DOCSLIB.ORG

Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Lehigh Preserve Institutional Repository Women in Panama: Navigating Upstream Against the Current Raad, Nayla 2007 Find more at https://preserve.lib.lehigh.edu/ This document is brought to you for free and open access by Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WOMEN IN PANAMA: NAVIGATING UPSTREAM AGAINST THE CURRENT1 Nayla Raad Introduction present, it must take more concrete measures to capitalize on the potential of women’s Over the last twenty years, women have contributions to that goal. been gaining representation in many areas of In this article I present several issues that Panamanian society. Women now comprise either affect the welfare of women or that are more than 50 percent of students in secondary affected by the activism of women in Panama. and post-secondary schools, and women’s labor The topics I address are education and work, force participation has been steadily increasing healthcare, domestic violence, sustainable since the early 1990s. (Duryea et al.) However, development, ecotourism, and politics. women’s leadership in Panama tends to be Although the lives of women in Panama are structured in a triangular fashion with improving over time because of the burgeon- representation of women decreasing as the ing economy and because of the leadership hierarchical structure increases. (Htun) Despite of women in social causes, I argue that most advances in education and training, women are women are still not reaching their full still struggling to increase their social and potential in many facets of the workplace economic status in Panama and are not being and in political leadership. utilized to their full potential. The gender inequality that exists in Panama is not only 1 harmful to women but to the country as a The author wishes to thank Jose Ibanez for help in translating Spanish articles, Mrs. Judy Aronson for insight- whole, as it impedes greater and more rapid ful revisions, Dr. Karen Hicks for never-ending support and development. If Panama wishes to benefit from consistently challenging me to do better, and Dr. Robert the economic boom that it is experiencing at Thornton for general assistance. 103 Education eligible to go on to some form of tertiary education in 2005, more women than men were In 2005 the estimated primary school enrolled (55 percent of post-secondary women enrollment of both girls and boys in Panama versus 34 percent of post-secondary men). (UIS was 99 percent. However, only 67 percent of Statistics in Brief) Women also attend graduate girls and 61 percent of boys continue on to programs in higher numbers than men and, on secondary education. (UIS Statistics in Brief) average, perform better than their male coun- For those who do attain a primary or even terparts. Even in traditionally male-dominated secondary education, there is no guarantee that fields such as engineering, women earn over it will be of a high standard or that they will be half of awarded degrees. (Díaz) With the able to access it easily due to transportation prospect of many professional positions open- issues and financial barriers. (Country Strategy ing due to the real estate boom, the growth in Paper…, p. 12) the free zone, growth in call centers, and port There are serious implications for family and canal expansion, it would be prudent for life when girls end their education too early. It Panama to improve the socio-economic status has been shown that poor or minimal educa- of its own citizens by recruiting qualified tion for women results in higher levels of child women for these positions. mortality, poorer health, and lower income. If women with higher education degrees Some theorists argue that having the general are actually encouraged to enter the skilled population attend school exposes them to workforce, one does not see the evidence. “modernity”2 and hence helps speed up the During the Martindale trip to Panama in May process of economic growth in a society. 2006, we met three college women from (Benavot) Universidad Technológica de Panamá who were Educating women also affects fertility being trained as engineers and, we assumed, rates. According to Benavot, moderate popula- would soon be in the workforce. However, all tion growth contributes to more sustainable three women admitted that they were unsure economic growth when it results in a popula- about going to work after graduation. Instead tion that is able to support itself with a uniform, they planned to marry, raise a family as stay-at- relatively balanced age distribution. Decreasing home moms, and did not see themselves enter- the fertility rate also allows more resources to ing the market economy. They also expressed be allocated to each individual child. the desire to continue to live with their parents Finally, educating more girls through the and care for them once they had attained their secondary level will have a favorable effect on degrees until they got married. the health of the entire population. Schools can Certainly it is unwise to extrapolate a trend test routinely for malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other from a sample of three, but it is possible that diseases; and students can be taught about the talented women are not being drawn to the symptoms of common diseases. With this workplace because of pay and advancement knowledge, women will be better able to care inequalities. The income gap in Panama for themselves and their families. In fact, between men and women is large and persis- UNICEF has set universal education as a goal tent. Between 1985 and 1995, women at each for Panama by 2011, stating that the expected education level earned between 70 and 80 results will be not only to promote gender percent of the earnings of men. (“Gender equality but also to combat diseases. (“Panama Assessment for…”) Country Programme…”, p. 2) Víctor Herrera and Manuel Madrid-Aris (“Earning Profiles and Returns to Education in Higher Education and the Job Market Panama”) explain that the gender differential in pay for those with no formal education is prob- Although a relatively small number of per- ably the result of migration from rural to urban sons of both genders go to university, of those areas where women were employed mainly as maids, pulling in lower wages than men who 2In sociology, modernity is commonly defined as the were hired for labor. As for women with formal social patterns resulting from industrialization. (Macionis) secondary or technical education, most are 104 employed in the service sector, with clerical, counterparts. Fewer than 15 percent of the secretarial, or lower management jobs. (Herrera women who do become radio personalities are and Madrid-Aris) given the opportunity to express their opinions According to 2004 World Bank statistics, on issues rather than simply reading a given women at that time made up 38 percent of the script. Griselda Lopez, a professor at the entire workforce, a steady increase from 30 University of Panama, argues that large corpo- percent in 1980. (“Summary Gender Profile”) rations that own radio stations benefit from At the same time about 88 percent of the female keeping men in more powerful positions as it workforce was employed in the service econo- reaffirms cultural norms and brings in more my. (“Human Development Indicators 2003”) profit. (Lopez) It is estimated that women in the service econ- Cultural norms are reflected in another omy, who comprise about 75 percent of the type of job discrimination in Panama. For exam- workforce, make only 58 percent of the earn- ple, some positions are closed to women ings of their male counterparts! (Mordok) In because of a perceived threat to women’s phys- August 2007, the front page of a national ical well-being, such as jobs that require night Panamanian newspaper, Panama America, bore shifts. (Díaz) Such over-protection of women the headline: “Mujeres Sufren Disparidad occurs despite the fact that women have longer Salarial,” which means “Women Suffer Salary life expectancies than men, and is further exem- Discrepancies.” The article highlighted that plified in the legal retirement age, which is today salary inequalities between men and 55 for women versus 60 for men. (Díaz) This women are still large and pervasive. (Mordok) pervasive and culturally accepted over-protec- Unemployment is also higher for women. In tion of women may create an atmosphere in urban areas the unemployment rate for women favor of the more traditional life and an antipa- is 23.5 percent while for urban men the rate is thy against ambition. 16.5 percent. Additionally, urban women earn A study entitled “Perceptions of Couple only about 76 percent of the earnings of men. Decision Making in Panama” may provide an (“Gender, Health and Development…”) insight into the reluctance on the part of Women are noticeably underrepresented women to pursue careers and how barriers are in many business realms. The Panama Canal set up by their husbands. The study was under- Authority official website lists twelve positions taken in part to investigate whether the phe- on the Board of Directors. (Panama Canal nomena of “machismo” and “marianismo” Authority Board of Directors) Only one of the affected family life and decision making. The twelve upper level administrative positions is investigators describe machismo as “exagger- occupied by a woman — Ms. Chiquilani, ated aggressiveness and uncompromising Director of the Department of Human stance in male-to-male interpersonal relation- Resources. (Panama Canal Authority ships,” and a “callousness and sexual aggression Organizational Chart) All of the banks visited in male-to-female relationships.” Marianismo during the Martindale trip to Panama reflected is defined as women being spiritually superior a similar absence of women in high paying, to men.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Violence Against Women 31 Annex 1.1 38
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WOMEN IN CENTRALAMERICA TOWARDS EQUAL? TOWARDS EQUAL? WOMEN IN CENTRAL AMERICA 2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The find- ings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncom- mercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Photo cover: (up) Three women plant seeds in a farm in Chimaltenango, Guatemala. Photo: Maria Fleischmann / World Bank (dow) Haiti - Nonouche Rochambert works at the Truitier debris management site.
    [Show full text]
  • Panama Country Profile for Demographic and Health Surveys, the Years Refer to When the Surveys Were Conducted
    WHO Director-General Roundtable with Women Leaders on Millennium Development Goal 5 Panama Country profile For Demographic and Health Surveys, the years refer to when the Surveys were conducted. Estimates from the Surveys refer to three or five years before the Surveys. Panama and the world 1. Maternal mortality ratio: global, regional and 2. Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N), 2005 country data, 2005 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or The lifetime risk of maternal death is the estimated risk of an individual within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, from any cause related to woman dying from pregnancy or childbirth during her adult lifetime the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental based on maternal mortality and the fertility rate in the country. The causes. The maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes in Panama is 1 in per 100 000 live births per year. The ratio in Panama is 130 per 100 000 270, slightly lower than the average of 1 in 290 for Latin America and the live births, which is the same as the average of 130 per 100 000 live births Caribbean and lower than the global figure of 1 in 92. in Latin America and the Caribbean and lower than the global average of 400 per 100 000 live births. 3/250 1/92 4 5 0 1/100 400 4 0 0 3 5 0 1/125 3 0 0 2 5 0 3/500 2 0 0 1/270 1/290 death (1 in N) live births 130 130 1/250 1 5 0 Lifetime risk of 1 0 0 Deaths per 100 000 1/500 5 0 0 0 Panama Latin America World Panama Latin America World and the Caribbean and the Caribbean Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank.
    [Show full text]
  • PORT-AU-PRINCE and MONTREAL, 1934-1986 by Grace Louise Sanders a Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requiremen
    LA VOIX DES FEMMES: HAITIAN WOMEN’S RIGHTS, NATIONAL POLITICS AND BLACK ACTIVISM IN PORT-AU-PRINCE AND MONTREAL, 1934-1986 by Grace Louise Sanders A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History and Women’s Studies) in the University of Michigan 2013 Dissertation Committee: Associate Professor Sueann Caulfield, Chair Associate Professor Jesse E. Hoffnung-Garskof Professor Tiya A. Miles Associate Professor Nadine C. Naber Professor Matthew J. Smith, University of the West Indies © Grace L. Sanders 2013 DEDICATION For LaRosa, Margaret, and Johnnie, the two librarians and the eternal student, who insisted that I honor the freedom to read and write. & For the women of Le Cercle. Nou se famn tout bon! ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the History and Women’s Studies Departments at the University of Michigan. I am especially grateful to my Dissertation Committee Members. Matthew J. Smith, thank you for your close reading of everything I send to you, from emails to dissertation chapters. You have continued to be selfless in your attention to detail and in your mentorship. Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof, thank you for sharing new and compelling ways to narrate and teach the histories of Latin America and North America. Tiya Miles, thank you for being a compassionate mentor and inspiring visionary. I have learned volumes from your example. Nadine Naber, thank you for kindly taking me by the hand during the most difficult times on this journey. You are an ally and a friend. Sueann Caulfield, you have patiently walked this graduate school road with me from beginning to end.
    [Show full text]
  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Fourteenth Meeting New York, 23 June 2006 Item 5 of the Provisional Agenda*
    United Nations CEDAW/SP/2006/3 Convention on the Elimination Distr.: General of All Forms of Discrimination 28 February 2006 against Women Original: English/French/Spanish Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Fourteenth meeting New York, 23 June 2006 Item 5 of the provisional agenda* Election, in accordance with article 17, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Convention, of 12 members of the Committee, to replace those whose terms are due to expire on 31 December 2006 Note by the Secretary-General 1. In accordance with article 17, paragraph 4, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Secretary-General will convene the fourteenth meeting of States parties at United Nations Headquarters on 23 June 2006 for the election of 12 members of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women from a list of persons nominated by States parties to replace those whose terms are due to expire on 31 December 2006 (see annex I). The names of the other 11 members, who will continue to serve on the Committee until 31 December 2008, appear in annex II. 2. In compliance with article 17, paragraph 3, of the Convention, the Secretary- General, in a note verbale dated 10 November 2005, invited the States parties to submit their nominations for the election of 12 members of the Committee not later than 10 February 2006. The Secretary-General has prepared the following list, in alphabetical order, of all persons nominated by 10 February 2006, indicating the States parties that had nominated them.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Issues in Panama: Background and Policies1
    PANAMA SOCIAL ISSUES IN PANAMA: BACKGROUND AND POLICIES1 While Panama’s remarkable growth performance in recent years has been largely pro- poor and contributed to significant reductions in poverty and inequality, the country faces ongoing challenges on the shared prosperity front. Social inequities remain high relative to peers, especially when compared to countries of similar income. The new administration is well placed to redress social imbalances keeping in mind that equity and inclusion are not only socially desirable goals but important conditions to ensure that future economic growth is broad-based and sustainable. Coordinated policies to protect Panama’s resources, especially water, are of increasing importance in light of the adverse impacts of climate change on the region. A. Background 1. Panama is a fast-growing high-income country but lags regional peers in human development. Panama has reached a relatively high level of income with per-capita output of US$26,822 in PPP terms in 2019—the highest in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has been the fastest-growing economy in the region over the last two decades and one of the most dynamic economies in the world. However, while its rapid growth accelerated poverty reduction and created economic opportunities, Panama lags the peers in its income group in many aspects of social policy, such as education, health, gender equality and social inclusion. According to the World Bank’s Human Capital Index (HCI), which measures the amount of human capital that a child can expect to attain by age 18 given the country’s health and education systems, Panama performs on par with countries with much lower per-capita income, such as Nicaragua (per capita PPP GDP of US$5,290), Tajikistan (per capita PPP GDP of US$3,589) and Paraguay (per capita PPP GDP of US$13,584).
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating Violence Against Women Forms, Strategies and Tools Workshop
    Eliminating Violence Against Women Forms, Strategies and Tools Workshop Eliminating Violence Against Women: Forms, Strategies and Tools On the occasion of the Seventeenth Session of the United Nations Commission On Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Vienna, 14 April 2008 Edited by: Vittoria Luda di Cortemiglia, UNICRI Layout design: International Training Centre of the ILO Cover photo: © Tina Imbriano ([email protected]) The opinions expressed in these reports are the sole responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNICRI or the PNI Institutes. Table of contents Foreword 5 1 Cross-cultural Research on Violence against Women: Results of the International Violence Against Women Survey – HEUNI 7 2 Women, Girls and Terrorism – ISPAC 15 3 Violence Against Women and Girls During Armed Conflicts in Africa: Nature, Extent and a Way Forward – UNAFRI 29 4 Indicators on the Criminal Justice Response to Violence Against Women – ICCLR 39 5 Promoting Women’s Safety: Local Strategies and Promising Practices to Prevent Violence Against Women – ICPC 57 6 Coordinated Community Response in Violence Against Women – NIJ 69 7 Exchange of Judicial Information to Improve Prosecution of Violence Against Women and Girls and Provide Timely Assistance to the Victims – UNICRI 79 8 The Institutes Comprising the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network (PNI) 91 3 Foreword “Violence against women and girls continues unabated in every continent, country and culture. It takes a devastating toll on women’s lives, on their families, and on society as a whole. Most societies prohibit such violence — yet the reality is that too often, it is covered up or tacitly condoned.” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, 8 March 2007 Violence against women and girls continues to be a global epidemic that wounds, tortures, and slays – physically, psychologically, sexually and economically.
    [Show full text]
  • Infectious Diseases of Panama
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF PANAMA Stephen Berger, MD Infectious Diseases of Panama - 2013 edition Infectious Diseases of Panama - 2013 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2013 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-577-0 ISBN-10: 1-61755-577-0 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas
    Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) leads and inspires the world to achieve its shared vision of zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS unites the efforts of 11 UN organizations—UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNODC, UN Women, ILO, UNESCO, WHO and the World Bank—and works closely with global and national partners to maximize results for the AIDS response. The Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM) is the main hemispheric policy forum for the promotion of women’s rights and gender equality. Created in 1928 - in recognition of the importance of women’s social inclusion to democratic strengthening and human development in the Americas – CIM was the first inter-governmental organization established to promote women’s human rights and gender equality. The Organization of American States (OAS) brings together the nations of the Western hemisphere to promote democracy, strengthen human rights, foster peace, security and cooperation and advance common interests. The origins of the Organization date back to 1890 when nations of the region formed the Pan American Union to forge closer hemispheric relations. This union later evolved into the OAS and in 1948, 21 nations signed its governing charter. Since then, the OAS has expanded to include the nations of the English- speaking Caribbean and Canada, and today all of the independent nations of North, Central and South America and the Caribbean make up its 35 member states. Human Rights of Women Living with HIV in the Americas Author: Dinys Luciano Co-author: Martín Negrete Editor: Marijo Vázquez Copyright ©2015 UNAIDS and CIM/OAS All rights reserved UNAIDS Regional Support Office for Latin America and Comisión Interamericana de Mujeres (CIM) the Caribbean 1889 F Street NW Gonzalo Crance Street, # 166, Washington, DC, 20006 Ciudad Del Saber, Clayton.
    [Show full text]
  • Cfs Forum on Women's Empowerment in the Context of Food Security and Nutrition
    July 2017 CFS 2017/Inf 21 E COMMITTEE ON WORLD FOOD SECURITY Forty-fourth Session "Making a difference in food security and nutrition" Rome, Italy, 9-13 October 2017 CFS FORUM ON WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION Table of Contents Pages I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2 II. CONTEXT ANALYSIS: WOMEN'S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN THE AGRICULTURE AND AGRIFOOD SECTOR ........................................................................ 4 A. Persistent barriers and emerging challenges to women's economic espowerment ..................... 4 B. Global policy framework for women's empowerment and gender equality ............................... 8 C. Policy implementation gaps ..................................................................................................... 10 D. Conditions for the impelmentation of policy and legal frameworks ........................................ 14 III. ADDRESSING CHALLENGES ................................................................................. 15 A. Women's participation in decision-making, public policies, partnerships and leadership roles ................................................................................................................................. 16 B. Women's access to and control over land, natural resources, inputs and productive tools ...... 18 C. Women's access to decent working conditions and adequate wages ......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dissolution of First Unions in Colombia, Panama, and Peru
    DEMOGRAPHY© Volume 18, Number 4 November 1981 DISSOLUTION OF FIRST UNIONS IN COLOMBIA, PANAMA, AND PERU Noreen Goldman Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 Abstract-An analysis of marital histories from World Fertility Survey data in Colombia, Panama, and Peru indicates a high level of union dissolution: the probabilities of a first union ending by separation within twenty years of the onset of union equal .27, .40, 'and .18 in the three countries respectively. Dissolution probabilities are especially high among women with young ages at first union and among women residing in urban areas. For all subgroups studied, consensual unions are characterized by several times the risk of separation of legal marriages. Consensual unions are especially frequent among women in rural areas, women with little education and women who enter unions at young ages. The different prevalence of consensual unions among the different subgroups affects the associations between union stability and various correlates so that it becomes essential to investigate the factors affecting union stability for both consensual unions and legal marriages. In spite of high dissolution rates, remarriage rates in all three countries are also high, as are the percentages of time spent in a union. Hence, the potential effects of voluntary disruption of unions on fertility appear to be modest. INTRODUCTION the Dominican Republic in 1970 (Ca­ Increasing attention has been focused misa, 1978). on patterns of marriage formation and The high frequency of consensual dissolution in Latin America. In the ma­ unions in Latin America and the absence jority of studies, a distinction is made of legal responsibilities within such between formal marriages-those with unions suggests a high level of union legal or religious sanction-and consen­ instability in some countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Equity Report 2016
    Health Equity Report 2016 Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking © United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF Health Equity Report 2016: Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking November 2016 Panama City, Panama Cover photo: © UNICEF/UNI100388/LeMoyne UNICEF Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office Alberto Tejada street, Building 102, City of Knowledge Panama, Republic of Panama P.O. Box 0843-03045 Phone: (507) 301-7400 www.unicef.org/lac Twitter: https://twitter.com/uniceflac Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/UnicefLac ISBN: 978-92-806-4842-3 This joint report reflects the activities of individual agencies around an issue of common concern. The principles and policies of each agency are governed by the relevant decisions of its governing body. Each agency implements the interventions described in this document in accordance with these principles and policies and within the scope of its mandate. This publication may be reproduced for use in research, advocacy and education only, provided the source is acknowledged (UNICEF). This publication may not be reproduced for other purposes without the prior written permission of UNICEF. Permissions will be requested to Communication Unit, [email protected]. Health Equity Report 2016 Analysis of reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health inequities in Latin America and the Caribbean to inform policymaking Acknowledgement This report was prepared jointly by a team from Tulane University and UNICEF, with inputs from members of the A Promise Renewed for the Americas (APR-LAC) Metrics and Monitoring Working Group.
    [Show full text]
  • The Foreign Service Journal, March 2016
    PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION MARCH 2016 WOMEN IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE: MAKING STRIDES THROUGH A HALF CENTURY KIRBY SIMON’S LEGACY FOREIGN March 2016 SERVICE Volume 93, No. 2 AFSA NEWS FOCUS ON WOMEN IN THE FOREIGN SERVICE Amb. Ruth Davis to Receive AFSA’s Premier Award / 64 Foreign Service Women Today: VP Voice State: Stop Calling It The Palmer Case and Beyond / 24 Maternity Leave! / 65 BY ANDREA STRANO VP Voice USAID: A Legislative North Star / 66 Federal Women’s Program for the Future / 29 VP Voice FAS: Off Balance? / 67 BY THAO ANH TRAN AND KRISTIN STEWART AFSA Welcomes Spring Semester Interns / 67 Ten Leadership Tips for Aspiring Women / 34 Governing Board Meetings / 68 BY ERIN SOTO AFSA on the Hill: The FY 2016 Consolidated Appropriations Act / 69 A Pioneer in Saudi Arabia / 38 Announcing the 2015-2016 BY ANDREA FARSAKH Financial Aid Scholars / 70 Retiree Corner / 76 On Assignment with Maxine Desilet, 1949–1955 / 41 Second Annual Book Market a Success! / 78 BY SUZANNE COFER A Conversation with Pearson Fellows / 78 Challenging Tradition / 46 Changes on the AFSA EXCERPTS FROM ELINOR CONSTABLE, PHYLLIS OAKLEY AND MARY OLMSTED Governing Board / 79 Connecting with America’s Teachers / 79 FEATURES Power in Numbers / 80 New Professional Issues Two Decades of Volunteer Support: Director at AFSA / 81 Kirby Simon’s Legacy / 50 New Retiree Counselor / 81 The J. Kirby Simon Foreign Service Trust is uniquely committed to expanding the opportunities for community service to people associated COLUMNS with U.S. embassies and consulates. President’s Views /6 Protecting the Career Path BY KATHLEEN SHEEHAN AND LIISA ECOLA BY BARBARA STEPHENSON Letter from the Editor / 9 Extending the American Revolution Overseas: No More Old Boys’ Club Foreign Aid, 1789–1850 / 54 BY SHAWN DORMAN Foreign assistance is part of America’s cultural DNA, fostered by the country’s Speaking Out / 21 revolutionary heritage of a commitment to human rights and individual liberties.
    [Show full text]