DOCSLIB.ORG

Role of Seabed Mapping Techniques in Environmental Monitoring and Management

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Role of Seabed Mapping Techniques in Environmental Monitoring and Management Science Series Technical Report no.127 The role of seabed mapping techniques in environmental monitoring and management S.E. Boyd, R.A. Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough, D.S. Limpenny, P.E. Eastwood, R.L. Foster-Smith, S. Philpott, W.J. Meadows, J.W.C. James, K. Vanstaen, S. Soussi and S. Rogers Science Series Technical Report no.127 The role of seabed mapping techniques in environmental monitoring and management S.E. Boyd, R.A. Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough, D.S. Limpenny, P.E. Eastwood, R.L. Foster-Smith, S. Philpott, W.J. Meadows, J.W.C. James, K. Vanstaen, S. Soussi and S. Rogers April 2006 Funded by This report should be cited as: S.E. Boyd, R.A. Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough, D.S. Limpenny, P.E. Eastwood, R.L. Foster-Smith, S. Philpott, W.J. Meadows, J.W.C. James, K. Vanstaen, S. Soussi and S. Rogers, 2006. The role of seabed mapping techniques in environmental monitoring and management. Sci. Ser. Tech Rep., Cefas Lowestoft, 127: 170pp. Authors responsible for writing sections of this report are as follows: Chapter 1 - S.E. Boyd, R.A. Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough and P.E. Eastwood Chapter 2 - S.E. Boyd Chapter 3 - D.S. Limpenny, S.E. Boyd, S.N.R. Birchenough, W.J. Meadows and K. Vanstaen Chapter 4 - Part 1: R.A. Coggan and S. Philpott: Part 2: P.Eastwood. Chapter 5 - S.N.R.Birchenough, R.Foster-Smith, S.E. Boyd, W.J. Meadows, K. Vanstaen and D.S. Limpenny Chapter 6 - R.A. Coggan Chapter 7 - P.E. Eastwood, S. Souissi, S. Rogers and R.A. Coggan Chapter 8 - R.L. Foster-Smith Chapter 9 - S.E. Boyd, R.L. Foster-Smith, R.A. Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough, D.S. Limpenny and P.E. Eastwood Chapter 10 - S.E. Boyd, R.A, Coggan, S.N.R. Birchenough and P.E. Eastwood Chapter 11 - R.A. Coggan, R.L. Foster-Smith, K. Vanstaen and S.N.R.Birchenough. This publication is also available at http://www2.defra.gov.uk/ research/project_data/Default.asp © Crown copyright, 2006 This publication (excluding the logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium for research for non-commercial purposes, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being re-used accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the publication specified. This publication is also available at www.cefas.co.uk For any other use of this material please apply for a Click-Use Licence for core material at www.hmso.gov.uk/copyright/licences/core/core_ licence.htm, or by writing to: HMSO’s Licensing Division St Clements House 2-16 Colegate Norwich NR3 1BQ Fax: 01603 723000 E-mail: [email protected] Contents 4.6 Scope for linkage between surveys 1. Executive Summary 5 conducted at different spatial scales 43 4.6.1 Introduction 43 4.6.2 Materials and methods 44 2. Introduction 8 4.6.3 Results 46 4.6.4 Discussion 46 2.1 Objectives 10 5. Utility of mapping techniques for 3. Development and evaluation of survey assessing/monitoring temporal techniques 11 changes 50 3.1. Selection of sampling methodologies and 5.1 Introduction 50 survey sites 11 5.2 Site descriptions 50 3.2 Methods - Acoustic surveys 12 5.2.1 Dredged material disposal site (TY070) 50 3.2.1 Digital sidescan sonar 12 5.2.2 Aggregate extraction site (Shoreham) 51 3.2.2 Multibeam bathymetry 14 5.3 Methods - acoustic surveys 51 3.2.3 Acoustic Ground Discrimination Systems 15 5.3.1 AGDS 51 3.2.4 Data interpretation 15 5.3.2 Sidescan sonar 53 3.3 Methods - biological surveys and ground- 5.3.3 Multibeam bathymetry 53 truthing 15 5.4 Methods - biological surveys and 3.3.1 Grab sampling 16 ground-truthing 54 3.3.2 Beam trawling 16 5.4.1 Data analysis 54 3.3.3 On-deck photography 17 5.4.2 Characterisation of grab samples 54 3.3.4 Underwater video and stills photography 17 5.5 Results (TY070) 55 3.3.5 Sediment Profile Imagery 18 5.5.1 Sidescan sonar 55 3.4 Logging and achiving of field data 19 5.5.2 Multibeam bathymetry 58 3.5 Laboratory sample processing 19 5.5.3 AGDS classification 58 3.5.1 Macrofaunal samples 19 5.5.4 Sediment characteristics 63 3.5.2 Particle size analysis 19 5.5.5 Biological characteristics 64 3.6 Data analysis 19 5.5.6 Characterisation of grab samples 67 5.5.7 Supervised classification of AGDS data 70 5.5.8 Sediment Profile Imagery 74 4. Investigating seabed conditions over 5.5.9 Video information 77 different spatial scales 21 5.6 Results (Shoreham) 79 5.6.1 Sidescan sonar 79 4.1. Introduction 21 5.6.2 Multibeam bathymetry 79 4.2. Background 21 5.6.3 AGDS classification 79 4.3. Methods 22 5.6.4 Sediment characteristics 79 4.3.1 Hastings study area 22 5.6.5 Biological characteristics 83 4.3.2 Broadscale study area 23 5.6.6 Characterisation of grab samples 85 4.4 Results 26 5.6.7 Supervised classification of AGDS 87 4.4.1 Hastings study area 26 5.6.8 Optical techniques 90 4.4.2 Broadscale study area 35 5.7 Discussion 92 4.5 Discussion 41 5.7.1 Utility of individual techniques 92 4.5.1 Hastings study area 41 5.7.2 Utility of an integrated approach 94 4.5.2 Broadscale study area 41 continued/: Contents 6. Implications of biogeographical 9. Conclusions and recommendations 128 variations in community composition for predictive mapping 95 10. Future work 131 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Methods 95 6.3 Results 96 11. Approaches to scoping and designing 6.4 Discussion 101 seabed habitat surveys 132 11.1 Introduction 132 11.2 Scoping the survey 132 7. Predictive mapping of marine fauna 11.2.1 Flow chart 132 and seabed communities 104 11.2.2 Consultation 132 11.2.3 Information required of the applicant 133 7.1 Introduction 104 11.2.4 Stakeholders: who are they and what 7.2 Predictive mapping of individual marine information if required of them? 134 fauna 104 11.2.5 Risk analysis 135 7.2.1 Materials and methods 104 11.2.6 Scoping the survey: issues to resolve 135 7.2.2 Results 106 11.2.7 Outputs: survey parameters 136 7.3 Predictive mapping of seabed 11.3 Designing the survey 136 communities 108 11.4 Summary 143 7.3.1 Materials and methods 108 7.3.2 Results 109 7.4 Discussion 111 12. Publications 144 8. Utility of mapping techniques for 13. References 145 assessing/monitoring features of nature conservation interest 113 14. Acknowledgements 152 8.1 Introduction 113 8.2 Techniques 115 8.3 Summary of survey results 115 ANNEXES 153 8.4 Detection 116 8.5 Sampling and variability 122 8.6 Change 124 8.7 Discussion 126 5 1. Executive summary 1 EXECUTIVE SUMM A RY This report details work carried out by the Centre for • The EU Agreement on a Recommendation concerning Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Integrated Coastal Zone Management The British Geological Survey (BGS) and Envision Ltd over • The EU Directives on Habitats and Species and that on the course of a 4-year research programme primarily for the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive. the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs • Integrated assessment of marine ecosystems (e.g. the (Defra). The overall aim of the programme was to evaluate ICES Regional Ecosystem Study Group for the North an array of ‘state of the art’ seabed mapping techniques to Sea (REGNS) initiative, the OSPAR Quality Status establish their suitability for application in areas impacted Reports and the UK state of the seas report ‘Charting by man-made activities. Progress’) There is now a growing momentum for seabed and • UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. resource mapping programmes, driven by several forward- look and horizon-scanning exercises that have recognised The rapid pace of developments in the field of habitat the need for seabed maps to underpin spatial planning mapping, driven by continuous improvements in acoustic and the sustainable use of seabed resources (both mineral techniques (sidescan sonar, multibeam bathymetry, and biological). A major driver for all this activity is the acoustic ground discrimination systems), has the potential Marine Bill that is likely to include key commitments for to radically alter approaches to the assessment of the U.K. Government in terms of implementing marine anthropogenic impacts at the seabed. In addition to spatial planning in coastal and offshore waters. The U.K. their utility in wide-scale reconnaissance surveys (e.g. in Government also has an interest in ensuring that the most a resource or conservation context), a number of site- cost-effective methods of assessment are employed by all specific applications of relevance to Defra and other those responsible for undertaking environmental monitoring Government Departments (e.g. dredged material disposal, activities. Further core drivers for seabed mapping exist aggregate extraction, construction activities, oil and gas at the international level. OSPAR and ICES are both exploitation, fishing impacts) could also benefit from promoting concerted efforts for trans-national cooperation the use of these techniques. A range of ‘state of the in seabed and habitat mapping as it is of particular art’ methodology was therefore evaluated through a relevance to the ecosystem approach to management and programme of rigorous field testing in order to establish critical to any attempt at integrated assessment of marine the most cost-effective strategies to meet both site- ecosystems (e.g.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phoronis Muelleri (Phoronida) Based on Immunocytochemical Staining and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy“
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Analysis of the Nervous System of the Actinotroch Larva of Phoronis muelleri (Phoronida) based on Immunocytochemical Staining and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy“ Verfasserin Birgit Sonnleitner angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Naturwissenschaften (Mag.rer.nat.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 439 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Zoologie Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. DDr. Andreas Wanninger Für meine Eltern, die mich immer unterstützen Content Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................ 8 Animal collection and fixation ........................................................................................................ 8 Immunocytochemistry, data acquisition and analysis ..................................................................... 9 Results ..................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Sustainable Fisheries Management and Monitoring for Sensitive Soft- Bottom Habitats and Species in the Kattegat
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 04, 2021 Development of sustainable fisheries management and monitoring for sensitive soft- bottom habitats and species in the Kattegat Dinesen, Grete E.; McLaverty, Ciaran; Tendal, Ole S.; Eigaard, Ole R.; Pedersen, Eva Maria; Gislason, Henrik Publication date: 2020 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Dinesen, G. E., McLaverty, C., Tendal, O. S., Eigaard, O. R., Pedersen, E. M., & Gislason, H. (2020). Development of sustainable fisheries management and monitoring for sensitive soft-bottom habitats and species in the Kattegat. DTU Aqua. DTU Aqua-rapport No. 372-2020 https://www.aqua.dtu.dk/- /media/Institutter/Aqua/Publikationer/Rapporter-352-400/372-2020-Development-of-sustainable-fisheries- management-and-monitoring-for-sensitive-v2.ashx General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. S DTU Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources Development of sustainable fisheries management and monitoring for sensitive soft-bottom habitats and species in the Kattegat By Grete E.
    [Show full text]
  • Tranche 2 Action Plans
    For more information about the UK Biodiversity Action Plan visit http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-5155 UK Biodiversity Group Tranche 2 Action Plans Maritime Species and Habitats THE RT HON JOHN PRESCOTT MP THE RT HON PETER MANDELSON MP DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND SECRETARY OF STATE FOR SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE NORTHERN IRELAND ENVIRONMENT, TRANSPORT AND THE REGIONS SARAH BOYACK MSP CHRISTINE GWYTHER AM MINISTER FOR TRANSPORT AND ASSEMBLY SECRETARY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AGRICULTURE, AND THE THE SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES Dear Deputy Prime Minister, Secretary of State, Minister and Assembly Secretary, BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLANS I am writing to you in my capacity as Chairman of the United Kingdom Biodiversity Group (UKBG) about the latest group of biodiversity action plans which UKBG have completed and published in the present volume. Publication of this fifth volume in the Tranche 2 Action Plan series fulfils the undertaking, given in the Government Response to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan Steering Group Report 1995, to produce maritime action plans covering further coastal and marine habitats and species. The volume includes reprints of the marine and coastal species and habitat action plans originall y published in the Steering Group’s Report, as well as new action plans for 16 species/groups of species and 17 habitats. The reprinted saline lagoon habitat action plan has an additional annex containin g statements on a further eight species whose conservation needs will be considered as part of that plan. Similarly, there are two species statements attached to the mud in deep habitats plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Phoronida (Phoronids)
    ■ Phoronida (Phoronids) Phylum Phoronida Number of families 1 Thumbnail description Sedentary, infaunal, benthic suspension-feeders with a vermiform (worm-like) body that bears a lophophore and is enclosed in a slender tube in which the animal moves freely and is anchored by an ampulla. Photo: A golden phoronid (Phoronopsis califor- nica) in Madeira (São Pedro, southeast coast, about 100 ft [30 m] depth) showing the helicoidal shape of the lophophore. (Photo by Peter Wirtz. Reproduced by permission.) Evolution and systematics its own coelom. A lophophore, defined as a tentacular extension The phylum Phoronida is known to have existed since the of the mesosome (and of its coelomic cavity, the mesocoelom) Devonian, but there is a poor fossil record of burrows and embraces the mouth but not the anus. The main functions of borings attributed to phoronids. Many scientists now regard the lophophore are feeding, respiration, and protection. The the Phoronida as a class within the phylum Lophophorata, site and shape of the lophophore are proportional to body size, along with the Brachiopoda and perhaps the Bryozoa. Phor- ranging from oval to horseshoe to helicoidal in relation to an onida consists of two genera, Phoronis and Phoronopsis, which increase in the number of tentacles. Phoronids have a U-shaped are characterized by the presence of an epidermal collar fold digestive tract. A nervous center is present between the mouth at the base of the lophophore. The group takes its name from and anus, as is a ring nerve at the base of the lophophore, and the genus name Phoronis, one of the numerous epithets of the the animal has one or two giant nerve fibers.
    [Show full text]
  • Lophotrochozoa, Phoronida): the Evolution of the Phoronid Body Plan and Life Cycle Elena N
    Temereva and Malakhov BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:229 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0504-0 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Metamorphic remodeling of morphology and the body cavity in Phoronopsis harmeri (Lophotrochozoa, Phoronida): the evolution of the phoronid body plan and life cycle Elena N. Temereva* and Vladimir V. Malakhov Abstract Background: Phoronids undergo a remarkable metamorphosis, in which some parts of the larval body are consumed by the juvenile and the body plan completely changes. According to the only previous hypothesis concerning the evolution of the phoronid body plan, a hypothetical ancestor of phoronids inhabited a U-shaped burrow in soft sediment, where it drew the anterior and posterior parts of the body together and eventually fused them. In the current study, we investigated the metamorphosis of Phoronopsis harmeri with light, electron, and laser confocal microscopy. Results: During metamorphosis, the larval hood is engulfed by the juvenile; the epidermis of the postroral ciliated band is squeezed from the tentacular epidermis and then engulfed; the larval telotroch undergoes cell death and disappears; and the juvenile body forms from the metasomal sack of the larva. The dorsal side of the larva becomes very short, whereas the ventral side becomes very long. The terminal portion of the juvenile body is the ampulla, which can repeatedly increase and decrease in diameter. This flexibility of the ampulla enables the juvenile to dig into the sediment. The large blastocoel of the larval collar gives rise to the lophophoral blood vessels of the juvenile. The dorsal blood vessel of the larva becomes the definitive median blood vessel.
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Neotropical Diversity of Phoronids with DNA Barcoding of Planktonic Larvae
    Received: 30 April 2018 | Revised: 25 January 2019 | Accepted: 17 February 2019 DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12242 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Documenting neotropical diversity of phoronids with DNA barcoding of planktonic larvae Rachel Collin1 | Dagoberto E. Venera‐Pontón1 | Amy C. Driskell2 | Kenneth S. Macdonald2 | Kit‐Yu Karen Chan3 | Michael J. Boyle4 1Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama Abstract 2Laboratories of Analytical Biology, National Phoronid larvae, actinotrochs, are beautiful and complicated organisms which have Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian attracted as much, if not more, attention than their adult forms. We collected acti‐ Institution, Washington, DC 3Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong notrochs from the waters of the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Panama, and used University of Science and Technology, Clear DNA barcoding of mtCOI, as well as 16S and 18S sequences, to estimate the diversity Water Bay, Hong Kong of phoronids in the region. We discovered three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) 4Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida in the Bay of Panama on the Pacific coast and four OTUs in Bocas del Toro on the Caribbean coast. Not only did all OTUs differ from each other by >10% pairwise dis‐ Correspondence Rachel Collin, Smithsonian Tropical tance in COI, but they also differed from all phoronid sequences in GenBank, includ‐ Research, Institute, Unit 9100, Box 0948, ing the four species for which adults have been reported for the Pacific of Panama, DPO AA 34002, USA Email: [email protected] Phoronopsis harmeri, Phoronis psammophila, Phoronis muelleri, and Phoronis hippocre‐ pia. In each ocean region, one common OTU was more abundant and occurred more Present Address Kit‐Yu Karen Chan, Biology frequently than other OTUs in our samples.
    [Show full text]
  • WEST COAST SPECIES of the PHYLUM PHORONIDA The
    WEST COAST SPECIES OF THE PHYLUM PHORONIDA The following seven species of phoronid adults are known from southern and central California: Phoronis architecta Phoronopsis californica % Phoronis muelleri - 3G-5CV Phoronopsis harmeri Phoronis pallida ^Phoronis psammophila Phoronis vancouverensis With the exception of Phoronis muelleri the larvae of the above are also well known here. An additional nearly cosmopolitan species Phoronis ovalis occurs in Washington and two additional widely distributed species Phoronis australis and Phoronis hippocrepia are reported from our east coast. Two further "larval species" occur in southern California, a third such form is known from Hawaii, and there may be at least two additional unidentified larvae from east coast waters. There are no described adults to match with these larval forms, so additional adult forms await discovery and description. Two additional species names may be familiar to California workers: Phoronopsis viridis is now considered a synonym of Phoronopsis harmeri and Phoronis pacifica has never been identified since the inadequate type description The Genus Phoronis Members of this genus lack the epidermal fold known as the collar which is located at the base of the lophophore in members of the only other genus Phoronopsis. Although inconsequential and sometimes inconspicuous, the collar is the only morphological feature separating the genera. Adults of the genus Phoronis are usually smaller than those of Phoronopsis Phoronis ovalis: Not yet described from southern California, but probably here. Positive identification is easy since species is diminutive (usually less than 1 cm in length), with only about 24 tentacles which are arranged in a slightly indented circle. Burrows within calcareous substrates (limestone, mollusc shells, barnacles) in which it forms aggregations by asexual budding.
    [Show full text]
  • NGS-Based Biodiversity and Community Structure Analysis of Meiofaunal Eukaryotes in Shell Sand from Hållö Island, Smögen, and Soft Mud from Gullmarn Fjord, Sweden
    Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e12731 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.5.e12731 Research Article NGS-based biodiversity and community structure analysis of meiofaunal eukaryotes in shell sand from Hållö island, Smögen, and soft mud from Gullmarn Fjord, Sweden Quiterie Haenel‡, Oleksandr Holovachov§§, Ulf Jondelius , Per Sundberg|,¶, Sarah J. Bourlat|,¶ ‡ Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland § Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden | Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ¶ SeAnalytics AB, Bohus-Björkö, Sweden Corresponding author: Sarah J. Bourlat ([email protected]) Academic editor: Urmas Kõljalg Received: 15 Mar 2017 | Accepted: 06 Jun 2017 | Published: 08 Jun 2017 Citation: Haenel Q, Holovachov O, Jondelius U, Sundberg P, Bourlat S (2017) NGS-based biodiversity and community structure analysis of meiofaunal eukaryotes in shell sand from Hållö island, Smögen, and soft mud from Gullmarn Fjord, Sweden. Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e12731. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e12731 Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the biodiversity and community structure of Swedish meiofaunal eukaryotes using metabarcoding. To validate the reliability of the metabarcoding approach, we compare the taxonomic resolution obtained using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) ‘mini-barcode’ and nuclear 18S small ribosomal subunit (18S) V1-V2 region, with traditional morphology-based identication of Xenacoelomorpha and Nematoda. Location: 30 samples were analysed from two ecologically distinct locations along the west coast of Sweden. 18 replicate samples of coarse shell sand were collected along the north- eastern side of Hållö island near Smögen, while 12 replicate samples of soft mud were collected in the Gullmarn Fjord near Lysekil.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biology of Phoronida
    Adz). Ma? . Bid .. V0l . 19. 1982. pp . 1-89 . THE BIOLOGY OF PHORONIDA C . C . EMIG Station Marine d'Endoume (Laboratoire associe' au C.N.R.S.41), 13007 Marseille. France I . Introduction .......... .. .. .. .. 2 I1 . Systematics .......... .. .. .. .. .. 2 I11 . Reproduction and Embryonic Development .. .. .. .. .. 5 A . Sexual patterns and gonad morphology .. .. .. .. 5 B . Oogenesis .......... .. .. .. .. .. 8 C. 'Spermiogenesis ........ .. .. .. .. .. 8 D . Release of spermatozoa ...... .. .. .. .. .. 9 E . Fertilization ........ .. .. .. .. .. 13 F . Spawning .......... .. .. .. .. .. 14 G . Embryonic development ..... .. .. .. .. .. 14 H . Embryonic nutrition ...... .. .. .. .. .. 17 IV . Actinotroch Larvae ........ .. .. .. .. .. 17 A . General account ........ .. .. .. .. .. 17 B . Development of the actinotroch species .. .. .. .. .. 21 C . Larval settlement and metamorphosis . .. .. .. .. .. 31 D . Metamorphosis ........ .. .. .. .. .. 33 V . Ecology ............ .. .. .. .. .. 38 A . Tube ........... .. .. .. .. .. 38 B . Biotopes .......... .. .. .. .. .. 43 C. Ecological effects ........ .. .. .. .. .. 47 D . Predators of Phoronida ...... .. .. .. .. .. 49 E . Geographical distribution .... .. .. .. .. .. 50 VI . Fossil Phoronida ......... .. .. .. .. .. 50 VII. Feeding ............ .. .. .. .. .. 53 A . Lophophore and epistome .... .. .. .. .. .. 53 B . Mechanisms of feeding ...... .. .. .. .. .. 56 C. The alimentary canal ...... .. .. .. .. .. 57 D . Food particles ingested by Phoronida . .. .. .. .. .. 61 E . Uptake of
    [Show full text]
  • Larval Development, the Origin of the Coelom and the Phylogenetic
    45 Morphological and molecular affi nities of Phoronida and Brachiopoda Introduction The Phoronida Hatschek, 1888 comprise eleven species assigned to the genera Phoronis Wright, 1856 and Phoronopsis Gilchrist, 1907. They possess characteristic features such as a wormlike body that secretes a chitinous tube in which the animal lives, burrowed in the substrate. A ciliary anterior tentacle crown that is held into the water column to capture food and giant nerve fi bres running alongside the body that allow the animal a rapid retrac- tion of its entire body represent further characteristic features. Phoronids possess a biphasic life cycle, with the pelagic actinotroch larva that develops into a juvenile phoronid via a catastrophic metamorphosis. So far, the only systematic study on phoronids has been published by Emig (1985). How- ever, with only ten species and eleven characters examined, the taxon-sampling and the amount of characters analyzed in this study are very limited. This and the use of many a priori assumptions about the evolution of the characters cast doubts on the validity of the results. Thus, hitherto no comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of phoronid relationships exists. Since their fi rst discovery in 1878, the relationship of the Phoronida to other metazoan taxa could not be resolved. Most of the time, the phoronids are considered to represent a sister group of the brachiopods (Ax 1989). Their grouping in a taxon called “Tentaculata” (sensu Hatschek 1888) or “Lophophorata” (sensu Hyman 1959) together with the Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) and Brachiopoda was well accepted by subsequent textbook authors, and found support in systematic considerations on the phylogenetic position of the Phoronida by Emig (1977, 1984, 1997) and Zimmer (1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Biodiversity: a Taxonomic Inventory of Fauna
    Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna Irish Wildlife Manual No. 38 Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna S. E. Ferriss, K. G. Smith, and T. P. Inskipp (editors) Citations: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Section author (2009) Section title . In: Ferriss, S. E., Smith K. G., & Inskipp T. P. (eds.) Irish Biodiversity: a taxonomic inventory of fauna. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 38. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, Ireland. Cover photos: © Kevin G. Smith and Sarah E. Ferriss Irish Wildlife Manuals Series Editors: N. Kingston and F. Marnell © National Parks and Wildlife Service 2009 ISSN 1393 - 6670 Inventory of Irish fauna ____________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................3 Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Organization of the Larval Nervous System in Phoronopsis Harmeri: New Insights Into Phoronid Phylogeny Elena N Temereva1* and Eugeni B Tsitrin2
    Temereva and Tsitrin Frontiers in Zoology 2014, 11:3 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/11/1/3 RESEARCH Open Access Development and organization of the larval nervous system in Phoronopsis harmeri: new insights into phoronid phylogeny Elena N Temereva1* and Eugeni B Tsitrin2 Abstract Background: The organization and development of the nervous system has traditionally been used as an important character for establishing the relationships among large groups of animals. According to this criterion, phoronids were initially regarded as deuterostomian but have more recently been regarded as protostomian. The resolving of this conflict requires detailed information from poorly investigated members of phoronids, such as Phoronopsis harmeri. Results: The serotonin-like immunoreactive part of the P. harmeri nervous system changes during larval development. These changes mostly concern the nervous system of the hood and correlate with the appearance of the median and two marginal neurite bundles, the frontal organ, and the sensory field. The apical organ has bilateral symmetry. The tentacular neurite bundle passes under the tentacles, contains several types of perikarya, and gives rise to intertentacular bundles, which branch in the tentacle base and penetrate into adjacent tentacles by two lateroabfrontal bundles. There are two groups of dorsolateral perikarya, which exhibit serotonin-like immunoreactivity, contact the tentacular neurite bundle, and are located near the youngest tentacles. Larvae have a minor nerve ring, which originates from the posterior marginal neurite bundle of the hood, passes above the tentacle base, and gives rise to the mediofrontal neurite bundle in each tentacle. Paired laterofrontal neurite bundles of tentacles form a continuous nerve tract that conducts to the postoral ciliated band.
    [Show full text]