ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2957 L2/05-183 2005-08-02 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации
Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS Source: Michael Everson, Odd Einar Haugen, António Emiliano, Susana Pedro, Florian Grammel, Peter Baker, Andreas Stötzner, Marcus Dohnicht, Diana Luft Status: Expert Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2005-08-02
Introduction. A set of characters used by specialists in medieval European philology and linguistics is absent from the Universal Character Set. These characters differ in nature; some are original ligatures which acquired letter status due to their phonemic value; some are letterforms distinct from other letterforms innovated to distinguish sounds; some are combining diacritical letters used in abbreviations or suspensions of various kinds; and some are best described as “letters with syllabic content”. This is not a complete proposal, but a work in progress; all of the example Figures referred to will be added in the next version of this document. Note that the glyphs used in the code charts here may not be optimal.
Theoretical preliminaries. Contemporary medievalist philologists and linguists want to be able to represent typographically (in printed format and on computer screens) the character sets which were in use for many centuries in several regions of medieval Europe. Those character sets derive from the common Latin script and contained many characters which simply disappeared with the development of contemporary printing conventions. Early printers made abundant use of “special” medieval characters, but eventually these fell out of use, with notable exceptions like $, ¶, &, Ç, ˜, @, and the ¯ used in Ireland. Contemporary philologists and linguists who want to study the graphemic conventions in use in medieval times—thereby drawing solid or grounded conclusions about the nature and structure of the language systems represented in writing—must rely on bona fide transcriptions of the texts. Bona fide transcriptions are only possible when the elemental character set used in the manuscripts is encoded uniquely and available for use in fonts. What most philologists did in the 20th century was to publish transliterations, that is, editions which substitute modern characters (or sequences of modern characters) for the original medieval characters. Transliteration-based editions are virtually useless for those scholars who are interested in the study of medieval writing systems, phonology, and even textual structure. Transliterations (or “normalized editions”) and even translations may, of course, be required for editions aimed at students or the general public, but the base texts must result from transcribing the sources: the first step must always be a transcription. Transcription is an editorial process which does not entail the replacement or the distortion of the original character set. A bona fide transcription of a Runic, Coptic, or Egyptian Hieroglyphic text can be no less than a close rendition of the original characters, using typographic versions of Runic letters, Coptic letters, and Hieroglyphic characters. The same practice must apply to European medieval texts. The practice of expanding abbreviations common to medievalists throughout the 20th century is not transcription, but simply transliteration: abbreviations, or brachygraphemes, were special characters. (Brachygraphy is, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, “The art or practice of writing with abbreviations or with abbreviated characters; shorthand, stenography.”) Many of these graphemes were 1 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS polyvalent—that is, they could be transliterated into different sequences of “normal letters”, according to textual context, country, region, time period, and even individual scribal practices. Polyvalence is not a uncommon feature of alphabetic writing systems, as our own modern spelling systems show; for instance, in European Portuguese orthography the letter E can have the values [E], [e], [I], [i], [j], [i],8 [ı8$], and Ø; this letter combined with -m or -n can further represent [e$] and [å$ı8$]. Graphemic polyvalence results in many instances from language change and from the conservative nature of spelling systems. Another common practice in the 20th century was to eliminate the original punctuation and to add modern punctuation—many scholars believed that medieval punctuation served no discernable purpose. “Modernization” of the use of capital letters was also standard practice. A medieval character set makes it possible to shed many “chronocentric” biases and prejudices which tainted many editorial efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries in many countries, rendering the ensuing editions virtually useless for at least some kinds of contemporary research. This does not mean that medievalist scholars wish or even need to represent in print every minutia that handwritten sources present—that is palaeography proper. In medieval texts this is a particularly delicate issue, because scholars have to deal with a considerable amount of regional or individual stylistic variation. The rationale behind encoding medieval characters and designing medieval fonts is not to capture in print every single glyph variation (a task which is virtually impossible and also meaningless), but to capture the character set used in the manuscripts under scrutiny. We understand the character/glyph model and how it applies to the medieval character set. Accurate transcriptions of medieval texts allow scholars to quote medieval texts without distorting their graphemic content, and allow the texts to be studied by means of computer applications such as concordance generators and wordlist generators. Accurate transcriptions which make use of a medieval character set are a means to preserve—and interchange—all the relevant graphemic, textual, and linguistic information contained in a text; they are also indirectly a means to contribute to the preservation of Europe’s early heritage.
Case-pairing. Most of the casing pairs shown below are attested in the examples. Those which are not, fall into two categories: those for which no capital can be constructed (such as LONG S) and those for which natural capitals can be easily formed. In an early version of this document we had proposed a single lower-case character <µ> LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH STROKE in use by some Welsh medievalists to indicate an epenthetic schwa sound (Figure 8). Subsequently we discovered that this character and its capital are ballotting in FPDAM2, as a character used in the Lubuagan Kalinga language of the Philippines. Because of the general structural feature of the Latin script (from a theoretical point of view), and in order to facilitate modern casing operations for these letters, we have judged it appropriate to supply case-pairs for all the letters which admit of them. In a scholarly publication, for instance, an article title at the top of a journal page might be set in all caps; it would be nonsensical for all but one or two of the medievalist Latin letters to be able to be cased with an all caps command. (This precedent was set with the encoding of the archaic Coptic extensions.)
Discussion. 1. Letters used for medieval Welsh. <ê ë> The voiceless lateral fricative written
been represented in print by using a DELTA from a Greek lead-type font, it derives from the handwritten Latin d, and behaves like a Latin letter in ordering and is found alongside Greek text proper (Figures 6, 7, 8, 41). <∏ ≥> A unique <≥> LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V is used distinctly from ,
2. Letters used for medieval Nordic vowels. Medieval Nordic orthographies innovated a number of letters out of original Latin script ligated letters. Some of these letters are well known today, as the letters <Æ æ Œ œ>. In medieval Nordic:
<Ä Å> LATIN LETTER AA is used for phonemic /a:/ (Figures 18, 19, 23, 28, 34). <Ç É> LATIN LETTER AO is used for phonemic /o˛ / (Figures 15, 16, 17, 20, 66) <Ñ Ö> LATIN LETTER AU is used for phonemic /au/, /o˛ /, /ø/, and /ø:/ (Figure 38, 72) <Ü á> LATIN LETTER AV is used for phonemic /au/, /o˛ /, /ø/, and /ø:/ (Figures 18, 21, 24, 42, 70, 72) <à â> LATIN LETTER AV WITH HORIZONTAL BAR is used for phonemic /o˛ /, /ø/, /ø:/, and /e˛ :/ (Figure 24) <ä ã> LATIN LETTER AY is used for phonemic /o˛ /, /ø:/, and /ey/ (Figure 69) <î ï>LATIN LETTER OO is used for phonemic /o:/, (Figure 28) <í ì> LATIN LETTER O WITH LOOP is used for phonemic /o˛ /, /ø:/, and /ey/ (Figures 19, 25, 35, 36) <ú ù> LATIN LETTER VY is used for phonemic /y:/ (Figure 28). This collection of characters is a superset of the letters found in the medieval Nordic corpus; no single manuscript contains all of them. Note also that none of these characters is a “ligature” that can be broken; indeed, all of them are known to bear diacritical marks.
3. Letters used for medieval Nordic consonants. <é è> LATIN LETTER BROKEN L was used for phonemic /l:/ (Figure 70) <û ü> LATIN LETTER VEND (ultimately derived from the English letter WYNN) for phonemic /v/ or /u/. Some editions use u, v, and ü in the same text (Figures 21, 26, 35, 36, 42). <® ©> The Icelandic First Grammarian’s orthography made use of small capital letters to indicate gemination of consonant sounds, as Uralic linguists did centuries later. Between letters encoded already for Uralicist and IPA use, most of the Latin alphabet is already encoded as small capitals; while <®> SMALL CAPITAL F and <©> SMALL CAPITAL S are yet missing from the UCS (Figure 22). It should be noted that of the traditional Latin alphabet, if these two are added, only *SMALL CAPITAL Q and *SMALL CAPITAL X will remain unencoded.
4. Letters used for medieval Ibero-Romance. <† °> The Latin alphabet we use today is only one of several variants. Our own lowercase “Roman” type is derived from the Carolingian variant of the Latin script; the Insular and Germanic variants are fairly familiar to us, having enjoyed a period of typographic development as Gaelic and Fraktur, and a handful of letters from the Insular tradition have been adopted by the Carolingian tradition for one purpose or another (WYNN (as VEND) was used in Old Icelandic and Old Norwegain until ca. 1300; THORN and ETH are still used in Icelandic; Insular g and d have 3 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
been resurrected by linguists). The Visigothic variant of the Latin script, however, was replaced before the advent of typography, and its unique letterforms were simply lost to the Carolingian, apart from the <† °> LATIN LETTER VISIGOTHIC Z. The Carolingian script was introduced in Northern Iberia in the 11th century—in Catalonia, the Spanish Mark of the Carolingian Empire, it was introduced earlier—but it only gained widespread use in the course of the the 12th century; the Visigothic script was extinct in the second half of the 12th century (1172 is the date for the last known original Portuguese document). The Visigothic <°> was employed alongside the Carolingian
5. Other letters of the Insular tradition. One of the letters of the Insular tradition has already been encoded at U+1D79. (A large number of letters in the Fraktur tradition have been encoded for use in mathematics.) The set of Insular letters which differ significantly enough from Carolingian to warrant distinction is small; medievalists have used them in typeset editions of Germanic and Celtic languages since the 16th century. Modern Germanic and Celtic languages do not use these letters, and modern Germanic and Celtic fonts which use Fraktur and Insular letterforms employ them as glyph variants pertaining to the entire font. The Insular letters proposed here are only to facilitate the specific need of historical linguistic specialists to differentiate the Insular letters from the Carolingian. Insular and Carolingian letters coexisted but were often used in different contexts in Britain and Ireland in the Early Middle Ages, for example Insular letters being used for writing English and Carolingian for Latin. They were also mixed to varying degrees, and this unique variant of the Latin alphabet was exported to the Nordic countries in the 11th century; due to its dual inheritance it has often been termed Carolingian-Insular. Since the letter shapes of Insular and Carolingian script ultimately derive from Uncial script, the majority of Insular and Carolingian letters are basically identical, but a handful letters had quite distinct shapes and usage in Insular script, as we know it from English and Nordic writings. Four of these letters are already in the Standard; THORN (from the Runic alphabet), ETH, WYNN (also from the Runic alphabet), and INSULAR G. The letters THORN and ETH are still used in Icelandic, while WYNN was accepted by the Standard due to its usage in early English sources and INSULAR G on foot of its usage as a phonetic character. We now propose to add five distinct letter forms to the Standard, i.e. INSULAR D, INSULAR F, INSULAR R, INSULAR S, and INSULAR T. It should be underlined that it is not a question of adding Insular variants of every Latin character; it is a short list of distinctive letters that have been recognised as separate characters for several centuries in Medieval English and Nordic writing, and which have been used alongside and in contrast to their Carolingian counterparts. In Medieval Nordic editorial practice, these letters are rendered as separate characters in great many editions and distinguished from their Carolingian-based counterparts and , and between <¶> and
<ê £> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR F (Figure 70), LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR F (Figures 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 70, 71, 73) <§> LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR R (Figures 29, 30, 37, 39, 40) <•> LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR S (Figures 16, 29, 30, 37, 39, 40) 4 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
<¶> LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR T (Figures 29, 30, 37, 39, 40)
6. Letters used for medieval abbreviations. Medieval manuscripts, in both Latin and vernacular languages, use abbreviations extensively. Many of these are abbreviations for whole words, created by omitting letters, such as sp¯s for spiritus; often a line is placed over the letter(s) as an abbreviation marker, as shown here. Such “logographic” or “lexical” abbreviations can usually be represented through characters already encoded in the UCS. In other cases, however, only a part of a word is abbreviated; for example, the prefix con- is represented with the letter ∫. A number of such syllabic abbreviations, well- documented and commonly used in several languages, require letters or combining marks that are not in the UCS. A range of Latin letters, modified by strokes or hooks, is used to represent a variety of words, syllables, or quasi-syllabic letter sequences. That they are polyvalent is a chief indicator for the requirement to encode these “abbreviation letters” as characters, since they cannot be composed of any specific string of other characters; neither can they be decomposed into a single string. Of these abbreviations:
<å ç> LATIN LETTER K WITH STROKE is used for karta, kartula, kalenda (Figures 33, 45, 74) <ñ ó> LATIN LETTER P WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER is used for Latin and Romance per, par, por, and for pri in Cornish óvecter privecter ‘privacy’ (Figures 46, 47, 50, 58, 60, 63) <ò ô> LATIN LETTER P WITH FLOURISH is used for pro, por (Figures 46, 50, 52, 54, 55, 58, 60, 61, 63) <öõ> LATIN LETTER Q WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER is used for quam, que, quan- (õdo quando, õtum quantum), qui- (õl∏ quilibet, õdem quidem) and in Irish for ar (Figures 16, 17, 46, 49, 51, 53, 59, 63). <ò ™> LATIN LETTER K WITH DIAGONAL STROKE is used for kalendas and karta (Figure 45) <ö ´> LATIN LETTER K WITH STROKE AND DIAGONAL STROKE is used for karta(m) ‘document, writ’ when <ç> LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE is used for karta (Figures 45) <û ¨> LATIN LETTER L WITH HIGH STROKE is used for Latin el, ul, vel, for Irish nó ‘or’, for Norse e˛a ‘or’, for el in v¨ vel ‘well’, for æl in m¨ti mælti ‘spoke’, for al in sk¨ skal ‘shall’ (Figure 32, 51, 52, 60, 73) <¢ ≠> LATIN LETTER O WITH LONG STROKE OVERLAY is used for Latin obiit ‘he died’ (Figures XXX) <¨ Æ> LATIN LETTER P WITH SQUIRREL TAIL is used for Latin prae ‘before, in front of’ (Figures XXX) <∞ Ø> LATIN LETTER Q WITH DIAGONAL STROKE is used for Latin quod ‘what’, qui ‘who’, que ‘that’, Portuguese ؘ quem ‘who’, Irish ar ‘on’ (Figures 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64) < ∞> LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE is used for ser ( ∞vir servir ‘to serve’), sere ( ∞no sereno ‘serene’), sir, and by itself it also stands for Latin solidi, sed, sunt, secundum, etc., and for Portuguese soldo(s) (Figures 46, 48, 58) < ±> LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH STROKE is used in Norse with <¨> for ±¨ skal ‘shall’ (Figures XXX) <∂ ≤> LATIN LETTER V WITH DIAGONAL STROKE is used for Portuguese ver ‘to see’, con≤sa conversa ‘conversation’, for vere in ≤ador vereador ‘town councillor’, uirgo ‘virgin’, and vir ‘to come’ (Figure 65) <¿ ∂> LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE is used for ˚at, ˚ess, ˚or-, ˚æt (Figures 29, 32, 33, 73) <¬ ∑> LATIN LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER is used for ˚eim, ˚eir (Figures XXX).
7. Letters with syllabic content. This set of characters are also abbreviations, but might be better considered as “letters with syllabic content”, because their reading tends to be less polyvalent than those of the abbreviation characters discussed above.
<∆ ∏> LATIN SMALL LETTER ET is used for -et in vi∏ videlicet (whence “viz.”), hab∏ habet ‘has’, for -m in abluone∏ ablutionem ‘ablution’, for -ue in usq∏ usque ‘until, till, up to’, for -que in quiº∏ quicumque ‘whoever’, for -us in aiquib∏ aliquibus ‘to someone’, for -est in Latin potest pot∏ ‘is
5 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
able’, and for medial and final e˛ in Norse m∏ me˛ ‘with’, m∏an me˛an ‘while’ (Figures 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64) <å ∫> LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C is used for con and com in ∫io¡ convenientior ‘more suitable, in agreement’, ∫óat comparavit ‘bought’, for -us and -os in Latin in tot∫ totus ‘all’, tu∫ tuos ‘your’, in Portuguese in tod∫ todos ‘all’, do∫ dous ‘two’, and in Old Icelandic ∫a kona ‘woman’ (Figures 46, 50, 66). This is the same character as the Claudian letter discussed in §10 below. <é ª> LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT is used for con- and com- in ªfmas confirmans ‘confirming, witnessing’, -us and -os in soldª soldos (for solidos) ‘a unit of currency’, maladª malados ‘serfs’ (Figures XXX) <» π> LATIN SMALL LETTER IS is used for -is in dtπ dictis ‘from having said’, imóπ imperatoris ‘ruler, emperor’, and for ys and es in Cornish manuscripts: godπ godys ‘god’s’, servantπ servantes ‘servants’, mettπ mettys ‘met’ (Figure 57). <~ º> LATIN SMALL LETTER CON is used for con and cum and co (Figures 46, 47, 48, 53, 61) <≈> MODIFIER LETTER US is used for -us in man≈ manus ‘hand’, id≈ idus ‘ides’ (and thousands of other words) and final os in Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian: oleyr≈ oleyros ‘potters’, n≈ nos ‘we’, u≈ uos ‘you’, and for us in Norse: h≈ hús ‘house’ (Figures 50, 52, 59, 66) <Ω> LATIN SMALL LETTER DUM is used by itself for Latin dum ‘while, whilst’, die ‘day’, Portuguese dia pl. dias ‘day’ <æ> LATIN SMALL LETTER MUM is used for -mum in priæ primum ‘first’ (Figures XXX) <ø> LATIN SMALL LETTER NUM is used for -num in aeterø aeternum ‘eternal’, uø unum ‘one’ (Figures XXX) <¿> LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM is used for -rum in marti¿ martirum ‘martyr’, integ¿ integrum ‘intact, whole, undivided’ (Figures XXX) <¥ ¬> LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM ROTUNDA is used for -rum and -rom in Latin no¯¯¡¯o¬ nostrorum ‘of our’, Portuguese fo¬ forom ‘they went, they were’ (Figures 33, 53, 61, 64, 66) <˛> LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RUM is used for -rum and -rom in Latin quo˛ quorum (Figures 59, 63) <√> LATIN SMALL LETTER TUM is used for -tum in tan√ tantum ‘so much’, quan√ quantum ‘how much?’ (Figures 58) <ƒ> LATIN SMALL LETTER UM is used for um and us in Latin ‘ductibƒ aquarƒ’ ‘ductibus aquarum’ ‘to the water streams’, for os in Latin-Portuguese cubƒ cubus, cubos ‘cubic measuring container’, neptƒ neptos ‘grandson’, and for un in Latin volƒtas voluntas ‘will’, mƒdum mundum ‘world’ (Figures XXX)
Note that the REVERSED C is not the turned c U+0254 SMALL LETTER OPEN O used in the IPA and African orthographies; it is ultimately derived from one of the Claudian letters (see §11 below). It should also be noted that these letters were widely used over a long period throughout Europe. As far west as Ireland, these conventional letters were used, sometimes for purposes quite different from their original use. The phrase nó ro-fetatar connachta ‘or the Connachtmen found out’ could be written ¨ rof¯atõ∫˜•˜a, where ¨ Latin uel ‘or’ is used for Irish nó ‘or’, where the Tironian sign ¯ is used for et, where õ is used for ar ‘on’, where ∫˜ is used for conn (= coñ), and where ˜• Latin sed ‘but’ is used for Irish acht ‘but’. Old Icelandic manuscripts were among the most abbreviated of all vernacular European manuscripts; in some cases almost every word in a line was abbreviated (Figure 36)
8. Combining characters. Thirteen combining superscript letters are already encoded to represent medieval Germanic manuscripts. These comprise half of the basic Latin alphabet, shown in bold type here: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. We propose to add ten more basic superscript letters attested in medieval manuscripts which will bring the repertoire to 23 of the 26 letters: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. (It should be noted that of the traditional Latin alphabet, if these ten are added, only *COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER J, *COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Q, and *COMBINING
6 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
LATIN SMALL LETTER W will remain unencoded.) We also propose to encode superscripted æ, É, á, B, ç, D, ˝, G, K, L, M, N, R, ¡, ˙, and T. It should be noted explicitly that the combining “capitals” in Old Norse are considered as combining small capitals. Thus a COMBINING SMALL CAPITAL G would be an abbreviation for
<ˇÕ> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE is used for atqÕ˛amikill atqvæ˛amikill ‘resolute’ (Figures XXX) <ˇà> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AO is used for heı˜qàmo heimqvaomo ‘return home’ (Figures XXX) <ˇâ> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AV is used for b˚˘â fø´zla, brau˛sføzla ‘feeding with bread’ (Figures XXX) <ˇŒ> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER B is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇœ> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) o <ˇå> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA is used for Portuguese c å conçelho ‘municipality’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ–> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL D is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ—> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH is used for ˘pıoté spioti˛ ‘the spear’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ“> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER F is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ”> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER G is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) o <ˇ‘> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G is used for xxë tottogo ‘thirtieth’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ’> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER K is used for m’ mik ‘me’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ÷> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL K is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ◊> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L is used for Latin n◊ nihil ‘nothing’, Portuguese g◊ geral ‘general’. Old Norse ¶◊ til ‘to’ (Figures XXX) <ˇÿ> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L is used for mik ÿmikill ‘great, tall’ (Figures XXX) <ˇŸ> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ⁄> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N is used for in Latin u⁄ unde ‘from’, a⁄ ante ‘before’, qu⁄ quando ‘when’, Old Norse si˛ ⁄ si˛an ‘since’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ¤> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N is used for m¤ menn ‘men’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ‹> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER P is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ›> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R is used for Gunn› Gunnarr ‘Gunnar’ (Figures XXX) <ˇfi> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA is used for Latin ııııofi quatuor ‘four’, Portuguese pfito porto ‘harbour’, Mfi Martim ‘Martin’, Old Norse spfi˛i spur˛i ‘asked’ (Figures XXX) <ˇfl> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER S is used for Old Norse ˚ fl˚ess ‘this’, h fl hans ‘his’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ‡> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S is used for Latin ııo‡ duos ‘two’, ıııe‡ tres ‘three’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ·> COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL T is used for XXXX (Figures XXX) <ˇ‚> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Y is used for £‚r fyrr ‘before’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ„> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Z is used for q„ qua˛z ‘said’ (Figures XXX)
In addition to these, seven other combining marks are proposed here.
<ˇ∆ˇ> COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE is used to denote the two diphthongs [Ea] and [Ou] in the first Faroese orthography by Jens Christian Svabo (1746–1824)—it is also used in editions of
7 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
Old English poetry to indicate disyllabic pronunciation of a diphthong that is normally monosyllabic (Figures 27, 31) <ˇ«> COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE is used for marking vowel-length in Norse or to indicate vowel affection— so o« represents i-mutated ø (Figures» 19, 23, 25, 28, 42) <ˇ»> COMBINING ZIGZAG BELOW is used for ˚ » ˚ær ‘they f.’ together with COMBINING ZIGZAG ABOVE (Figures XXX) <ˇ…> COMBINING IS BELOW is used in Visigothic script for is in nob… nobis ‘to us’, script… scriptis ‘written’, dict… dictis ‘said’ (Figures XXX) <ˇ~> COMBINING UR ABOVE is used for ur in dicit ~ dicitur ‘is said’, uocat ~ uocatur ‘is called’ (Figures 32, 60, 61) <ˇÀ> COMBINING US ABOVE is used for medial and final us in manÀ manus ‘hand’, medial os in ptÀ post ‘after’, ÆpitusÀ praepositus ‘prelate, leader, governor, prevost’ (Figures 32, 33, 39, 51, 52) <ˇÃ> COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER FLATTENED OPEN A ABOVE is used for ua in qà qua ‘as’, gÃrda guarda ‘guard’, for ra or ar in Latin contà contra ‘against’, supà supra ‘above’, Portguese compà compra ‘a purchase’, mÃia maria ‘Maria’, pÃte parte ‘part’, for numerals và quinta ‘fifth’, ı à prima ‘first’, una ‘one’ (Figures 33, 47, 67, 73, 76).
9. Punctuation. Although many editors substitute modern for medieval punctuation, a growing number of medievalists insist that modern punctuation cannot adequately represent the syntactical features of medieval texts. In any case, at present, the reproduction of the punctuation of most medieval manuscripts using currently defined UCS characters is impossible, because many marks (e.g. PUNCTUS ELEVATUS) are simply missing. More subtly, however, even those medieval marks that have modern reflexes may differ in usage as well as in shape. For example, the modern question mark (U+003F) is descended from the PUNCTUS INTERROGATIVUS, but unlike the modern question mark, the PUNCTUS INTERROGATIVUS may be contrasted with the PUNCTUS PERCONTATIVUS—the former marking questions that require an answer while the latter marks rhetorical questions. These medieval punctuation marks are proposed below. Note that where a number of characters are described as “variants of POSITURA”, this does not mean that they are freely-exchangeable glyph variants. Like the Norse ligated letters discussed in §2 above, this collection of punctuation marks is a superset of the letters found in the medieval corpus; no single manuscript contains all of them.
<∞> MEDIEVAL COMMA is used to mark a pause at the end of the rhetorical unit called a comma. <±> PARAGRAPHUS is used to mark the beginning of a section of text (Figures 53, 59). <≤> POSITURA is used to mark the end of a section of text. <≥> COLON WITH COMMA ELEVATA POSITURA, an alternative form of POSITURA, was “employed by insular scribes at the end of a paragraph in a series of paragraphs or texts (e.g. annals) to imply that some continuation was to be expected to complete this series” (Parkes 306). <¥> COLON WITH MIDDLE COMMA POSITURA is a variant form of POSITURA. <µ> TWO DOTS OVER COMMA POSITURA is a variant form of POSITURA. <∂> THREE DOTS WITH COMMA POSITURA is a variant form of POSITURA. <∑> PUNCTUS ELEVATUS is used in many medieval texts to signal a wide variety of sentence-medial pauses (Figures 53, 63, 70). <∏> PUNCTUS EXCLAMATIVUS (or punctus admirativus) is used in late medieval texts to mark the end of an exclamation. <π> PUNCTUS FLEXUS is used to mark sentence-medial pauses, but especially in liturgical texts where the pitch of the voice drops. <∫> PUNCTUS INTERROGATIVUS is used to mark the end of a question that requires an answer. <ª> PUNCTUS PERCONTATIVUS is used in late texts to mark the end of a question that does not require an answer—a rhetorical question. <º> PUNCTUS VERSUS is used to mark the end of a sentence or period, or the end of a verse of a psalm. <Ω> LOW PUNCTUS VERSUS is a variant form of PUNCTUS VERSUS. 8 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
<æ> SIGNE DE RENVOI is used to connect a marginal note to a place in the text. Its size is typically larget than that of other <ø> SQUARED FOUR DOT PUNCTUATION. <¿> TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION. (Figure 62). <¡> ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION. <¬> VIRGULA SUSPENSIVA is “used to mark the briefest pause or hesitation in a text” (Parkes 307).
Three of the characters listed above are similar to three characters used in mathematics. The reason that these are proposed is to finally complete the set of generic punctuation encoded in the UCS. Most of these are based around the shape and size of the generic COLON and SEMICOLON: The UCS currently contains nine of such punctuation characters < . , ; : Ä Å Ç É Ü > to which we propose to add the thirteen here: < ∞ ≥ ¥ µ ∂ ∑ π º ≤ Ω ø ¿ ¡ >. There are also tall characters like the existing seven < ! ? / Ñ Ö á à > to which we propose to add five < ∏ ∫ ª æ ¬ >. The mathematical characters U+2234 ¡ THEREFORE, U+2235 ¿ BECAUSE, U+2235 : RATIO, and U+2235 ø PROPORTION are likely not to be based on the typical proportions of the modern COLON (indeed RATIO is disunified from COLON); further research needs to be done into their linebreaking and other properties.
10. Claudian letters. The Roman emperor Claudius introduced three letters to the alphabet to indicate sounds he felt could not be represented otherwise. These letters originally occurred only in capital form, but the lower-case form has been adduced to meet Unicode casing requirements as well as those of normal scholarship. An inscription may read OLÚMPICUS, but the scholar may prefer to transcribe this as Ol˜y¯mpicus (as in Figure XXX) without the letter, or as Olïmpicus with it.
< ç> REVERSED C represented the consonant groups ˜bs¯ and ˜ps¯. This is the same character as the letter used for con, com, us, and os discussed in §7 below. <Ò ì> INVERTED F represented consonantal ˜v¯ (as opposed to u) <Ú ï> HALF H represented the Greek ˜y¯ (Figures XXX).
11. Editorial punctuation. The Nordic editorial tradition uses quilled bars to mark ıdeletionsˆ in the manuscript and (in reverse order) to mark ˆdittographiesı (repetitions) (Figures 26, 38, 68). The venerable Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum of Berlin makes use of a large number of paired punctuation, most of which are encoded in the General Punctuation or one of the Mathematics blocks. Two pairs are not yet encoded: the SIDEWAYS U BRACKETs are used to indicate Claudian letters in a transcription, to notate inverted letters, or to notate the insertion of an image into the line of text (such as ˜crux¯ to indicate a cross). The ˘double parentheses˙ are used by some other Latinists for similar purposes. They differ from ((doubled parentheses)) quite obviously, and are not joined at the top like the WHITE PARENTHESES U+2985-U+2986 are. The FULLWIDTH WHITE PARENTHESES U+FF5F-U+FF60 used in Asia are unusual in having either a double or a joined presentation, but that glyph variation is not used by Latinists (Figures XXX).
Bibliography. A˝alhei˝ur Gu˝mundsdóttir, ed., 2001. Úlfhams saga. (Rit 53) Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi. Anscombe, A., ed. 1907. “Indexes to Old-Welsh Genealogies (Continuation)”, In Archiv für Celtische Lexikographie, vol III, ed W. Stokes & K. Meyer. [s.l.]: Max Niemeyer. Bartholomae, Christian. 1961. Altiranisches Wörterbuch. 2. unveränderte Auflage. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Bartoli, Francesco de. 1470. Historia quomodo beatus Franciscus petivit a Christo indulgentiam pro Ecclesia S. Mariae de Angelis. Trevi: Johannes Rothmann. Brøndum-Nielsen, Johannes. [1943]. Palæografi. A: Danmark og Sverige. (Nordisk Kultur XXVIII:A) Stockholm: Albert Bonniers; Oslo: H. Aschehoug; København: J. H. Schultz. 9 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS Brown, Michelle P. 1993. A Guide to Western Historical Scripts from Antiquity to 1600. London: The British Library. Cappelli, Adriano. 1973. Lexicon abbreviaturarum: Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane usate nelle carte e codici specialmente del medio-evo riprodotte con oltre 140000 segni incisi. Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. Carter, Henry H., 1941. Cancioneiro da Ajuda. A Diplomatic Edition, New York: Modern Language Association of America / London: Oxford University Press. Cencetti, Giorgio. 1997. Lineamenti di storia della scrittura latina. Seconda edizione. Pàtron Editore Bologna. ISBN 88-555-2405-4 Cleonardo, Nicolao. 1589. Tabula in grammaticen Hebraeam auctore Nicolao Clenardo. Lugduni Batavorum: Ex Officina Plantiniana, Apud Franciscum Raphelengium. Dahlerup, Verner, ed., 1800. Ágrip af Noregs konunga sögum. Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 2. København: Møller. Degnbol, Helle, Bent Chr. Jacobsen, Eva Rode, Christopher Sanders, ¸orbjörg Helgadóttir, eds. 1995. Ordbog over det norrøne prosasprog. 1: a–bam. København: Den arnamagnæanske kommission. Eiríkur ¸ormó˝sson & Gu˝rún Ása Grímsdóttir, eds. 2003. Oddaannálar og Oddverjaannáll. (Rit 59) Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi. Evans, D. Simon. 1976. A grammar of Middle Welsh. (Medieval and Modern Welsh Series; supplementary volume) Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. Farley, A. (Ed.). 1783. Domesday Book: seu liber censualis Wilhelmi primi Regis Angliæ, inter archivos regni in domo capitulari Westmonasterii asservatus: jubente rege … Georgio Tertio prælo mandatus typis. [London]. Firchow, Evelyn Scherabon, & Kaaren Grimstad, eds. 1989. Elucidarius in Old Norse translation. (Rit 36) Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar. Gjerløw, Lilli, 1961: Adoratio crucis. The Regularis Concordia and the Decreta Lanfranci. Manuscript studies in the early medieval church of Norway. [s.l.]: Norwegian Universities Press. Gu˝var˝ur Már Gunnlaugsson, ed. 2001. Konungsbók Eddukvæ˛a. Codex Regius. Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi. Gl. Kgl. Sml. 2365 4to. (Íslensk mi˝aldahandrit, 3) Reykjavík: Lögberg. ISBN: 997932161x Haugen, Odd Einar. 1992. Stamtre og tekstlandskap. Studiar i resensjonsmetodikk med grunnlag i Ni˛rstigningar saga. 2 vols. Dr.philos. dissertation. Department of Scandinavian languages and literature, University of Bergen. Haugen, Odd Einar, ed. 2004. Handbok i norrøn filologi. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. ISBN 82-450-0105-8 Hødnebø, Finn, ed. 1960. Corpus codicum Norvegicorum medii aevi. Folio serie vol. II: Norske diplomer til og med år 1300. Oslo: Selskapet til utgivelse av gamle norske håndskrifter. Holm-Olsen, Ludvig, ed., 1945. Konungs skuggsjá. Gammelnorske tekster, 1. Oslo: Norsk Historisk Kjeldeskrift-Institutt. Hreinn Benediktsson, ed. 1972. The First Grammatical Treatise: introduction, text, notes, translation, vocabulary, facsimiles. (University of Iceland Publications in Linguistics; 1) Reykjavík: Institute of Nordic Linguistics. Humphreys Henry Noel. [1868]. “The origin and progress of the art of writing; a connected narrative on the development of the art, in its primeval phases in Egypt, China, and Mexico; its middle state in the Cuneatic systems of Ninevah and Persepolis; its introduction to Europe through the medium of the Hebrew, Phœnician, and Greek systems; and its subsequent progress to the present day”, in Webster’s Improved Dictionary of the English language, exhibiting the origin, orthography, pronunciation, & definition of words; embracing all the principal terms used in literature, science & art, according to the best authorities; and likewise giving the synonymous terms for nearly all the words explained. 2 vols. London, Glasgow, & Edinburgh: William MacKenzie. 10 Everson et al. Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS
Jackson, Kenneth. 19xx. John, of Garland. [ca. 1505]. Synonima magistri / Johannis de garlandia cu expositione magistri Galfridi anglici. [London: Wynkyn de Worde]. Johnson, Samuel. 1828. A dictionary of the English language in which the words are deduced from their originals, and illustrated in their different significations by examples from the best writers, to which are prefixed a history of the language and an English grammar. London: Joseph Ogle Robinson. Jones, J. Morris. 1913. A Welsh grammar: historical and comparative. London: Oxford University Press. Jones, Thomas, ed. 1941. Brut y Tywysogyon: Peniarth Ms. 20. Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. [Kålund, Kristian]. 1889. Katalog over den Arnamagnæanske Handskriftsamling. Udgivet af Kommissionen for det Arnamagnæanske Legat. København: Gyldendalske Boghandel. Klaeber, F., ed., 1950. Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg. 3rd ed. Boston: D.C. Heath. Konrá˝ Gíslason. 1846. Um frum-parta íslenzkrar túngu í fornöld. Kaupmannahöfn. Maia, Clarinda de Azevedo. 1986. História do galego-português. Estado linguístico da Galiza e do Noroeste de Portugal do século XIII ao século XVI. Coimbra: Instituto Nacional de Investigação Científica. Marín Martínez, Tomás. 1991. Paleografíca y diplomática. Quinta edición. 1999 sexta reimpresión. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED). ISBN 84-362-2052-8 Matras, Christian, ed. 1939. Svabos færøske Visehaandskrifter. (Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 59) København: Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri A/S. Millares Carlo, Agustín. 1983. Tratado de Paleografía Española. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe Nunes, Eduardo Borges. 1969. Álbum de Paleografia Portuguesa. Vol. I. Lisboa: Instituto de Alta Cultura / Centro de Estudos Históricos. Ó Cuiv, Brian, ed. 1994. Aibidil Gaoidheilge & Caiticiosma: Seaán Ó Cearnaigh’s Irish Primer of Religion published in 1571. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 1-85500-163-2 Pacheco, José. 1988. A Divina Arte Negra e o Livro Português (séculos XV e XVI), Lisboa: Vega, Fig. 3 — Folha do Prólogo do Sacramental de Clemente Sanchez, Chaves, Autor desconhecido, [1488]., Aquele que se pressupõe ter sido, em Portugal, o primeiro livro impresso em português., p. 87 Parkes, M. B. 1992. Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07941-8 Santos, Maria José de Azevedo. 1994. Da Visigótica à Carolina: a escrita em Portugal de 882 a 1172. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Junta Nacional de Investigação Científica e Tecnológica. ISBN 84-376-1245-4 Saxoferrato, Bartholus de. 1471. Lectura super I. parte Infortiati. Trevi: Johannes Rothmann. Stefán Karlsson, ed. 1963. Islandske originaldiplomer indtil 1450. Tekst. (Editiones Arnamagnæanæ, Series A, vol. 7) København: Munksgaard. Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Florens. [1493]. Apologeticus adversus gentes. Venetiis: B. Benalius. Thomas, Graham, and Nicholas Williams, eds. [In preparation]. Bewnans Ke: The Life of St Kea. Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. van Arkel-de Leeuw van Weenen, Andrea, ed. 1987. Mö˛ruvallabók: AM 132 Fol. Volume Two: Text. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Virgile. 1509. Opera com. de Servius. Milano: Leonardo Pachel
Acknowledgements This project was made possible in part by a grant from Menota (the Medieval Nordic Text Archive) to the Script Encoding Initiative at UC Berkeley.
11 1DC0 Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement 1DFF
xDC xDD xDE xDF
0 $Ö $ï
xxD0 xxE0
1 $Ü $ñ
xxD1 xxE1
2 $á $ó
xxD2 xxE2
3 $à $ò
xxD3 xxE3
4 $â $ô
xxD4 xxE4
5 $ä $ö
xxD5 xxE5
6 $ã $õ
xxD6 xxE6
7 $å $ú
xxD7 xxE7
8 $ç $ù
xxD8 xxE8
9 $é $û
xxD9 xxE9
A $è $ü
xxDA xxEA
B $Ä $ê $†
xxCB xxDB xxEB
C $Å $ë
xxCC xxDC
D $Ç $í
xxCD xxDD
E $É $ì
xxCE xxDE
F $Ñ $î
xxCF xxDF
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 1 1DCB Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement 1DEB
Note to reviewers: This is a preliminary proposal. The code points shown are merely suggestions for a possible placement. Medievalist and Latinist additions 1DCB $Ä COMBINING DOUBLE CIRCUMFLEX ABOVE 1DCC $Å COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE 1DCD $Ç COMBINING ZIGZAG BELOW 1DCE $É COMBINING IS BELOW 1DCF $Ñ COMBINING UR ABOVE 1DD0 $Ö COMBINING US ABOVE → A764 Ã modifier letter us Superscript Latin letter diacritics 1DD1 $Ü COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER FLATTENED OPEN A 1DD2 $á COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AE 1DD3 $à COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AO 1DD4 $â COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER AV 1DD5 $ä COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER B 1DD6 $ã COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL B 1DD7 $å COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER C CEDILLA 1DD8 $ç COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL D 1DD9 $é COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER ETH 1DDA $è COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER F 1DDB $ê COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER G 1DDC $ë COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL G 1DDD $í COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER K 1DDE $ì COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL K 1DDF $î COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER L 1DE0 $ï COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL L 1DE1 $ñ COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL M 1DE2 $ó COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER N 1DE3 $ò COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL N 1DE4 $ô COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER P 1DE5 $ö COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL R 1DE6 $õ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA 1DE7 $ú COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER S 1DE8 $ù COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S → 017F ſ latin small letter long s 1DE9 $û COMBINING LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL T 1DEA $ü COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Y 1DEB $† OMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 2 1E80 Latin Extended Additional 1EFF
xE8 xE9 xEA xEB xEC xED xEE xEF
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A †
xxFA
B °
xxFB
C ◊ ∏
xx9C xxFC
D ÿ π
xx9D xxFD
E º
xxFE
F Ω
xxFF
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 3 1E9C Latin Extended Additional 1EFF
Note to reviewers: This is a preliminary proposal. The code points shown are merely suggestions for a possible placement. Latinist and medievalist characters 1E9C ◊ LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DIAGONAL STROKE → 017F ſ latin small letter long s 1E9D ÿ LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH HIGH STROKE Latinist and medievalist characters 1EFA † LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL 1EFB ° LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH LL 1EFC ∏ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V → 01B2 Ʋ latin capital letter v with hook 1EFD π LATIN SMALL LETTER MIDDLE-WELSH V → 028B ʋ latin small letter v with hook 1EFE º LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH LOOP 1EFF Ω LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LOOP
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 4 2C60 Latin Extended-C 2C7F
xC6 xC7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B –
xx6B
C
D
E
F
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 5 2C6B Latin Extended-C 2C6B
Note to reviewers: This is a preliminary proposal. The code points shown are merely suggestions for a possible placement. Latinist and medievalist character 2C6B – LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT D → 018D latin small letter turned delta → 03B4 δ greek small letter delta
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 6 2E00 Supplemental Punctuation 2E7F
xE0 xE1 xE2 xE3 xE4 xE5 xE6 xE7
0 “ ∞ ¿
xx20 xx30 xx40
1 ” ± ¡
xx21 xx31 xx41
2 ‘ ≤ ¬
xx22 xx32 xx42
3 ’ ≥
xx23 xx33
4 ÷ ¥
xx24 xx34
5 ◊ µ
xx25 xx35
6 ÿ ∂
xx26 xx36
7 Ÿ ∑
xx27 xx37
8 ⁄ ∏
xx28 xx38
9 ¤ π
xx29 xx39
A ∫
xx3A
B ª
xx3B
C º
xx3C
D Ω
xx3D
E – æ
xx1E xx3E
F — ø
xx1F xx3F
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 7 2E1E Supplemental Punctuation 2E42
Note to reviewers: This is a preliminary proposal. The code 2E3E æ SIGNE DE RENVOI points shown are merely suggestions for a possible → 205A two dot punctuation placement. → 205B Ò four dot mark Latinist and medievalist editorial → 2237 ∷ proportional punctuation 2E3F ø FOUR DOTS PUNCTUATION 2E1E – MIDDLE RING → 2058 — four dot punctuation → 00B0 ° degree sign → 2059 “ five dot punctuation → 02DA ˚ ring above → 1424 2E40 ¿ TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION candian syllabics final ring → 10FB → 2218 ring operator georgian paragraph separator → 25E6 white bullet → 2056 – three dot punctuation → 26AC medium small white circle → 2235 ∵ because 2E1F — PALM BRANCH 2E41 ¡ ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION = ramus → 2234 ∴ therefore 2E20 “ LEFT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL 2E42 ¬ VIRGULA SUSPENSIVA 2E21 ” RIGHT VERTICAL BAR WITH QUILL 2E22 ‘ LEFT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET → 2282 ⊂ subset of 2E23 ’ RIGHT SIDEWAYS U BRACKET → 2283 ⊃ superset of 2E24 ÷ LEFT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS → 2985 ⦅ left white parenthesis → FF5F fullwidth left white parenthesis 2E25 ◊ RIGHT DOUBLE PARENTHESIS → 2986 ⦆ left right parenthesis → FF60 π fullwidth right white parenthesis 2E26 ÿ TOP LEFT HALF SQUARE BRACKET → 2308 left ceiling → 231C top left corner → 2E00 ⸀ right angle substitution marker → 300C 「 left corner bracket 2E27 Ÿ TOP RIGHT HALF SQUARE BRACKET → 2309 right ceiling → 231D top right corner 2E28 ⁄ BOTTOM LEFT HALF SQUARE BRACKET → 230A left floor → 231E bottom left corner 2E29 ¤ BOTTOM RIGHT HALF SQUARE BRACKET → 230B right floor → 231F bottom right corner → 300D 」 right corner bracket Medieval punctuation 2E30 ∞ MEDIEVAL COMMA 2E31 ± PARAGRAPHUS → 00B6 ¶ pilcrow sign → 204B reversed pilcrow sign → 2761 ˹ curved stem paragraph sign ornament → 2E0F paragraphos 2E32 ≤ POSITURA 2E33 ≥ COLON WITH COMMA ELEVATA POSITURA 2E34 ¥ COLON WITH MIDDLE COMMA POSITURA 2E35 µ TWO DOTS OVER COMMA POSITURA 2E36 ∂ THREE DOTS WITH COMMA POSITURA 2E37 ∑ PUNCTUS ELEVATUS 2E38 ∏ PUNCTUS EXCLAMATIVUS 2E39 π PUNCTUS FLEXUS 2E3A ∫ PUNCTUS INTERROGATIVUS 2E3B ª PUNCTUS PERCONTATIVUS → 2426 symbol for substitute form two arabic question mark ؟ 061F → 2E3C º PUNCTUS VERSUS 2E3D Ω LOW PUNCTUS VERSUS
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 8 A720 Latin Extended-D A7FF
x72 x73 x74 x75 x76 x77 x78 x79 x7A x7B x7C x7D x7E x7F
0 Ä í § ¥ » ‹
xx20 xx30 xx40 xx50 xx60 xx70
1 Å ì • µ … ›
xx21 xx31 xx41 xx51 xx61 xx71
2 Ç î ¶ ∂ fi
xx22 xx32 xx42 xx52 xx62 xx72
3 É ï ß ∑ À fl
xx23 xx33 xx43 xx53 xx63 xx73
4 Ñ ñ ® ∫ Ã
xx24 xx34 xx44 xx54 xx64
5 Ö ó © ª —
xx25 xx35 xx45 xx55 xx65
6 Ü ò ™ æ ê
xx26 xx36 xx46 xx56 xx66
7 á ô ´ ø ë
xx27 xx37 xx47 xx57 xx67
8 à ö ¨ ¿ “
xx28 xx38 xx48 xx58 xx68
9 â õ ≠ ¡ ”
xx29 xx39 xx49 xx59 xx69
A ä ú Æ ¬ ‘
xx2A xx3A xx4A xx5A xx6A
B ã ù Ø √ ’
xx2B xx3B xx4B xx5B xx6B
C å û ∞ ƒ ÷
xx2C xx3C xx4C xx5C xx6C
D ç ü ± ≈ Ÿ
xx2D xx3D xx4D xx5D xx6D
E é ¢ ≤ ∆ ⁄
xx2E xx3E xx4E xx5E xx6E
F è £ ≥ « ¤
xx2F xx3F xx4F xx5F xx6F
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 9 A720 Latin Extended-D A76B
Note to reviewers: This is a preliminary proposal. The code A745 © LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH STROKE THROUGH points shown are merely suggestions for a possible DESCENDER placement. A746 ™ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH FLOURISH A747 ´ LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH FLOURISH Medievalist additions A748 ¨ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH SQUIRREL TAIL A720 Ä LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AA A749 ≠ LATIN SMALL LETTER P WITH SQUIRREL TAIL A721 Å LATIN SMALL LETTER AA A74A Æ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q WITH STROKE A722 Ç LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AO THROUGH DESCENDER A723 É LATIN SMALL LETTER AO A74B Ø LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH STROKE A724 Ñ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AU THROUGH DESCENDER A74C ∞ A725 Ö LATIN SMALL LETTER AU LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q WITH DIAGONAL A726 Ü STROKE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AV A74D ± A727 á LATIN SMALL LETTER Q WITH DIAGONAL LATIN SMALL LETTER AV STROKE A728 à LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AV WITH HORIZONTAL A74E ≤ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R ROTUNDA BAR → 0032 2 digit two A729 â LATIN SMALL LETTER AV WITH HORIZONTAL → 01BB latin letter two with stroke BAR A74F ≥ LATIN SMALL LETTER R ROTUNDA A72A ä LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AY A750 ¥ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER RUM ROTUNDA A72B ã LATIN SMALL LETTER AY A751 µ LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM ROTUNDA A72C å LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED C A752 ∂ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V WITH DIAGONAL = capital antisigma → 2183 STROKE roman numeral reversed one hundred → 2123 versicle → 03FD greek capital lunate sigma symbol A753 ∑ LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH DIAGONAL A72D ç LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C STROKE = small antisigma A754 ∫ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VY A72E é LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT A755 ª LATIN SMALL LETTER VY → 03FF greek capital reversed dotted lunate sigma A756 æ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VISIGOTHIC Z symbol A757 ø LATIN SMALL LETTER VISIGOTHIC Z A72F è LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED C WITH DOT A758 ¿ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE A730 í LATIN CAPITAL LETTER TURNED F A759 ¡ LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE = capital digamma inversum A75A ¬ → 2132 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE turned capital f THROUGH DESCENDER A731 ì LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED F A75B √ LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE = small digamma inversum → 025F THROUGH DESCENDER latin small letter dotless j with stroke A75C ƒ A732 î LATIN CAPITAL LETTER VEND LATIN CAPITAL LETTER HALF H 0x 0194 latin capital letter gamma A733 ï LATIN SMALL LETTER HALF H A75D ≈ LATIN SMALL LETTER VEND A734 ñ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH STROKE A75E ∆ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ET A735 ó LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE → 01B7 Ʒ latin capital letter ezh A736 ò LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH DIAGONAL A75F « LATIN SMALL LETTER ET STROKE → 0292 ʒ latin small letter ezh A737 ô LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH DIAGONAL A760 » LATIN CAPITAL LETTER IS STROKE A761 … A738 ö LATIN SMALL LETTER IS LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH STROKE AND A762 DIAGONAL STROKE LATIN CAPITAL LETTER CON A763 À A739 õ LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH STROKE AND LATIN SMALL LETTER CON DIAGONAL STROKE A764 Ã MODIFIER LETTER US A73A ú LATIN CAPITAL LETTER BROKEN L Insular tradition A73B ù LATIN SMALL LETTER BROKEN L A73C û LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH HIGH STROKE Other characters for the insular tradition are coded → 0141 Ł latin capital letter l with stroke elsewhere A73D ü LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH HIGH STROKE → 1D79 ŝ latin small letter insular g → 0142 ł latin small letter l with stroke A765 — LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR D A73E ¢ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH LONG STROKE → 00F0 ð latin small letter eth OVERLAY A766 ê LATIN CAPITAL LETTER INSULAR F A73F £ LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LONG STROKE A767 ë LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR F OVERLAY A768 “ LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR R A740 § LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH LOOP A769 ” LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR S → 01A0 Ơ latin capital letter o with horn A76A ‘ LATIN SMALL LETTER INSULAR T A741 • LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH LOOP → 01A1 ơ latin small letter o with horn Other additions A742 ¶ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OO A743 ß Other small capital letters for phonetic transcription are LATIN SMALL LETTER OO encoded elsewhere A744 ® LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P WITH STROKE A76B ’ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL F THROUGH DESCENDER
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 10 A76C Latin Extended-D A773
A76C ÷ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL S → 017F ſ latin small letter long s Latinist abbreviations A76D Ÿ LATIN SMALL LETTER DUM A76E ⁄ LATIN SMALL LETTER MUM A76F ¤ LATIN SMALL LETTER NUM A770 ‹ LATIN SMALL LETTER RUM → 211E ℞ prescription take → 211F $ response A771 › LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL RUM A772 fi LATIN SMALL LETTER TUM A773 fl LATIN SMALL LETTER UM
N2957: Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS 11