore election period, a • The Vaal Triangle and the Wit was necessary to make certain decentralized unitary state was being watersrand to form one region and assumptions due to the fact that the considered for South Africa with its the Midrand/Pretoria area, another. number and size of regions as well as diverse population groups and their the status of boundaries as determined historical claims to specific territories, The Vaal Triangle regarded itself an by the objectives, the nature and in order to delegate power to second important role player within the larger extent of powers and the functions ary level authorities. The negotiation PWV area. In order to prevent a plan which regional government would process on constitutional affairs then “from above” being imposed upon the perform, had not yet been finalised. centred around matters such as the local community, a decision was made principle of regional governments; the to act pro-actively so that the Vaal The following points of view were demarcation and determination of Triangle can position itself through a agreed upon and adopted by a special regional borders; which political and process “from below” (the so-called working group to support the argu functional authority should be allo “bottom up approach”) with regard to ments made in this paper: cated to regional governments; and future regional governments. which sources of income should be • That the authority of the regional made available to them (Van Rensburg government would be entrenched 1993). 1.1 Aim and extent of study in the constitution. In 1992 the National Party announced The aim of this study was to indicate • That the number of regional gov a system of regional governments, where the Vaal Triangle fits in among ernments would be determined by with the existing nine development regions as either subregion or as an the: regions as point of departure, as a independent region. Rational decisions model for a new constitutional dispen are imperative when taking into ac ° viability of regions; and sation. These suggestions were fol count the limited resources available to ° optimization of administrative lowed up by suggestions and points of increase the welfare of all South costs of the regional govern view of the ANC, the IFP and others. Africans. A holistic approach was ments. It was clear, however, that the posi proposed to demarcate the country into tioning of the Vaal Triangle in a new various regions which (i) are economic • That the existence of subregions South Africa was not a settled case viable and create a basis whereby and a degree of autonomy for these within the framework of these and sufficient prosperity/job opportuni regions would be acknowledged. other suggestions, and was not investi ties/tax income can be provided; and gated with the required sensitivity to (ii) can be controlled administratively • That the nine existing development Town and Regional Planning No 37, 1994 20 regions would be taken as depart Development Plan of 1975. By 1970 3 A SOCIO-ECONOMIC RE ure points in the determining of 9,02% of the total population of the VIEW regional borders. PWV complex was accommodated in the region, which, in 1975, was re In the following sections the popula • That differences between regions sponsible for 8,27% of th'e Gross tion, composition and economic activi regarding their population size, Geographic Product of this area (RSA, ties of the population are discussed areas and economies would be 1982:9). In regional and metropolitan briefly. The gross geographic product accepted. context, its position is, however, of the Vaal Triangle is placed in strengthened as 12% of the total popu perspective and tendencies are pointed • That strong regional governments lation of the PWV area was housed out. Underlying these aspects, the in which the inhabitants of the here in 1990, and 8,6% of the Gross absorption capacity of the Vaal Tri Vaal Triangle make their own Geographic Product (1988) was pro angle is discussed. For the discussion decisions, would be provided. duced here. official census figures are used, but as a consequence of drastic changes in • That the regions would have auton Road and rail systems spatially and growth over the past two and a half omy regarding their own function. functionally link the Vaal Triangle years, these figures are supplemented Functions would be efficiently with other nodal points in the greater with updated data where possible. performed on the lowest possible metropolitan area. This linkage has led level or through commercializa to increased settling near the transport tion. axes, the following being most im 3.1 Population size, composition portant: and growth • That the central government would have a reasonable source of income • The P156-1 and P157-1 freeways The total population of the Vaal for the financing of duties and to and the railway line connecting Triangle increased by 233 452 inhabi support the various regions. Sasolburg and Vereeniging in the tants from 1985 (540 142) to 1991 south, via Genniston and Kempton (773 594), representing an annual Park, with Pretoria in the north. growth rate of 6,2%. When this rate is 2 THE VAAL TRIANGLE IN determined for the black population NATIONAL AND REGIONAL • The N1 freeway and railway link for the 1991-1993 period, however, it CONTEXT age, which stretches northwards seems that the growth was more than from Vereeniging and Vanderbijl 25 % per annum. This figure does not, The name Vaal Triangle, was origi park via Sebokeng/Evaton and however, take into account people on nally allocated to the towns Vereenig- Soweto to Johannesburg (Depart farms, domestic workers in backyards, ing, Vanderbijlpark and Sasolburg, ment of Regional and Land Af etc. When the growth rate is deter which form a triangle adjacent to the fairs, 1992:10-11). mined for the period 1991 (official Vaal River - Vereeniging and Vander figures) to 1992 (Vaalgro figures), it bijlpark being north of the Vaal River According to Geyer (1986:260) a reflects an increase of 94,6% per in Transvaal and Sasolburg south of prospective development axis could be annum, with the Vereeniging district the river in the Free State. Meyerton, identified, stretching southward from showing the highest growth. This which is situated just north-east of the Vaal Triangle via Kroonstad and growth could mainly be attributed to Vereeniging, was functionally re the OFS goldfields towards Bloemfon the rapid expansion of the Orange garded as an inherent part of the Vaal tein. Farm/Poortjie areas in the nort».< which Triangle. places enormous pressure on: (i) the As a result of the urban centres Ver- provision of infrastructure; (ii) the The black residential areas Boipatong eeniging, Vanderbijlpark and Sasol local treasury; and also (iii) has a and Bophelong (situated within the burg being regarded by the Depart negative influence on the viability municipal boundary of Vanderbijl ment of Development Planning as part (expressed in terms of GGP per cap park), Sharpeville (in Vereeniging), of the PWV area, there are no official ita) of the area. The high growth rate Zamdela (in Sasolburg) and the re hierarchical index values known for of the Vaal Triangle is especially gional residential area for blacks, these centres. Should an urban devel significant when compared to the namely the Lekoa area, are all in opment index value be determined for estimated growth rate of 2,9% per cluded in the Vaal Triangle. This also all the centres in the RSA, however, annum for the PWV area. applies to the Coloured residential area Vanderbijlpark, Vereeniging and Rust-ter-Vaal and the Asian residential Sasolburg respectively occupy the The urban population (semi-urban plus area Roshnee, which are both situated sixteenth, twenty-fourth and thirty- urban) increased from 1985 (472 522) in the municipal area of Vereeniging. third positions in such a hierarchy and to 1991 (716 043) at a rate of 7,2% In this study, all the above mentioned are thus individually comparable with per annum. In contrast, the non-urban are taken to fall within the area re towns such as Benoni, East London, population decreased in this period by ferred to as the Vaal Triangle. Witbank, Kimberley and Middelburg 10 069, which constitutes a decreasing (Bos 1991).