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WATER PROBLEMS INSTITUTE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ECOSYSTEMS: ECOLOGY AND DYNAMICS Vol. 3, No. 1, 2019, March Journal is founded in January 2017 Issued 4 times per year Editor-in-Chief, Dr. geogr. Zh.V. Kuzmina Editorial Council: Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.I. Danilov-Danilyan, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.N. Kulik, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.V. Melikhov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.S. Rulev Editorial Board: M.V. Bolgov, A.N. Gelfan, E.I. Golubeva, T.V. Dikariova, N.G. Mazey, N.M. Novikova, G.N. Ogureeva, E.I. Pankova, S.A. Podolskiy, E.G. Suslova, A.S. Viktorov, M.F. Vundtsettel, L.G. Yemelyanova Executive Secretary: E.I. Tobolova Head of Editorial Office: О.S. Grinchenko Addresses of Editorial Offices: Russia, 119333 Moscow, Gubkina str., 3, WPI RAS Tel.: (499) 135-70-41. Fax: (499) 135-54-15 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ecosystemsdynamic.ru MOSCOW 2019 ИНСТИТУТ ВОДНЫХ ПРОБЛЕМ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ: ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ДИНАМИКА Том 3, № 1, 2019, март Журнал основан в январе 2017 г. Выходит 4 раза в год Главный редактор доктор географических наук Ж.В. Кузьмина Редакционный совет: член-корреспондент Российской академии наук В.И. Данилов-Данильян, академик Российской академии наук К.Н. Кулик, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук В.В. Мелихов, академик Российской академии наук А.С. Рулев Редакционная коллегия: М.В. Болгов, А.С. Викторов, М.Ф. Вундцеттель, А.Н. Гельфан, Е.И. Голубева, Т.В. Дикарева, Л.Г. Емельянова, Н.Г. Мазей, Н.М. Новикова, Г.Н. Огуреева, Е.И. Панкова, С.А. Подольский, Е.Г. Суслова Ответственный секретарь: Е.И. Тоболова Заведующий редакцией: О.С. Гринченко Адрес редакции: Россия, 119333 Москва, ул. Губкина, д. 3, ИВП РАН Телефон: (499) 135-70-41. Факс: (499) 135-54-15 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.ecosystemsdynamic.ru Москва 2019 © Журнал основан в 2017 г. Учрежден и издается Институтом водных проблем Российской академии наук. Журнал как сетевое издание зарегистрирован в Федеральной службе по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций; Свидетельство о регистрации: ЭЛ № ФС 77-68782 от 17.02.2017. Журнал зарегистрирован в Национальном центре ISSN Российской Федерации, в Национальном информационно-аналитическом центре России – ВИНИТИ, а также в научных электронных библиотеках НЭБ, РИНЦ, КИБЕРЛЕНИНКА. The journal has been founded in 2017. It was founded and published by the Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Journal is registered in the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Communications (in Roskomnadzor) as a web Media; Certification Number is ЭЛ № ФС 77-68782 of 17.02.2017. The Journal is registered in National centre ISSN of Russian Federation, All-Russian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), and also in scientific electron libraries Elibrary, Science Index, CYBERLENINKA. Информация о журнале, правила для авторов располагаются на сайте http://www.ecosystemsdynamic.ru Information about Journal and Rules for authors are at the site http://www.ecosystemsdynamic.ru СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Том 3, номер 1, 2019 март ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ МЕТОДЫ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ И СОХРАНЕНИЯ ЭКОСИСТЕМ И ИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ Эколого-географический аспект Аральского кризиса. Часть 1. Развитие Аральской проблемы, ее изучение, оценка и разработка мероприятий Н.М. Новикова 5-66 Требования рыбного хозяйства при управлении режимами водохранилищ В.Г. Дубинина 67-97 Выделение экологического каркаса как методологический подход к сохранению животного населения и устойчивого развития регионов с различным уровнем антропогенного освоения на примере Подмосковья и Приамурья С.А. Подольский, И.В. Соколов 98-118 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────── РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ И ОХРАНА ЭКОСИСТЕМ И ИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ Леса Московской области Е.Г. Суслова 119-190 Характеристика орнитонаселения окультуренного ландшафта в субаридной зоне на Северо-Востоке Ставрополья Л.В. Маловичко, А.В. Швыкова, А.М. Зубалий 191-203 3 CONTENTS ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Volume 3, Number 1, 2019 March ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ METHODS OF SUSTENANCE AND RESERVATION OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS Ecological and Geographical Aspects of the Aral Sea Crisis. Part 1. Development of the Aral Sea Problem, Its Research, Evaluation and Development Activities N.M. Novikova 5-66 Requirements for Fishery under Water Reservoirs Management V.G. Dubinina 67-97 Ecological Frame as a Methodical Approach to Preservation of Animals and Stable Growth of the Regions with Different Levels of Anthropogenic Development by the Example of Moscow and Amur Regions S.A. Podolsky, I.V. Sokolov 98-118 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────── DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS Forests of Moscow Region E.G. Suslova 119-190 Birds’ Population of the Cultivated Landscape in the Subarid Zone of North-East of Stavropol L.V. Malovichko, A.V. Сhvikova, A.M. Zubalii 191-203 4 ЭКОСИСТЕМЫ: ЭКОЛОГИЯ И ДИНАМИКА, 2019, том 3, № 1, с. 5-66 ═════════════ МЕТОДЫ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ И СОХРАНЕНИЯ ЭКОСИСТЕМ ═══════════ И ИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ УДК: 504.058 (262.83) ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ АРАЛЬСКОГО КРИЗИСА1 ЧАСТЬ 1. РАЗВИТИЕ АРАЛЬСКОЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ, ЕЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ, ОЦЕНКА И РАЗРАБОТКА МЕРОПРИЯТИЙ © 2019 г. Н.М. Новикова Институт водных проблем РАН Россия, 119333, г. Москва, ул. Губкина, д. 3. E-mail: nmnovikova @gmail.com Поступила в редакцию 10.02.2019. После доработки 20.02.2019. Принята к публикации 25.02.2019. В первой части статьи, сделана попытка восстановить последовательность в развитии кризиса, осознании причины и экологических последствий научным сообществом, признании кризиса властями. Кратко рассмотрены постановка и содержание научных исследований динамики природной среды, развитие эколого-географического прогноза, мониторинга, представление о пределах антропогенного воздействия, осмысление результатов и подходы к разработке практических мероприятий по решению экологических проблем, возникших в связи с падением уровня моря и опустыниванием Приаралья. Новизна содержания статьи заключается во включении в рассмотрение новых материалов, характеризующих этап развития проблемы после 1991 года: выполненные научные исследования, анализ последствий осуществления ранее запланированных практических мероприятий по решению вопросов смягчения опустынивания в Приаралье, а также краткий обзор выявленных новых экологических проблем и мероприятий, планируемых для их решения. Во второй части статьи будут более подробно рассмотрены постановка, результаты исследований и научно-практических работ в разных ландшафтных регионах Приаралья по изучению и предотвращению развития негативных экологических последствий падения уровня и усыхания Аральского моря. Ключевые слова: Аральское море, падение уровня, опустынивание, экологические последствия, Аральский кризис, причины, обсохшее дно моря, Приаралье, дельты рек, Амударья, Сырдарья, исследовательские программы, географический прогноз, мониторинг; документы по проблеме: доклады, постановления, решения. DOI: 10.24411/2542-2006-2019-10026 Аральский экологический кризис, начавшийся в 1960-х годах, развивается более 50 лет на памяти двух поколений. За этот период уровень моря опустился на 26.7 м, единый водоем разделился на Малое и Большое море; площадь водной поверхности уменьшилась в 7-8 раз, объем – в 12-13 раз (Большое Аральское …, 2012). Обсохшее дно моря все еще является источником выноса пыли и солей, а 1.4 млн. га территории Приаралья подвержено опустыниванию (МКВК …, 2002). Эти показатели – только верхняя часть айсберга Аральского кризиса, включающая огромный массив серьезных негативных экологических, социально-экономических и медико-биологических последствий большой Аральской проблемы. Вторая ее часть, которая пока не обсуждается, чуть менее остро развивается там, где развернулось широкомасштабное орошение на площади около 8 млн. га. Оно сопровождается созданием водохозяйственных систем, замещающих естественную 1 Работа выполнена в рамках раздела 2.6. Эволюция наземных экосистем в изменяющихся природных условиях темы НИР Института водных проблем РАН "Моделирование и прогнозирование процессов восстановления качества вод и экосистем при различных сценариях изменений климата и антропогенной деятельности" (№ 0147-2018-0002), № государственной регистрации АААА-А18-118022090104-8. 5 6 ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ АРАЛЬСКОГО КРИЗИСА. Часть 1. гидрографическую сеть и изменяющих водный режим территории в средней и верхней частях бассейна Аральского моря. Здесь пока в латентном докризисном состоянии развиваются переувлажнение и засоление земель, накапливаются ядохимикаты, применяющиеся для дефолиации при сборе урожая хлопка и обработке посевов риса и др. Кризис на этой части территории Аральского бассейна связан с тем, что не решается все сильнее обостряющееся противоречие между ростом населения, его основной занятостью в водоемком сельском хозяйстве и ограниченностью количества и качества водно-земельных ресурсов. В настоящее время признано, что Аральский кризис – один из крупнейших экологических и социально-экономическтих кризисов, созданных человеком в XX веке из-за желания получить экономические выгоды, не придавая значения возможным негативным экологическим последствиям. Хотелось бы думать, что если бы в те
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