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Deep-Structural Differences in Southwestern Scandinavia Revealed by P-Wave Travel Time Residuals

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Deep-Structural Differences in Southwestern Scandinavia Revealed by P-Wave Travel Time Residuals NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY Deep-structural differences in southwestern Scandinavia 203 Deep-structural differences in southwestern Scandinavia revealed by P-wave travel time residuals Anna Bondo Medhus, Niels Balling, Bo Holm Jacobsen, Rainer Kind & Richard W. England Bondo Medhus, A., Balling, N., Holm Jacobsen, B., Kind, R. & England, R. W. Deep-structural differences in southwestern Scandinavia revealed by P-wave travel time residuals. Norwegian Journal of Geology, vol. 89. pp. 203-214, Trondheim 2009, ISSN 029-196X. Much information is available on crustal structure in the area of southern Scandinavia, but little high-resolution information has been presented on structural variations in the upper mantle. We present relative P-wave travel time residuals (P-residuals) from distant earthquakes at 48 temporary seismological stations and 15 permanent seismological stations covering areas of southern Norway, northern Denmark and southwestern Sweden. We investigate whether high topography in southern Norway may be associated with an anomalous upper mantle, and we look for the southwestern boundary of thick shield lithosphere. Differences in station means of P-residuals corrected for topography and contributions from the crust are up to about 1 s across the study area. Early arrivals are observed to the east in Sweden in shield areas associated with thick lithosphere, and around the Oslo Graben (OG). Late arrivals south- west of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone in the Norwegian-Danish Basin are interpreted as being associated with thinner lithosphere related to the basin formation. Late arrivals are also observed in the southern part of Norway west of the Oslo Graben area. This indicates reduced P-wave velocity and reduced density in the upper mantle and perhaps some regional isostatic buoyancy from the upper mantle. However, a clear spatial correlation with areas of high topography is not observed. The combined information of mean P-residuals and the azimuthal dependence of single P-residuals indicate the presence of a narrow lithospheric transition around the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone extending from the southeast into the northernmost part of Jutland. From here it may continue northwards and connect with the transition we observe in southern Norway in about the position of the Oslo Graben. Anna Bondo Medhus ([email protected] ), Niels Balling & Bo Holm Jacobsen, University of Aarhus, Department of Earth Sciences, Høegh- Guldbergs Gade 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N. Rainer Kind, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, E E 225, D-14473 Potsdam, Richard W. England, University of Leicester,Department of Geology, University Road, Leicester,LE1 7RH, UK. Introduction Along the Scandinavian Peninsula high topography cor- relates with low Bouguer gravity anomalies and small Temporary seismological stations were deployed in free-air and isostatic anomalies, indicating isostatic southern Norway, the northern part of Denmark and equilibrium (Balling, 1980; Ebbing & Olesen, 2005). A along coastal areas of southwestern Sweden with the receiver function study (Svenningsen et al., 2007) shows main purpose of investigating deep structural differ- that the high topography in southern Norway is associ- ences. We look for potential anomalous upper mantle ated with a thick crust. This explains the major part of beneath the Scandinavian mountains in southern Nor- low Bouguer gravity anomalies and generates significant way and for the southwestern boundary of thick litho- crustal buoyancy. In order to evaluate different hypoth- sphere associated with the Baltic Shield (Artemiva & eses on potential uplift mechanisms and timing, it is Thybo, 2008; Gregersen et al., 2006). We address these important to know whether additional buoyancy sustain- problems by analysing relative P-wave arrival times from ing present-day topography, originates from the upper distant earthquakes. A debate persists regarding the ori- mantle or not. P-wave travel time residuals (P-residuals) gin of high topography in Scandinavia. For some time, yield information on potential P-wave velocity anomalies it has been a widely held view that the western part of in the upper mantle. These may be related to lithospheric Scandinavia experienced significant tectonic uplift in thickness variations, differences in the physical character the Cenozoic era, and that the present-day high topog- of asthenosphere, thermal anomalies or differences in raphy is a result of this uplift (e.g. Dorè, 1992; Stuevold chemical composition. & Eldholm, 1996; Japsen & Chalmers, 2000; Lidmar- Bergström et al., 2000; Bonow et al., 2007). Numerous The Tor-project revealed a sharp lithospheric boundary potential uplift mechanisms have been proposed, but no almost coinciding with the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone specific model has been agreed on. Nielsen et al. (2008) (STZ, Fig.1) in southernmost Sweden and southeast- argue that high topography is basically a remnant of the ern Denmark. This separates thick lithosphere in the Caledonian mountain range. shield area from thinner lithosphere beneath the basins 204 A. Bondo Medhus et al. NORWEGIAN JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY to the southwest (Gossler et al., 2000; Gregersen et al., 2002; Cotte et al., 2002; Alinaghi et al. 2003; Babuška & Plomerová, 2004; Shomali et al., 2006; Voss et al., 2006). A northward prolongation of this lithospheric boundary or transition has not been reported in previous studies. Variation in crustal structure in the study area has, how- ever, been described in several studies. Crustal thick- ness variations were compiled by Kinck et al. (1993). More recent studies include that of Iwasaki et al. (1994); Schmidt (2000); Jensen et al. (2001); Svenningsen et al. (2007) and Sandrin & Thybo, (2008). Detailed seismolog- ical information on the crust from the whole of Europe is compiled in the EuCRUST-07 model of Tesauro et al. (2008). In comparison, studies describing the structure of the upper mantle in southern Norway and adjacent areas are few. Bannister et al. (1991), using arrivals of uppermost mantle P- and S-waves (Pn and Sn) recorded on permanent seismological stations, show that the high topography in Scandinavia is associated with reduced velocities in the uppermost mantle. Husebye et al. (1986) carried out tomographic modelling on observations mainly in Sweden, with 3 stations in Denmark, and 6 in Norway. They revealed higher velocities in Sweden and generally lower velocities in the basin area and south- Fig. 1. Structural outline of the study area of southern Scandinavia; ern Norway, including the Oslo Graben area and mainly NDB, Norwegian-Danish Basin; NGB, North German Basin; CDF, in the depth-interval of 0-300 km. Previous P-residual Caledonian Deformation Front; STZ, Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone; (Noponen, 1977) and surface wave studies (Calcagnile, RFH, Ringkøbing-Fyn High; OG, Oslo Graben; SN, Sveconorwegian Province; TIB, Transscandinavian Igneous Belt; SF, Svecofennian 1982) in the area as well as global tomography (Bijwaard Province; WGR, Western Gneiss Region; SS, Skagerrak Sea; KS, Kat- et al., 1998) indicate lithospheric thinning away from the tegat Sea. centre of the Baltic Shield, westward to the Norwegian coast and into the area of deep sedimentary basins to the southwest. These studies, however, suffer from a lim- ited resolution due to sparse station coverage in the area the northeast towards the southwest. Accretion of mainly of interest. The present study has a much improved data juvenile crust took place in several phases. The Svecofen- coverage. A recent surface wave study by Weidle & Mau- nian Region was created around 1.9 Ga ago, the Trans- pin (2008) reveals low S-wave velocities in the uppermost scandinavian Igneous Belt at 1.85-1.65 Ga, and units to mantle that extends from the area around Iceland in the the southwest including Gothian crust around 1.65-1.5 North Atlantic to beneath southern Scandinavia includ- Ga (Gorbatschev & Bogdanova, 1993; Balling, 2000; ing southern Norway. Lahtinen et al., 2008; Bingen et al., 2008). The southwest- ern crustal units were later reworked in the Sveconor- We include data from temporary seismological stations in wegian orogeny at 1.15-0.9 Ga. Continental collision southern Norway from the CENMOVE project (Nielsen between Baltica and Laurentia at about 430-410 Ma gave et al, 2008), as well as additional seismological stations rise to the formation of the Scandinavian Caledonides deployed in southern Norway, northern Denmark and with allochthonous units overthrusting Precambrian in the southwestern part of Sweden in the CALAS proj- Baltica crust, generally from west to east (e.g. Roberts, ect (Crust And Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System in 2003). In the western part of southern Norway the Pre- Southern Scandinavia) together with available permanent cambrian crystalline crust is exposed due to extensional stations. Svenningsen et al. (2007) reported results on collapse and erosion of Caledonian units in the Western crustal thickness variations. In this study we present some Gneiss Province. Carboniferous-Permo-Triassic rift- first results on the upper mantle from the CALAS project. ing, magmatism and subsidence led to the formation of the Oslo Graben system. The crust beneath main parts of the Danish and adjacent areas is believed to have been Tectonic setting reworked during the Sveconorwegian orogeny. Heating and extension in the Late Carboniferous-Permian and The area of investigation comprises the southwestern additional extension in the Triassic formed two east-west part of
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