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Origins of Genetic Determinism in Medieval Creationism By
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of North Carolina at Greensboro Origins of Genetic Determinism in Medieval Creationism By: Douglas Wahlsten Wahlsten, D. (1998). Origins of genetic determinism in medieval creationism. Race, Gender & Class, 5: 90-107 Made available courtesy of The University of New Orleans, Sociology Department: http://soci.uno.edu/ ***Reprinted with permission. No further reproduction is authorized without written permission from The University of New Orleans, Sociology Department. This version of the document is not the version of record. Figures and/or pictures may be missing from this format of the document.*** Abstract: The discovery of statistical laws of heredity by Gregor Mendel was an important advance in biological science. However, Mendel's opinion that the entire character was transmitted was not derived from his data and instead reflected prior beliefs outside the domain of science. It is argued here that Mendel, a monk and later abbot of an Augustine monastery, was influenced by St. Augustine's theory of divine creation of the rationes seminales which specified the form for all future beings in great detail. Furthermore, the continued adherence to genetic determinism among contemporary scientists is largely, despite strong evidence supporting a developmental systems or dialectical view of heredity and development. Keywords: St. Augustine, Mendel, Bateson, heredity, epigenesis, dialectics, reductionism Article: On the occasion of the centenary of Mendel's famous paper on hybrid crosses of garden peas, Oliver (1967) distinguished between the forefathers and modern practitioners of genetics: "Early Mendelists supposed that there was regularly a one-to-one relationship between genetic factors and their associated characters. -
Exploratory Experimentation and Scientific Practice: Metagenomics and the Proteorhodopsin Case
Forthcoming in: History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences (2007), 29 (3): 335-358 Exploratory experimentation and scientific practice: Metagenomics and the proteorhodopsin case Maureen A. O’Malley Egenis, University of Exeter Byrne House, St Germans Road Exeter, EX4 4PJ, UK ABSTRACT Exploratory experimentation and high-throughput molecular biology appear to have considerable affinity for each other. Included in the latter category is metagenomics, which is the DNA-based study of diverse microbial communities from a vast range of non-laboratory environments. Metagenomics has already made numerous discoveries and these have led to reinterpretations of fundamental concepts of microbial organization, evolution and ecology. The most outstanding success story of metagenomics to date involves the discovery of a rhodopsin gene, named proteorhodopsin, in marine bacteria that were never suspected to have any photobiological capacities. A discussion of this finding and its detailed investigation illuminates the relationship between exploratory experimentation and metagenomics. Specifically, the proteorhodopsin story indicates that a dichotomous interpretation of theory-driven and exploratory experimentation is insufficient, and that an interactive understanding of these two types of experimentation can be usefully supplemented by another category, ‘natural history experimentation’. Further reflection on the context of metagenomics suggests the necessity of thinking more historically about exploratory and other forms of experimentation. Forthcoming -
Microbiology Graduate Program
MICROBIOLOGY GRADUATE PROGRAM MICROBIOLOGY GRADUATE PROGRAM Curriculum Doctoral Program in Microbial Science and Engineering The major components of the training program are required coursework, elective coursework, rotations and thesis research, The Microbiology Graduate Program (http://microbiology.mit.edu)— teaching, training in the ethical conduct of research, and qualifying an interdepartmental and interdisciplinary initiative at MIT exams. —integrates educational resources across the participating departments to build connections among faculty with shared Required Subjects interests and to build an educational community for training 7.492[J] Methods and Problems in 12 students in the study of microbial systems. Microbiology The study of microbes has been critical in our current understanding 7.493[J] Microbial Genetics and Evolution 12 of basic biological processes, evolution, and the functions of the 7.499 Research Rotations in Microbiology biosphere, and has contributed to numerous elds of engineering. 7.571 Quantitative Analysis of Biological 12 Microbes have the amazing ability to grow in extreme conditions, & 7.572 Data to grow slowly or rapidly, and to readily exchange DNA. They are and Quantitative Measurements and essential for life as we know it, but can also be agents of disease. Modeling of Biological Systems They are instrumental in shaping the environment, in evolution, 7.51 Principles of Biochemical Analysis 12 and in modern biotechnology. Microbes are amenable to virtually all modern approaches in science and engineering. As such, or 7.80 Fundamentals of Chemical Biology they provide natural engineering laboratories for creating new capabilities for industry (e.g., pharmaceuticals, chemicals, energy) Elective Subjects and are the foundation of pioneering eorts in synthetic biology, Students must take three elective subjects, totaling 36 units, from i.e., building life from its component parts. -
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics 1
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics 1 For certification and completion of the BS degree, students will take MICROBIOLOGY AND one year of clinical internship in program accredited by the National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Science (NAACLS) and MOLECULAR GENETICS affiliated with Oklahoma State University. Students have the options of the following hospitals/programs: Comanche County Memorial Hospital, Microbiology/Cell and Molecular Biology Lawton, OK; St. Francis Hospital, Tulsa, OK; Mercy Hospital, Ada, OK; Mercy Hospital, Ardmore, OK. Microbiology is the hands-on study of bacteria, viruses, fungi and algae and their many relationships to humans, animals, plants and the Medical Laboratory Science is unique in allowing students to enter environment. Cell and molecular biology bridges the fields of chemistry, the health profession directly after obtaining a BS degree. Clinical biochemistry and biology as it seeks to understand life and cellular laboratory scientists comprise the third-largest segment of the healthcare processes at the molecular level. Microbiologists apply their knowledge professions and are an important member of the healthcare team, to infectious diseases and pathogenic mechanisms; food production working alongside doctors and nurses. Students who complete and preservation, industrial fermentations which produce chemicals, Microbiology/Cell and Molecular Biology with the MLS option enjoy a drugs, antibiotics, alcoholic beverages and various food products; 100% employment rate upon graduation. biodegradation of toxic chemicals and other materials present in the environment; insect pathology; the exciting and expanding field of Courses biotechnology which endeavors to utilize living organisms to solve GENE 5102 Molecular Genetics important problems in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science; Prerequisites: BIOC 3653 or MICR 3033 and one course in genetics or infectious diseases; and public health and sanitation. -
M.Sc. Microbiology (2019 ONWARDS)
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY PUDUCHERRY 605 014 CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS of M.Sc. Microbiology (2019 ONWARDS) Department of Microbiology School of Life Sciences About the course The Department of Microbiology is committed to excellence in education, research and extension. This Department is being strengthened with various research units and periodical update / modernization of the curricula. The Department of Microbiology at the Pondicherry University, School of Life Sciences, brings together a variety of researchers as faculty of this programme who are specialized in their domains and united by the common goal of understanding the “Microbes”. Microbes are playing important role in the bioprocess of all living things and maintain homeostasis of the universe. Without microbes, one cannot imagine such a biologically balanced and diverse universe; rather our earth would have placed as a barren planet. As the microbial activities are so diverse, the microbiology programme is a multidisciplinary subject, which will have the roots of life science, environmental science, and engineering. Traditional microbiology is considered to be an important area of study in biology since it has enormous potential and vast scope in fermentation, bioremediation and biomedical technology. But the recent developments from human microbiome project, metagenomics and microbial genome projects has expanded its scope and potential in the next generation drug design, molecular pathogenesis, phylogeography, production of smart biomolecules, etc. Modern Microbiology has expanded its roots in genome technology, nanobiotechnology, green energy (biofuel) technology, bioelectronics etc. Considering recent innovations and rapid growth of microbiological approaches and applications in human and environmental sustainability, the M.Sc. Microbiology curricula is designed to enlighten the students in basics of Microbiology to recent developments. -
Malpighi, Swammerdam and the Colourful Silkworm: Replication and Visual Representation in Early Modern Science
Annals of Science, 59 (2002), 111–147 Malpighi, Swammerdam and the Colourful Silkworm: Replication and Visual Representation in Early Modern Science Matthew Cobb Laboratoire d’Ecologie, CNRS UMR 7625, Universite´ Paris 6, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. Email: [email protected] Received 26 October 2000. Revised paper accepted 28 February 2001 Summary In 1669, Malpighi published the rst systematic dissection of an insect. The manuscript of this work contains a striking water-colour of the silkworm, which is described here for the rst time. On repeating Malpighi’s pioneering investi- gation, Swammerdam found what he thought were a number of errors, but was hampered by Malpighi’s failure to explain his techniques. This may explain Swammerdam’s subsequent description of his methods. In 1675, as he was about to abandon his scienti c researches for a life of religious contemplation, Swammerdam destroyed his manuscript on the silkworm, but not before sending the drawings to Malpighi. These gures, with their rich and unique use of colour, are studied here for the rst time. The role played by Henry Oldenburg, secretary of the Royal Society, in encouraging contact between the two men is emphasized and the way this exchange reveals the development of some key features of modern science — replication and modern scienti c illustration — is discussed. Contents 1. Introduction . 111 2. Malpighi and the silkworm . 112 3. The silkworm reveals its colours . 119 4. Swammerdam and the silkworm . 121 5. Swammerdam replicates Malpighi’s work . 124 6. Swammerdam publicly criticizes Malpighi . 126 7. Oldenburg tries to play the middle-man . -
The Machine Conception of the Organism in Development And&Nbsp
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 48 (2014) 162e174 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/shpsc The machine conception of the organism in development and evolution: A critical analysis Daniel J. Nicholson Centre for the Study of Life Sciences (Egenis), University of Exeter, Byrne House, St. German’s Road, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4PJ, UK article info abstract Article history: This article critically examines one of the most prevalent metaphors in contemporary biology, namely Available online 12 September 2014 the machine conception of the organism (MCO). Although the fundamental differences between or- ganisms and machines make the MCO an inadequate metaphor for conceptualizing living systems, many Keywords: biologists and philosophers continue to draw upon the MCO or tacitly accept it as the standard model of Organism the organism. The analysis presented here focuses on the specific difficulties that arise when the MCO is Machine invoked in the contexts of development and evolution. In developmental biology the MCO underlies a Metaphor logically incoherent model of ontogeny, the genetic program, which serves to legitimate three prob- Genetic program Design lematic theses about development: genetic animism, neo-preformationism, and developmental Engineering computability. In evolutionary biology the MCO is responsible for grounding unwarranted theoretical appeals to the concept of design as well as to the interpretation of natural selection as an engineer, which promote a distorted understanding of the process and products of evolutionary change. Overall, it is argued that, despite its heuristic value, the MCO today is impeding rather than enabling further progress in our comprehension of living systems. -
Microbiological Research 167 (2012) 103–109
Microbiological Research 167 (2012) 103–109 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Microbiological Research jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.de/micres Rapid and dissimilar response of ammonia oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrogen and water amendment in two temperate forest soils a,∗ a b a Ute Szukics , Evelyn Hackl , Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern , Angela Sessitsch a AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Bioresources Unit, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria b University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute for Soil Science, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Biochemical processes relevant to soil nitrogen (N) cycling are performed by soil microorganisms affili- Received 16 February 2011 ated with diverse phylogenetic groups. For example, the oxidation of ammonia, representing the first step Received in revised form 18 April 2011 of nitrification, can be performed by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and, as recently reported, also by Accepted 19 April 2011 ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA). However, the contribution to ammonia oxidation of the phylogenet- ically separated AOA versus AOB and their respective responsiveness to environmental factors are still Keywords: poorly understood. The present study aims at comparing the capacity of AOA and AOB to momentarily AOA respond to N input and increased soil moisture in two contrasting forest soils. Soils from the pristine AOB + − amoA Rothwald forest and the managed Schottenwald forest were amended with either NH4 –N or NO3 –N Nitrification and were incubated at 40% and 70% water-filled pore space (WFPS) for four days. -
Msc-Mb-Syll-201718.Pdf
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Department of Microbiology CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI FOR MSc MICROBIOLOGY PROGRAM The Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu offers a two-year full-time MSc Degree Program in Microbiology. Purpose: To impart knowledge and training across the different fields in Microbiology to be able to equip students for academics/industry. Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree in Microbiology, Applied Microbiology, Human Genetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Botany, Zoology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Life Sciences, Dairy Sciences, Agriculture and Horticulture, Home Science, Veterinary Sciences, Fisheries Sciences, Public Health, and Allied Health Sciences from a recognized university or equivalent. Candidates should have secured a minimum of 60% marks or 6.5 CGPA (on a 10-point scale) in the qualifying degree examination for General Category, 55% marks or 6.0 CGPA (on a 10-point scale) for OBC (non-creamy layer) and 50% aggregate marks or 5.5 CGPA (on a 10-point scale) for SC/ST/PWD candidates. Credits: The program consists of courses with a total of 72 credits. Core Course (CC): 60 credits Elective Course (EC): 12 credits Number of Semesters, Course Distribution: The program comprises 4 semesters; each semester has courses equivalent of 20 credits. Project Work & Dissertation: Compulsory, with 6 credits in Semester IV to impart research training. MSc Microbiology: Semester 1 COURSE TYPE NUMBER OF SL. NO. COURSE NAME CODE OF COURSE CREDITS I Semester: Theory 1 General Microbiology CMB101 CC 3 2 Cell & Molecular Biology CMB102 CC 3 3 Microbial Biochemistry CMB103 CC 3 4 Immunobiology CMB104 CC 3 5 Microbial Genetics CMB105 CC 3 6 Microbial Physiology CMB106 CC 3 I Semester: Practicals 1 Practical Microbiology I PMB101 CC 2 2 Practical Microbiology II PMB102 CC 2 MSc Microbiology: Semester 2 COURSE TYPE NUMBER OF SL. -
What Is Epigenetics? Two Views in Embryology
What is Epigenetics? Two views in embryology Preformationism (17-19th century): each cell contains preformed elements that enlarge during development. Epigenesis (19th century -): chemical Humunculus reactions among soluble components in Hartsoecker 1695 the cell that execute a complex developmental plan. Chromosomes are Necessary for Development Before the 20th century Walter Sutton, 1902 Theodor Boveri, 1903 Columbia University University of Würzburg USA Germany • Determined that all chromosomes had to be present for proper embryonic development. • Development encoded by irreversible changes in chromosomes? Cell Specialization is Reversible Late 20th and early 21st centuries Skin cell nuclear transfers 99 Central Question: How can a single Original explant fertilized egg give rise to a complex removed Adult frog of \-nu strain Outgrowth of organism with cells of varied as nuclear donor epidermal cells phenotypes? Parent of 1st transfer Donor cells for recipient eggs Enucleation of nuclear transfer recipient eggs 1st nuclear transfer Cells trypsinized Foot web outgrowth and washed prove frog was 2-nu Uncleaved Completely cleaved (70 V) Martially cleaved /c o/\ • Gurdon, Laskey & Reeves 1975 (25%) demonstrated that “cell Dissociated cells for specialization does not involve serial transfer I *^i/ KJpZ* Parent of serial ttransfei r any loss, irreversible activation or Enucleation of 1 recipient eggs recipient eggs Serial nuclear transfer permanent change chromosomal Foot web outgrowth prove frog was 2-nu genes required for development” Uncleaved Completely cleaved (40/O Partially cleaved (30/0 (30%) Nuclear transplant tadpole: l-nu diploid from nucleolus and chromosome counts (present in 36% of serial clones) Fig. 2. Plan of serial nuclear transfer experiments, using nuclei from adult skin celJs. -
Microbiology Society
MICROBIOLOGY TODAY 47:1 May 2020 Microbiology Today May 2020 47:1 Why Microbiology Matters – 75th anniversary issue Why Microbiology Matters We are celebrating our 75th anniversary by showcasing why microbiology matters and the impact of microbiologists past, present and future. MICROBIOLOGY TODAY 47:1 May 2020 Microbiology Today May 2020 47:1 Why Microbiology Matters – 75th anniversary issue Why Microbiology Matters We are celebrating our 75th anniversary by showcasing why microbiology matters and the impact of microbiologists past, present and future. Editorial Welcome to Microbiology Today, which has a new look. This issue is the first of two special editions of the magazine to be published in the 75th anniversary year of the Microbiology Society. As we look back and celebrate during 2020, we are also considering ‘Why Microbiology Matters’. The longer you think about it, the more you realise how in so many ways it does. Whole Picture ince the first observations of microbes by Antonie van thrive in extreme conditions and are found in every niche Leeuwenhoek in the 1600s, our understanding of how around the globe. Smicrobes underpin and impact our lives has advanced Part of the reason for the success of microbes in these considerably. From discovering their life cycles and roles within varied environments is their genetic plasticity. Charles Dorman various environmental niches to harnessing them in industrial introduces the next section on microbial genetics and the role processes, and, not least, our ability to utilise them for good, to it has played in advancing modern biotechnology. From the vaccinate and treat diseases, with many diseases now known original discovery of restriction enzymes through to potential to be caused by microbes. -
Transcendental Idealism and the Organism
TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM AND THE ORGANISM ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS STOCKHOLM STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY 26 TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM AND THE ORGANISM ESSAYS ON KANT Marcel Quarfood ALMQVIST & WIKSELL INTERNATIONAL STOCKHOLM Doctoral Dissertation Department of Philosophy, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm ABSTRACT The notion of the organism has a somewhat ambiguous status in Kant’s philosophy. On the one hand it belongs to natural science, on the other hand it is based on an analogy with the structure of reason. Biology therefore has a peculiar place among the sciences according to Kant: it is constituted by the use of a regulative maxim. The present study places Kant’s views on biological teleology in the larger context of transcendental idealism. It consists of five essays. The first one treats the notions of things in themselves and appearances, arguing for an interpretation in terms of two aspects or perspectives rather than two worlds. The importance of the discursivity of our cognitive capacity is stressed, as well as the need to separate Kant’s various reflective perspectives. In the second essay this interpretation is applied to the third section of the Groundwork, arguing that this text does not belong to theoretical metaphysics, but rather to the articulation of a specifically practical perspective. The third essay discusses similarities and differences between Kant’s a priori conditions for cognition and conceptions of innate ideas in the rationalist tradition. Kant’s comparison of the system of categories with the biological theory of epigenesis is considered in connection to eighteenth century theories of generation. The comparison is viewed as an analogy rather than as a naturalistic theory of the a priori.