DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissolution of First Unions in Colombia, Panama, and Peru

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissolution of First Unions in Colombia, Panama, and Peru DEMOGRAPHY© Volume 18, Number 4 November 1981 DISSOLUTION OF FIRST UNIONS IN COLOMBIA, PANAMA, AND PERU Noreen Goldman Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Abstract-An analysis of marital histories from World Fertility Survey data in Colombia, Panama, and Peru indicates a high level of union dissolution: the probabilities of a first union ending by separation within twenty years of the onset of union equal .27, .40, 'and .18 in the three countries respectively. Dissolution probabilities are especially high among women with young ages at first union and among women residing in urban areas. For all subgroups studied, consensual unions are characterized by several times the risk of separation of legal marriages. Consensual unions are especially frequent among women in rural areas, women with little education and women who enter unions at young ages. The different prevalence of consensual unions among the different subgroups affects the associations between union stability and various correlates so that it becomes essential to investigate the factors affecting union stability for both consensual unions and legal marriages. In spite of high dissolution rates, remarriage rates in all three countries are also high, as are the percentages of time spent in a union. Hence, the potential effects of voluntary disruption of unions on fertility appear to be modest. INTRODUCTION the Dominican Republic in 1970 (Ca­ Increasing attention has been focused misa, 1978). on patterns of marriage formation and The high frequency of consensual dissolution in Latin America. In the ma­ unions in Latin America and the absence jority of studies, a distinction is made of legal responsibilities within such between formal marriages-those with unions suggests a high level of union legal or religious sanction-and consen­ instability in some countries. Numerous sual or common-law unions-unions in studies have analyzed marital dissolution which couples share a household without in Latin America and indicate that sepa­ being formally married. In some coun­ ration or divorce is indeed common in tries, particularly those in Central Amer­ many countries, with consensual unions ica and the Caribbean, a third type of having higher disruption rates than legal union may be recognized in an analysis. marriages in most. The majority of these The "visiting" union, a more informal studies have focused on the implications union than common-law, usually refers of dissolution on fertility-i.e., the ex­ to couples with some "regular" sexual tent to which-marital dissolution and the relations without the sharing of a com­ formation of new unions has suppressed mon household (Roberts and Braith­ or enhanced fertility-while only several waite, 1967). The frequency of informal studies have directly measured the sta­ unions in Latin America may be quite bility of unions or have analyzed the high and may even exceed that offormal correlates of stability. Moreover, those marriages, as was the case for Guatema­ studies which do exist have not been la, Honduras, Panama, EI Salvador, and nationwide but rather have been restrict- 659 Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article-pdf/18/4/659/905270/659goldman.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 660 DEMOGRAPHY, volume 18, number 4, November 1981 ed to 7 major urban areas in Latin Ameri­ er, the associations are confounded by ca (Centro Latinoamericano de Demo­ limitations in the survey questionnaire grafia (CELADE), 1963-64), to 4 rural which make it impossible to identify le­ areas in Latin America (CELADE, galizations of consensual unions. 1969), or have been based upon data The first part of this paper investigates from family planning clinics. These stud­ trends in and correlates of union stability ies do not permit generalizations on a for all unions-Le., consensual unions national level, and, given the very recent and legal marriages combined. (Visiting changes in nuptiality in Latin America unions were not identified in the survey (Smith, 1980c), may already be outdated. questionnaires for Colombia, Panama, The present study uses data from three and Peru.) For these analyses, the term World Fertility Surveys-Colombia Na­ "union" refers to either type of relation­ tional Fertility Survey, 1976; Peru Na­ ship. The second part investigates differ­ tional Fertility Survey, 1977-78; and entials in stability between consensual Panama Fertility Survey, 1976-to ana­ unions and legal marriages and the ex­ lyze "voluntary" union dissolution, i.e., tent to which the different frequency of dissolution as a result of separation or consensual unions among the various divorce. The goal of the analysis is to subgroups in the population affects the gain a better understanding of union dis­ results obtained for all unions in the first solution in Latin America by isolation of part of the paper. Finally, although the those factors which show a significant focus of the paper is on measurement association with the risk of separation, and correlates of union stability per se, for both legal marriages and consensual the study briefly looks at the pace at unions. Specifically, this study focuses which women reenter unions subsequent attention on: time trends in age at first to the dissolution of first unions and the union and dissolution; characteristics of degree to which the high dissolution union formation such as age at first rates in the three countries result in union, age at first birth, and the presence time lost to reproduction. of premarital births, which have been shown to affect marital disruption rates in Western societies; socioeconomic cor­ BACKGROUND relates of dissolution such as level of The absence of nationwide studies of education and area of residence; differ­ marriage dissolution in Latin America ences in union formation and dissolution must in large part be due to the paucity between consensual and legal unions; of complete or accurate nuptiality data. and finally, the extent to which the dif­ In general, consensual unions are not ferent characteristics of women in the registered in continuous vital registration different union types can account for the systems (Arretx, 1969). In addition, mar­ higher dissolution probabilities associat­ riage dissolution information is not rou­ ed with consensual unions, or the extent tinely collected in censuses, and consen­ to which the higher dissolution probabili­ sual unions are frequently not recorded. ties associated with certain subgroups For example, a recent analysis showed can be accounted for a higher frequency that the prevalence of consensual unions of consensual unions within these sub­ in the 1964 and 1973 Censuses of Colom­ groups. The latter associations are of bia was underestimated by approximate­ course difficult ones to analyze for both ly one-third (Fl6rez and Goldman, 1980). substantive and methodological reasons. In an analysis of marital status and fam­ First, the type of union which couples ily composition in Latin America, Mor­ "choose" is influenced by the couples' tara notes the difficulties of recording social, economic, and cultural setting. and classifying informal unions, e.g., Second, as discussed in more detaillat- only those consensual unions which Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/demography/article-pdf/18/4/659/905270/659goldman.pdf by guest on 25 September 2021 Dissolution of First Unions in Colombia, Panama, and Peru 661 "have a certain character or perma­ about 11 percent for all unions, 8 percent nence" usually get recorded; women are for legal marriages, and 16 percent for more apt to report the existence of such consensual unions. However, in Rosero's unions than are men; and, in certain life tables, women who formed higher cases respondents may report that they order unions reentered the life table at are legally married when they are actual­ their duration since first union. Hence, ly in a "free union" (Mortara, 1964, pp. these probabilitiesdo not provide informa­ 73-74). tive estimates of the stability of first Two series of surveys undertaken by unions. CELADE in the 1960s provide relatively DATA complete data for the areas of study. Surveys carried out in seven Latin The analysis is based on data from the American capital cities (Caracas, Vene­ World Fertility Surveys in Colombia zuela; Mexico City, Mexico; Bogota, (1976), Panama (1976), and Peru (1977­ Colombia; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; San 78). The surveys are based on national Jose, Costa Rica; Buenos Aires, Argenti­ samples of 3,302, 3,203, and 5,640 ever­ na; and Panama City, Panama) during married women in Colombia, Panama 1963-64 collected data on previous as and Peru respectively, with an age range well as current marital status and sur­ of 15-49 in Colombia and Peru and 20-49 veys carried out in four rural areas (Co­ in Panama. (In addition, the surveys lombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru) include 2,076 single women in Colombia in 1969collected a complete marital his­ and 798 single women in Panama.) tory. For each country participating in the The majority of studies concerned World Fertility Survey (WFS), the sur­ with marital dissolution in Latin America vey includes a detailed marriage history. and the Caribbean have measured the Based on a standardized questionnaire, stability of union types only indirectly in interviewers in Latin America collected terms of time lost to reproduction (e.g., information on date of onset and type of Blake, 1955; Braithwaite and Roberts, union, date of dissolution of union and 1961; Chen et al., 1974; Cumper, 1966; reason for dissolution (if the union dis­ Downing and Yaukey, 1979; Ebanks et solved), for each union in a woman's al., 1974; Onaka et al., 1977; Onaka and history. Responses were based upon the Yaukey, 1973; and Ram and Ebanks, following series of questions: 1973). However, two studies, based on 1. In what month and year did you begin data from the CELADE surveys, have to live with your (first, second, etc.) used a life-table approach to measure the husband? stability of unions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Violence Against Women 31 Annex 1.1 38
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WOMEN IN CENTRALAMERICA TOWARDS EQUAL? TOWARDS EQUAL? WOMEN IN CENTRAL AMERICA 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The find- ings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncom- mercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Photo cover: (up) Three women plant seeds in a farm in Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Photo: Maria Fleischmann / World Bank (dow) Haiti - Nonouche Rochambert works at the Truitier debris management site.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama Country Profile for Demographic and Health Surveys, the Years Refer to When the Surveys Were Conducted
    WHO Director-General Roundtable with Women Leaders on Millennium Development Goal 5 Panama Country profile For Demographic and Health Surveys, the years refer to when the Surveys were conducted. Estimates from the Surveys refer to three or five years before the Surveys. Panama and the world 1. Maternal mortality ratio: global, regional and 2. Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N), 2005 country data, 2005 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or The lifetime risk of maternal death is the estimated risk of an individual within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to woman dying from pregnancy or childbirth during her adult lifetime the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental based on maternal mortality and the fertility rate in the country. The causes. The maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes in Panama is 1 in per 100 000 live births per year. The ratio in Panama is 130 per 100 000 270, slightly lower than the average of 1 in 290 for Latin America and the live births, which is the same as the average of 130 per 100 000 live births Caribbean and lower than the global figure of 1 in 92. in Latin America and the Caribbean and lower than the global average of 400 per 100 000 live births. 3/250 1/92 4 5 0 1/100 400 4 0 0 3 5 0 1/125 3 0 0 2 5 0 3/500 2 0 0 1/270 1/290 death (1 in N) live births 130 130 1/250 1 5 0 Lifetime risk of 1 0 0 Deaths per 100 000 1/500 5 0 0 0 Panama Latin America World Panama Latin America World and the Caribbean and the Caribbean Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • PORT-AU-PRINCE and MONTREAL, 1934-1986 by Grace Louise Sanders a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requiremen
    LA VOIX DES FEMMES: HAITIAN WOMEN’S RIGHTS, NATIONAL POLITICS AND BLACK ACTIVISM IN PORT-AU-PRINCE AND MONTREAL, 1934-1986 by Grace Louise Sanders A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History and Women’s Studies) in the University of Michigan 2013 Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Sueann Caulfield, Chair Associate Professor Jesse E. Hoffnung-Garskof Professor Tiya A. Miles Associate Professor Nadine C. Naber Professor Matthew J. Smith, University of the West Indies © Grace L. Sanders 2013 DEDICATION For LaRosa, Margaret, and Johnnie, the two librarians and the eternal student, who insisted that I honor the freedom to read and write. & For the women of Le Cercle. Nou se famn tout bon! ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the History and Women’s Studies Departments at the University of Michigan. I am especially grateful to my Dissertation Committee Members. Matthew J. Smith, thank you for your close reading of everything I send to you, from emails to dissertation chapters. You have continued to be selfless in your attention to detail and in your mentorship. Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof, thank you for sharing new and compelling ways to narrate and teach the histories of Latin America and North America. Tiya Miles, thank you for being a compassionate mentor and inspiring visionary. I have learned volumes from your example. Nadine Naber, thank you for kindly taking me by the hand during the most difficult times on this journey. You are an ally and a friend. Sueann Caulfield, you have patiently walked this graduate school road with me from beginning to end.
    [Show full text]
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Fourteenth Meeting New York, 23 June 2006 Item 5 of the Provisional Agenda*
    United Nations CEDAW/SP/2006/3 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General of All Forms of Discrimination 28 February 2006 against Women Original: English/French/Spanish Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Fourteenth meeting New York, 23 June 2006 Item 5 of the provisional agenda* Election, in accordance with article 17, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Convention, of 12 members of the Committee, to replace those whose terms are due to expire on 31 December 2006 Note by the Secretary-General 1. In accordance with article 17, paragraph 4, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Secretary-General will convene the fourteenth meeting of States parties at United Nations Headquarters on 23 June 2006 for the election of 12 members of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women from a list of persons nominated by States parties to replace those whose terms are due to expire on 31 December 2006 (see annex I). The names of the other 11 members, who will continue to serve on the Committee until 31 December 2008, appear in annex II. 2. In compliance with article 17, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the Secretary- General, in a note verbale dated 10 November 2005, invited the States parties to submit their nominations for the election of 12 members of the Committee not later than 10 February 2006. The Secretary-General has prepared the following list, in alphabetical order, of all persons nominated by 10 February 2006, indicating the States parties that had nominated them.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Issues in Panama: Background and Policies1
    PANAMA SOCIAL ISSUES IN PANAMA: BACKGROUND AND POLICIES1 While Panama’s remarkable growth performance in recent years has been largely pro- poor and contributed to significant reductions in poverty and inequality, the country faces ongoing challenges on the shared prosperity front. Social inequities remain high relative to peers, especially when compared to countries of similar income. The new administration is well placed to redress social imbalances keeping in mind that equity and inclusion are not only socially desirable goals but important conditions to ensure that future economic growth is broad-based and sustainable. Coordinated policies to protect Panama’s resources, especially water, are of increasing importance in light of the adverse impacts of climate change on the region. A. Background 1. Panama is a fast-growing high-income country but lags regional peers in human development. Panama has reached a relatively high level of income with per-capita output of US$26,822 in PPP terms in 2019—the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has been the fastest-growing economy in the region over the last two decades and one of the most dynamic economies in the world. However, while its rapid growth accelerated poverty reduction and created economic opportunities, Panama lags the peers in its income group in many aspects of social policy, such as education, health, gender equality and social inclusion. According to the World Bank’s Human Capital Index (HCI), which measures the amount of human capital that a child can expect to attain by age 18 given the country’s health and education systems, Panama performs on par with countries with much lower per-capita income, such as Nicaragua (per capita PPP GDP of US$5,290), Tajikistan (per capita PPP GDP of US$3,589) and Paraguay (per capita PPP GDP of US$13,584).
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating Violence Against Women Forms, Strategies and Tools Workshop
    Eliminating Violence Against Women Forms, Strategies and Tools Workshop Eliminating Violence Against Women: Forms, Strategies and Tools On the occasion of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission On Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Vienna, 14 April 2008 Edited by: Vittoria Luda di Cortemiglia, UNICRI Layout design: International Training Centre of the ILO Cover photo: © Tina Imbriano ([email protected]) The opinions expressed in these reports are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNICRI or the PNI Institutes. Table of contents Foreword 5 1 Cross-cultural Research on Violence against Women: Results of the International Violence Against Women Survey – HEUNI 7 2 Women, Girls and Terrorism – ISPAC 15 3 Violence Against Women and Girls During Armed Conflicts in Africa: Nature, Extent and a Way Forward – UNAFRI 29 4 Indicators on the Criminal Justice Response to Violence Against Women – ICCLR 39 5 Promoting Women’s Safety: Local Strategies and Promising Practices to Prevent Violence Against Women – ICPC 57 6 Coordinated Community Response in Violence Against Women – NIJ 69 7 Exchange of Judicial Information to Improve Prosecution of Violence Against Women and Girls and Provide Timely Assistance to the Victims – UNICRI 79 8 The Institutes Comprising the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network (PNI) 91 3 Foreword “Violence against women and girls continues unabated in every continent, country and culture. It takes a devastating toll on women’s lives, on their families, and on society as a whole. Most societies prohibit such violence — yet the reality is that too often, it is covered up or tacitly condoned.” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, 8 March 2007 Violence against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that wounds, tortures, and slays – physically, psychologically, sexually and economically.
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Diseases of Panama
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF PANAMA Stephen Berger, MD Infectious Diseases of Panama - 2013 edition Infectious Diseases of Panama - 2013 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2013 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-577-0 ISBN-10: 1-61755-577-0 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas
    Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations—UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank—and works closely with global and national partners to maximize results for the AIDS response. The Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) is the main hemispheric policy forum for the promotion of women’s rights and gender equality. Created in 1928 - in recognition of the importance of women’s social inclusion to democratic strengthening and human development in the Americas – CIM was the first inter-governmental organization established to promote women’s human rights and gender equality. The Organization of American States (OAS) brings together the nations of the Western hemisphere to promote democracy, strengthen human rights, foster peace, security and cooperation and advance common interests. The origins of the Organization date back to 1890 when nations of the region formed the Pan American Union to forge closer hemispheric relations. This union later evolved into the OAS and in 1948, 21 nations signed its governing charter. Since then, the OAS has expanded to include the nations of the English- speaking Caribbean and Canada, and today all of the independent nations of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean make up its 35 member states. Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas Author: Dinys Luciano Co-author: Martín Negrete Editor: Marijo Vázquez Copyright ©2015 UNAIDS and CIM/OAS All rights reserved UNAIDS Regional Support Office for Latin America and Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres (CIM) the Caribbean 1889 F Street NW Gonzalo Crance Street, # 166, Washington, DC, 20006 Ciudad Del Saber, Clayton.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfs Forum on Women's Empowerment in the Context of Food Security and Nutrition
    July 2017 CFS 2017/Inf 21 E COMMITTEE ON WORLD FOOD SECURITY Forty-fourth Session "Making a difference in food security and nutrition" Rome, Italy, 9-13 October 2017 CFS FORUM ON WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Table of Contents Pages I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2 II. CONTEXT ANALYSIS: WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD SECTOR ........................................................................ 4 A. Persistent barriers and emerging challenges to women's economic espowerment ..................... 4 B. Global policy framework for women's empowerment and gender equality ............................... 8 C. Policy implementation gaps ..................................................................................................... 10 D. Conditions for the impelmentation of policy and legal frameworks ........................................ 14 III. ADDRESSING CHALLENGES ................................................................................. 15 A. Women's participation in decision-making, public policies, partnerships and leadership roles ................................................................................................................................. 16 B. Women's access to and control over land, natural resources, inputs and productive tools ...... 18 C. Women's access to decent working conditions and adequate wages ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Health Equity Report 2016
    Health Equity Report 2016 Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking © United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF Health Equity Report 2016: Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking November 2016 Panama City, Panama Cover photo: © UNICEF/UNI100388/LeMoyne UNICEF Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office Alberto Tejada street, Building 102, City of Knowledge Panama, Republic of Panama P.O. Box 0843-03045 Phone: (507) 301-7400 www.unicef.org/lac Twitter: https://twitter.com/uniceflac Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/UnicefLac ISBN: 978-92-806-4842-3 This joint report reflects the activities of individual agencies around an issue of common concern. The principles and policies of each agency are governed by the relevant decisions of its governing body. Each agency implements the interventions described in this document in accordance with these principles and policies and within the scope of its mandate. This publication may be reproduced for use in research, advocacy and education only, provided the source is acknowledged (UNICEF). This publication may not be reproduced for other purposes without the prior written permission of UNICEF. Permissions will be requested to Communication Unit, [email protected]. Health Equity Report 2016 Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking Acknowledgement This report was prepared jointly by a team from Tulane University and UNICEF, with inputs from members of the A Promise Renewed for the Americas (APR-LAC) Metrics and Monitoring Working Group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, March 2016
    PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION MARCH 2016 WOMEN IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE: MAKING STRIDES THROUGH A HALF CENTURY KIRBY SIMON’S LEGACY FOREIGN March 2016 SERVICE Volume 93, No. 2 AFSA NEWS FOCUS ON WOMEN IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE Amb. Ruth Davis to Receive AFSA’s Premier Award / 64 Foreign Service Women Today: VP Voice State: Stop Calling It The Palmer Case and Beyond / 24 Maternity Leave! / 65 BY ANDREA STRANO VP Voice USAID: A Legislative North Star / 66 Federal Women’s Program for the Future / 29 VP Voice FAS: Off Balance? / 67 BY THAO ANH TRAN AND KRISTIN STEWART AFSA Welcomes Spring Semester Interns / 67 Ten Leadership Tips for Aspiring Women / 34 Governing Board Meetings / 68 BY ERIN SOTO AFSA on the Hill: The FY 2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act / 69 A Pioneer in Saudi Arabia / 38 Announcing the 2015-2016 BY ANDREA FARSAKH Financial Aid Scholars / 70 Retiree Corner / 76 On Assignment with Maxine Desilet, 1949–1955 / 41 Second Annual Book Market a Success! / 78 BY SUZANNE COFER A Conversation with Pearson Fellows / 78 Challenging Tradition / 46 Changes on the AFSA EXCERPTS FROM ELINOR CONSTABLE, PHYLLIS OAKLEY AND MARY OLMSTED Governing Board / 79 Connecting with America’s Teachers / 79 FEATURES Power in Numbers / 80 New Professional Issues Two Decades of Volunteer Support: Director at AFSA / 81 Kirby Simon’s Legacy / 50 New Retiree Counselor / 81 The J. Kirby Simon Foreign Service Trust is uniquely committed to expanding the opportunities for community service to people associated COLUMNS with U.S. embassies and consulates. President’s Views /6 Protecting the Career Path BY KATHLEEN SHEEHAN AND LIISA ECOLA BY BARBARA STEPHENSON Letter from the Editor / 9 Extending the American Revolution Overseas: No More Old Boys’ Club Foreign Aid, 1789–1850 / 54 BY SHAWN DORMAN Foreign assistance is part of America’s cultural DNA, fostered by the country’s Speaking Out / 21 revolutionary heritage of a commitment to human rights and individual liberties.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Empowerment Beyond Elections
    Wesleyan University The Honors College Women’s Empowerment Beyond Elections: The Relevance of Legal Gender Quotas in Latin America by Rebecca Friendly Class of 2011 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Departmental Honors in Government Middletown, Connecticut April, 2011 1 Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 4 CHAPTER TWO: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK .................................................... 39 CHAPTER THREE: COSTA RICA CASE STUDY .......................................................... 60 CHAPTER FOUR: PANAMA CASE STUDY ............................................................... 95 CHAPTER FIVE: COLOMBIA CASE STUDY ............................................................. 122 CHAPTER SIX: NICARAGUA CASE STUDY ............................................................. 152 CHAPTER SEVEN: CROSS‐CASE ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS ............................. 181 TECHNICAL APPENDIX ....................................................................................... 203 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 209 2 AcKnowledgements First, I wish to thank my advisor Professor Michael Touchton for his unrelenting guidance, support, and advice. It has been an honor to work with him on this project, and I am very thankful for his contribution of knowledge to my work. My thanks
    [Show full text]