CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961

VOLUME VIII

M.ADHYA PRADESH

PART VIII

ADMINIST.RATION REPORT

A-ENUMERATION

G. JAG~THPATHI Superintendent if Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh

BHOPAL GoVERNMENT CENTRAL PREss 1963 MADHYA PRADESH 1961, Census Publications

The Madhya Pradesh State 1961 Census Publications, which will form Volume VIn in All-India Census Series, called "Census of India, 1961", will be in the following parts :-:--

PART lA-General Report.

PART IE-Report on Vital Statistics.

PART IC-Subsidiary Tables including reprints, if any, from previous Census Reports.

PART II A-General Population Tables (A Series) for the State and Primary Census Abstract (This volume will contain the State Tables down to the Tahsils and all cities, town-groups and towns).

PART II .B--Economic Tables (B Series, Table I-IX). Likely to be in two sub-parts.

PART II C.-Cultural and Migration Tables (0 and D Series). Likely to be in two sub-parts.

PART III--Household Economic Table-Based on Household Schedules. (B Series. Table X to XVI).

PART IV~Housing and Establishment Tables (E Series Tables) including Subsidiary Tables and Report on Housing and Establishment Tables. PART V A-Report and Tables on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCT. se and ST Series Tables). .

PART V R-Reprints from old Census Reports and Castes and Tribes.

PART VI-Village Survey Monographs. To be in several sub-parts.

PART VII-Survey of Handicrafts-To be in several sub-parUo.

PART VIII A-Administration Report-Enumeration.

PART VIII B-Administration Report-Tabulation. PART IX-Maps. PREFACE

A census administration report should be considered useful not so much for the "do's' that it may throw light upon as for the 'donts' which, in retrospect, stand out more clearly. One never ceases to thank God that, inspite Df the mistakes that one has commit­ ted, the whole machinery is still resilient enough to corne out finally with a reasonable degree of success. It is the much·maligned patwari and the school·teacher-and a hast of other humble, low'paid afficials in and outside government-that make extensive operations like the census at all possible. One hopes that, in the years to come, people in high position will do all they can to make these devoted workers feel that they are at least nat forgotten; it is indeed unfortunate that, for some years now, references to' them have been generally uncomplimentary-almost suggesting that they clearly fall outside the select circle of those whO' serve India's cause.

~. I am also unable to shake off an impression that', even in the crucial, final stage of the census, the whole system is not as devatedly geared to the single objective of making the campaign a success as one is entitled to expect it would be-though, by and large, It is so. I remember an instance af a few officials of a particular department whO', when enumeratian was only a few weeks away, were under orders of transfer from their districts to anather where a special campaign in the field of agricultural praductian had been launched. It was dear~-at least to me-that their connection with the campaign was by no means so direct and vital as to spell its success or failure but both an able junior colleague af mine and a respected officer of high seniority could not appr~ciate my point af view. Luck, haw€ver, was on my side. On the other hand, I shall always recall with a deep debt of gratitude the unstinted co-operation that it was my gaod fartune to be favoured with from many others. The vast majarity of workers put in a good deal of hard work and there were quite a few Collectors and District Census Officers whO' knew the instructions perhaps better than I-the protagonist af this drama-did. The petty· jealausies and animosities of the bureaucratic world aften make one feel that cynical is what one should be; but after the census, I shall be retiring from the field with a pleasant memDry of (nearly!) universal co-operation. To the Superintendent, Govern­ ment Printing, Madhya Pradesh, and his workers, I am particularly grateful for doing rush jobs with great zeal and skilL

Finally, I shauld like to place on recard the deep debt af gratitude that lowe to Shri Asok Mitra, LC.S., Registrar General, India, and Shri H. S. Kamath, Le.S., Chief Secretary, Madhya Pradesh, withaut whose sympathy and guidance it would have been presumptuous of me to hope to conduct a census.

G. JAGATHPATHI, Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. LIST OF CONTENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER I In trod uction 1 (Census Legislation-The Beginning-Training-Permanent Census Functions-Determination of Towns-Staff­ Nature of Census Operations-Statistical Officials-Depu­ tation-Recruitment-Strength-Accommodation.)

CHAPTER II The Preliminaries 19 (The Two Pre-tests-Programme for a Pre-test-Location Code Numbering-Permanence thereof-New Schedules of the 1961 Census-Timing-The Household-cum-Individual Schedule-Agriculture-Other Activity-Census Popula. tion Record-Vital Statistics-The 1951 National Register of Citizens-The Questions-The abstracts-Scheduled Castes and Tribes-The Instructions Centralisation, its limits-Conference-Transla tion). CHAPTER III . The Operation and its Phases 38 (The Manua] Vs. Circt.tlars-The First Circular-Difficulties­ The Census Organisation-The Rural Urban classification -The Census of Cities-Circles and Blocks-Training­ Defects in Enumeration-Provisional Totals-Post Enu­ meration Check-Publicity-Census of Technical and Scien tific Personnel-Associated Studies-Maps-Fertili ty Survey-The Total Load.) CHAPTER IV Miscellaneous Ma tters 57 (Notification-Appointment Letters-Printing-Touring­ Accounts-Budget-Financial Powers-Permanent Ad. vance-Clerical Staff in the Districts-Honoraria-Recog­ nition of Census Services-The Cost of Enumeration-A Census Martyr.) APPENUICES-A·X 63

• Th-: Governor of J\1adll',;a Pradesh answermg Census qllestions. INTRODUCTION

egislalion-The beginning-Training- Perrnanent Census Functions-Determina· C S 1 (emu. ofJ Towns-Staft-Nature of CO'ensus peratwns- S"tattsttca I Olfi eta. l s- D eP u t a- ltOn tion-Recruitment-Strength-Accommodation.) A-THE CENSUS ACT ted under this secti?n for any ~ensus Officer is permitted only durmg the perIod of enymera­ 1. Census legislation.-As in 195 1, .the tion or even earlier. For, it is only durmg the rincipal statute governing Census OperatIOns period of enumeration that, in the literal ~ontinues to be the Census Act, 1948. The sense, a census, i.e.) a count of persons is taken. only amendID.ent ther~in since the 1951 Census It is of course true that the word "Census" has relates to sectlon 1 whiCh has the effect of ma~­ now a much wider application than that con­ in the Act applicable to Jammu and. KashIlllr. templated in the somewhat unhappily worde.d Ing addition to this Central Act, there IS an~ther definition of the Oxford Dictionary but law 15j law in Madhya Pradesh-the Central Provmces normally interpreted on the basis of dictionary and Berar Local Authoritie? Census E~pen~es definitions. - Contribution Act, 1949-whlCh deals wIth t.le recovery from the local authorities concerned 1. House-listing and the Census Act.-In of some of the expenditure incurred by govern­ 1961, house-listing was undertaken as a systema­ ment on census arrangements. Also, there are tic operation and can be more properly term" ed a Censu·s of houses. A number of tables a few provisions ~b?ut _t~e census in the law relating to MUlllClpalmes, Panchayats and (the E-series) have been constructed out of other rural urban local authorities. house-list" and there can be hardly any doubt J about their immense usefulness. In fact, one of the important contributions of the 1961 Cen· 2. The adequacy of the Census Act cons!­ sus to census proced ure is the systematisatioFl dered.-The major defect of the .Census A:t IS of house-listing procedure which in former that it does not deal expressly WIth operatu;ms censuses had, of necessity*, to be a quick opera· ancillary to the census--hoth before (lIke tion strictly limited to its character as a preli. House-listing), and after, it (like the Post-enu­ minary accessory to the main task of enumera­ meration Check). The notification that has ~o tion. It seents to me essential that a Census be i"sued under section 3 of the Act. relates III Act should, in clear terms, enable this to be terms to the "Cell5us" which, accordmg to the done; I am not at all sure that the present Act Concise Oxford Dictionary, means: "official does so· It is the listing that is a necessary numbering of population wit~ vario~s. :.lt~tis­ Census Operation rather than the numbering, tics"; Ministry of Home AffaIrs NotiftcatIOn which, even if it was not covered by the Cell3us No. 2/115/59-Pub. I, dated the 5th December Act, could still be validly undertaken under 1959, issued in connection with the 1961 Cen­ laws relating to rural and urban local self­ sus is as follow:>: government. I made a reference on this point "In pursuance of the Census Act 1948) (Act to the Registrar General, suggesting that, in XXXVII of 1918), the Central Govern­ view of the extended meaning that the word) ment is pleased to declare that a Census 'Census', has now acquired, we may proceed of the population of India shall be taken on the assumption that the Census Act applies during the year 1961. The reference to house-listing though I did point out that, date for the census will be sunrise on literally, census means only a count of the the 1St March 1961." population. He was of the viewt that the Cen­ sus Act does not cover, and cannot, therefore, 3. There is no doubt a reference to house­ be considered applicable to, house-listing. Nor numbering in section 9 of the Act but it is by can the problem be solved by calling house­ no means clear whether the access to "any listing a "Census of house-holders" instead of house, enclosure or other place" that is permit- a 'Census of houses't. For one thing, a person

*1 refer here to the fact that the Superintendent of Census Operations (S.C.O.) used to be appOinted very late (for the 1951 Census, he was appointed in former Madhya Pradesh on tho! 23rd January 1950, in Madhya Bharat on the 1St April 1950, and in Vindhya Pradesb on the 24th January 1950; there was no indepe'1dent Super_intendent of Ct;nsus Operations for Bhopal State) with L'1.~ result that the. t~me required fo; (a) the pre. paratIOn of clear Instructions, (b) systematIc house· numbenng, (c) the trammg of '·house-lIsters' and (d) aetua.' house-listing (the time for the last operations being such as to enable inspections all over the State) was Just not available. ' tfegistrar-General's Me.mo. No. I (.~ (oo-RG! da~ed, £!Ie: ,gh Apri~ 1~60, regarding scoI?e. of the Census Act in V~I~ ~r 9 1 /59 (Collection NO.4- In the lIst given In Appendlx A of the AdmlIllstration Report. Part

. :j:See ~otification No. CNS-2059(VI)-H. dated the 18th February 1960, issued by the L'len Bombay Government lDcludecl. 10 1961 Population Census Series-Jl, issued hy the Superintendent of Census Operations, Bombay. 2 [CHAPTER I

in charge of a factory building or, for that Operations in ...... Tahsil/ T?wn'. matter, any non-residential buildin~, cannot This would obviousiy be a cumbrous busmess. be called a house-holder; the domestic conno­ I think there should be no difficulty in em­ tation of 'house-hold' is far too patent to pel powering State Governments under section ! mit any non-domestic orientation_ For another, of the Census Act to give appropriate designa­ 'ls even such validity as house-listing may have tions to Census Officers sO as to distinguish the if interpreted as a 'Census of house-holders' duties and responsibilities of each kind of Cen­ [the validity being dependent on the fact that sus Officer; the power should of course _be a house-holder is always a legal person which . capable of b~ing delegate~. In the appomt makes the census a census of persons-even if ment letters 15sued for varIOUS Census Officers only of those in charge of houses (or home­ in the 1961 Census (forms used may be seen holds ?)] is derived from its character as an in File NQ. 118/59 in Collection No. ,22), an ancillary operation to the real census, it fo]­ attempt was made to define the duties of Cen­ lows that the range of questions to be asked sus Officers in some detail. during house-listing will have to be accordingly 6. The doubtful utili.ty of section 6 and limited. It i3 at least doubtful whether, in section 7.-No orders were issued by District this view, questions regarding (a) the nature of Magistrates under section 6, or section 7 C?£ l.he output of workshops ~nd factories; (b) the Census Act. If the words, 'to take, or aId m, number employed therein; (c) the nature of or supervise the taking of, the census within power used; (d) the nature of roofs and walls; any specified local area", of section 3(2) mean (e) the kind of ownership; and (f) the number that either the taking, or the supervising, of of rooms in a house are all valid at the time the census in that area includes the making Of house-listing even though there can be no of all administrative arrangements for the pur­ legal objection to any, or, in any case, most pose, then orders under section 6 or section 7 of them [i.e., (c) to (1)], being asked during hardly ever become necessary; in any case, the enumeration. It cannot also be argued that appointment of an officer as Charge Officer a 'Census of hpuse-holders' should be treated under the Act has always implied that he should as a separate census of a particular category make all the necessary arrangements for the of persons independent of its ancillary charac­ cemus in that area. Naturally, other powers ter in relation to the count of persons. This required for the functioning of such an officer would be an extra-ordinary view; it is, however, a's Charge Officer are always delegated. It is ruled out by the simple fact that, under sec­ difficult to see the particular usefulness of sec­ tion 3, the Central Government can take a tion 6 or of section 7 unless much too restricted census-not as many as it pleases the Census an interpretation is put on section 3(2) can, Organisation to take. The difficulty can be got trary to census practice. over by defining 'Census' in the Act in such a way that it includes all operations considered 7. Census Act-assessment of utility.-The by the Census CommIssioner to be ancillary Census Act is a very important piece of legis· to enumeration whether preceding or follow lation and, even though I am very doubtful ing the latter. It may be of interest to take about its effectiveness in respect of the obliga­ notice here of the notification issued by the tion to answer truthfully, it does help a great then Government of Bombay eN o. CNS-2059- deal, without ever having to be actually invok VI-H, dated 18 February 1960, Political and ed (barring one or two cases all over this big Services Department) in which questions relat· State), in the matter of getting people to serve ing to house-listing were also published in the in the census particularly if such persons are manner in which, under section 8(i) of the in regular employ-whether under government Census Act, questions relating tp enumeration or under a local authority or under some well have to be. I am not sure that this a correct established organisation. ' In spite of all this, procedure for the reasons already indicated. trouble now and then arise3 from the most unlikely sources-government departments and government concerns where, in no possible 5. Census designations: the necessity of circumstances, is prosecution conceivable. legal sanction.-The second modification relates to the neces-sity of some kind of legal 8. Treatment of work connected with cen· sanction for the various administrative terms sus as duty.-One other difficulty in respect o( used in the census like 'Charge Officer', the Act relates to the financial aspects. Theo 'Charge', 'Supervisor', 'Circle', 'Enumeration', retically, the position is that, if a person under 'Block', 'District Census Officer' etc. Strictly a State Government or the Central Goverll speaking, no one can be appointed, for ment or a Local Aut'hority, is appointed as a example, as 'Charge Officer'; he can be appoint­ Census Officer, there is no obligation on the ed only as 'Census Officer in charge of Census part of the employer to pay the emoluments INTRODUCTION] 3

of the person concerned for the period for prohibitory actiol} required in the type of case which he worked in the census except where being considered_ Nor are local authorities such an employer has had the goodness (like entirely to blame in this matter as being much the Madhya Prade'3h Government) to issue tqo parochial and narrow-minded and unmind­ instructions that such work under the Censu& ful of their national obligations. It does hap­ Act should be treated as duty [please see Memo· pep that an enumerator/supervisor, who is an No. 2499-1277-II-A(3), dated the 16th June employee of a local authority, gets a day or two 1960 issued by the State Government in the off on the ground that he is busy with the Home (General) Department-(Appendix 'A)]. census even though in fact he is not; it is also_ This consideration becomes even more impor- - not impossible for the cleverer and the more tant in the case of travelling and daily allow­ unscrupulous to hood-wink the census autho­ ances of local authority officials (mostly, tea­ rities and all others concerned. Take, for chers) appointed' as enumerators/supervisors, example, the case of a teacher (possibly the etc., in rural areas where census duties require only person who can be found in the area to frequent movement out of the hea.dquarters work for the census) in a village from which village / town. Such movement can be very ar­ the place where training classes are held is ~o duous in the tribal and hilly areas. Somehow or or 30 mile'3 away and which is not served by other, we managed to get t..'lrough this census any means of public transport. It is reasonable but, in the next census, it seems unreasonable for him to urge, and for the census authority either to burden the (mostly, rural) local autho­ concerned to agree, that he may take two days rities with payments on account of Travelling to reach the training cJass and two more days Allowance and Daily Allowance in connec­ to get back home_ Actually, he might have tion with census work done by their employees gut hold of a friend's bullock-cart or something under compulsion of law. It is likely that this even quicker-may be a Block jeep-with tire matter has been raised in some other State; result that he gets two or three days off in his if so, the Registrar-General, India, may be in home, If some body complains abo'lt this or, a position to indicate the lines on which, and as is not unlikely, some member of the local the conditions under which, such payments authority sees this kind of thing going on right should be made. The difficulty i~ real and under his nose, the local authority may be "irises because it is only in the census year, driven by pique, rather than by any deliberate and not in the normal years, that such pay­ anti-census attitude, to take some action ments have to be provided for by local autho­ against the employee concerned. Equally rities as most of their officials employed for the validly, the census authority has no alterna­ census do not normally have to tour. tive other than to urge moderation on the local authority as it is no easy matter to find subs­ 9. There is a related question as to whether titutes for enumerators even in well-populated such an employer can terminate the services urban areas, not to speak of tribal and other of an (mployee who has been employed in backward, inaccessible areas. A specific provi­ connection with the census and who has to do sion in the law to the effect that absence on the work under the law. The Act is not dear census duty certified as legitimate by a dulv on this poi~t; I doubt whether the hindering authorised higher census officer should not b~ or obstructmg, referred to in the concluding ~ade a ground for any adverse action of any Iv port~on of 5ect~on 11(1) (a) of the Act, can be kmd by any employee will certain help_ If, conSIdered to mclude such action. I am also however, the Plans create a generally favour­ not ~ure whethez:, under section 7, the District able atmosphere for the collection of statistics M~glstrat,~ can dl~ect a ~oca~ authority "to give and a co-operative attitude becomes universal­ assIstance by no. tcrmmatmg the services of it is now certainly short of being universal­ such employees; for one thing, section 7 refers there may be no need for any further amend­ l? .members, officers and servants of local autho­ ments in the Censlls Act-or, for that matter rItIes and n?t tp the local authorities as such fOT the Act itself. Shri A. Mitra, now Regis~ whereas sectIOn 6 of the Central Provinces and trar-General, made a similar poin t a decade H~rar. Local Authorities Census Expenses Con­ ago in his Administration Report (Enumera­ trIbutlOn Act, 1949 (now extended to the whole tion) ~or the 1951 Census when he was Census ~! Madhya Pradesh), which makes a clear and Supenntendent, West Bengal: 1[£ct reference to local authorities limits it­ ••...... the Act fails to make it clear that fOT se . ~nly to section 6 of the Census 'Act under the. time ~h~t a worker is engaged in w h lC the duties, the performance of which can b e mad~ t 1- takmg tramlll~ and preparing for the 0m e Ot) 19atory, are those of a Censu-s census accordm~ to the programme cer and these cannot include kind the of drawn up by hIS census superior. such 4: [CHAPTER I

a pers9n is required to be paid in full borne more or less completely b" the Centr~. by the employer as though he was on Another anomaly in the present procedure IS duty during his ,period of absence on that. while recoveries are made from local au­ census work." (page ~). thorities, no recoveries are made from the State 10. Prosecutions under the Census Act.­ Governments who are more or less exactly in The number of prosecutio?~ under th~ Census th'e same position. In any case, I doubt whe- . Act continues to be neglIglble. Whtle there ther the large cost of honoraria would be were no prosecutions at all in 39 districts. the acceptable to State Governments. figure:> regarding the rest are as follows:- UI. Census and other laws.-The census is Number ot prosecutions under the Census Act, referred to in some way or the other in the 1948, in Madhya Pradesh. laws relating to munici~alities and p~':lcha;Y~t8. In the new law relatmg to munlclpahues, 1. Bilaspur 2 "naming streets a!ld parks. and n~mbering. of 2. Raigarh 1 3. Satna 1 houses" figures as Item (m) m the 11s.t ~L obhg_a­ 4. Morena 1 tory duties under section U3(1). SImIlarly, lD the new Panchayats Act, section 5.3 relating ~o B-THE CENTRAL PROVINCES AND Gram Panchayats lays down theIr powers m BERAR LOCAL AUTHORITIES CENSUS respect of naming streets and numbering hou­ EXPENSES CONTRIBUTION ACT, 1949- ses. As the older laws generally contained ~imi1ar provisions, nothing was paid by the 11. Extension to whole of new Madhya Census o.rganisation towards the, cost of house­ Pradesh-usefulness of Act.-This Act was in numbering; the Collectors were requested to force onlY in the Mahakoshal region which was a secure the required funds from the Panchayats part of Madhya Pradesh [i.e., the seventeen concerned and they did so, one and all; figures (present) districts of East-Nimar. Hosh~ngabad, of expenditure incurred in different districts. Betul, Sagar, Damoh, Jabalpur, Narslmhap~r, etc., can be seen in Appendix 'B'. In respect Mandla, C!l.hindwara, Seoni, Balaghat, SurguJa. of actual enumeration, however, in the Muni­ Bilaspur. Raigarh, Durg. Raipur and cipalities Act, the provision is in section 1.24 re Bastar]. This has been since extended to the lating to "discretionary powers" vide item (g) in whole of Madhya Pradesh; please see Madhya the list thereunder: "taking a census, for local Pradesh Extension of Laws Act, No. .:13 of 1958 purposes" (the words used are not, it will be [viae section 3(1) read with item 57 ·of Part A observed, particularly well.chosen). Similarly, of the Schedule]. As the rules framed by old in the Panchayats Act. "help in the Census Madhya Pradesh were inapplicable in the con­ Operation" (again, not happily worded) figures ditions of the new State, their revision is under as item (ee) in the list under section ~8(1) which consideration·. I think the whole approach deals with the "obligatpry functions of Gram behind this Act is based on the idea of a cheap Panchayats". Further. in the same list, item census and is consequently likely to prove (ii) is "collecti-on and maintenance of statis­ more and more futile in the sense that sums tics"; the collection of statistics is also a func­ likely to be recovered under the Act will be tion 'Of the J anapada Panchayat [item (xiii) in symbolic rather than substantial. Even in the the list under section 131 (1) of the Panchayats 1951 Census, the total recoveries (Rs. 23,767) A.ctl alld of Zila Panchayats [item (xv) in the in the whole of old Madhya Pradesh amounted list under section 182(1) of the same Act]. In 3! per cent of the total cost (13-s. 7,54,370): As, view of the fact that, under the Census Act as in the 1961 Census, honorana were paId to well a3 under the Central Provinces and Berar enumerators and supervisors, on thai: account Local Authorities Census Expenses Contribu· alone the total cost increased by about Rs. II! tion Act, 1919, it is obligatory for local autho­ lakhs. The recoveries, even if they are on a rities to assist in the census and carry out such higher basis than in 1951 (i.e., in a proportion instructions as may be issued to them by com­ higher than that in which the population has petent census authorities, I had pointed outt increased), are not likely to amount to more to the State Government in the Local Govern· than a small percentage of the total cost of ment Department (Urban) and in the Loc;;.! the census. It seems inevitable that. in the Government (Rural) Department, when these coming years, the cost of the census shoulC be Bills, which have now become law, were firs' A point to which I should like to draw attention is that, in these rules, fl1:unicipalities at!! classified on the basis of ropulation and different rates of contribution fixed. As new Acts wlII have c~me mto force both in res~ect 0 Municipalities and the Panchayats long before the next census. the rules WIll lla\'c to be revised again. t Memo. No. 5ll,'). dated the 3lSt March, 1960 to the Local Government (Rural) Department and Memo. No. 522 of the same date to the Local Government (Urban) Department to be found in File No. 113/59 • ..:ollection ;'\0. 19- INTRODUCTION) 5 and Cf)llC'("t()r~ to extend fuU co-op~r~tion tn bI" ~hed that the provisions relating to the matters relating to the census; permlss~~. was Pe~sl~~ re~'uire modification; but hardly any "Iso granted. therein for me to correspon lre~t ~hanue 0': the lines suggested has been made ~ith any officer. But I find that the p~oen~x thou o}l I was informed by the Local Govern­ ,ystem is much tt;O deeply cm~edded ~n. t e menf (Urban) Department that th.ese sugges­ tta4itional outlook of the distnct admlI~15tra­ t- s would in due coune be considered. In tive machinery for them to take v~ry senous~ ~~; case, the law by itself cannot ensur~ that the efforts of an enthusiastic Supenntendent 0 a census is taken; it is always present 18 t~e Census Operations to wake them up m~t background and a general awareness .of lU earlier than was usual in the past. The 0 - possible use has so far proved adequate In _the lectors were all eager to aSSIst but, unless. case of even the most refractory among local lower down also, the convictilm earl}' enoug~ authorities. deepens that there is a job to be done anel It is time to start. thing, do not get. a move on. l~. The Superintendent of Census Opera­ I should imagine that, if a Supe.nnlenden~ of tions-appearance on t~e seen e.-The Madhya Census Operations starts work m the nmth Pradesh phoenix-that IS, me-appeared on the "ear of the decade of the previous census (19· scene on 20 April, 1959· In 1951, the only 9) he should ~tart moving out as often as pm­ State wh ich had this advantage of an ~ar1y sible even though at that time he would ~ot start was r-.fadhya Bharat where a combmed have issued any instructions or letters to me Census and Electoral Rolls Department was field staff. If would be more in the ~ature of created 3~ early as 1948 with the result that, by a general inspection tour to enable 1;llm to. get March, l~I)O (a year before enumeration), the the feel of the field machinery and, If pVindhya Pradesh also where the Supermten­ fitn~ss of the administrative machinery for the dent of Census Operations joined duty on the census may be a little ?iffic~lt-unless .h<: is that 1950. 14th January, The earlier re·appearance rare individual who IS, WIth eq uammlty. at­ of the phoenix in the 1961 Census was un­ cepting the responsibility of a second. census. doubtedly a great advantage-in fact, the chief 1 myself spen~ the flfS~ few mon~bs m study of the phoenixes, the Registrar-General, India, and the literature relatmg to earlier Censuses appeared on the scene much earlier than the in India-nol to speak of other countries-is so State Superintendents of Census Operations; large that it is impos$ji)le to fmd an end of but, despite this early start, what Mr. Yeatts such study-but it is very important. The re­ called the 'paralysing effect of the p~Delhi for aboUt six weeks. I am sure that I would have bent­ 14· Introducing the Superintendent of Cen­ fited a good deal by such a course. There is a S1LS Operations.-The State Government in the basic uniformity in the general approach to­ General Administration Department Circular wards the census all over the country-it has to Mem~. No. Is88jl015/I(V), dated tbe 9th June be so because it is a Central subject and the 1959 tnstructed all Departments of Govern­ whole operational str:ltcgv is centrally deter· ment, Commis3ioners, Beads of Department mined-and it is important that every Supedn- 6 [CHAPTER I

tendent of Census Operations should get the avoided if the Superintendent of Census Opera­ fundamental principles right. It will probably tions himself is first initiated into the basic be useful if I illustrate. philosophy of this decennial ritual. Shri P. K. Dixit, Deputy Superintendent of Census Oper­ 16. Tmining: necessity illustrat'ed.-In mu­ ations, rightly suggests that some training in n.icipal towns, it is usual to present census tabulation '(of which the Superintendent of figures ward-wise. This means that a primary Census Operations himself is not likely to have census unit, i.e., the enumerator's block-should had much experience) should be imparted to not consist of houses from two different wards Deputy Supermtendents of Census Operation~. or, in other words, every ward should be divid­ ed into a number of whole blocks. Similarly, 17. Permanent census functions.-The a block in the rural areas, where it consists of early appointment of the Superintendent of more than one village, should not include only Census Operations, however, is not by any a part of one village, the other part being ~eans a substitute for some kind of continuity included in another block. In the light of III Census Administration in the inter-censal these inviolable census principles, the follow­ period. There are a number of essential jobs ing extracts, while not being entirely wrong which, if dealt with in a routine way over the in terms, are certainly defective in. the 6ense whole decennium instead of in a wholesale that they are capable of being differently, and manner at the end of it, will get better done hence erroneously, interpreted: and will only need verification by the Superin­ tendent of Census Operations' Office· I list (i) Extract from Cirwlar No. CC-I!97 dated below as many as occur to me:- January 16, 1960, regarding the General Village Register (G.V.R.) and Charge (i) Keeping the General Village Registers up­ Registers (C.R.) (Para. 1)- to-date by: ...... it is better to ensure that groups (a) taking into account new villages and of houses from different wards are excluding those which have disap­ not formed into one Census block; peared owing to desertion or to as far as it is at all possible, every other causes like floods, the estab­ lishment of a new industrial town enumerator's block must relate to a single ward though, of course, the construction of a dam,· etc., and there can be more than one block in (b) keepin~ track of notifications (publish­ a ward." ed In the weekly Gazette) relating to new municipalities or extensions (ii) Extract from Circular No. I, dated De­ of municipalities already established cember u, 1960 regarding the same sub­ or, rarely, the dis-establishment of ject [para. 6 (iv)]. ~unicipalitie.s. making consequen­ "There is no objection to two or three tIal changes In the list of rural hahi.­ villages, at convenient distances, tations and maintaining an up-to­ being grouped into a block so that date record of the areas of towns; the necessary work·loads are rea­ (ii) taki~g note of all changes in the boun­ ched by such grouping. But, be­ danes of the State as a whole, of districts cause .l village is small, it should and of tahsils and readjusting population not be split up and aJded to near­ figures ~n the lig;ht o~ such changes (on by blocks of other villages. A small the baSIS ot nottficatIOns in the weekly village mmt b~ tr:!ated as a whole." Gazette); The second extract could have been morc (iii) ensuring, by action through the depart­ mischievous, being less emphatic about the ment concerned, that house-numbering general approach than the former which has is kept up-to-date and on the prpper the saving clause: "as far as it is at all pos­ lines-partIcularly when new areas sible". These initial mistakes were of course become municipal and, also, whenever rectified in due course but the point is that street-names are changed, or existing they should not have been committed in the streets are re-aligned, keeojng a record .first instan~e. The maximum possible clarity thereof showi!lg the correspondence bet­ and correctness in all matters of detail in cen­ ween the earher and the later position: sus instructions are of the highest importance; the field administration should be left only (iv) revising; or compiling, as far as possible, with the job of fitting local facts into the ward-wlse figures whenever wards are reo ~neral scheme. Mistakes of this kind will be formed within existing municipal towns INTRODUCTION] . 7

or ab-initio established in new munici­ 19. "Freezing" muntcipal boun~a:ie5.:-:-As if pal towns; . is normal practice to treat all mUnIclpalIties as towns, it follows that municipal .areas mu~t re­ (v) making estimates and. notes in respect of tb,.e State on the baSIS of the sample sur­ main unaltered right from the tlme t~~ lts~ .of veys of the National Sample Survey; and towns is finalised. 1£ spme new mun~c~pal~t~es are established or present m~mcII?ahtles (vi) keeping the Census Library aI?d r~rd~ extended, alterations will be requIred, 1n the in good condition and answermg enqUI­ first case, as between the rura! and urban parts ries about census figures. of the census registers,t and, m the s:cond case There wIll nO doubt be many more use.ful as between non-municipal and mU!liclpal. areas, complI~ated t~e things that can be done by: such an. pr~amsa· The matter is particularly m tion. All of them are routme t~sks l':ldlspens­ former case by the fact t~at the contmuous sen~l able for statistical accuracy but, III tim ~ge of of location code (L.C.) numbers for each tah~tI the spectacular and the verbose, the dIlIgent will be disturbed and will have to be re-WrIt· and efficient ant an inter-censal office would be ten. The problem cannot also be solve~ ~}' no more and should be no le~s-evok.~s _only letting the irregular sequence stay as It IS pity and ridicule; more's the ,pIty tha~ It IS so. because, then, the last number pf the serial will Such a unit whether located In the Directorate not autpmatically give the total number of ~f Economi~s and Statistics or in a Depart~enl habitations in the tahsil-which is important. of Government, should have a fe"Y .efficle!lt The li5t of towns has to be finalised about the clerks and an officer in-charge who, It IS deslt­ time the first operational circular is issued-i.e.) able, should not be frequently changed. October, 19*9· T'herefore, we will have to enS'lre that from October, 19*9 onwards, 18. First task: finalisation of list of municipal boundaries remain unchanged. I towns.-The first operational .task that was a little late in the 1961 Census in that it Superintendent of Ce~sus OperatlOns sho~ld was only on December .21, 1959, that I made deal with-preferably m Mayor June, 19 9, a request to Government for a "freeze" on mu­ -is the finalisation of the list of towns. All nicipalities-rather, on fresh municipal notifi­ Census Statistics are presented for urban and cations. I think we should make a start on this rural areas separately and this means that sometime in May, 19-9 so that. by about Octo­ urban areas should be determined first. I ber 19*9, the position becomes dear and the began rather late-i.e., September 1959. 1 shall Superintendent of Census Operations will ~ deal with other aspects of the problem later in a position to determine finally the rural­ but, this being the first task that t~e new urban classification of the State. After that Superintendent of Census Operations WIll have date, all changes should be resisted and should to tackle I am dealing with its administrative not be made without the Census Organisation aspect!! h~re_ He should start on this early for heing comuIted. the reason that Collectors' recommendations on this matter are not likely to be based on a .20. District and tahsil boundaries.-Simi­ uniform approach though detailed instructions larly, from about the same time, district and as to what they should do will no doubt b~ tahsil boundaries should stay constant. The issued. In 'Some cases, personal inspection Regi~trar-GeneraI, India, moved very early in may be necessary. The problem of defining this matter!! and the State Government is~ued a "town" was dealt with centrally by the the necessary orders:!. Registrar-General, India, this time and I entire- ly agree that it is better than each Superinten- u. Fresh municipal notifications: how to dent of Census Operations dealing with the be dealt with_-But, in spite of all this initial matter himself. That this is the first opera- effort, proposals for changes in municipal tional task ~hould, I. suggest, be taken as boundaries never cease and every case has to apocalyptical. _~ ___ .. ______~. __ be examin_e~~~~fulI_r.__Gen~ral!y sp~,!~~~!.. no *See Para 104 infra. tThere i~ of course the possibility that the Census may have already treated the new municipalities a5 towns; but even in that case, apart from changes as betwee~ lh:e non-mun~cipal. and municipal ~rea5 1M re. cot-ded in the Census registers becoming necessary. complIcatIOns rna\' stIli anse from a dlspanty between the area included in the municipality by Government and the area tTeated as a t01I-n hv tbe census 1. However, see para 52 ct. seq. regarding the Location Code System. ::. D. Q. letter No. :n/~/59-RG. dated the 3rd June. 1959 to the Director of Land Records, Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior (File No. 40/59 in Collection No. 14). 11· HODle Department memo. No. 4441/IhA (3), dated the 17th No\ember 1959 and Revenue Department 1366 und memoNo. J4). No. 4-:!lI7/VII-N.II, dated the December, 1959 (File No. {0/59 in Collection 8 [CHAPTER I romplicatipn is likely to arise where it is pro­ Superintendent of Census Operations is the posed to include within municipal limits loca­ first official that should be chosen. I must con­ lItles or areas which have already been treated fess that I was t:xtra-(lrdillaril) lucky in this as non-municipal urban for census purp?ses matter and I can never forget how kind the and the Superintendent of Census OperatIO_ns Chief Secretary, Shd H. S. Kamath, I.C.S., was can agree in such cases to the proposed notifi­ --he kindly gave me wide choice (and, after I cations being issued as all he has to ensure is had made the choice, particularly enquired that the necessary changes in the. urban census whether I had satisfied myself fully). I am aho registers are made and, if necessary, blocks grateful to Shri K. L. Pasricha, I.A.S:. now which, after such notifications are likely to be Secretary, Commerce and Industry, Madhya partly municipal and partly non-municipal, are Pradesh (then Deputy Secretary, Home Depart­ reconstituted. But, if any notification relates ment) who let Shri Phadnis go to the censuS. to the conversion of area treated as rural in Shri P. N. Phadnis was a great as:set to me in the census registers into municipal area, it innumerable ways. Right from the first opera­ should be resisted if the General Village Re­ tional circular issues till the work relating th tao g·isters have been finalised. In other words, by bulation is over, the vicarious manner in which the time the Second Censlls Uperation (house­ the worries and responsibilities of S'lperin­ numbering. and house-listing) commences, the tendent of Census Operations relating often boundaries of all territorial divisions right up to matters of insignificant detail are transmitted 10 the Tahsil level and the division of habita­ to the Personal A,sistant, the keeper of his con­ tions into rural and llTban parts must be final. science, must have on occasion made him regret If, as is not unlikely, a permanent Census his decision to enter the Census Organisation. Organisation is not set up-or, even if set up, Shri Phadnis wa.. always unperturbed and It it ?-oes . not properly deal with (d) of t~le always dependable. I do not know whether functIOns listed III para 17 then, the best thing Shri Phadnis will be willing to 6erve in the to dp, in my opinion, is to get hold of all the next census because it will depend on what decade's i.ssues of the gazette and make a care­ position he will then be holding and on what ful study of them. I have found that there is emoluments the census will offer. But I should hardly any authority-sometimes not even the "uggest that the Superintendent of Census local authority finally concerned-that can au­ Operations should certainly try to get him into ~o~itatively indicate cha?-ges in municipal the census; his permanent address is: bmits even though there IS no difficulty about newly established municipalities. "Stenographer C/O Establishment Officer, .1l.2. Superintendent of Census Operations' Madhya Pradesh Secretariat, Office: staffing.-The staffing of the Superin­ Bhopal". tendent of Census Operations' Office is natural­ ly a matter that he will start doing something .24. The nature of Censu.s Operations.-The about right from the beginning. Actually. to ·operational' staff is difficult to get hold of. It begin with, he will have to procure a charge is important to remember that the census is report form for himself from some other office technical only in so far as its schedules and an~ get it typed also in such friendly offices; instructions are concerned even though admi~ dUTmg the first few days, he will glory in, or nistrative considerations must £nally put a get bored with, single blessedness. But the limit to the degree of complexity that is opera­ problem of staffing is a very difficult matter and tionally feasible-i.e., clearly indicate what the likely tp become increasingly so because the technical 'last straw on the camel's back' is l?umber o~ ~fficie!lt men in relation to the grow­ likely to be. I will give two instances from mg admInIstratIve machinery has been fast this census-one in which the administrative d~clini~g fo~ some time past and there are no out-~ook produced good results and another in dIscernIble SIgnS of the trend being reversed. which the expert's desire for perfection resulted in, well, just nothing. The ftrst relates to the 23· The Personal Assistant to the Superin­ definition of household industry adopted for tendent of Census Operations·-The office staff the census which was entirely a contribution t~at the :Superint~ndent of Census Operations of Shri Mitra, the Registrar-General, India. I wIll reqUIre falls mto two categories: (a) that myself s~lOuld have preferred a different version dealing with the operational side of the cen· but, all the same, the actual definition, in spite sus; and (b) that dealing with other matters o~ its arbitrary discrimination in respect of loca. -financial, establishment, etc. As a sort of link tIon as between rural and urban areas was between the two and as a confident of the 8O~ething preferable to .an expert's defi~ition' Superintendent of Census Operations, the Per­ WhIC~ would have certamly attained to high sonal Assistant (usually a stenographer) of tlle doctrmaI standards but would have driven. INTRODUCTION] 9

enumerators to desperation. The other relates in late January, 1960. The first ei~ht circulan to section III of F'orm VI med in the Post Enu­ were my handiwork and, for the nmth, I made meration ChecK which is merely a reproduction only a first draft. Thereafter, th~ br?ad ~ut­ in a different form of section II, thereof. I do lines of a circular were settled !Irst m dIScussIon not grant that section III is essential but, even -and the detailed drafting in Hindi was done if it is, it is just not possible to make Verifica' by Shri Gupta. He was remarkably ac~urate tion Officers understand it unless tTIey are put and, luckily, both, he and I w~re gr.eat stIcklers through some days of intensive training; the for detail though the rather mordmate ~e~gt~ actual result, as apprehended, was that in most of the Circulars, which resulted from th13 attI­ cases, section III was not filled in. I have tude towards detail, was in some cases not mentioned these instances merely to show that, appreciated; I, however, thin~ t~at, eve~ at the given the manner in which the Indian Census cost of irksome length, clanty m detail must is taken, it must remain for sometime to come be achieved. Shri Gupta was a great asset and. an administrative job- -at least right from the if he is willing to serve in the next census,. I stage when the schedules, etc. have to be fina­ should advise my successor, to get hold of hIm lised. It follows, therefore, that, on the opera­ unhesitatingly; his permanent address IS: tional side, there should be at least one man Khasgi Road, Lashka:r;, Gwalior. If, for any who hag some experience of the census. In reason, he i3 not available, I should suggest this again, I was very lucky in that I could that one of the following Deputy Collectors secure the services of Shri Dayaram Gupta, a should be appointed as a headquarters deputy veteran of fiye cemuses, who joined this office to the Superintendent of Census Operations.

Name Age Designation (a! in Sept. 1961) Permanent a1:ire3~

__ .. ~ ___ (11 ______~(2~):______:(~3):______'__(4~) ____ Years

L Shri T. N. Shrivastava 4:4 Deputy Collector and District Cen3U~ H<1z~ni Vil1a. Jail Road, Civil Line, Officer, Bastar (Jagdalpur). Raipur (M.P.).

2. Shri K. L.lain 29 Deputy Collector and District Cenms Clo Shri Harpcaq,.1 Jain, 558, l.ord· Officer, Durg. gunj, jaba,Jpur (M.P.).

3. Shri U. K. Trivedi 44 Deputy Collector and District Censw Sewa Sad~n, New Pala3ia, Road ~o_ 2, Officer, Detul. Bungalow No. 11, Indore (M.P.).

4. Shri H. C. Da.:I 47 D~puty Collector and District Cens~l Cjo-Shri D. F. D3.l, ::\Iethodist Church, Officer, Sagar. Balaghat (M.P.).

The person available should be fe-employed Economics and Statistics; one of them, Shri if he haC) by that time retired. K. B. Shriva-stava, also later handled the tabu­ lation of house-listing data. The other, Shri 25· Statistical officials.~In addition, for the M. L. Sharma, is extra-ordinarily good at hand­ next census, some statistical men with census ling figures and tables and will be of great experience may also be available. This was assistance in a Census Office. In the list below, not so in this census because the Directoratfi I give details regarding Shri Sharma as also of Economics and Statistics both in former those relating to nine statistical officials work­ Madhya Pradesh and Madhya Bharat came into ing in the districts who have done very good existence after 1951. I obtained the services of work in this census and are likely to be very two statistical men from the Directorate of useful in the next. 10 [CHAPTER I

S. No. Name Age Designation Permanent addrc•• (Date of birth) (September 1959)

(1) (2) (3) : (4)1 (5)

1. Shri M. L. Sharma 27-10-32 Computor Directorate of Economies and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal.

2. Shri R. L. Tondon 15-9-29 District Statistical Officer District St.ltistical Office, ]abalpur

3. Shri L. S. Pawar 11-7-27 District Statistical Officer District Statistical Office, Raip\lF.

4. Shri S. S. Dighe .. 22-11-33 District Stati3tical Officer District Statistical Office, Sehore.

5. Shri V. S. Vadalkar 17-12-28 District Statistical Officer District Statistical Office, Dewa._

6. Shri U. S. Trivedi 5-10-29 District Statistical Officer District Statistical Office, Guna. 7. Shri S. P. Singh .. 1-9-31 District Statistical Officer District Statistical Office, Morena.

8. Shri S. N. Tripathi 22-10-26 District Statistical Assistant. . District Statistical Office, Raigarh. 9. Shri B. P. Chandak 14-9-32 District Statistical Assistant. . District Statistical Office, Chhb.d­ wara. 10. Shri K. A. S. Bais 6-7-31 District Statistical Assistant.. Office of the State Editor for Revision of District Gazetteers, M. P., Bhopal. .116. Tabulation Assistants.-Shri N. C. Ghosh of Census Operations is likely to bee-aIled upon

Name Age Designation (September 1959) Permanent address (1) (2) (3) (4) Years 1. Shri N. C. Ghosh 28 Statistical Assistant, Directorate DC C/o s. P. Ghosh, Pleader, Kothi Land Records, M. P. Bazar, Hoshangabad. 2. Shri Mohd. Aslam .•. , ...• 30 Naib-Tahsildar C/o T3jammul Hussain, Supdt., Civil Secretariat, Bhopal. !J.7. Staff on deputation; retired officials.­ ployment of retired persons, viz., is not a suit­ The appointment of persons on deputation­ able person available from the open market? which, incidentally, is the only right course for Honestly, pne cannot say that one cannot get a Superintendent of Census Operations to a typist in the open market but the point is follow unless forced to do some thing else-is a that a retired typist is likely to be not merely very difficult matter. Occasionally, it may be a typist but also a despatcher, drafter of some possible to get a suitable person for re-employ­ sort and so on. There are occasions in the cen­ ment and all such possibilities should be explo­ sus when the whole office has to do just one red; success, however, is a matter of chance and job-copying or packing or duplicating or pro­ a Census Office has to depend on deputationists. curing materials, etc. A re'tired person is also In the case of the re-employment of retired useful because he will have developed, during persons, as in many other matters, government the course of his working life, a number of are still unaware (pr seem to be) that tlIe Cen­ contacts which, I may frankly say, are becoming sus Organisation-at least in its expanded form increasingly important in present-day adminis­ during the operational phase-is a purely tem­ tration. I must also add tlIat government porary office and one inescapable implication have given a very free hand in this matter to of thi-s fact is that, as in a permanent organisa­ the Census Organisation but I feel that it could. tion, time and money cannot be wasted on with advantage, be freer· I should advise the people learning their jobs before they can be Superintendent of Census Operations to get useful; the time for the leisurely acquisition hold of as many retired people as possible if of experience is just not there. Consequently, they are physically fit and active; and, 55 is not there is hardly any meaning in the kind of an age these days at which mpst people are question that is asked in respect of the re-em- physically unfit for work. INTRODUCTION] 11

28. Difficulties in deputation.-The prob­ 29. Terms of deputation.-The terms of lem, in the matter of deputation, however, is deputation prescribed by the Central Govern· different-it is basically a lack of sympathy. ment lay down that, if a person chooses the Everybody, at least in the Superintendent of Central pay-scale, he will get dearness allowance Census Operations' presence, is prepared to be at Central rates and, if he chooses his grade loquacious about the importance of the census pay plus 20 per cent, he will get dearness allo­ to the country but, when it comes to sparing wance at State rates. This applies only to men, difficulties arise. I fo'md it very difficult dearness allowance as Travelling Allowance to get the men I wanted from the Directorate and Daily Allowance rules applied to these of Economics and Statistics, an organisation, deputationists are all Central. Luckily as a which I should have thought, should be parti­ result of t~le recommendations of the Central cularly interested in manning a Census Organi­ and State Pay Commissions, most of tl:_le dear­ sation as well as possible. I at last got two ness allowance has been merged in pay and the men only one of whom proved to be really pay-scales have also been raised· If the present useful; the other left and was luckily replaced position continues-which seems unlikely as by a useful person. I .had similar difficulties prices are bound to rise appreciably by the regarding the Head ASSIstant and the Accoun· end of the Fourth Plan, the difficulty regarding tant till finally Shri S. S. Gill, Collector, East· dearness allowance to which I have referred Nimar, was good enough to spare two men may not matter. from his office; I could not get anyone for these posts from the Secretariat. It is quite possible that if I had approached authority at higher leve~s instead of informally contacting 30. Deputation special pay.-The other those immediately concerned at lpwer levels I aspect that I consider unfair in the matter of might have succeeded. But I do not favour deputation is that, while officers get 33A per that way of getting about this business unless cent of grade pay as deputation special pay, all other sources are completely exhausted. I non-gazetted staff get only 20 per cent. If pay­ wish it were possible for the State Government ments-in (taxes) are progressive. I really do not to spare readily the few men that the Superin­ see why payments-out should be regre3sive. tendent of Census Operations will require from This may be a useful point to take up during a panel which they could require him to the interregnum by the Registrar-General submit. India's Office. 31. Pace of recruitment.-The pace of recruitment was as follows:­

CIa •• m (Noo-gazetted) Opn-atioflal YelU" Month Post filled Number S. No_ (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

1959 July Statistical Assistants 2* 1960 January Chief Technical Assistant Z 1960 September Statistical Assistant 3 Non-Operational t 1959 May Stenographer 4-

Do. June U.D.C. ~ Do. July Assistant Accountant 6 Do. September 1+ L. D. C. (El + 7

·One of them was reverted to his parent office on the 27 th June 1960. tThe abbreviations used are: U.D.C. Upper Division Clerk; L.D.C. Lower Division Clerk; '(E)' and '(H)' respectively indicate an English and a Hindi typist.

lPost held in abeyance from the 1St April 1961 (till the time of writing !loth ... eptember 1961 ). 12 [CHAPTER I

(I) (2) (3) (4) (~) ---- 1960 Februaf}' Head Assistant 3 Do. April U.D.C. 9 Do. June Accountant 10 Do. October L. D. C. (H) 11 Do. December L. D. C. (E) 12 1961 February L. D. (E) c. l~ Cla•• IV 1959 April Peon Do. June Peon 2* 15 Do. December Drivert 16 1960 March Peon 17 October Daftari Do. 13 October Peon Do. 4 19 1961 April Peon 20 By June 1959 (over ~~ months after I join­ should have one Deputy Superintendent of ed), I had only a stenographer, a _U.D.C. and Census Operations recr'uited by deputation three peons. This was gross~y madequate; from the State Civil Service (please ~ee para 34 almost everything was wrong with ~he pa~e. of infra). recruitment in that people were m posltlOn much later than they should have been. The 3.!?- I have now to answer the question: why important man on the operational side joined did I not myself recruit people as suggested in Januarv 1960 (this was my own fault, I could in the previous para r Frankly, I did not know not locate any suitable person earlier) and tae my needs and, when I knew, it took time to head of the office staff joined a month later in get suitable men. In the next census. the February 1960. It seems to me absolutely essen­ Superintendent of Census Operations should tial that the Superintendent of Census Op~ra­ not have the first difficulty at least in view of tions should have, by June 19*9, the foIIowmg the fact that I have indicated the initial mini­ staff: - mum needs. The second difficulty will of One stenographer; course persist but, in the apprppriate places, I One man on the operational side with cen­ have made recommendations reg

*One of the posts not filled from the 1st October 1960 till the end of the financial veal' H)60-61; thereafter the post was not recreated. INTRODUCTION] 13

Pennaucut .ddru. S. No. Name . DIlte oj Deaipatioa birth (Sept. 19~9)

(~) (6) (I) (2) (i) C/o Pt. Ramnarayan S a kane Shri 'R.. G. Saltalle 8.4--1908 Head AJliataDt Aslutant 5UperiD­ tendent. Jyotisbacharya, Tima.rni, Dist. Hoshangabad.

11-4-1922 Accountaat U. D. C. Bhaw,inghpura, Tah;il K~UClJW l 2 Shri K. R. Pagare (Distt. E. Ni_).

1.7.1929 As.tt. Acctt. .. L. D. C. C/o Establishment Officer, 111 .r. :3 Shri A. C. ChatlurYcdi Secretariat, Bhopal.

Building of Narayandas Tiltarul 4 Shri G. C. Khandelwal .. 27-6-1932 U. D. C. Cloth Merchant, Kazipura. Bhopal.

L. D. C. C/o Phoo1chand Scni. G:u·jpura 5 Shri]. P. Soni 7-7-1935 L. D. C. Harda (Distt. Hoshangabad). requires a lot of inspection but, being the first. 34. Headquarte~s of Depfl:ty Superintendents is infinitely better that the team of to~ cen­ of Census Operatwns.-Owmg to the fact t~at it there is no inter-censal establishment dealmg sus officers works together and exchanges Ideas; with census matters regularly, in the initial Deputy Superintendents of Census OperatiOJ:ul atages. a lot of work could be usefully done have often to come to State headquarters m regarding the matters I have listed in para 17 any case· Besjdes, the Deputy Superintendents jupra which otherwise gets p05tponed till after of Census Operations, by dividing up the pre­ the census as happelled this time because I liminaries ampng themselves, can help the did not have enpugh men who could run about Superintendent of Census Operations, a great and get all the figures required. That is why deal with respect to (a). I did not press t.his I have suggested earlier (see para 31 supra) matter of stationing Deputy Superintendents of that, right from the beginning, the Superinten· Census Operations longer at State headquarters dent of Census Operations should have one after my first request was turned down. Shri Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations Ballal, Deputy Superintendent of Census attached .to him at headquarters. Thi§. advan­ Operations, also thinks that the Deputy Super­ tage I did not have because I did not know intendent of Census Operations should stay at my need. In due course, when Deputy Super­ the headquarters of the Superintendent of Cen­ intendents of Census Operations came to be sus Operations almost till January 19-1. appointed, the Registrar-General, India, was of the view that they should be stationed at suit­ 35. Strength of Deputy Superintendents of able places other than Bhopal except for a short Census Operations.-In the 1961 Census, I had period of about six weeks at State headquarters five Deputy Superintendents of Census Opera­ during which period they got to know the tions in all -stationed at Gwalior, Indore. fu~da!Dentals. I ~ust respectfully differ from Bhopal, Jabalpur and Raipur. (I may explain thIS VIew. IntensIve field work connected with also that even the Bhopal Deputy Superinten­ th~ cen~u.s begins in middle 19.0; in fact, as I dent of Census Operations could not be utilised :WIll pomt out later, the Census Calendar itself in the Head office owing to the fact that, by III Madhya Prade~h started with l'me 196o--the the time he joined, field work took, and had to first fie~d operatIOn shown therein being the take, all the time he could spare). In fact the ~umbermg of buildings in urban areas; I con. stt:ength sanctioned was seven but, owing tp a ~lder that, at least till the end of May 19.0 mIsunderstanding, the actual number stood at t~e Deputy Superintendent of Census Opera~ five. (The misunderstanding-entirely on my ti?n should st~y in State headquarters along­ part- was that I thought that the five sanction­ WIth the Supermtendent of Census Operations ed l~ter i~cluded the two I already had and, by and w?r~ and. learn with him. Till May 19"0, the tIme It dawned on me that I had misunder­ the prlJlClpal Jobs are: (a) getting the prelimi­ stPo~ the position and the position was clarifi­ nanes settl~d-urban-rural claiSification, etc., ed, It was too late to recruit and the officen and. (b). getUng: the Census Registers relating to would not have .been of much. use either). habItatipns WrItten up. This latter operation Madhya Pradesh IS much too bIg a SClte in terms of area for two to manage once field 14 [CHAPTER 1

operations start. Th~ area pf the State is i:s the different on~ that the area of the unit 17 1 ,1l10 square miles, more than one and a half sets a floor to administrative strength which times as big as the smallest (Andhra Prad~h) cannot be ignored without efficiency being im- of the five biggest States. It is more than .at . paired. Considering these factors, I do not times as big as Mysore-which lead.. the five of think our touring in this census was as good the next largest- and more than lit times as as it could have been. I am definitely of the big as Kerala. The divisions are also very view that we should have seven Deputy Super­ large; the areas are as follows:- intendents of Census Operations f01" this State with an Assistant Superintendent of Census Sq. MilCl Operations in the more populous divisions of 1. Raipur 30,914 Raipur, Jabalpur and Indore. The strength ultimately fixed for Deputy Superintendents of 2. Bilaspur 21,302 Census Operations fur Madhya Pradesh-seven 3. ]abalpur 29,327 -is. therefore, right tbough there were no Assistant Superintendents of Census Opera­ 4. Bhopal 22,233 tions. 5. Indore 27,338 38. Appointment of Deputy Superintendents 6. Rewa 22,843 of Census Operations-timing.-I have said 7. Gwalior 17,253 'ultimately' advisedly because the timing of the appointments in this census was not, in my The smallest of them, Gwalior Division view, proper. Regarding the first two Deputy .17,~53 sq. miles) is bigger than Kerala (15,003 Superintendents of Census Operations, the sq. miles); so in fact, is pne of the districts of Registrar-General. India, wrote to me in June, Madhya Pradesh, Bastar (15,124 sq. miles). The 1959; one joined in November, 1959 and the biggest of them, Raipur Division (30,914 sq. other, in January 1960--0bviously, very late. miles)-in which Bastar is included-is nearly This was due to administrative difficulti~ in as big as West Bengal (23,928 sq. miles). As the the State. one was undergoing a course of traiD­ jurisdiction of each Deputy Superintendent of ing in the Indian Institute of Public Adminis­ Census Operations had to extend beyond a tration and the other could not get relieved Division, it can be well-imagined how difficult earlier. But some sucQ. difficulty is not uncom­ it is even for five to manage-and, for two, it is mon. Regarding the other Deputy Superin­ an impossible task. tendents of Census Operations, I got an indica­ tion only in April 1960 and this was connected specifically with tabulation offices to be set up ,36. Difficulties of touring.-Further, the after the census. I was asked to suggest the bigger a territorial unit gets, the more difficult number required and I proposed five Deputy it becom.es to get away from headquarters for Superintendents of Census Operations in all long penods whereas, on the other hand, it is with one Assistant Superintendent of Census far more necessary to do so. I say this because Operations. I assumed that this would include the number of districts, queries from which the two I already had and moved the State await his return to headquarters, becomes lar­ Government accordingly. But the final sanc­ ger and larger; it is also not possible, with tion letter sanctioned five posts of Deputy these distances, to get dak delivered in camp. Superintendents of Census Operations and one because one has to move quickly from place to Assistant Superintendent of Census Operations place, not always in a predictable manner. In and I continued to think-wrongly, that these a smaller State. say, of about 15 districts of included the two earlier posts. The three ad­ reasonable size, it is possible to cover 4 or 5 ditional Deputy Superintendents of Census districts when one is out on tour and urgent Operations joined in October, 1960. By that matters can always be dealt with without dif­ time. house·listing· had been completed (which ficulty because the touring officer can quickly could have been supervised better if there were move to the district concerned. Thus, the area Il_lore Deputy Superintendents of Census Opera­ of the. State requires a fair number of Deputy tlOm,) and the first imtalment of training Supenntendents of Census Operations. courses was also over. Though the posts were sanctioned from 1St August, 1960, they could join only in October 1960, owing, again to ad­ ministrative difficulties. One of them was a 37· I am not suggesting that the size of a District Census Officer, the other was not reliev­ unit's population is not relevant at all. It is ed soon by the Collector and the third was is very much so. indeed, for a census. My point the D~lhi School of Economics undergoiDJ' INTRODUCTION] 15

ten years. Their names and addresses U't training. Therefore, in making appointmen~ to these posts, one must hav<: some Idea of th given below:- strength at least six months m advance of the Name Permallenl .ddr~.5 actual time when they are needed. (1) (2) 39. I have somewhat differen~ views in re­ gard to when the Deputy Supermtend.ents o_f (1) Shri K. D. Ballal 'Avinash' House.No. 8, Street No.2. Census Operations should actually be In, POSI­ Race Coune Road, tion. In the 1961 Census,. I must C~)llfess. to, Chainsingh-ka­ Census administration havll~g suffered owmg Bagichha, IndIXe. to the aversion I have for askmg for more staff. (2) Shrj K.. S. Bhatnagar Brahma Vihar, I did not ask for Deputy Superintendents of 5, New Pal.siya, Census Operations at all till I was asked to .do Indore. so I was always more inclined to carryon .wlth what I had, whether the results w<:re sat1sfac­ (3) Shri G. N. Tiwari C/o H. L. Tiwari. Pleader, Sohagpur tory or not; this is very wrong an.d ~s based on (Distt. Hoehanaa­ a short sighted view of the publIc mterest. I bad). am now clearly of the view that the s~ven Deputy Superintendents of Census OperatIOns (4) Shri P. K. Dixit C/o S. P. Dube, Plea­ der, Balaganj, that I have recommended for Madhya Pra~es}t Hoshangabad. should all join by April or May, 19.0; tals IS only a few months in advan<:e 0.£ what the Re­ (.5) Sbri K. C. Dubey Civil Lin~, Hilu· gistrar General, India. ~ad mdlcated for the pur (M. P.). 1961 Census. The phasmg should be as f01- If for the 1971 Census, any of them are 10ws:- available, I have no hesitatipn in recommend­ No. of' Dy. S. C. 0'. ing that they should be taken. that should join about the time mdicated 41. Staff: details·-Details regarding the in column (I) gazetted and non-gazetted staff aJ?pointed for 1961 (I) (2) the Census in my office and m the offices of the Deputy Supel'intendents of Census Oper­ J_uary-Mareb 19-9 One ations are given in Appendix C. From amon~ July-September 19-9 Two class IV staff, I would suggest that Shri Badri Four Singh, Daftari, (Permanent address: Near.Ra~l April.:]une 19-0 Mandir Opp. Maternity Hospital, Lax1ll:1gauJ, Therefore, it fplIows that, so far as the first Lashkar) if available, should be brought Ill; he Deputy Superintendent of Census 0reratiomi is a gpod and devoted worker. is concerned, the Superintendent 0 Census 4.2. Office accommodation: Despatching.­ Operations designate should be asked to make The State Government were extremely helpful a selection some time in July-September, 19.8. in giving some accommodation to me within In respect of the others, the Superintendent of a few days of my joining duty; it was also con­ Census Operations himself should move the veniently situated in that it was in the same State Government about six months ahead Block as the Home Department with which we each time after getting the approval of the are intimately connected. The space has been Registrar-General, India. spmewhat short of requirements but, in the difficult conditions in Bhopal, I should consi· 40 • Deputy SUPerintendents of Census Oper­ der it liberal. If accommodation is available ations: recruitment.-My Deputy Superinten­ as per requirements, I should suggest that the dents of Census Operations were all from the operational staff should be seated separately in State Civil Service on deputation. I am Con­ a different room and, also, at least one clerk vinced that this is by far the best source; the and two peons should be made available to reason is that, in the operational stage, the them exclusively. The rest of the office wiD census is primarily an administrative effort; I be separate but will deal with all typing, des­ have referred to this point earlier. In the case patching, etc. Power failures are frequent in of Deputy Superintendents of Census Opera­ Bhopal and it is essential that the office should tions, I doubt whether it will be possible to always have one or two petro-max lights avail­ get them again for the next census; for, by able. I consider it an administrative sin that that time their seniority will have gone up by any delay should occur either in typing OF dee. 16 [CHAPTER I patching-these two somewhat neglected branches are, to my mind, resppnsible for a G.m:uIar No. No. of rubsidiary good deal of delay and it is impossible in re­ c:irculaR despatched trospect to fix responsibility for delay for there are many things that can go wrong, typewriters. (1) (2) dvailability of stamps or thread, etc., or light3. In the hectic days before enumeration, it must 1. 20 be mutine practice that whatever is approved 2. 3. immediately goes to the typewriter, thereafter i. 3 (where necessary) to the duplicator and thence 5. to the despatching section. As, in the case of 6. 6 operational circulars, something like seven or 7. 1 8. 1 eight hundred packets or envelopes will have 9. 7 to be despatched, the despatching section 10. should be strengthened whenever a circular ll. 2 has to be despatched-'whenever' means 'what­ 12. 1 13. ever time it is of day or night, say, upto, 9.p.m: 14(1) In other words if a circular gets ready by about 14(2) 9 p.m., despatching should start immediately 14(3) 1 and may-as it often has, go on till 3 or 4 a.m. 14(4) 4 15. .. My staff, without exception, responded to the 16. 2 task gloripusly and, in the districts, one would rarely find a circular or letter not received Total: 16 circuIan and 53 ,ubsidiary circulan. within two or three days of the date p,ut on it; more o~ten, it was received in the districts the Only operational matters were dealt with in following day or the day after. I give below circulars; during the pre-enumeration period the number of copies despatched of each of particularly, there is a good deal of other des­ the main circulars (subsidiary circulars also patching work also. I give below figures s~ow­ have to be despatched more or less in similar ing the total number of despatches of all kmds nun;tbers-of whi~h ther~ were approximately which issued from the Census Office; - 53 In all, the cIrCUlarwlse detaIls regarding wh icli are also given below:) (C) Number of PlUmos. circulars. tic, cUspslt:lud. 1959 1960 (A) Numbtr oj COp~$ 1m circular d~spatched May- June .. 127 July-September 16:15 Circular No. July-September 329 October-December 1182 (l) (2) October-December •. 396 l. .. 1,400 1960 1961 2. .. ; 1,278 January-March 524 J

43' Large-scale despatching: road trans­ are local and we did not have any re~p9nsibilit' port.-~ should like to draw at~ntion here so that either recruiting local persons or takilll to one nnportant aspect of despatchmg. Never on deputation those who are employed in local depend on railways tor the simultaneous offices may be one way of solving the problem despatch of large quantities of material. This. of, residential accommodation. for three reasons: first, in spite of all instruc­ tions, parcels are not carefully handled, 4-5. Furniture: Stationery.-A little furni­ t ure was kindly provided hr my office by the particularly at junctions (in at least t~o cases, where loads were to go along wtlh Registrar of the Secretaria·. -1 am grateful _to men, the men were in the train with the loads him and to Shri S. H. AoL , lAS, then Deputy out of it-even though it was a promise of t!le Secretary to Government in the General Admi­ railway authorities that this will not happen); nistration Department. In the first few days. second, many places are not connected by rail I got some stationery also. But stationery sup­ involving inevitably rail-cum-road transport plies from the Central Stationery Office tn Cal­ with the attendant possibility of delay at seve­ cutta never arrive quickly though I should ral points; and, third, road transport now a imagine that we in the census are much better days is cheaper, dependable and incomparably treate~.. In, the very few (3 out of 26) most more convenient it full or nearly full trucks expedltIOus Instances, I find that it took over are despatched with a man from the office. I a month and three-quarters for that office to would. therefore, strongly recommend that respond to our request. As I can never tire of road transport 5hould be utilised for the des­ repeating, outside the census, its importance­ patch of (a) house-listing forms and instrue­ and its urgency-are rarely realised deeply tions; and (b) cnumeraLon forms and instruc­ enough. for _them t? be actively helpful. tions. For the former, we employed one truck. AppendIX E gIves details regarding the number and for the lauer, twelve trucks. The routes of requests sent from here for stationery; I chosen are indicated in Appendix D. The cannot help thinking that response could have choice of the route will depend on: (a) roads b~en a lot. quicker. The rout.ine, leisurely {the point is that duplication of truck-runs View of thmgs-not uncharactenstic of many ~hould be avoided as far as possible); and (b) government offices-is the ubiquitous enemy of q.uantities to be loaded in relation to the capa­ the. cen.sus. For a few months in 1961, stock­ City of the truck. At least for enumeration takmg m the Central.Stationery Office came in forIllS and instructions, the bigger truck-the .the way of all supphes. There were in all 4 Leyland or Mercedes Benz 5-tonner should be mden~s from the Head Office against which part utilised. By hanging some banner:> around the s?pphes were made in 26 lots; the average body of the truck, some publicity at little cost tIme taken was 14~ days-nearly four months can also be incidentally secured. and three weeks. The longt'st time taken WaJ 14-. Residential accommodation.-Residen­ Bog days (over 10 months)-what was ordered tial accommodation was more difficult for the III Oc~ober, 1959 was supplied in July 1960. staff. I was ~indly given a place to live in soon The. tIme taken for the various lots has been after my arrival and, an year later, moved into claSSIfied below:- a more !Spacious bungalow. Except for one Techn.ical ~ssistantJ one D.D.C. and two peons, no reSIdentIal accommodation at all was given Montlu Number of lots for the Census Staff in spite of repeated --.-----~-----~-- --- requests. ~h05e who came on deputation of course contmued to stay in the flats they were I. 1t-2 3 already in occupation of. In the divisional 2. 2t-3 ~ headquarters, where the Deputy Superinten­ s. 3-31 5 dents of Census Operations had to set up their 4. 3i-4 ~ffices, ~atters were. even more difficult (except .5. +-4! III Gwahor). But, tIll tabul~tion begins, a good O. 4i-5 approach to the problem IS to secure a resi­ 7. 5-5i dence-cum-office fpr him; an incidental 8. 5i-6 advantage of this arrangement is that the _Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations 9. 6-61 IS always .available on telephone. None of our 10. 6t-7 staff o?tside Bhopal has any residential accom­ 11. 91-10 J()-lOl ~odatl0n provided by government (except fOT '2. t. e D.eputy S~perinten.den~ of Census Opera. Total 26 (Jom m Gwahor); lucklly, m many ca~e.'l, the\' 18 [CHAPTER I

About half the lots were supplied in Ii to Superintendent of Ce~uus Operations; Appen­ 4 months time and the rest in 4.to lOt months dix F gives the reqUIrements. and the Indent time. And, the Census Office Itself does ~ot form that has to be used IS: S. O. 11>4. exist for more than about 3! years! One Im­ The supply of typewriters and calculatmg plication is that I must stop ordering stationery machines is grossly inadequate. Good tYI?e­ some six months at least before I expect to writers as Shri K. C. Dubey, Deputy SuperIn­ wind up. What is worse is that so far only 40 tenden~ of Census Operations pointed out to per cent of the indents (in value) has b~en me, are just not available. We h.ad to. face supplied. Some way ml!st be found of gettmg untold difficul6es on this account. SIX ordm~ry quicker stationery supplIes from the StatIonery typewriters and six ~6" roller ones are the mml­ Office. The res'lIt was that I had to make mum that the Census Office should have by local purchases-mostly, however, from the April 19+0. State Government Stationery Store; local pur­ chases, so far, account for about 4.1l per cent of all stationery purchases (about 33i per cent 46. Miscellaneous points.-I should conc~ude from the State Government Stores and about this chapter with a. fev: mis.cel1~neom pomts. 8i per cent from the market). But it is a very TelePI:one c:ommun.lcatlOn IS difficult-:-some­ sad state of affairs that, some three months times ImpOSSIble-WIth Chhatarpur, Amblkapur after the fourth indent (the first having been and JaKdalpur. In. the later stages, telephone sent in February 1959) was sent in June, 1961, facilities were proVlded by the Stat~ Govern­ a Census Office has got from the Central Sta. ment for the District Census Officer:> m Indore, tionery Office no more than 40 per cent of its Raipur and" Durg-which was a great co~ve· indented supplies. Of the first indent sent in nience. In the first few months, postal artIcles February, 1959, we have received only about should be collected from the Post Office by a 38t per cent in value; this was the preliminary peon of the Superintendent of Census Opera­ indent placed by the Registrar-General, India tion's Office. The telegraphic address should himself! The details on the basis of which all be registered immediately after the Superinten­ these statements about stationery are made are dent of Census Operations joins and should be all given in Appendix E. Quality has not been communicated to alI concerned and arrange­ satisfactory in the case of (11 ordinary pencils; ments should be made for delivery of telegrams (.2) pen-holders (the nibs do not hold properly and express letters outside office hours; deli­ after some time); (3) shorthand pencils; and very, until field operations are over, sh?ul~ b~ (4) packing paper. I suggest that the first at the Superintendent of Census Operatzons re­ indent covering two years' requirements should sidence and not elsewhere. In the matter of be placed by the Registrar-General, India in telephone installati~n high priority s~0l1:ld be June 19+8 on behalf of the Superintendent of obtained by the RegIstrar-General, India, m :res' Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, with the pect of Census Offices and residences in 19.8 instruction that the packages should be sent as itself and a copy of the priority instructions lOon as intimation is received from the new should be sent to the Superintendent of Census Operations alongwith the first letter. CHAPTER II THE PRELIMlNARmS (The Two Pre-Tests-Programme tor a Pre-Test-Location Code l\iumbering:) perma­ nence thereof-New Schedules of the 1961 Census-Timing-The Household-cum-individual Schedule-Agriculture-Other actively-Census 'Population Record-Vital Statistics-The 195 1 National Register of Citizen.s-!he q~estl~~-The Abstracts-Schedul~d Castes and Tribes- The Instructions Centralzsatwn: tts lzmzts-Conferences-Translatlo,n). 47. The, second. pr.e-test.-Within, about could all be trained centrally at least twice seven weeks of my ]oinmg, I was called upon (for the main census, the enumerator !had to to conduct ttit! second pre-test of Census Sche- attend six training classes). Enough time was dules, the first having been a!ready cond~c~ed not available (actually, the printed forms reach- by the Direct9rate of Economics and Statistics. ed me from the press only about 7 July, 1959. A good part of these seven weeks had been and the training sessions were to start on 9 soent in gathering men "and material" for the July, 1959) f9r intensive training under per· doperations" and I <:a~ only. say that the sonal supervisi9n. The matter was initially de- Registrar-General, India s readJly-placed confi- layed owing to the fact that Hindi translatiom dence that I could conduct the pre-te3t was of the schedules and instructions had to be embarrassing. Frankly, I do not think that I made. Although it is possible to 3ecure in any wa~ fully eq~ipped for th~s job. India~ Ce~- district enough English knowing persons for ms practice mvolves an mter-censal dlscontI- this. small operation, the Registrar-General. nuity that results in the complete absence of a IndIa, was absolutely correct in insisting that readily available fund of ~xperience to. be the schedules, instructions, etc., should be in . drawn upon when an officer IS new to the Job; the regional languages-in the case of Madhya at lea3t one way in which the disadvantage can ~radesh, in .Hindi. But this requires a little be partially overcome is, as I have .suggested time for satIsfactory results. The Hindi used earlier in para 15, to train the Supenntendent in the J?re-test instructions was, to my mind. of Census Operations himself to begin with. rather dIfficult though the officials of the Direc- The confidence with which I handled the later torate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya training classes for the actual census was defi- Pradesh (DES) were untiring in their efforts to nitely much greater than at the time of the produce something easy to undentand and the pre-test. Director and his staff, to whom I am extremely 48. The pre·test can· in no way be called a grateful, took on the jpb as if it were their . o.wn. .To produce even a first draft for con. miniature census. The scale of operatIons as s.lder~tlOn, all the schedules and instructions such of the actual census raises problems which req~Ire at least 10 working days so that final will not be encountered in the pre-test. The v~rslOns can. be ready only in about a month's pre-test has a far more limited objective-the tIme. The Job can be rushed as in fact it was testing of schedules. On the schedules them- b t th I ·11 selves, I shall have occasion later to comment _u e resu ts WI npt be satisfactory. I dis- and I shall deal here only with the operational tm~t!y remember the wide variety of informal difficulties of the pre-test. The choice of locali- opmlOn that I gathered in respect of "house- ties was left to the Collectors but a few require· hold" t ~;:rarr" "qfvrr~" "~~<=Gf" "'I~q-r" and ments were indicated. I think I committed a '~rrRaisen !fiend that, for the pre-test, the first thing to do and Vidisha. Both the urban localities and IS to select .one officer from each district to assist the rural localities can be selected in these dis· the Supermtendent of Census Operations-- tr~cts (which have towns of many sizes along w:ho. needs all the assistance he can get. The WIth Bhopal City). As the number of enumcra· dIstrIcts should be chosen first (not more than tors will be in the region of about 40, they three), then the officers and then, the localities. 20 [CHAPTER II

rhe select~d officer may be a Deputy Collector 3. (a) Preparation of first (traoliateJ) drafl~ ') of schedules. instruction., etc. \. or a Tahslldar but should have administrative I !-, ability and previous census experience. To (b) Selection of Jupervison & enumerato;:!. j these officers, the Registrar-General, India' 5 letters about the pre-test should be given for 4. ::>econd meeting of pre-test officers. journeys. -t study before the Superintendent of Census etc.

Operations first meets them in conference. :i. Printing and despatch cf .chedules, in~truc- :(1 -rraining should be centralised and all these tions etc., to district officers, enumerator. officers ?hould be present and take part. I etc. should lIke to repeat that the pre-test is not

·Vol. I CST/STAT/SEA JF/sRev. I), 1958. P. 65. PRELIMINARIES} 21

one matter which could not be covered in the matter but, for the field officers to understand pre-test but which is of some procedural com­ the manner in which it is required that the plexity in every CEnsus-the location code. It habit:?tic:15 1;!:;Quld be arranged, it alwaY3 takes i5 well-known that location code numbers right some time. For example, the instruction in up to the district (if not up to the tahsil) keep the 1901 Census was that the villages. snonld changing with each census. So long as we , be arranged in "geographical order"-thls latter relate the components of the location code to term being made to mean that the number~ mutable administrative units like the tahsil, sequence should always run from left to right district, etc., it is inevitable that location code and never from right to left. Strictly speak­ numbers should change. Even if district/tahsil ing, this method of numbering is no~ acc?rding boundaries do not change at all during the to geographical order if the latter l~phes, ~ inter-censal period, the mere absorption of a it should, that, in general, geographical proXi­ single village by an urban unit will alter the mity will also mean proximity in numbers; for, entire s~quence. or limt of it, the extent of while, on the one hand, the east-west or the alteration depending on the position of the ea~t·we5t-east (serpentine) numbering syst~m village in the serial. If it is NO.1, the whole will always have this defect ~at. villag~s lylllg 5cquence will change; if it is the last, there nearby in the north-south dlrectlOn Wln have will be no change except for the omission of widely differing numbers (the difference depen' the last number in the serial. From 1951 on­ ding on the number of villages in the imme­ wards, we have started the extremely useful diately northern horizontal sequence), the 1961 presentation of village-wise data in the District Census practice has intrC!du~ed another d.efect; Census Handb!Jok~ and it is very important, in for a village at the begmmng of a partIcular my view, that comparability between two or horizontal sequence and that at the end of the more censuses should be facilitated as much previous horizontal sequence will have conse­ as possible. At the present moment, compa­ cutive numbers even though they may be many rison is an extremely difficult business because, miles away from each other. The numbering to begin with, there are many villages of the sequence is affected by the 'shape' of the tahsil same name and, secondly, if the village has map. For example, in a tahsil of the shape gone out of the tahsil or district, matters illU3trated below. the one on the left is pr~ become even more d;Jficult. Apart from all bably strictly correct according to instructions chis, a lot of time is wasted in every census but the one on the right was found convenient over the preparation of a complete list of habi­ bv field officials in some districts and walt not tations; the list itself is not a very difficult dIsturbed.

rrOl"th_1>lest

Fstwaris generally adopt the !serpentine' technique •.

1 •~calIn 195 , in Madhya Pradesh, the alphabe­ Bharat, the 'serpentine' tecllnique was adopt­ ... order was followed while. in Madhya ed. 22 [CHAPTER II

Pennanence of village L. C· numbers every -= miles, and, along the latitude, there is se!~ to have some import~nce for ~ rea~on one for every 2 k miles; if the average p.opula­ ather than that it makes eaSIer the satIsfactlOn ~ion of a village is taken as 64.3-t~e provlslOn~l

'56. However, it is still true that the actual operational purposes and not for p~bli~ation number attached to the village will change if though, of co~rse, there. can be no o?JectlOn. to the tahsil boundaries change because the num­ their publicatIOn. It IS, however, IDterestJllg bering of the related squares will change. But in this connection to recall that Mr. M.W.W·M this is no disadvantage as, for one thing, tahsil Yeatts (a name unforgettable .~? ~n~ian Census boundaries usually do not change (and changes ~istory) went ey~n further: It IS. many ca-se are even more unlikely if the Development desirable that census i charges and ~lTdes shoul the square will be practically permanent; and, tanLschedule from tb,e statisticalpqi~t of view; where a village has disappeared for some rea­ its importance was mainly operatio,nal. In the son, there will be no harm done if the numbers 1961 Census, the operational impor!",nce of the of the other villages are left unchanged even house-list of course wntinued but, its statistical if they constitute a discontinuous sequence. importance was im~ensely enhancer;!; this un­ The serial of village numbers should prefer­ doubtedly constitutes a' major con~ribution to ably be serpentine. census practice. The, form adopt(!d .. was, ho~­ 57. The problem of permanent L. C. num­ ever, rather big and inconvenient. (2.0" x 13·rt bering of villages is, however, not insoluble. Columns 5-8 relating to industry were mostly During the actual enumeration (i.e., for opera­ blank in the rural areas; this was it waste at tional purposes), the numbering suggested in paper. Secondly, the'tabulation requirements para 53 supra can be adopted but, for publica­ were' not given as much consideratipn as they tion in the Census Handbook, we may publish ~hould have been ~p. determining the natur~ the actual Survey of India number of of the schedule. FQr operational purposes, all the square and the number of the village that is required is a, list of houses and house'. in that square. For example, village no. holds which in fact was prepared, just before 63 in square No. 4-C of quarter-inch topo-sheet enumeration for. the ,use of the. .. enumeratox;. No. 65-B can be publis~ed as:. 65-B: 4-C: 63. But, owing tp the, fact that thtl statistically As ,the topo-sheet number and the square num­ important part wa~ inseparable fro1U the oper­ ber will have to be repeated for groups of vil­ ationally important part, this latter also wa~ ~g~:t. ditto-marks can be used indicating there­ retained in the districts at least till the end of by: the pr9ximity of the villages and the Octob~r and, in .JjIl<\py cases, till December: inconvenience of repeating this, somewhat cum­ This was in fact One of the rea~qns why th~ brous number will be avoided. It seems to me tabulation of house-list data got deJayed a good that s~me re~hinking-o~ the li~es suggested­ deal because we had. to start with the sorting regardmg L. C. numbenng of v~llages is neces­ of enumeration schedules-the individual slip~ sary if the utility of the Census Handbooks over first, ,then the household schedule. with the long peripds of time is to be enhanced. At house-list coming in ,between. I: am of th~ least so far as the 1951 and 1961 Censuses are view that it woul~L,have been b€~ter to split concerned, I propose to solve the problem of up the house-list into, two parts~ne dealing compara~ility by publishing the corresponding with. the operationally significant items and th~ 1951 se:rtal numheJ; of each village in the 1961 other, with the statistically important items. J'CA's. The ,former are: Col. 1 (Serial ,Nt;).), CoL ,I . 58. T~ numbering of towns becomes even (Building number), Col. 3 (Census)House Num~ ~lmpler If we ad~Pt this method. A square ber), Col. 4 (Use of, Census Hous~), Col. 11 IS .l10t normally lIkely to contain more than (Census Household Number), Col, l~ (Name qf Qn~· town and all we need to do is to indicate Head ,of Household) and Col. 18 (Remarks)...... he t()po-sheet number and the square number_ i.e'J 7 columns in all which can be 3,ccommodat~ PUd~.J;"the, methods so far. followed, changes cu, for· the same number (40) of entries, in a ~n . th: L.C., numbers of towns and cities are sheet haJf the size of, the house-lis~ form-this unavold~ hIe .. ' If. there is more than one town \n fact was done when. for'the enumerator, w\lt two numbers <:an be given. " • gqt abstncts prepa1,ed from hOQSc-lists; the size ,of the form Pf~scribed, for ~is purpose J 59., D"nder tllis system, district and tahsll w.

·Censm of India,' 1941.' Vo. I ':I I n'd ia, Part II. A nistration ..R.eport, p .•1. • < tPlease see Appendix-x, 24 [CHAPTER II

(dealing with workshops and factories). Col. g- Thes~ items could be presented in a different 10 (dealing with the walls and the roof of each table and comparability with E-III ensured. Census House), Col. 13 (number of rooms), Col. 11 (rented or owned) and ~ol. 15-17 (M,!-les 61. It will naturally be pointed out that the Females, Persons)-ll columns In all. Accordmg household schedule pre5ents a more comprehen to the prescribed tabulation of the 1961 Cen- sive picture of the rural economy in that the 5US (the E-series tables), there is no cross-tabu­ economic activity of the household as a whole lation between entries in Col. 5-8 on the one .is reflected in the schedule. (This, of course, hand and those in the rest on the other hand; is not strictly correct because, where, in addi· .it is also doubtful whether we can have any tion to agriculture, the household is engaged useful crosHabulation. It follows that, even in an occupation which cannot be termed at the stage of collection of data, a separate 'household industry', a total picture of that §chedule can be used for Col. 5-8 on the one kind of household is not presented even though !land and another schedule (or a set thereof it was the intention to begin with to record for the rest-because it may be necessary to have all kinds of economic activity; this was later a separate schedule for CoL 9-10). But a few abandoned owing to the fact that it was con· columns, which were separated earlier as opera­ sidered impossible to put the concepts across tionally important are important statistically to the ordinary enumerator). The solution to also; for, to begin with, every statistical sche~ this difficulty is, however, not to duplicate dule has to have an identifying entry and, effort but to compress all the entries into one second, the purpose column is necessary for "Schedule (this should not be impossible) to some of the tables. Therefore, in the 5chedule be filled up preferably at the time of house­ designed for workshops and factories, the L.C. listing-except for the Census Population Re­ number of the census house will have to be cord (or its equivalent) which should be filled given and, in the schedule designed for hou~e­ in only at the time of enumeration. holds, the L·C. number and the name of the head of the household will have to be repeated. 6,2. The time factor.-I say this because, for The schedules can be designed in such a way the amount of work to be done, the enumera­ that they can be bound in pads. In fact, it tor has c~mparatively much less time than the appears to me that, if this is done, it may be investigator doing hou:se-listing; in the 1961 possible to combine the household schedule Census, the enumerator had to fill up some used during enumeration with the -suggested 700 individual slips and about 15Q household household schedule for use in house-listing. schedules in the course of nearly .20 days. He For, without doubt, there has been some un­ had to visit each household twice. I am not, necessary duplicaticn in the 1961 Census in res­ for the present, taking into consideration some pect of household industry. If we look at other work also that he had to do-filling up entries under parts Band C of the household the Census Population Record. making srhedule and those in Col. 5-8 of the House-list, abstracts, etc. In striking contrast, the investi­ it will be seen that: (a) the identifying entry gator had to fill up just one line for each relating to the name of the Head of the house­ homehold and/or house so that, in all, he had hold (at the top in the Household schedule) to fill in some two dozen house-list forms (if he and the L. C. number are duplicated; (b) the had to deal with about 800 houses) during the description of the nature of industry is the course of about 40 days. In the rural areas, same as in col. 6 (and, in the case of a very ,he had of course to do house-numbering also ,eod enumerator) possibly, Col. 8 also; and (d (including the numbering of "building.)") and, the number of persons working in Col. 7 of in urban areas, he -had to number "Census !he H?use-list appears now in part C split up houses" and "Census households". In other ?Ito dIfferent groups· It is also obvious that, words, he did not ordinarily have to deal with If we had all the information in one schedule more than about ~o houses a day and did not ~ore cross-tab~llations would have been pas: have to fill up more than about 20 lines of ~!lble; to mentIOn the more obvious, the novel the 40 lines (on both sides together) of each and very comprehensive E·III table would have house-list form. In view of the fact that it will gained considerably in utility if (i) the seasonal not ordinarily be possible to substantially in­ or non-seasonal character of the workshop or crease the period of enumeration whereas time ~or house-listing is .not equally rigidly limited, factory. h~d ~en shown and, (ii) if possible. It seem:s to me adVisable that we should trans­ ~Qme mdlcatlOn of the split-up of the total fer the household schedule from enumeration number employed between members of house­ to house-listi?g. I do not propose, however, to hold and hired workers had been indicated. deal here with the exact form that this sch~ dule should take if it is so transferred. The PRELl1\I !:\AR~ES] 25

other reallon why lIuch a transfer can be easily tion apart, a household schedule as such deal­ made IS that country-wide synchronisation with ing with the household as a whole should be reference to a particular moment pf time is not l'etained. of over-riding importance in house-listing. Nor i~ it a matter of any moment that the number , 6~ Agricultun:.-It follows that questions of households at the time of house-listing will rela~ing to agriculture (and, necessarily, land) differ a little from that at the time of enumera­ will have to be retained. The Household sche­ tion; in Madhya Pradesh, the figures ·were dule requires the following items of informa­ ''i6,61,146 (house-listing) and 65,95,867 (enumera­ tion to be recorded in respect of !and: (a) ~e tion). It was also recognised that it would be direct or indirect nature of the rIght m WhICh impossible at the stage of tabulation to main­ land is held; (b) the actual right;. and .(c) ar~a. Lain undisturbed the connexion between a It is a widely held view that the rIghts In whlCh household schedule and the related individual the actual cultivators hold the land are often ~lips. different from those recorded in the village papers ..In other wor~s, even though the.entry 63. The household and individual sche­ in the VIllage papers 13 often that a partIcular dules.-The second important change introduc­ piece of land is held directly fro~ government ed in the 1901 Census relates to the household­ and that it is cultivated by a partlcular person. cum-individual schedule. As at first contem­ the popular view is that this kind of entry i~ plated, the household schedule and the indi­ often false. It is doubtful whether any statIsti­ vidual schedules (six: of them) were to be in cal enquiry conducted by an offici~~ agency is one ~ingle sheet, perforations at appropriate ever likely to reveal the ac~ual pOSItIOn r~gard­ places ensuring that the individual schedules ing this matter. I should Imagme tha~, m th_e could be torn off for sorting when required. large majority of cases, the actual cultIvator 11' Opinion was unanimous that this was incon­ also the person who holds the land from gov· venient and wasteful. Many households were ernment; land reforms during the last decade ei t!1er bigger or smaller than the one of six have definitely led to this very desir~ble p,?si. members which alone would ensure that just tion. There is a fringe, however, III whIch one whole household·cum-individual schedule cases of real exploitation and cases in which was used up without an additional one being an intermediary is a genuine necessity (widows, wasted owing to incomplete utilisation. It particularly) are mixed up. Absentee land­ was found in the pre-test that wastage was as lordism is bound to increase to some extent much as 40.6 per cent in the case of household because of increasing migration to urban areas slips and I ~ per cent in the case of household and it will be a long time indeed before agri­ schedules. Therefore, it was decided that we culture in this country has to support no more should have a separate household schedule and than the optimum population that it can in a separate individual slip, both bound in pads fact be expected to support. Therefore, the of convenient size. The household schedule tendency to evade the land law will continue was to have, on its reverse, a Census Population for a long time to come and pre-test expedence Record which was to take the place of the clearly showed that it is futile to' ·expect that. National Register of Citizens (NRC) of the in respect of this fringe of doubtful cases, we 1951 Census. will ever get accurate information. For, there are only tWj:wways in which we can deal with 64· The household scltedule.-As I have this matter· First, we may just record whatever suggested earlier (para 61), the household sche­ information is given by the respondent-who, it dule (S!" x.6r'), should be taken up at the time should be remembered, is often illiterate and of house-hstmg. It appears that a separate uninformed in so far as the legal phraseology household schedule has been introduced for regarding his rights is concerned. In respect the. first time in world census history; the of area particularly, his information is oiten varIOUS types of questionnaire listed in the inaccurate. Second (and alternatively), the United Nations Handbook of Population Cen­ investigator appointed for the purpose can IUS Methods· do not include any in which the himself check, or can be instructed to get check­ hous~ho!d. has been dealt with separately from ed, ,such information as is given. This proce­ the mdivIdual. I have no doubt that this dure often results in correct area figures but, novel tech~iq lie cf the 1951 Census has more once again, is not likely to ensure that the COf­ than ful~y Justified its introduction in the tight rect position regarding rights is recorded. of t~e IOformation it has yielded and I am Therefore, it still remains doubtful whether a defiUltely of the view that?. it~ >operational posi- rap~d investigation of t~~ k.ind !hat a census ·Vol. r.. (STSTATI 'iEA.F ! !)iRc\. I), 1958, pp.. 32.63. 26 [CHAPTER II is at all admits of enquiries into intricate mat­ quality-whether the quality itself is described ters like rights, etc., relating to land. It seems or land revenue/rent figures are given from to me that the more appropriate course would which quality can be infelTed may not matter have been to deal with this matter in some much-and output, it seems essential, should be details in the village surveys that we have taken collected. up as an associate census activity_ In any case, as the hpusehold schedules are being tabu­ lated on a sample basis, it is not possible to 67. Household itndustry, business" etc.-Ini­ reach any definite conclusion regarding the use­ tially, it was intended that information should fulness or accuracy of the results that we have be collected not only in respect of household obtained. j\ further complication which even industry but in re&pect of other household a patwari would find it difficult to deal with business also. In spite of the fact that it was 111SeS in the case of thpse who hold land in finally decided to. have household industry more than one village if these other villages only. I am still of the view that pur approach are not within the same patwari circle but sho'Qld have been more comprehensive. The extend. as well they may. over more than one Registrar-General in his earlier memoranda patwari circle or lie in different tahsils or dis­ rightly emphasised the point that the house­ tricts . or, even, States. As I pointed out in hold as such continues to be an important para 6.t supra. synchronisation on an all-India economic unit and that, for a proper apprecia­ !>asis is not important in these matters and, tion of economic activity in all iu manifesta­ If the household schedule is linked up with tions in an underdeveloped country, we should house-listing, it is very likely that we may get try and get some information relating to the better figures, not only because the investigator household as an entity. But it was later con­ will have more time but also because adequate sidered that "such establishments where goods IUp'ervision and checki~g can be arranged. The were bought for the purpose of sale bnt no mam census report WIll have to be referred processing or servicing or manufacture was in­ tp for.. more detailed discussion of land volved before sale of the goods so bought statistics. should be omitted from househpld industry or business even if the establishments were run by members of the household in a part of the 66. It will be relevant to mention here that hO'lse"!. This decision immediately restricted questions regarding the area of land held do coverage and made it impossible for a full not seem to have been asked in any of the picture of the rural economy to emerge. That, censuses the world over in the 1950 series finally. the 1961 Census has been able to pre­ ,!hile que~tions regarding tenure were of the sent some figures regarding principal and ~nmplest kind and '".;ere asked only in one or secondary occupations is due to the fact that two c~)Untries. The recommendation of the later on-in fact, much later than house-listing United Nations is t!J.at only two questions need -it was decided that the principal occupation be asked--one relating to total area and the shoJlld be "ringed" and the secondary occupa­ other relating to area held in owner-like posses­ tion should be "tick-marked" in the individual sian·. I doubt whether n will be much use slips_ At the first conference, a widely support­ asking these two questipns in the form proposed ed suggestion that we shpuld differentiate bet­ -in a complex industry like agriculture, total w~en principal and subsidiary occupations was areas by themselves without any reference rejected on the ground that "value-judgments" either to soil quality or to crops grown have would be involved and that we must fight clear probably no meaning. In coming censuses, it of them. The principal trouble with the rural seems necessary to go into this question of land economy of India is. it will be readily conceded, statistics once again in some detail and limit t~e lack of productive (or remunerative) subsi­ o~ questions. to what are important and oper­ dIary O(:cupatipn. This negative finding, how­ atIOnally fea·.nble. My suggestions are princi­ ever, cannot be adequately discussed unless we pally two: (a) the emphasis on rights need not have some clear idea of the pattern of prefer­ be as prominent or as detailed as in the 1961 ences in fact obtaining in the rural (or. for Census, (I doubt whether I will be able to pro­ that matter, in the urban) areas. There is also n~unce on the effectiveness pf land reforms a noticeable tendency for household industry ~Ith the help only of the information collected to move into urban areas or large villages for 1ft the census); and (6) some information on understandable reasons of economv and conve--

"*Handbook of Population CCI1~lIS Methods Vol. II P. 23. (Series F. No_ 'i. Rev. I). 1958- pp- 3G-S and 11 -:3. tSUIDID:Jry of the pToceedJ11g"S of Ihe Censlls Conference held \)cLwcen ~; th September and 1St October 195_Q, P-9. T~i! was the fi'rst conference and the pro-ce~dings will hereinafter be referred to as FCP, SCP or rep according as the f\rst, second or third conference IS mean'. PRELIMINARIES] 27

nience so that the rural economy is more and taining them will have to be considered more left only with retail trade of various in the light of the method adopted to k.inds, village industries like bl~ck-smi~hy, etc. maintain them."· In these circumstances, an enqUIry WhICh took into account only 'household industry' leaves , Unfortunately, such consideration as there out a lot and may not in fact provide fi:r:m was ceased soon after the 1951 Census ~~ the ground for any definite co~clusions. It is qUl~ phoenix had vanished. In fact, the Reglstrar­ possible that the concepts mvolved may be dif­ General in the 1951 Census had prepared a ficult but the way out is not to abanpon a very detailed scheme in. which the NRC was useful enquiry but to conduct it on a sample linked up, on the one hand, with vital stati~. basis-ule sample may be of households or, pre­ tics and on the other, with electoral rolls; thls ferably, of blocks. In any case, as suggested was ne~er implemented even in part. The earlier, the household schedule must be filled CPR of the 1961 CeI?sus. is ju~t another fon;n up during house-listing. In fact, al~ that was of the NRC with thIS VItal dIfference that It required of the investigator, accordmg to the is not primarily designed for permanent main­ original (pre-test) schedule, was that he s~ould tenance. In fact. I really do not know why the give a brief description of the house~oId ~ndus­ name should have been changed merely try or business, the subsequent classlficatIOn_ of because the NRC was never properly maintain­ this activity being . left to the data processmg ed. With the pros~ect o~ a permane~t Cens~s stage when it would be duly coded. In fact, Organisation not bemg dimmer than It was m restricting the entry to . hous~hold industry I951-if any thing, it is brighter-we of the really imposed upon the mvestIgator the bur­ 1961 Census should have continued the efforts of den of judging whether a particular type of our predecessors and tried to get the adminis­ activity was.household industry or not and then tration to maintain the NRC on an up-to-date including or excluding it .on the basis of s.uch basis even if such maintenance is limited to judgment-a task for WhICh he was certamly spme basic characteristics. In any case, the not the most competent in the census hierarchy. CPR is a vast improvement on the original For other changes made in the (Pre-test) house­ idea of not having any such record at all. I hold schedule, attention is invited to FCP. hope that a permanent Census Organisation, if one COmes into existence, will devote itself to 68. The Census Population Record.--The this important business of getting some kind Census Population Record (CPR) is entered on of a Census Register maintained; it should not the other side of the household schedule and be more difficult than maintaining the khasra is intended to take the place of the National in respect of land. Register of Citizens (NRC) of the 1951 Census. I have been told by any number of field offidals 69· It is relevant in this connexion to re­ that, during the inter-censal period, the NRC, member that, even if opinion in favour of the only original census document available, maintaining a Census Register like the NRC was of immense utility. There is no evidence, is not unanimous, everybody is agreed on the however, that the NRC was ever misused, i.e.~ imperative necessity of the accurate mainte­ used for any non-statistical purposes. It is nance of vital statistics. In fonner Madhya indeed a thousand pities that this ambitious Pradesh, vital statistics were the responsibility design was beyond the capacity (or, possibly of the Police Department in respect of registra­ more accurately. grasp!) of our administrative tion and of the Public Health Department in machinery. The Census Register, as it is called respect of compilation and publication-this in other countries, is an invaluable statistical continues to be the position so far as the Maha­ record making accurate. almost day-to-day esti­ koshal region of the new State of Madhya mates of population possible. Its importance Pradesh is concerned. In the other regipns, in India, where vital statistics are either non­ there are hardly any vital statistics owing existent or grossly inar.curate in many parts, mostly to the fact that this business has been cannot be over-emphasised. My predecessor in transferred to the Panchayats who are supposed former Madhya Pradesh writes as follows re­ to be the agencies to which the village chowki­ garding the maintenance of the NRC:- dars should report births and deaths even though these latter are under the control of "The problem of maintaining the National the Police Department. This just does not Register of Citizens is under the consi­ work and the matter has been receiving the deration of the Government of India and attention of the Registrar-General during the improvements in the method of main- last one or two years. One method evolved 1 .195 Cemll~ Administration Report. Madhya Prade~ll. Part I-Enumeration. P.25. 28 [CHAPTER II i'l the Annual Sample Census of births and available from the agencies concerned. I am deaths conducted in Madhya Pradesh bv the dealing with this matter at this stage becaw,e Directorate of Economics 'and Statistics; the the maintenance of a Census Register on an up report for 1960 is now nearly complete; it is to-date basis may well necessitate a reconsidera­ proposed to conduct this every year and my tion of this whole question of registration. In successor will be well-advised to find out whe­ the Land Records Department, there is a Plan ther these censuses were in· fact conducted ~cheme for the improvement of the primary every year and collect all the relevant reports, reporting agency which means, in part, a Admittedly, a sample census is only an imper­ gradual reduction in the area for which a pat­ tect substitute for complete registration-in fact, wari is responsible. If a Census Register is to the former is more useful a_s a check on the be maintained, it will be necessary to take this accuracy of the latter. Therefore, attempts are up with the Land Records Department ;md nOlv being m

Serial No, House No, Household- Name of each Relationship to Sex Religion Special Civil of each of each wise Serial person in each the head of the group~ condition Household Household No. of cit i- Household Household zen! (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

--- -_.-._------.---...

Economk Sta'.L!$ l'vr~ans of Livelihood Age Mother- r------"-----.--, r-' _.. __.. .A. ___ -----., Litel'

(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)

,------_------_ ... The column headings of the CPR as follows :- Sex Nam~ ,--_____.A,, ___----, Relationship to Age Marital Description of work Male Female head Status in the ca!e of worker

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ------PRELIMINARIES] 29

71. Entrie& relating to (1) name, (~) relation­ person's occupation if he is working (no entries ship, (3) sex, (4) civil condition, and (5) age are at all being required to be made regarding non­ identical, common and necessary. The serial workers though, owing to space being available. number of the household does not find a plact' such entries were made in many cases), the in the CPR because it is available on the re­ NRC provides for very detaile.d entries on the verse, i.e., Part I of the CPR and there is no basi's of the concepts relating to the 1951 Cen­ question 'of the latter bearing a serial because sus. It seems to me that more detailed entries each household gets one form· In addition, regarding occupation and industry with their the NRC has two more serials-a serial for the code-n~~bers would have added immensely to households and another for the members of the the utIlIty of the CPR as a sample-frame. household (the latter serial, though not provid­ ed for in the CPR, has in fact been introduced 73. My conclusion, therefore, is that the by many enumerators because of its obvious inter-censal record that we are bequeataing to convenience) both of which are necessary for administration in the form of the CPR could a register; the absence of a particular b~ilding have been more <,:omprehensive than it is, parti­ (or house) number from the sequence wIll not cularly because m the 1961 Census we have cause any difficulty because of the separate con­ collected such a rich variety of information. tinuous serial in the first column of the NRC A. more elaborate CPR would also not have and will be rightly assumed to be correct on been difficult to make for the en'lmerator if­ account of the particular 'Census house' being of course, if (certainly not otherwise)-the other non-residential or vacant-whereas, in any par­ part of the household schedule is taken up at ticular book of household schedules, the sche- the time of house-listing. Part of the reason dules Zlre never filled in the order of 'Census ,\'In the CPR had to be as short as we could house' numbers and there can always he a lurk­ make it ,,'as that, right from the beginning, it ing suspicion about the completeness of house­ was taken for granted that Part I of the house­ hold coverage. An indication regarding hold schedule will be filled up at the time of whether the head of the household is a member enumeration. This "iew was never reconsider­ of a sched nIed / tri be is given in Part I of ca~te ed with the result that, when a new schedule the household schedule but, as in the case of like the CPR-1'l7hich was not initially planned the i'lRC (col. 8), this information is not avail­ f or a~• a 11* -was Introauce. . d , we were in sympa- able in the case of each member of the house­ thy bound to make it as short as possible if the hold. A notable inadequacy in the CPR is the e~l~mcrator was not to rev-olt again'St an impos­ absence of entries regarding religion and slbl~ bl.mlen. 'While what is operationally literacr-the former, in a 'world of institutiona­ feaSIble m a. c~nsus should be a matter entirely lised religion, is not entirely unimportant. for the admllllstrator, what is statistically desir­ Opinions will probably differ regarding the able so far as Census Schedules are concerned absence in the CPR of the entry regarding has to be decided in the light of the best .tech­ mother-tongue and I should personally think nical opinion available and there can be no that the omission is justified though, in tbe doubt whatever that, with the growing impor­ context of the special concern for minoritv tance of sample sllIveys (even if their occasional groups that a genuine urge towards nation;l elevation to the 'Status of a panacea for all ill tegration should engender, a fairly valid view ca~ be held that the existence of the entry re­ our statistical ills is unjustified), statisticians latmg to the mother-tongue will help in many would be overwhelmingly in favour of the ad­ 'ways-particularly in planning the expansio~ mirable frame that a register like the NRC is. of educational facilities. Besides, it may be that, at some point of time in the future, the administration may awaken

7~. But the most glaring point of contrast to the_ necessity of keeping such a ~locument ?ct\\'een the KRC and the CPR is that while up-t_O-date.; the. mediaeval poll-tax is an In the CPR the only entry made relat~s to a ObVIOUS, If unthmkable, 'catalytic agent' !

tor/*" \ ~h;;~1 1°;;1 Cemu;. ~ small r~munerati(:)J:~ was pajd to the enumeration staff in some States by way of scrip- rep-Jrc . "es. ,OJ. ~h... ~ l\at.lOnal Register of Citizens WhIch was prepared at that Census. It is not proposed to Slil jI ,I Hgbter ~t the next Censlls" [para· ' I.P (the fir 'J ~'.' . : .. . 44 of D. 0: lelter No. ;J /gj,;g·RC. dated the 27 th April 9,,9 st on~hh lettcr Introducmg the seo to [1,(, ~larll11ngl\' ""ten,;;"': rang" or hi, O(ly,<;"y]. 30 [CHAPTER II

74. The individual slip,-The Enumeration ment than its predecessor of the 1951 Census. Schedule (i.e., the individual 'Slip) of the 1961 The slip is reproduced below in actual size: Cens us is a more eIabor.l.tely designed docu-

CONfIDEMTlA L CENSUS 1,'1

LOClitioD codc ____~ ______

l(aiN~me ______

Rebtiomhip Ag8 last leb) to HNd ______! birthday I'-____ -!

Marital Birth- 3 St~tw ______~ (-(a) pJ""c ______

Duration of r------, 4 (b) Born R/U 4(C) re>idcnce if I I !iotQ cl,ewhe

fI(a) Nationali1Y ______o _ ,5(b) Rclijioo,______

C , r S.C., Literacy & [>(c).S.T.,~. _____~ _____ I) Ed... tatioll ______

Mother A~., o\hu .. (~) tOllgue ______7(b) laDguage{.) ______

Working &s p WorkingAgricultural &$ ______a CultiVil10l labourer

Worlr.in& at teA) N~,!\_oI~.------10 Household Nature or ' ) If E I lodusuy (b) Household .... ___ Indl.lstrll ------_ _ ~PO~~

(a) Wor~Nature ______c( __

of'lnliu.try, ( ) Cl -, Doing (b) NaturePror.,.sion. Trilde ______C W or k er Work aI..... 11 Other than 8, ______9 or 10 o_r_s_uv_~_e ~

Cd) NameEnablishment of -.-______

12 Activity tl' Not Workin~ I / '---__ ;;z

Including the location code number, the slip to decide. The 13 major all-India questions requires, in all, twenty-five entries to be made with their parts amounted in all to 18 ques­ by the enumerator in respect of each person (for tions, or, 19 if the location code number is a cross-mark has to be entered in the case of a also included. In fprmer Madhya Pradesh, the negative reply). The 24 questions are divided 13 th question was devoted to fertility which into 13 major questions, with some of the ques­ meant really three additional questions, bring­ tions being divided into two or more parts. ing the total to 22. In Madhya Bharat and In the 1951 Census, there were 14 major ques­ Bhopal, the 13th question was devoted to tions but one of them, the 13th, was an optional change of occupation during the previous question in the sense that the subject-matter of decade, bringing the total to ,21 as it was in two the question was left to each individual State parts. In Vindhya Pradesh, tne 13th question The (then) Chief Minister of Madh)'a Pradesh) Dr. K. N. Katju cheerfnIl)' facing the rigours of Census interrogation. Shrri K. D. BaUal} then Dy. S. C. O. (latcr Central Tabulation Officer) New Delhi) can be seen standing by the side of the Chief Minister. PRELIMINARIES] 31

was devoted to unemployment, the total becom­ within the district. Further, whether onc·. ing 20. Out of these three kinds of subject­ birth-place was rural or urban was also to be matter chosen for the 13th question, the 1961 recorded. Census included only unemployment though the nature of the question was different. The 77. Other questions.-Having now account-­ size of the slip of 1961 was about 6r' x 5" where­ ed for 1.l1 of the questions and ignoring the as in the 1951 Census it was 4!" x 4f' (in special 1951 question regarding displaced per­ former Madhya Pradesh). While considering sons, 'we have now to deal with the remaining this matter, it would be worth-while remember­ 1.2 questions of the 1961 Census which were ing that, on the basis of the 1951 size (i.e.} ~oi either very differently designed though cover­ sq. inch as against 32! sq. inch of the 1961 ing the sam~ subject-matt~r or were entirely slip), the printing of the 580 mil. slips for the new. Out of these 1.11 questIOns, as many as 10 1961 enumeration would .have resulted in a deal with the "activity" of persons (whether saving of 526.520 lb. of paper, i.e., about ,20 working pr not); the other two are the follow­ tons per square inch. The detailed calculation ing: first, the one relating to whether one's is in Appendix G. birth-place was rural or urban, to which a reference was made in para 76 supra; anothel' 75. Common and identir;al questions.-Mere relating to the duration of residence in the numbers obviously do not result in any mean­ case of persons born in places other than where ingful comparison. As between 1951 and 1961, they were enumerated· I consider that both of questions regarding the following nine items them were useful, if difficult, innovations and were common and identical apart, of course, are important for the study of migration; they from the L. C. number: should be retained in ensuing censuses also. (1) Name ...... , The optional question of the 1951 Census was (2) Age ...... not an unqualified success. In Madhya Bharat (3) Civil condition ...... and Vindhya Pradesh, no tables were prepared (4) Nationality ...... ••... (5) Religion ...... at all; the answers apparently were not good (6) Literacy and Education ...... enough. The discontinuance of the option (7) Mother-tongue ...... was, in my view, a wise step. (8) Bilingualism ...... (9) Scheduled CastesiTribes •...... (10) Sex ...... 78. If I were asked to name the single most (In the 1961 Census, there was a minor difficult problem in Census Organisation in elaboration in regard to civil condition in that India (or, generally, in underdeveloped coun­ 'widowed' and 'separated' persons were catego­ tries), I should unhesitatingly answer: the fram­ rised separately. Similarly, in 1951, an Anglo­ ing of the economic questions with the connect­ Indian was separately indicated; this did not ed instructions to enumerators. These are diffi­ need to be done in 1961). cult not only for the enumerators but also for those who have later to deal with coding and ta­ 76. Common but not identical questions.­ bulation. The difficulty is that, in the nature of In respect of the following items, there was things, the answer cannpt be just 'yes' or 'no' some difference in the kind of answers expect­ and a full description has to be given of the ed: (1) Relationship to Head; and (!II) Birth­ various aspects wInch it is difficult to standardise place. In the matter of relationships, the 1961 owing to the infinite complexity of the occupa­ Census required them to be fully described. tional pattern. In the 1961 Census, we made During the course of training, I was asked how an advance, I think, broadly in three direc­ the entry should b~ made if a fun description tions; firstly the distinction between occupation of a ramified relationship were to extend be­ and industry was very clearly brought out in the yond a line; I suggested that the length could questionnaire itself, thus facilitating a better be safely limited to the line provided I In 1951, understanding of the inter-weaving between the actual relationship was required only in the occupational and industrial patterns; the case of near-relatives. The entries relating secondly, emphasis was shifted from income to birth-place, however, were much more . to work, the latter being admittedly less diffi­ detailed in the 1961 Census and, in my view, cult to observe and describe; thirdly, a more fully justified. In 1951, all that was re9.uired comprehensive classification of those "not at was that, if a person was not born in the dIstrict wo~k", i.e., the eq:mo.mically non-active popu­ of enumeration, the district, State or country latIOn, roughly. It IS no doubt true that 5h.ou~d be mentioned; in 1961, however, even ch~nges. <_>f concept from census to census do wIthm the district, different entries were made raise ~Iffic.ult proble~s of comparison but it for' people born in the place of enumeration ~eeIllS meVitable that, m the matter of economic and for th.ose born outside that place but questions, the attempt to secure greater clarity 32 [CHAPTER II

must be (liven highcr priority than the problem the principal occupation alone was to be .enter~ of comp~ahility fpr. the simI!le reason th~t the ed, the others being ignored) was to be nnged. retention of operationally dIfficult and made­ e.g.) (8) and the secondary occupation was to be CJuately defined concepts results in figures the comparability of which is no more than super­ ticked; like this, e.g.) V 9. The 1961 instru~tiom ficial; in other words, vague categories cannot also were very elaborate and I shall not dISCUSS be compared with pne another if we continue here the conceptual problems. involved: ~ shall deal only with the operatIOnally slgmficant to usc the same vague terms from census to ccnsus. The 'work' approach of the 1961 Cen­ aspects. SllS has also the general support of the Statis­ tical Office of the United Nations. 81. The final design of the ind~vidua~ slip. settled in the First Conference, denves dIrectly from the original intention that th~re wa~ to 79. In the 1951 Census, the following were be no classification of occupatIOns 111 to the economic questipns: Q. 9: Economic "principal:' a~d "second.ary"; that there sh.o~ld Status; (a) Dependency, (b) Employment; Q. be an indIcatIOn regardmg these charactenstics 10: Principal Means of Livelihood. Q. 11: was a decision taken at the Second Conference Secondary means of livelihood. The entries in in August, 1960-a little too late operationally respect of dependency could be of three kinds: (see para 67 supra). Natur~lly. ~het.her or not self-supporting: earning dependent; or, non­ there should be such a claSSIficatIOn IS a matter earning dependent. There can be little doubt of judgment as to whet~er, _i~ an economy like that all these are very vague cpncepts. In res­ ours, secondary occupatIon IS Importan.t or not. pect of "employment", the entries were to be: In 1951, thme with secondary occupatlOns (5 19 "employer", "employee", "independent worker" lakhs) "were about 36,5 per cent pf all wor~ers or other. The principal and! or secondary (14.2;': lakhs) (i.e.) the total of self-su.pport~ng means of livelihood were to be fully described persons and earning dependents-the mclUSIO? except that, if the entries related to agriculture, of the 1951 Livelihood Class IV in 'workers' IS certain symbols ,vcre to be used for various of yerv doubtful accuracy) in India as a whole. classes ot agriculturists. In contrast, the more In the case of non-agricultural classes (404 ela borz1tc and 5Ystematic 1961 Census economic lakhs), those with non-agricultural 'Secpndary If ues!ions "were a~ follows: Q. 8: Working as means of livelihood (59 lakhs) constituted about cultivator; Q. 9: 'Working as Agricultural J 4.7 per cent· In the case of large populations La bomer; Q. ~ 1'0: 'Narking at Household like ours, 36.5 is obviously not a populations Industry: «(I) .l\ature of work; (b) Nature of that can be Eo"hth treated; even 14.7 per cent, Housch.old Industry; and (c) If employee; Q. in my vic"w, d~ser~'es detailed treatment. This 1 :; DOIng work other than 8, 9, or 10: (a) 1.1.7 per cent is about 4.2 per cent of total Nature of work; fb\ Nature of Industr\' workers. If the illS tructions of the 1961 Census \ .' / ' Profession. Trade or Service; (c) Class of work- were strictlY followed, all combinations of er; and (el) Name of Establishment; and Q. u: principal and subsidiary occupations will have Activity, if not working. The only entry that been obtained ill the enumeration in respect of ~an ~e re~dily observed as being common and the categories. (i) agriculture; (ii) agr~cultural IdentIcal IS the 1961 entry relating to class of labour; (iii) household industry; and (tv) occu­ worker in Q. 11 (c) and the 1951 entry relating pations other than the first three. The pmis­ to 'employment' in Q. g(b). But in I9~1 there sions are: (a) those whose principal and sub.. were two refinements: first, familv workers sidian occupations fall into the category of were entered as such and, second, i'n the case household industry; and (b) those whose princi. of household industry, the classification was pal and subsidiary occupations fall into the only t\w~fold: "employee" and "others". category of non-household industry, trade, etc. Example'S are: (1) a weaver who also makes, say, bidies at home; or (2) a clerk who also .80. Two prominent differences in 'format' takes up tuitions in his spare-time; there could ~'Ill also. be readily noticed: first, household be manv others-these omissions are total. As mdustry IS accounted for in a separate category; the ecori.omy develops and so long as we do not and, second and much the more important the 1 reach current western living standards, this 195 c1assi.{ica~ion into principal and secondary category of lion.agricultural cla-sses having non­ mean~ of ltvehhood does .not appear in the sche­ agricultural secondary means of livelihood may dyle Itself prOVIded for in the instruc­ a~d ~\'as bec?me important an~, i!1 a!1y case, is probably t~ons; the pnnCIpal among the entered occupa­ an llnportant economIC mdlcator. But, in the tIon~ (naturally, where the other jobs done by case of a schedule which does not automatically Oil. person are all such that they falI" under Q. 11, bring to the notice of the enumerator any PRELIMINARIES] 33

omission on his part, can we be sure that in~ completed in June-July 1960, ~ontain~d .no tructions will have always been followed? It reference to this instruction regardmg "rmgmg should be remembered in this connexion that, and ticking". while in the 1951 Census the individual slip contained just the numbers of qU(2stions, brief 8~, On the other hand, the 1961 Census captions w,ere introduced into the 1961 slip in made a distinct advance in the enumeration of the hope that the reduced strain on the enu­ the economically inactive population. The merator in identifying the question will lead to only catc.:; lr:. e)f 'non-,:or~ers' ?f th~ 1961 Cen-_ better results. In contrast, the same (1961) sljp sus that could be readily IdentIfied m the 1951 contaim no indication at all in respect of the Census was a part of the 1961 Categ?ry of requirement that the principal and subsidiary '·retired persons, agricultural or non-agrIcultu­ occupations have to be shown. I think that ral, rent-receivers, etc.," i.e., agricultural rent­ this is an unfortunate omission and should be receivers and their dependents who were includ­ rectified. The questions in this regard recom­ ed in Livelihood Category No. IV: "Non-culti­ mended by the United Nations also require vating owners of land; agricultural rent­ : returns separately in respect of principal indus­ receivers; and their dependents". In. 1961. try loccupation and secondary industry / occu­ non·workers were divided into as many as pation'" though, in the case of cultivators in eight categories arid the figures have yielded particular, some additional information is re­ ;wme very useful tables. This classification q uired in respect of area of the holding and should, in my view, be retained in its broad tenure in which it is he!ld. I am quite certain, outline. The only point about which I am that, if right from the beginning there had doubtful is whether we have succeeded in get­ been no doubt about whether or not we should ling dependable figures in: respect of unemploy­ distinguish between principal and secondary ment. industry /occupation, the design of the schedule would have been different. It was in my view 83. The reference period for 'work'.-The not necessary to provide separately for agricul­ census, as I used to say in the training classe~ ture, agricultural labour, household industry, is a snap-shot and not a feature-film. It lS etc. The ecpnomic questions should have been impossible to choose a date for the snap such. in. t,,:o main parts: the [lIst part relating to that the picture obtained is an accurate "time­ prmClpal, and the second, to secondary, indus­ based" microcosm; that is, the census, in its try I occ~pation: In the case of each part, two ecpnomic tables, will not depict the economic geometncal deSIgns could have been provided­ activity of each person in such a way that the one to indicate status (em plover, employee, nature and the magnitude indicated are truly etc.). and 'the other, to indicate whether representative of that person's annual (not to ~r not that p'~rticular "activity" is household speak of decennial) activity. Thus the refer­ mdustry. A lIne also should be provided in ence period in respect of work has to receive each case for the name of the establishment. very careful attention. In this census, it waa· thi'S. entry has been occasionally helpful i~ a fortnight in the case of non-seasonal, and ,:odmg though Shri K. D. Ba.Hal, !?eputy Super­ the last season in respect of seasonal, workers. llltendent of Census OperatIOns, IS of the view According to the Statistical Office of the United that, except in the case of large concerns, this Nations,*'"' "the reference period should be entry Was generally not of much use. Industry viewed as a sample of time"; this is an impos­ and occupation should be separately entered in sible ideal to achieve. eac~ part. There can be little doubt that the desIgn of the individual slip should not be changed once it has been settled and, even if 81· Geometrical patterns.-In the household a change becomes necessary, it should not be schedule (Part I) two geometrical patterns (a mad; as lat.e as August, 19·0. In some States rectangle and a parallelogram) have been used the mstructIons had been printed by then with in the right-hand top corner and, in the indi:­ the result that amendments had to be issued vidual slip, six in all have been used-two on in .the form of hi~hly irritating, loose slips the lelt-hand side (a circle and a parallelogram) and four on the right (two rectangles and two ~hlch, apparently, mtensely dislike their being bonded to some page and keep fIying about. triangles). So for as the enumerator is concen.. However, while this did not happen in Madhya ed, these patterns are undoubtedly a help in Pradesh, the first round of training, which we respect of short symbols or abbreviations that have to be entered on the right-hand side. The ·Hand-book of Population Census Methods (Sel·ies No. 5 Rev. 1), United Nations. 195 , PP.4 -2 (also the whole of Chapter VI). 8 1 "'''''Hand·book of Pllptlbtion Census Methods op. P. 3l:. 34 [CHAPTER U

eye moves born left to right so that, no:maUy, immediately after the census. ~owevf1r. no even in the absence of a pattern, anythmg on . part of the provisional totals re1atmg to hous~ the left is not likely to be missed but, ~n the hold schedules was required to be telegraphed right, a pattern helps to focus the attentI~n of to State headquarters. ~ tiring eye. But, at the stage of. tabulat1~n, I think geometrical patterns qUite defimtely 86. Sch~duled castes and scheduled tribes­ Jnake easier the quick recogniti,?n of the ap· The enumeration of scheduled castes I propriate entr~. In the 1961 slIp, the ge?m~­ tribes is a special problem. of enume~ati0!l trical patterns mtroduced have been very l.udl' which requires careful attention but WhICh, It cious and useful. The only entry on the rIght· seems to me will never lend itself to a satis­ hand side for which the positive answer is a factory solution. On the one hand, there is ,ingle-letter abbreviation and for which no pat­ among the people of these castes!tribes-cast~s t+rn has been provided is that relating to agri­ particularly-a ten.d~ncy to raise the~selves ~n cultural labour (Q. 9)' There are two other social esteem by gIvmg themselves hlg:h-falutm entries for which also the positive answers are caste names whic:h mostly consist of two parts­ all abbreviations of one kind or the other but one of which is the name of a so-called high for which no patterns have been provided but caste like Brahman or Thakur and the other, they (Q. 3 and Q. 8) are on the left side and it some differentiating prefix or suffix which 40es not, therefore, matter. A general check­ serves the purpose of not offending the suscep­ up on these lines of the geometrical patterns tibilities of the high castes for after all, the during the course of finalisation of the sche­ scheduled caste concerned has admitted the dules would be very helpful indeed. existence of a difference in caste. However, which is higher does not require explicit eluci­ 85. The abstracts.-No abstract was pres­ dation (which, of course, is in any case not CJ"ibed for house-listing to be filled up by the possible these days); it is a matter of implicit investigator. For the enumerator, we prescrib· convention. This is the first factor which com· ed abstracts, one for each pad of household sche­ plicates enumeration; a few common examples dules / individual -slips and another, in a are: separate form ("Enume.t;;ator's enumeration abstract") for each block. The importance of Kolis or Koris getting themselves recorded these abstracts is that they form the basis of as 'Tantuvey Vaishya'; Mirdhas or provisional totals. There is also another Khangars as 'Khangar Kshatrias' or upect; if sQme abstract has to be made, all the Khangar Thakur; Mahtar or Bhangi as slips/schedules have to be gone through and so 'Valrnik'; Chamars as 'Yadav' Or 'Jaf: an opportunity is created for the correction of Suryavanshies as 'Kanaujyas·. all obvious errors. It was this latter considera­ tion that made me prescribe a more elaborate Even though the raison d'etre for this ten­ abstract for the household schedules than was dency is a mistaken view regarding the impor­ prescribed by the Registrar-General. All that tance of caste, it is to be welcomed in a sense was required by the original abstract was the because, so long as caste continues to have some Dumber of houses and households dealt with hold on the people (and there is little evidence in each pad apart [wm the usual identifying to show that, in vital matters like marriage. details and, to enter those numbers, an enumer­ the importance of caste has decreased; in fact, ator had only to make an intelligent count of even in the general elections, not to speak of the schedules, taking care to distinguish panchayat or other elections at lower levels, the between houses and households. It was not role of caste has by no means been negligible), necessary for him to take even a cursory look factop.; of this kind operating together with at the contents of the schedules. Therefore urbanisation, migration and education should in Madhya Pradesh, we added a few mor; ~raduany obliterate this blot on our society­ entries to the abstract relating to (a) the num· The second factor is the problem of sub-castesl ber of households engaged only in agriculture; sub-tribes (and the associated problem of ~) the number engaged only in household synonyms, generic names, etc). It was required mdustry; and (c) the number engaged in both. that the name of the. sub-caste / sub-tribe be This made it necessary both for the enumera­ written in the slip along with the name of the tor and his supervisors tp g-lance through the connected main scheduled caste/tribe (in brac­ contents and Our ~ope was that, in the process. kets). A e:up~uistic synonym for 'chamar', for a~y wr~ng. or mlssm~ entries will get dealt example, IS charmakar'. There are some WIth; thIS dId happen m some cases. This pro­ names which are almost homonymous like the cedure also resulted in our being able to pro­ following: Mehara (q.ro) and Mahara (~) duce another set of useful provisional figures which are not scheduled castes and Mahar PREUMINARIES] 35

(~o::) whi~ is; Agaria (ifrrf~2IT) which .~ a and continuing with the serial, stop.ping final~.y 0rPQsite to where the first numbermg began .. scheduled trIbe and Aghanya (>..TJf' in the case of census-house-numbers, t~ons should limit themselves to such matters there being no question of maintaining house­ and 5ho~ld not. deal with procedural matters hold numbers on a permanent basis. Owing to because InstructIOns connected with the latter the fact that there is a long interval between will vary with the administrative set-up of the house-numbering and enumeration, there is State on the one hand and with the methods always the problem of (a) new buildings and adopted and agency utilised for house-number­ (b) buildings which were initially missed; this ing, house-listing and enumeration, on the also has to he covered by the jnstructions ta other. L~t us ta~e, for example, this sentence enumerators. These matters-all of which from the InstructIOns for house-listing (herein­ follow from the one sentence from the IHL, I ~fter r~ferred to as IHL) relating to col. ~: qu_oted earlier-required a circular of over IG E~peTl~nce suggests that the best way of num­ prmted pages (No.6). IS to continue with one consecutive be~Ing 90 • The problem of conceptual nniformity &erlal on on~ side of the street and complete should not be mixed up with procedural mat. the numbermg on that side before crpssing ~ers of purely operational significance. Tb ov~r to the end of the other side of the street IS so because it is inevitable that, in each State. 56 [CHAPTER IJ

JOme additional instructions regarding making of the abstract on the pad of household these latter have to be issued. One of the schedules; (f) the preparation of block sum­ reasons why this has to be done is that the maries; (g) 'relations with supervising officers: phasing of the various operations differs from (h) definition of agriculture; and (i) arrange­ State to State. In Madhya Pradesh, house-list­ ment of records and handing over_ Matters ing was done by patwaris in rural areas, ignor­ undcz (c), (d) and (g) will to some extent be ing for the moment a few exceptional cases. influenced by the procedural peculiarities of Thi" automatically makes it necessary that the each State and may, 'if found convenient, be v~l1'"i{)1l~ ](inr:1s of area that an investigator may left to the States. But the others could be have to deal with be explained because, to mentioned in the Central IE. When finalis­ begin with, the location code that has to be ing Central instructions whether for house­ entered differs in structure from area to area· listing or enumeration, it will be useful to re­ In addition, the following matters were dealt member all the time that they need only deal with in the separate volume of house-listing with those columns or questions which are instructions issued in Madhya Pradesh: (4) connected with the census tables; the rest may Training; (b) Supply of forms; (c) Relation3 be wholly or partly left to the States but, even with supervising officers; (d) numbering of in the case of th~e others, such concepts as houses and households; (e) making of maps, may be involved-'Building', 'Census hO'lse', sketches; (!) abstracts; and (g) despatching. A etc., may be centrally defined. To illustrat~ the definition of a 'Census house' could be number of illustrations were included as also centrally settled; also, the decision that a Cen­ (i) one side of a house-list form filled in with various k.inds of entry; and (ii) a notional ~us hou~e s~ollid have a separate sub-number m certam CIrCUmstances can also be centrally sketch of a village. Further, the investigator taken; but all other questions should be left was not to bear any expenditure on materials to the States. I am of the view that the 'Cen­ requi~ed for n'lmbering-these were supplied, tral' finalisation of instructions both for house­ or paid for, by panchayats. municipal commi­ listin and. enu.meration is very much a step in ttees, etc. The effect Qf what I have said is that p the nght duectIOn_ In 1951, it was only a brief the CentrCil instructions dealt should not have set of instructions for enumerators that could with the first three columns and column 11 of be Centrally finalised; I do not think anything the house-list at all but should have dealt with more can possibly be attempted if the Superin­ the preparation of abstracts_ All the other tendents of Census Operations are appointed as columns deal with concepts connected with the late as February 19·~- understanding of tables_ So far as the first three columns and column 11 were concerned. States should have been separately asked to 92 .. There is one further point that deserves ~d0.pt. th~ ~entrally determined definitions for mentlon in connexion with the instructions re­ bm1dmg, Census house' and 'Census house­ lating to the avoidable lack of precision at hold' - In Madhya Pradesh, the IHL were in some points·-I shall illustrate by a few examples !WO parts: ~he first (a red pamphlet) contain­ from .the IE_ The instruction regarding tem­ mg g~neral mstructions and, in particular, ela­ poranly absent heads of households is as fol­ boratmg the sentence in the central IHL that l?ws; "~f he should be ~way for a fffirly long I quoted in para. 89 supra; and the second (a ttme whlch covers the ~nt~re enumeratlon period blue pamphlet) which was more or less a trans­ then the person who IS incharge in his absence lation of the Central 1HL_ should be recorded as the Head of the house­ hold". . In actual fact, we had to say that, the 91: Similarly, the Central Instructions re- person mcharge should be entered if the normal ardi~g enumeratio~ (hereinafter referred to as Head ,is likel~ to be away throughout the enu~ fE) dld not deal WJth the following matters' meration penod because there was no other (a) R~cognition of census work; (b) Post-en~­ means by which the often-expressed desire for meratlon check (the threat of it I mean­ c1arification of the words italicised could be analogous to 'the (me contained in'the Central met, Another such case relates to the treat­ IE for Q. 11 (a): "at previous censuses much ment of in-patients in hospital as workers; the ~~)Uble has. been caused by inadequate ins~ruc.tion is:. "similar.lv. a peson tempo­ .an~wers, an~ If you do not succeed in obtaining rartly III a hospItal or SImIlar institution he satlsfa~tory mfor~ation on the individual slips, should. be recorded for the kind of work he you WIll ~ reqUIred to make a further visit was ?Oll?-g ~ef~;e he was admitted into hospital for that purpose'); (c) the duties and pr~ Q! !~stItutlOn. What does "temporarily" gramme of an enumerator; (d) the maintenance (ltahClsed by me) mean? The clarification up-to-date of the house-list abstract; (e) the given was that it should be taken to mean: PRELIMINARIES] 37

"anyone who is not in the hospital/institution pressing matter or the other, the agenda for throughout the enumeratiQn period.... Simi­ an ensuing conference always requires a good larly, it needed to be m~de clear, as Shn G. N. deal of study about matters which will engage Tiwari, Deputy Superintendent of Census his attention only much later. A good head­ Operations, points out, that a 'household' quarters Deputy Superintendent of Census Op­ .:Should live in a census house or part thereof; erations--or a good Statistician-both of which for. a group of house-less persons, even if they commodities are hard to come by and I did not are a family, is not a 'household'. These are have either-entirely engaged in the study of ~mall matters and of some significance only to problems relating to subsequent phases is pro­ particular enumeraton;; precision is not likely bably the best solution. It is hoped that D;1Y ~o lea~ .to greater statistical inaccuracy than successor will do better in these matters than I ImpreCIsIon. did; I should strpngly advise him to have in the headquarters at least two good men, Deputy 93. Census Conferences.-For the 1961 Cen­ Superintendents of Census Operations or Statis­ SUS, up to the time of writing (February, 196.2), ticians, preferably with census experience, one we have had three conferences, one in Septem­ of whom will deal with current operations and ber-October, 1959, for finalising all operational the other, with the next phase and miscellane­ matters; the second in August, 1960, for decid­ ous non-operational work. I should also sug­ ing matters relating to sorting and tabulation; gest a change in the working ~ours of the con­ and the third in February, 196.2, for dealing ferences. The 1961 practice was to start gene­ with the reporting and publication program­ rally at 10 a.m. hoping to break up at 1 p.m. mes. During May-June, 1961, three regional (which we al:plOst never did) and to reassemble ~onferences were held .in Trivandrum, Darjeel­ at ~-30 p.m. (or, a little later, if the morning mg and . Srinag~r principally for reviewing seSSlOn went up to 1-30 p.m.), hoping to finish progress 10 sortmg and tabulation; Madhya for the day at 5-30 p.m. (which, again, we al­ Pradesh attended the Darjeeling conference. most never did; we used to go on till 6 p.m.). The eternal problem regarding any type of A bette: rrogramme is to stll:rt at 8 or 8-30 a.m., conferen~e, where final decisions are taken, is go on ttl 1 or 1-30 p.m. (wIth a short interval that, whlle on the one hand, there is this very of 15 minutes at about 10-30 a.m.) and then &reat advantage that one gets to know many break up for the day-this programme will en. p.oints of view and a variety of experience, on sure more time for study. t~e othe~ .hand, owing prin_cipally to lack of cune, deaslOns tend to be a little hasty. Almost always, the agenda is a little too crowded for 94· In para 48 supra, I have made a casual careful deliberation. There is however no refere_nce to the problem of translation. The doubt in my mind that these ~onference~ are ~nal mstructions for house-listing and enumera­ valuable and, indeed, indispensable. Unfortu­ tIOn were translated by Shri Daya Ram Gupta nately, it is an inevitable feature that while and I h~ve included in this volume a no~ each Superintendent pf Census Operations is (Appen~lX 'H') by him on the problem of engaged almost always in dealing with lOme translation. CHAPTER III THE OPERATION AND ITS PHASES

(The Manual Vs. Circulars-The First Cir~1.I;lars-pijficulties-The Cens~s. Organisation. -The Rural-Urban Classification-The Census of Cttz.es--C"rcles and ~l?cks-Tratntng-Defect~ 1» Enu­ meration-Provisional Totals-Post -Enumeratwn ~~eck-PubltClty-Census of Techmcal and Scientific Personnel-Associated Studies-Maps-Fertllzty Survey-The Total Load).

95. The Manual Vs. Circulars.-B.efore the it would have been still necessary to issue first circular is issued by the Supermtend~nt amendment slips or clarifying circulars the in­ of Census Operations, he will have to decIde corporation of both of which into an already for himself whether he would prefer a manual large volume is a somewhat inconvenient busi­ containing most of the instructions and issue ness. I consider it important that the field staff it to the field staff or issue one circular after should always concentrate on the operation in another, each circular dealing with a particular hand without being bothered about what is to operation. I should at the outset make it quite come next. Further, the increasing knowledge dear that I am very much in favour of the lat­ on the part of the Superintendent of Census ter system which, for convenience, I shall call Operations of the kind of field staff he has to the "circular 6ystem" hereafter. The main deal with will also imperceptibly influence the reason for my preference is that, when he start~ 'drafting of the circulars. But the circular sys· his work, the Superintendent of Census Opera­ tern places one very heavy responsibility on tht tions is not in possession of a fund of know­ Superintendt of Census Operations' Office: ledge waiting to be transformed into a manual the drafting, printing/cyclostyling and despat­ for the benefit of lesser men. He learns as the ching of the circulars must always be planned operation proceeds from one phase to another. well ahead and the field staff must get them well In the circular system, one very great advantage in advance of the operation (wdl enough in is that the experience gained in the implemen­ advance in fact for them to beLome aware of tation of one circular will be reflected in the a circular which they somehow discover they next. . I shall illustrate this point by two have not received and to obtain copies before examples. In Circular No. 1 (all the circulars the operation is due to start). In order to en­ issued will be found in a separate unprinted s~re tha~ ~irculars regarding an ensuing opera­ VOlume) dealing with the preparation of the tIOn deftnltely reach the field, we did three General Village Register and the Charge Re­ things; (a) we issued copies to the Collector, gisters, the following sentence occurs: "But, District Census Officer, District Statistical because a village is small, it should not be split Officer / Assistant, and Charge Officer with large up and added to nearby blocks of other vil­ number of spare copies; (b) some time we post­ lages". An inference can be extracted from ed the same circular twice on consecutive days this sentence that splitting up a big village and to the same addresses where the circular was a part of it being added to a part of another an importan~ one and (c) from June 1960, we big village are permi-ssible. This, of course, start~d the I~sue of a periodical letter listing was not the intention and had to be niade clear all .Clr~ulars Issued and requesting field officers in. a subsequent ci.rcula~. A_nother important to mdlcate whether or not they have received - pomt that was omitted In CIrcular NO.1 was all of. them. Occasionally I also drew the that the. lists of villages/towns should be com­ attentIOn of the Collectors to a particular cir­ pared With those in the District Census Hand­ cular by means of a d.o. letter. I am fully books and all discrepancies reconciled. It wilt satisfied that the circular system kept up the ~lso be ~etter to issue this circular after finalis­ tense atmosphere necessary for an accurately mg th~ list. of towns-if that is possible. Simi­ timed operation like the census. l~rly, m Clrcular No. 5 dealing with the loca­ tIOn code, the problem posed by non-ward . 96. Adeqt;ate time: for implementation.-It areas/non-municipal areas of towns was not IS extremely lmportant that enough time should adequat~ly dealt with; this was done in subse­ be given for the implementation of each cir­ quent cm::ulars. 1£ a manual had been issued , cular. In normal administration, One gets utef OPERATION] 39

to receiving circulars and letters after the last 97. Number and subject-matter oj ci,ctC­ date prescribed in them for compliance has lars.-In all we issued 19 major circulars; im­ passed. This cannot happen in the census. portant details regarding them are given in Once the field staff get the impreS6ion that dates are not to be taken seriously, all is lost. .the following tables:-

Number Subject Date of issue Last datt prescribed for of circular the Operation

(1) (2) (3) (4) --_.-.-.. _------_-_------The preparation of the General Village Register and (Pre>- 12th December 1959 25th February, 1960. visional) charge Registcn.

2 Acts relating to the census 3rd Februuy 1960 3 The 1961 Census: an outline Do. ;; Ceruus, 1961-Instructions-Study and clarification of doubta 29th April 1960 5 Location code for the 1961 Census: Districts and Tahsil. 3rd May 1960 ..

6 House ntlmbering 5th May 1960 3htJuly 1960.

7 The Censw Calendar 26th May 1960

8 Training-Ceruua Conferenee~ 10th June 1960

9 House numbering and House-listing 30th June 1960 10th October 1960.

10 The formation of charges a.nd the appointment of charge 1st October 1960 officers.

11 Preparation of Final Charge RegiJterJ and the Finali~ation of ~rd October 1960 13t December 1960. the Census Organisation.

12 Requirem.ents ofCnuus Schedules 3rd October 1960 j 5th December 1960.

13 Training of Checking Officers, Supervisors and Enumerators.. 16th November 1960 12th January 1951.

14(1); Final arrangements for the 1961 Ceruus 5th January 1961 7th February 1961.

14(2), Special urangements for Houseless population 6th Jan uary 1961 9th February 1951.

14{3): Reporting of Commencement of Enumer.. tion and of Pro- 7th January 1961 9th ~arch 1961. visional Totals.

14(4) Despatch of Census Records .. 8tnJanuary 1961 15th ~arch 1961.

15 Spec:.ia.l En.umeration of Technical lIUld Scientific penonnel 7th January 1961 5th March 1951.

16 POilt-EnumeratiOll Check 10th February 1961 8th April 1961.

9'8. Time for ~mplementation inadequate in the register'S were badly done and had to be SOme cases.-My experience suggests that in the ext~nsively revised. Two copies of all these case of Circular No. 1 at least four months reglsters have been preserved in the Census should have been allowed for implementation. Office and can form a basis f'Or action in the 197 1 Census; they can be sent to the districts and ~xcept the notable instances of a few districts new registers can be prepared with reference hst~d below, the initial pr,eparation of these to t;hem according to such instructions as may regIsters took a very long time. In many cases. be Issued .. 40 [CHAPTER III

(The prescribed date for submission pf GVR, street-names, etc., on a permanent basis but, was 8th March 1960). .s there is no agency for enforceme~ t, I ~o not know to what extent such instructlOns wlll Registers received on or before the 8th prove to be effective. But. if in the next cen­ March 1960:- sus, the operation will have to be totally re­ done I suggest that at least four months should 1. Vidisha, be allpwed. The bigger municipalities and ~. Damoh, corporations a~e th~ most difficult and l~thar­ Narsimhapur, gic customers m thIS matter. I ~hould like to 3· mention here that, even though, m Indore and 4· Bhind, Gwalior there was a lot of resistance initially. 5· East-Nimar, the finai job was very well done-particularly in 6· Hoshangabad, Indore. In Ujjain and Bhppal also, it was Datia, extremely well-done. Katni and Sagar conti­ ,. nued to be problems for a long time and I do 8. Raigarh, not think the job even in the final stages was g. Rewa, well done. My own feeling is that this kind of 10. Durg, numbering on the basis of streets, roads and lanes should be attempted only in municipal/ 11. Sehore, corporation areas with a popUlation of 50,000 u. Gwalior, or more· I have suggested in para 18 supra 1,3. Betul. that the question of rural-urban classification should be tackled first and, as soon as the list Registers received between the 8th March of towns is finalised, the numbering of build­ ings at least (if the 1961 definition of buildings 1960 and the 15th ~arch 1960. is retained, my view being that it should be) 1. Dhar, should be started immediately thereafter, i.e., some time in January, 19"'0; this will avoid a !iI. Chhindwara, number of headaches later. Finally, the circu­ 3· Indore, lar regarding the Post-Enumeration Check 4· Raisen, (referred to hereinafter as the PEC) issued very ]abalpur, late because they were received from Delhi very 5· late~ it should be out at the latest by January 6· Jhabua, 19.1, on the basis that the reference date con­ 7· Ujjain. tinues to be 1st March 19·1. Similarly, the time given for the implemen­ 99· Supplementary circulars.-Almost tation of Circular No.6, which dealt with the everyone of these circulars had to be supple­ numbering of buildings in urban areas, was not mented by a number of clarificatory circulars­ adequate probably because the system proposed ~ircular No. 1 required the largest numher. was entirely novel. I shall be requesting Lhe J.t.~ as many as !lO. Among these there are a State Government to issue instructions to urban few which are just a~ important as the main local authorities to maintain house-numbers, circulars themselves; I list them below:------Serial No. Number Date Subject _(!) (2) (3) (4)

CC-l/33 9th January 1960 .. Lists of Towns.

2 CC-6(ii)/1060 1st January 1960 lIindi instructions for officials in charge or IlUl%lberi n ~ of buildings in urban areas.

3 C0/12/3151 4th November 1960 Distribution I)r Forou tl) supervisors, en umerat

100. S urn bcrirza of supplementary circu­ o'estion that can be considered is that the system lar.'J.-I lle\ er suc~eeded in systematising the followed in the Registrar-General's Office numh(,ring of supplementarv circulars. I a.m can be adopted by Superintendent of Census Op­ of the "jew that this number should conSIst erations with the necessary modifications. Two of tbree parts: if we take CC-6/8/1234 as an more p.oints of routine, First, as practically all example. "CC-6" would indicate the number of circulars have to be sent / endorsed to the same the main Census Circular, "8" would show that people, it will be better to get the endorseme,nt thi,; is the eighth supplementary circular relat­ printed with some space left for special entrIes ing to Circuiar No.6 and "1234" is the des­ in the case of particular circulars. Second, patch number. Apart from the special kind with each circular. certain forms are prescrib­ ~l[' 11 Lllllhering for Census Circulars, the general ed. My practice was to number these conti­ numbering system is bedevilled by the phoenix­ nuously from circular to circular with the let­ like character of our office because continuity ters of the alphabet. alone "in make necessary the adoption of ;1 101. Some impm·tant circulars.-A few numbering' S\ Hem that facilitates easy cr055- other circulars. also equally important, got rcfercncillg. But I should still think that the numbered (I think, by inadvertence or in numbering system can be considerably improv­ haste) indepemlently. They are listed ed ('yen in the present conditipns. One sug- below: -

Serial :-';0. !\umber Date Subject No. of main circular to which relatem (1) ______(_2)~ ______~ (3) (4) (5)

3141-56/59 3rd November 1960 Publicity

2 3259 10th November 1960 .. Delegation of powers under the 2 Census Act.

3 96 12th January 1960 Clarificatory imtruction, to enu- 4- or 13 merators.

4 168 12th.January 1960 Instructiom to Supervisors Do. (The one at S. ~o. 1 should haye been treatcd issued bv the State Government or Heads of as a main Census Ci.rcular). Departm~nts to officers at various levels requir­ ing them to extend the fullest co-operation to 102. Im/lOrlallt c'irculars issued bv allier the Census Organisation; I mention below the iluthorities.-Furthcr, t.here are a few circulars most important.

Serial No. Numb('( Date Authority issuing (1) ______(2)____ _ (3) ____. ____ ~~ (4)

1588-10IS-r(V) 9th January 1959 State Governm~nt in the General Administration Department.

2 3215/60 'DES-Co-ord. 7th l\hrch 1951 Director of Econt'>m:C3 and Statistics.

3 5028 '3{32-X \-II-G " 18th Mty 1933 State Government in the Loeal Government (Urba~) Department.

-J. 2499-1277-II-.\(3) 10ch January 195J St1.te Govern:n~!1.t in the Home (General) Dernrt­ ment.

:) Genl.15/l06/69i9 11th October 1960 Director of Public Instruction.

I have not listed the circulars issued by the Censu,s ?f "ho~ses"; and (~) a Census of per­ various Ministries of the Central Gov­ sons; It IS to thIS last operatIOn that we general­ ernment; they will be found among the cir­ lY refer when we use the word, 'Census', In (_ular volume~---:-the most important being those strict . co~respondence, there are three types of j rom th~ l\Illllstry of Defence relating to the orgal1lSatlOn. The Census of habitations-i.e., .\rmcd l'orce~ and to Cantonments. th~ pre'par~tio~l of 'the General Village Regis­ ter which IS latle more than a list of villages 10:\. [Iii'" C~IlSUS Organisatioll.-The Cell­ alld towns, is a matter dealt with by the revenue SllS can he sUb-cli\'ided into three inter-connect­ set-up (Collcctors and Tahsildars)' of the State ed cemllse~-({i) a Census of habitations; (b) a GoYcrnmcl1t. The Superintendent of Census 42 [OPERATION

Operations himself will have to make a list both difficult and unnecessary. In many grow­ of habitations which he will treat as towns ing villages, the residential area has outgrown -after consulting the Collectors first and the the settlement abadi/site (or the abadifsite .set State Government next. (The circular that I apart under law) and it is difficult to determme issued in this regard to Collectors-Appendix what area should be adopted for calculating 'I'-itself went out with the approval of the density-even though, of course, finally some State Government). This census of habitations area has to be adopted for the tables. The could probably be made more elaborate at the determination of this area is a difficult and next census and some tables presented for time-consuming business. But, to my mind, habitations alone in the same manner as some density is not a very relevant consideration in tables were presented for houses in the 1961 this matter and, in any case, a density of 1000 Census; such fables could be: Villages classified per 5quare mile is wholly irrelevant; for, this by total area and abadi area, villages classified means 200 familieS to the square mile or 31.25 by principal and secondary crops, etc· Shri families for every 100 acres! Or, about 16 (pre­ K. C. Dubey, Deputy Superintendent of Census cisely, lS.62S) persons in every 10 acres! If Operations suggests that area figures should be there were no population limit, almost every collected at this stag~ rather than later. I en· village will have densities far exceeding this, tirely agree. Care will have to be taken about if the inhabited area alone were taken into villages or parts of villages treated by us as consideration-as it normally is in the case of non-municipal urban because their agricultural urban areas. Therefore, I did not bother the area will have to be shown in the rural regis­ Collectors with the density criterion. It is in ters and only the urban abadi area in the fact the limit of sooo which matters-and the urban registers. additional condition that at least three-fourthl} of the adult male population should be non­ 104. The rural-urban classification.-The agricultural. The limitation of size to a mini­ rural-urban classification is a celebrated census mum of sooo gives rise 'to this operational dif­ con undrum. The earlier practice was to leave ficulty that, at the time at which the Superin­ the whole matter to the Census Superintendent tendent of Census Operatipns sets about this concerned, more or less. This resulted in some task, he will have available with him onlv the v~ry curious towns. In the 1951 Census, in earlier census figure regarding the popul~tion Vllldhya Pradesh, out of a total of 64 "towns", o~ ~he habitation-which it is likely to be unrea­ as many as 48 had a population of less than lIstIC to adopt as a basis. Therefore, we have 5000 each. The break-up of these 48 on the to provide Collectors with a formula for cal­ basis of size is as follows:- culating the likely population in the census Serial Range of Population size Number of towns . year. For 1961, on the advice of the Registrar­ No. in that range General, I adopted an annual rate of growth (1) (2) (3) of .2 per cent over the 1951 population (which 1 Less than 1000 I was the rate indicated by inter'censal sample 2 1000--2000 15 surveys). The application of this formula led to 3 2000-3000 13 w,~ong est~m~tes in two cases-Gogaon in West 4 3000--4000 17 5 4000-5000 2 N Hnar DIstnct and Dada Bandhi in Chhind­ wara Di~trict whose likely populations in 1961 As many as 45 of these had populations in were estImated at 5330 and 7044 whereas the the range 1000-4000. Considering the fact a~tual popu~ations were 4744 and 3860, respec­ that, even where the population is 5000 or greater, there are a few cases in which there tIVely. ThIS was one difficulty. The other can be serious doubt as to whether they can was that we had only 1951 male (not adult be calle.d towns, one feels that the 1951 listing ma~e) figures for calculating the ratio of non· of towns in Vindhya Pradesh could not be justi­ agn~ultural males (ignoring the difficulty which fied on any ground.* What is even more diffi· was msuperable-that the so-called non-agricul­ cult to follow is that Sidhi, a district head­ tural categories were not really 'Don-agricul­ quarters, was not treated as a town. A more tural' fully). In one case (Ichhawar) in which we apoptcd the 1951 ratio and in four others definitive ~o!mul~tion was necessary and the in which we expected that by 1961 the ratio 19~ 1 defimtl'on dId make things much more satisfactory. One of the requirements, how­ would have crossed the 75 per cent mark, we fver, was that the density should be more than went wrong; the details are given on the next page. 1000 per square mile. Operationally, this was

1, *o,n ,these ,and relat;:o__ matlers, ,please sec nlY note On this problem which was an enclosure to m' D. O. ,lIl(. '\0. IIR-sOO \II )~I. cbler] jL!h- I. P)jC) to the Home Secretary to the GOH'lnmcnt of \I;ldlna)PI3rlesh (Shri 'If. P. Shril;"),(an, fAS, to be found in -File No. 26/59, Collccti~l11 Xo. 18. CHAPTER III] 43

Population Ratio of non-Agricultural males ,--______A.. ___-, ,--____-A... ______', Remarks Serial Name of Town 1951 1961 1951 1961 Variation No. (6)-(5)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (81 ~~------~------Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.

j. Icchav.-ar (Sehore Disrict) 4098 5136 77'7 60'6 17'1 Tahsil Hqr. 2. Patan (Jabalpur Distriet) 3646 5617 55'0 66'1 11'1 Do 3. Pendra (Bilaspur District) 6642 6081 56'9 61'2 4'3 4. Akaltara ~Bilaspur District) 5146 8164 49'8 63'9 14·1 5. Arang (Raipur District) ., 6703 8469 51'S 61'0 6'2 I, therefore, made initially two lists-List I tion should not, I felt, really matter very much. containing names of 191 towns if!- .respect of So far as the other five are concerned, (two of which the application of the defillltlO!l.pre.s~n­ which are tahsil headquarters and two of ted no problem (a~ in the case of ll1UlllClpahtles which are Development Block headquarters) or industrial towns like Bhilai or Nepanagar) there is no anomaly so far as population is con­ and List II containing names of 28 dou~tful cerned; and, in the smaller municipalities, cases 1\'hich I thought could be re-exammed there are many which have considera blv less after census results regarding population, than 75 per cen't of their adult male population work, etc., became available. This was not a engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. Another happy decision. For one thing,. provisional peculiar feature is that, in two cases--Chachau­ fIgures 'were published on the baSIS of the 2 19 ra-Binaganj (Guna District) and Sardarpur-Raj­ towns in the two lists. For another, the loca­ garh (Dhar District)-what are in fact two habi­ tion code numbering in the case of towns was tations, separated by a distance of two miles different from that relating to villages so that in the case of the former and of three miles in the presentation of these figures would present the case of the latter, have been treated as a some (though not insuperable) difficulty. But single town. I was not aware of this before I the real reason why finallv I decided not to finalised the list of towns and the Collecton change the lists of' towns at all was that, on concerned did not point this out· The habita­ the basis of the definition adopted, as many tion-wi~e population of these towns IS as as 14 places got elevated to the status of towns follows: -- merely because they were municipalities even Chachaura 3,996 Sardarplll' 2,60.5 though in all cases the population was less than Binaganj 2,602 Rajgarh 4,805 5000 and, in quite few cases, considerably less, as the following table would 6how:- Tetal 6,593 Total 7,410

Serial Population size range Number ofmunici- :For a fuller discussion of this matter, please No. palities in the range ,ce the chapter on urban population in the indica ted in main census report. column (1) (I) (2) (3) 105. The cidies.-The census of cities ------1 3000-3500 3 requires special attention. Even though all of 2 3500-4000 4 them have the necessary resources in staff and 3 4000-4500 3 money, somehow the whole apparatus--massive, 4 4500-4999 4 ------cumbersome and ill-coordinated--appears un­ able to move fast enough. The case of the 3000-4999 14 ~ Ca~qltta industrial region is probably not (This result is mostly due to the fact that stnctly analogous because there are as many as in the Madhya Eharat' region all tahsil head­ .3 8 inter-penetrating local authorities and It is quarte.rs were m.ade mur:ici_palities. irrespective Just as well that there is a separate census of th~Ir populatIOn. It IS mterestmg to recall oft_icer (Deputy Superin tendent of Census Oper­ that m 1951 the Madhya Bharat Census Super­ atlOns) for the whole area. I should very inten~ent did not treat such places as towns strongly urge that, right from the beO'inning even If they were municipalities. T'he above the Superint,endent of Census Op~ration~ table does not include the special case of should be aSSIsted bv an officer of the rank of Pachmarh! }'vlunicipality 'rhich is part of the Tahsildar (i.e.! eigI:

lkpUl\- Superintendent of ~ensus C?perations Durg. but then it was too late ~o make a_ny should also be u-iven the aSSlstance, nght from changes and we ~nade a block-WIse allocatlOn the bcoinnillo • ~)f at least one Naib-Tahsildar of enumeration slIps and thus managed to kee~ whQ "in deal with particularly difficult rurall the areas separate). The third :part of the LC urban areas. Like the Deputy Superintendents number will finallv look as follows; NW of Ccn~ms Operations, they shC?uld be .takel~ on (13-2) (4-) _or ~M (2~3). (2)-the actual numbers depntation and given appropnate designatIons. Llsed are J llst lliustratiye. lOG. Figures for urban areas have to be pre­ 107. But for Tikamgarh~where the serial of scnted sep':lratc1y for (a) the municipal ward­ hOl(,e-numbers c'Overed the whole town without ~lrca: (b) the municipal non-ward area; and ~c) hotherinu itself with wards or streets-and Bhi­ ,he llOIHI1lm:cipal urban area of each town/CIty !ai, 'whel~ a speciall'Ocation code had to be evo~­ Ceit,;' meaning a town with a population of a "ccl to suit the numbering system of the orgaIll­ bkll or mer). The necessity for an early freeze bation which 1\'aS recognised for census purpos~s on lllullicipal/c'Orporation boundaries has alre­ ------'house-nurnbeTing was mostly on the baSIS ad \ been referred to in paras 19 and 2 1 supra. of Circular :\0. 6, i.e., street-wise and, in some c n'lcrc is, howeycr, a small complication in the towns, ward-wise (ple,lse see Append~x :n. The matter of location-code numbering to which I illstfuctio}ls issued in respect of B'htlal are re­ shall refer here. The first part of the location ptoduced as Appendix 'K'; I do not think the code is the district number and, in the case 'iamc instructions can be applied in 1971 and. of towm, th~ second part is {he number of the once again, the problem will have to .be s_olved toWll; the complication refers t9 the third part ad hur· It will probably be good t~llllg If ~he 1vhich c011sists of the ward-number in munici­ Rccristrar-Cenel'al could take up thIS questIOll pal ward-areas and, \\'here houses have been of ~)ermanenl home-nnmbering in new indus­ 11ll1nhcrecl street-wise according to Circular trial town-ships coming up under the Five-Year No.6, allother number in brackets showing the Plans whether in the public or in the private number of the street. What should correspond sector. to the ward numbo- in non-municipal urbani municipal lIon-ward areas? We decided that it 108. Census divisions: Enumeration.-Thc should be the supervisor's circle number follow­ gelleral instructions issued were that, in urban ed by the block number in brackets-and, there­ areas, the enumerator's block should be of after, the ~trcet number. In order to avoid about 120 households (population about 600) confusiotl, it will be better to enclose in brac­ and that, in rural areas, it should have about kets the supervisor's circle number and the 150 households (population about 750). This block II umber which need only be separated by was a great improvement on the 1951 practice; a hyphen. Further. this joint number should I give IJelow the relevant 1951 figures for Maha­ be preceded by the abbreviation NW for non­ koshal, Madhya Bharat and Vindhya Pradesh \\Card lllunicipal area and NM for non-munici­ (figures for Bhopal are not available) on the pal urban area. (This -was pointed Ollt to me one hand and, the 19()1 figures for :Madhya b\ Shri 1'-. L. Jain, District Census Officer, Pradesh, on the other:-

1931 1961 Serial Item r-'~~------~-- ~------)'-.. - --_ .. - -.~------.. ---~~~ r-~-J....---~ :;-{o. Mahakoshal Madhya Vindhva Total Madhya Bhnrat Pradesh Pradesh (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ------_:___------_:___----~ ------I. Cb.rge, 39.') 86 37 518 216

2. err-cleci 5,078 1,781 1,76.) S,fi2+ 9,4()J

3. Supeni~or; 5,242 2,0-10 1,76.1 9,OD 9,40:3

4. Blo~k< 49,858 20.012 20,648 96,518 49,531

.5. En l1merator~ 32,070 13,,,22 20,648 66,340 49,531

6. -"umbt''t' of houses 2.864,64·2 I yu.0:2+ 756,957 5,O!3,623 6,227,790 l 7. (a ;'\umber of inhaiJiu-c[ \illa<>cs 3.),996 19,866 10,92-1: GG,736 70,42.-, (b) '\umber of towns . . "' .. 67 67 6+ 199 219 (''i Total .. 36,063 19.933 10.988 66,98+ 72,644

8. Population 13.640,49':' 7,954,15f Lj 7-1-,690 2i,169,339 32,372,}OU OPERATION] 45

Tbe number 01 charges ha.5 been considerably effectively responsible for the cens'~s in that reduced. The general principle was that eac.h area should be appointed on the a~V:1ce o~ the tahsil constituted a single, combinec!- ru~al­ 'top man'. As the charge officer IS mvanabl,. urban charge except that every town/Clty with an officer of government in charg~ .of ~ tahSIl it population of 30,000 and over was ~re~ted as or ,the Executive Officer of a mUlll~lpahtr Icor~ a separate charge; Jaora in Ratl~m DIstnct was poration or the Managing Direc~r In an mdu.. also treated as a separate charge, Its i951 popu­ trial township and so on, the SIze of a ,charge latioil t..:.:ing only slightly less than 30,000. ,!he is, therefore, 'given' and cannot be vaned ~Y whole idea was to reduce as much as pos~lble the Census Organisation. the re5ponsibility of the head office fo! dIrect communication even though spare copIes we.re 109. Ci".cles and blocks.-Circles and blo?ts liberally sent and, locally,. smaller urban Ufilts are, both, small administrative charges specla~­ functioned more or less mdependently ... The ly created for censuS p~rposes. ~he c?arge ~s Collector was authorised to create add1tl~nal a unit of final responsIbIlIty, t~e clrde IS a ~mt charge officers ~hereve~ necessary. I thmk, of supervision and .control ~hIle ,the. block IS a generally speakIng, ~hlS system h~s func­ unit of enumeration or lllvestlgatlOn. The tioned well. It wIll not, I thmk. be number of supervisors/enumerators s~ould. advisable to treat every one of the- .219 therefore be the same as the number of ctrclesJ towns as a separate urban charge; many of blocks. But in 1951 the practice seems to have them arc very small with hardly any staff and been to treat each village as a block, and make require the assi~tance, supervision and control an enumerator responsible for more than one of the Tahsildar. The danger in creating a block. I do not see much point in calling a large number of independent urban charges i. village also a block; calling it a vil~age sh~uld that, even in cases where control is necessary, be quite adequate. The 1961 practIce. I thmk, it may be resented on the ground that the part­ was definitely better· Even t_h~)Ugh attempts ticular charge officer is independent and res­ were made by constant supervISIon and ~heck­ ponsible only to the Collector and the Superin­ ing to ;make the size of the .blo~k as umform tendent of Census Operations. The charge is as possible, the Census OrgamsatlOn ~hould ~ot purely an administrative category and does not be too rigid in this matter. The nght pollcy necessarily have to be separate for rural and ur­ is to begin by being very rigid an~ relax gra­ ban areas. It is by no means essential that dually. The payment of honorana t~ sup~r­ the actual administrative head (like. e.g_, a visors I enumerators also makes some umformlty Managing Director) should be appointed necessary. The following table classifies blocks charge officer: the actual person who will be by size:- URBAN ------RURAL

Serial Population siz~ range No. of Per cent Serial Population size ra.nge No. or per cent No. Blocb No. BlocD (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) ------~----

300 or Ic:s~ 314· 3'9 1 .' 349 or)es8 1,573 3'9 ~'-'''~ \ '"\,y- 2 301--549 3,323 4\· 7 2 350-699 21,037 52'0 -1f; 3 550-650 .. 2,272 28'5 3 700-800 8,857 21'9 4- 651-800 1,649 20'7 • 801-950 7,703 19'0 :; 801 and over 415 5'2 5 951 and over .. .._---1,315 ----3'2 7,973 100'0 40,485 100'0

-.-~ ~------~ The total number of blocks in this table it was 668.1 (the figure of 48,458 has been used ('18>458) is less than that shown in the earlier in this calculation). The 1951 figure was about table in para 108 because the former was taken 379.4 per enumerator, the whole populat!on from the Charge Registers available in this being considered. I would make one suggestIOn office (which were probably modified about the even though it may increase the cost of hono­ time of enumeration owing to special needs raria to some extent. If the present work-load connect.ed with special trains, fairs, etc.). In on the enumerator continues, there should be the WIdely varying conditions of Madhy'l no block with a population of more than 800 Pradesh, I think the pattern of size-variation in rural areas-which means over 7 households shown in the table is a fair approximation to per day for an enumeration period of 19 days t?e ideal of unifor~ity. 'The average popula­ (excluding check-rounds); in urban areas, a tion per enumerator s block was 580.4 in urban maximum size of 700 should be strictly adher­ areas and 685.3 in rural areas--on the whole. ed to. The size for a supervisor's circle can 46 [CHAPTER III vary within wider limits· Reserves at the rate people for this purpose. The emphasis should of 5 per cent (but also see para 133 infra) always be on employing pepple who are in should be appointed and trained at the level some kind of regular employment even though of supervisor and enumerator. theoretically tke Census Act empowers us to employ anyone, People in regular employ 110. Finalisation of blocks and circles.­ develop habits of discipline and obedience The practice follo~ed ,in Madhya Pradesh with which are obviously big assets and should be uti­ regard to the finahsatlOn of blocks and circles lised for the census. One problem that arises in was as follows: alongwith the GVR, the Col· connexion with teachers is taat for a1l of them lect~rs we~e requested also. tp prepare Charge it is 'examination-time' in the sense that some Regtsters m accordance wtth the instructions of them are preparing to take higher examin3.­ ~n Circular No. 1. However, as at that time, tions and others are busy preparing their It was o~ly the 1951 population figures that students for examinations. It is true that we were available, they were requested to estimate pretend that census work is only part-time; in 1961 population by adding ~5 per cent in rural many cases, it is not and we generally overlook areas and 40 per cent in urban areas; in the or get others to overlook total absence from case of entirely new habitations, ad hoc esti­ normal duty. Fortunately, we did not have mates were t9 be made_ My view is that, how­ much difficulty this time but this is a matter ever, ha~d we may try, it is extremely difficult which needs attention. If the reference date to constitute proper blocks on the basis of the continue to be the 1st of March, I think it will figures of the previous census. Shri K. D. be a good thing if the Registrar-General or B,,;llal, Deputy Sup~rintendent of Census Oper­ the Ministry of Education addresses Vice-Chan­ atIOns, however, thmks that the preparation of these Provisional Ch-arge Registers was redun­ cell?Ts with the request tha~ university exami­ dant because, even in respect of personnel, it natlOns may not start earher than April 15· Another problem relates to the 'practical' ex­ co~ld hardly be expected to continue to be am~nations i~ Science subjects in High Schools ~alId for as long as ten or twelve months. This WhICh start nght from early February onwards IS t~ue but I still-think that the making of this and go on up to the date on which the Final regtster does h~lp at least in posing personnel Sch~l (~atriculation or Higher Secondary) and demarcatIOn problems-particularly in exammatIpn starts. In both these matters, Shri u!ban areas on the one hand and backward, S. P. Verma, Director of Public Instruction 'htlly areas on the other. The time available Madhya Pradesh, and Shri Mumtazuddin' after hou~e-listing for this purpose is very little an.d the Job may get unduly rushed. It is for Secretary, Board of Secondary Education: Madhya Pr~desh, were extremely helpful. ~hI~ among other reaspns that I do not think Wherever SCIence teac~ers had ~o be appointed l~ IS correct to get house-listing and enumera­ as enumerators/supervIsors, Shn Mumtazuddin tIOn done by ~h~ ~ame personnel-i.e., enumera­ tors. These mitlal Charge Registers were later wa~ so. kind as to postpone the 'practical' ex­ ammatIpns to later dates. I took up this mat­ call~d 'Provisi?nal'; they should not be so call­ ed m tJle begmning owing to the obvious rea­ ter rather late because I became aware of it son that enough attention may not be devoted late but it will be ~dvisable to take up this to the. task. If carefully dealt with at first, m~tter ear~y enough, l.e., say, sometime in July, 19 o. Shn Ballal, Deputy Superintendent of oyery lIttle change becom~s necessary later on Census Operations, thinks that even the post­ m the r~ral areas. The Fmal .Cl_larg~ Registers ponement of examinatipns does not solve this were wntten up af~er house-hstmg m Novem­ problem; his view is that the reference date b~~, 1960. At the tIme of drawing up the Pro­ ~1~Ional Charge Registers, the district autho­ ~h?ul~ instead be 1 January 19·1. Appendix ntles were also requested to collect information L gIves a detailed classification of enumera- about ~ersonnel likely to be available for cen­ t~rs/supervisors. In the case of women's hos· sus c;IutIes. The Circular on the Final Char e plta.ls, ~osteJ.s, etc., women preferably from the ~eglst~rs (~o. 10) contains the detailed instr!c­ mstltutlOns themselves should be appointed as m thIS regard. Even thereafter in fact enumerators / supervisors. The circular should t~o~s specify this requirement-this was not done for ~;g J up to the end of enumeration-speciai the 1961 Census in Madhya Pradesh though £ 0 S ~alY ha.ve to .be .created here and there or specIa trams, faIrs, etc. women were in fact apppinted.

Ill. Enumerators and superoisors.-Most 1 u. Census divisions: houselisting.-There enumerators were teachers and pat . Th' are at least two more reasons, in addition to the will t' b wans. con ,mue to e 50. because there can beI' one mentio?e? in paragraph 110 why personnel no questIon of employmg specially recruited for house-lIstmg should be different from those The Indravati which one has to cross on the way to Abhujmar. OPERATION] 47

for enumeration (I do not mean that, in every if this can be done I doubt whether house­ t:ase - thev should be different persons jurisdic­ numbers will be maintained undisfigured or tioll~lly~though, the number required being unobliterated for such a long period. Again, very much larger in enumeration, many new in urban areas, it will be difficult to employ people will in any case have tp be employed teachers who will be busy with examinations· for enumeration). First, it is difficult adminis­ May be I am prejudiced in favour of Septem­ trativelv to ensure that there are no transfers ber-October hut all these matters should be for as long a period as seven or eight months. carefully considered. Where rains are expected Many teachers are under local authorities and to interfere, the operation may be started, say, it is not easy always to deal with them. two or three weeks earlier and, where they un­ Secondly, figures produced by two different expectedly interfere, the operation may end kinds of set-up, if found to agree, can be con­ up two or three weeks late-though, in such sidered to he reliable. In Madhya Pradesh, for areas, a very strict watch will have to be kept example, the household population at the time orfthe timely implementation of the subsequent of house-listing (September-October, 1960) was pr-?gramme. Hpuse numbers will require at 31,902,916 and, on March 1, 1961, it was least one thorough check about a month after 3~,247,314· The increase was 1.08 per cent Diwali. A longer period will have to be pro­ which is indeed remarkably accurate in view "'ided for if the household schedule also is to of the 1951-61 growth rate of about 1.09 per be filled up at the time of house-listing. cent per half year. If the same man does the house-listing and the later enumeration, it is 114. Training.-Training was far more in­ difficult to ensure that he does not repeat the tensive in the 1961 Census than in previous same errors. In the rural areas, patwaris were censuses-though whether it was adequate is a appointed 'investigators' for house-listing. We matter of opinion. I do not think, however. used different terms also for house-listing-'in­ that more training is possible within the time vestigators' and 'House-listing Superintendent'. permitted so that further improvement in the Each Patwari was responsible for his circle; he quality of work will have to corne about was also to do the numbering and also make a through (a) officials of higher calibre; (b) re­ notional sketch of each village-in many cases duced work-loads; and (c) simpler instructions. these sketches were much more accurate than Training in the census is mostly a two-tier the word, 'notional', would suggest. In urban operation. An average tahsil has any thing areas, we could not specify any such clear-cut like 200-300 enumerators and 50-60 supervisors jurisdiction; all we said was that that, in ward­ so that training cannot be centralised at the areas, the ward should be taken as a unit, and district level for all its tahsils. So, the Super­ that the work-load should be in the range of intendent of Census Operations and his Depu­ 600-750 houses. The numbers employed for ties in trod uce the Census Programme and house-listing are shown in detail in Append ix census instructions to the trainers-i.e., the 'M'. District Census Officers, the Sub-Divisional Officers, Tahsildars. Naib-Tahsildars and Col­ lectors also, sometimes· These officers then 113· Time chosen for house-listing.-Sep. deal with the enumerators, supervisors and tember-October 1960 was the time chosen for other categories of census officers. The first house-listing in Madhya Pradesh-both of them round of training for 'trainers' was in. June­ months of heavy r~infall. Considering this fact: July, 1~6? It was principally connected with I should ~ay that .It was a magnificent achieve­ house-lIstmg but also dealt with enumeration ment partlcu~arly m Abujrnarh waicll is separat. though not in great detaiL This was in u ed by t.he bndgeless Ind~ayati. (A visit to Abuj­ centres (please see Circular No.8, dated the loth marh IS a great expenence but not an easy June, 1960): in all of which I was present my­ matter-because miles and miles have to be coy­ self alongwlth the Chief Technical Assistant ered on foot; the visit made me immobile for ~Shri nayaram Gupta) and the Deputy Super­ two days!) Rains start in June though in recent mtendent of Census Operations concerned. years a tendency has been observed for them The second rOUild of training was begun on u November, 1960. and completed on the 3 If. 0th to start late and go on till even November. November 1960; thIS was organised in each dis­ therefore, rains aTe to be avoided, house-listing trict. . These ';Vere divided among the Chief has to be taken up in April-May 19.0, i.e' TechnIcal ASSistant, the Deputy Superinten­ l almost a year ahead of enumeration; this ,,-ill dent~ of Cen~us Operations and myself. Detail­ ed . l!lstructlOns were issued regarding the ~at~ra~ly require the advancement of dates for trammg of field-staff. While in the first round buddmg numbering" in urban areas. Even we took. two days in each centre, we took on1; [CHAPTER III 48 one day in the second-in boHl cases, a little districts. They were vir.ited by the Deputy fieldwork was included. I would suggest that, Superintendent of Census Operatlons concern· in the second round also, it should be two days, ed and I kept myselE informed of what w.as explanation of instructions on the first morning. happening. Appendix. 'N' shoWS the detadS practkal work on the first afternoon, examjna­ connected with. the touring of the Deputy Su­ tion of errors in fieldwork on the second morn­ perintendents of Cen.sus Operations as well as ing and a final lecture-cum-question session in with mine. The dIfficulty created by long the second afternopn. Our programme in the absences from headquarters has already been second round was probably a little too quick. referred to in para 36 supra. In: training classes, participation of the trained 116. District Census Officers.-That is why is important-this can be achieved by (a) ques­ in a State like this it is extremely importa~t tions; and (b) the reading of important por­ to have good District. Census .Officers. B~t it tions oE the instructions. The Chief Technical is unfortunate that thIS need IS not some tunes Assistant, the Deputy Superintendents of Cen­ appreciated in high quarters. In two of the sus Operations and myself ali discussed thi, biggest districts of' the State, 1 probably had maUer and selected p'lssages from the instruc­ the worst District Censu~ Officers though, by a lions for reading· Ali of ns also attended stroke of luck, in one, a good man became many training cla:-;se5 of lhe fieldstaff and wmt.:' available about the time of the second round of the ones I saw were indeed extremely of training who was ma~e an additional good. But one ('an never be certain District Census Officer and, m the other, after that, m the remotest corners of thi, some time the job was given to a really compe­ ccnt person. Underst.affing and staff of far-flung State, trammg was always what pD~r quality are almost unIVersal these days and 1t one likes it to be. It is physically impos· is difficult for the Superintendent of CensUS sible to be everywhere. One other suggestion Operations always to get the best assista~lt of can be considered at the next census though, the Collector for the census-but that is no if each group of enumeratprs/supervisors is to reason why he should be specially favoured with be put through six classes, the staff required the wmst. I remember one case in which the may be considerable· This is to employ some District Census OffiCer. in addition to being two dozen Assistant Superintendents of Census inefficient, was also a little lame. In many Operations or Investigators centrally, train districts, there was a genuine short3ge of staff them and let them handle the training classes but these were all due to the fact that we are of en umera tprs, etc. A greater uniformity in still passing through the stage of integration. the understanding of concepts is likely to be In spite of all these difficulties. the Chief Secre­ achieved this way. If six classes are imperative tan (Shri H. S. Kamath') was very kind and -as I think they are-the first two may be agreed tp the addition of ~s many as 31 Deput.y handled by these Assi~tant Superintendents of Collectors to the disrict staff in connexion C~nsus Operations or investigators and the rest with the census and elections. In some dis· by the normal revenue local authority staff. An tricts, I had really first class men as District advantage is that all these people will be Census Officers-where the census was no worI)' available later on for the tabulation offices, to me. Unle5s the Commissioner and the Col· This was what was don~ in 1951 in Madhya lector arc willing to spare good men, proper Bharat. The problem wlll of course be to get manning of this job in the districts will be im­ this large number of good men for these ;obs possible and it is not (air t9 expect the State -mostly retired men will have to be employed. Government to interfere in what is essentially a For other details regarding training. the rele­ matter for the discretion of the local officers. vant circulars may please be referred to. Persuasion is the only way and success is as much a matter of chance as it is of persuasive 115. Touring.-The cenSU1\ is largely a mat­ ability-the latter quality is ineffective against ter of issuing circulars and ensuring their the immutable finality of some people's implementation. Touring, therefore, is indis­ opin[ons. In order to improve checking and pensable .. On the other hand, there is no point supervision, we introduced the category of m overdomg it. It is more important .&;0 visit 'checking officers' both during house-listing and rel?eatedlv the 'w~ak' Spo!s r~ther than, in pur­ enumeration. S";lt of a theoretical ObjectIve Of covering as 117. r have referred earlier (para 43 supra) WIde an area as possibJe, keep roaming about to the advisability of on road tranS­ all over the place. In connexion with the d~pcnding census, I did not visit Morena, Bhind Datia p~rt for all large .despatches in preference to tall transport. I gIve below the dates on which Sidhi, Jhabua, East Raj: Tikam~ar~, Nim~r, important forms were despatched ftOlD ~arh, Narslmhapu~ and Mandla though, earlier 1ll another capacltv. I had seen six of these 'Bhopal: OPERATION] 49

Particulan nate of Serial despatch No. (1) (2) (3) -1-.-Hous~-jist forms . . . .. ) 2. Circular No.9 regarding House numbet?Dg .. ~ 3. Hindi instructions for filling the House-lists 4. General instructions to investigaton .. :: j 5. Appointment letters :­ ( I) Charge Officen .• "1 (2) Supervisor' .. I " I (3) Enumerators .' . I 6. Enumerators Instructions 7. Abbreviation Cards .... ~ 3-10-1960 8. Charge Summary ., i 9. Circle Summary .. I 10. Block Summary ...... II. Household Schedule pads of 10 each Jfor traininl ...... J 12. Enumeration pad5 of 50 each . 13. Charge/Circle Register form, 14-. Abstract of Charge Register forms ::1 15. Enumeration pads •. 22-12-1960 16. Household Schedule pads :: j 17. Supplementary instruct~ons to Enume~atol"l 18. Supplementary instructions to SupervIson " ::} 14-1-1961 19. Technically qualified personnel Census Cards It will be observed that the attempt always (the entry relating to 'Head' in Part C has been was not to send forms, etc., long before they counted only as one because only one of the are required. This is very important. If sent three spaces pro,":ide? w~ll be filled i?- any sche­ too early there will be many district I tahsil dule), six [the mstltutlOnal entry m the rec­ ~ffices wh~re you will not be able to lay yOUl tangle, the SC/ST entry in the parallelogram, hands on them when they are needed. the three en tries relating to 'Local name of right in land' in A-l(i), .A-(ii) and A-2 an.d the t li:l. l'igures, symbols and words.-In asses­ entry (or entries). re~atmg to household. mdus­ sing the quality of any Census Operation, It IS try in B] are descnptlve and the .rest (elg~teen) WlIl thwhile remembering what Mr. Yeatts said consist of figures [the four entnes relatmg to iii his 1941 Administration Report-: "In any area, the entry (or entries) relating to 'mimber La~e the rows of digits which appear 'against of months during which conducted' and· the countries' populations in published statistics thirteen entries relating to 'C'l. In the indivi­ have really no meaning after the first one or dual slip, out of the 23 (statistically significant) two significant figures". In a massive operation answers to be recorded (the location code and of this kind, all we prpduce is a series of appro­ name have not been included), nine are descrip­ ximations. Whether in house-listing or enu­ tive [l(b), 5(c), 7(a), 7(b), IO(a), IO(b), I I (a), meration, census entries can be of three kinds­ II (b) and (c)} two [2 and 4(e)] .consist of a figure, an abbreviation (or a symbol) or a des­ figures and all the rest but one, t.e., eleven criptive entry. The first two relate, naturally, [3, 4(a), 4(b), 5(a), 5(b), 8, 9, lO(e), ll(e), l~ and to answers that are simple and straightforward. 131 are symbols or abbreviations. One entry In the house-list, the statistically significant that relating to Literacy and Education-rna), columns are eleven (i.e., column 4, 6-10 and either be a symbol or be descriptive; it is, how­ 13-17). Of these eleven, five were to be descrip­ ever, most of the time a symboL Besides all tive (4,6,8-10), five were to be in figures (7,13,15- these, there are two further entries to be made 17) and one was an abbreviation (14). The in the individual slip (the total thus becoming entry in cplul\ln 17 is only a total and thus not 25 in all) relating to principal and secondary an independent one. In the ;case of the house­ occupations which are symbols (0 and V). The hold schedule, out of the 24 entries to be made Census Population Record, being a derived

·Yeatts. op.cit•• p. 1:1. 50 [ CHAPTER III record. is not being considered here. To sum with the coding of house-list items and then up. in the three basic census documents, we with the coding of entries in sample' census have sixty statistically significant entries of slips. However busy the Superintendent of which twenty-five are in figures, twenty are Census Operations may be with arrangements descriptive and the rest (.fifteen) are either sym­ for enumeration, I recommend strongly that this step be taken; its immense usefulness will bols pr abbreviations. become apparent only later. 119. The problem of assessing quality.­ While attempting an assessment of the quality U 1. Communal riots in JabalpuT_-As enu­ of Census Operations the kind of entry one meration was about to start, communal riots finds easiest to judge is the descriptive entry broke out in Jabalpur. The result was that. 'and this also happens to be the one our enu­ during the first seven days of the enumeration meration staff is least qualified to make. I period of nineteen days, no work at all was should suggest that, while finalising schedules, done. It is a great tribute to the district admi­ we pay careful attention to the number of des· nistration tnat enumeration was got completed cri ptive en tries that we would be wan ting the within the twelve days available and I recall enumerators to make. The attempt should be with a profound iense of gratitude the unhesi­ on the onet hand to reduce them as much as pos· tating ,assistance given in this regard by the sible and, on the other, to make as many of Inspector-General of Police. Shri K. F. them as possible part of the schedules to be Rustamji, to the Census Organisation. He filled in during the operation for which we give agreed, if it came to that, to provide an armed comparatively more time. The design of the constable to each enumerator in the disturbed household schedule, if shifted to house-listing, are'lS; this electrified the atmosphere and. after will require careful consideration from this the first two or three days, no armed constables point of view also. were required to accompany enumerators-t:!lt~ whole area was of course being intensively uo. Common defects.-The most common patrolled. Out of the 659 enumerators for defect of the descriptive entry is inadequacy ]abalpur Corporation area, one fled the city rather than inaccuracy. The most difficult because of the riots. Shri G. N. Tiwari. the among the twenty-five entries were those relat· Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations. ing to production. occupation and industry. and the District Census Officer, Shri S. R. The greater the precision with which we tabu­ Phanse, showed remarkable resourcefuInes~ late, the more detailed will the entry have to d !l~ing this ~eriod and Shri J. K. Chowdhary. be. Enumerators of urban areas at least have Chl~f ExecutIve Officer of the Corporation, ana to be carefully trained in this matter. It will Shn ~. K. Pa thak. t~e officer incharge of the be necessary to indicate what the minimum census m t~e corporatlo~, took enormous pains detail. required is; e.g., the raw material used. to .get the Jo.b dpne. It IS a matter of particular ~e kmd of o~tput produced, etc.. must inva­ pnde that, m spite of all these difficulties. the was accurate: there was no communal rIa~ly be me.ntlOned. In the matter of entries census whIch are el ther figures or sym boIs, in most bias in the count justifying an unfavourable cases they were properly filled in though their view about its correctness. accuracy is difficult to judge. But, in the case of all types of entry, one frequently come5 IlIlI. Provisional totals: -The communica across cases in which np entry at all has been ti?n of provisional totals in every census is a made or a patenth wrong entrv has been made; \.m~ o~ test of the efficiency of the Censuc; Or­ the most .common example of the latter is the gamsat~on. The totals must be despatched hy' one relatmg to sex when it is inconsistent with a certam date even .though I should not per­ the name of the person and relationship to ,onally attach much Importance to who is hrsl, ~ead. These are instances of lack of supervi­ who IS second, and so on· Conditions var, SIon a~d, in the next censlls. a month or so such a great deal from district to district that s~en~ m checking and coding the slips at it :will ~e unfair to judge districts merely on ais~nct headquarters may reduce the time reo thIS baSIs-for example, Surguja and Bastar on q_mred for sorting in the tabulation offices con­ the one hand and Panna and Datia on the sl~erably. This is a suggestion which, I hope. other 'are certainly not the same cup of tea wI!l be c:,-refully considered. In order to make though the trouble taken by the District Cen­ thIS pOSSIble, the required riumber of checkers s~s ~fficers i~ the bigger and mpre difficult and coders, along with some supervisory statf dlstncts waSi ~ndeed extraordinary. According _hould be recruited in November or Decembe~ to the prescnbed programme. the enumerator Ig·o or even earlier. They should first deal was to reach the supervisor with his papen on • t l

u. a:: (/) 4: z 0 a 0 cJ)~ z LL ::>(J\ IJJ 0 ~ cJ)- .J 0:: 4: UJ Z 0. uJ U 0 U uJ J: J- OPERATION] 51

the 6th March, 1961 and the supervisor was the presentation of the programme in a neat. to reach the charge officer similarly on the 7th well-designed sheet looking like ~ calend~r March. 1961. It is necessary that the enumera­ instead of in the usual cyclostyled clT~ular, dId lor and the supervisor shpuld go themselves help; the whole operation thereby gamed a re­ and not send papers by messenger or post putation for being carefully planned. because they will be useful for checking sum­ maries, totals, etc. The charge officer was to !end a telegram on the 8th March, 1961, to U4. The post-enumeration c~eck_~ The State and District headquarters and also send instructions for the Post-EnumeratIon Check. summaries, totals, etc., to district and State are to be found in Circular No. 16 and th_e headquarters by express delivery poot. The ones supplementary t9 it. I have only thlS district totals were to be telegraphed to State comment to make that these were at some point~ unnecessarily complicated and defeat the and India headquarters on 9th March, 1961 . very th~ chec~ The first charge officer to report totals on tele­ purpose of in the sense that phone was th". Tahsildar, Kawardha, and the these complicated m~tructlOns have probably first district so to report was Panna, followed made the check itself inaccurate_ The PEe by Durg as a dose second. An appendix should strictly limit itse~f to being a check of (Appendix '0') gives details of despatch and numbers-instead of which the 1961 PEC was receipt of telegrams relating to provisional designed as an elaborate sample survey of cen· totals. I think we should give two days at least sus errors. The intention apparently ~as to to the enumerator and two days to the supervi­ find out why and where we went wrong ~nstead sor--one day at these levels is. in my view, not of merely finding out the extent to whlch we adequate. Because of this, in some districts, went wrong. The instructions were. more enumerators were asked to communicate totals. lengthy than those issued for enumeration.! I etc., to their supervisors earlier than the pres. give below examples of unnecessary refine­ cribed date. The Development Commissioner, ment; (a) the prescription of tw.o code-num­ Madhya Pradesh, Shri P_ S. Bapna, lAS, was bers PEC Block No. and LocatIOn Code of extremely kind and permitted block vehicles Block; (b) the preparation of the. Census to be used for the transmission of provisional House-list (for purposes of companson, the totals. In fact. one of the Superintendent of book of household schedules could be directly Census Operations' jobs should be to ensure utilised); one of the details wa~ the .number of that, at all stages, the District Census Officer at sheets used for the Census House-lIst; (c) the least has spme vehicle at his disposal. The whole of Form VI (I am sure Form V itself final population figure for Madhya Pradesh is could have been so designed as to make the 3"',37.11,40 8 whereas the provisional figure was checking of numbers easy-all that was neces­ 3~,394,375; the difference is<-o.07 per cent. sary was to prepare another copy of, Form V in. corporating the introduced errors)-and in any case Section III of Form VI which was rarely 1.23· The Census Cal~ndar.-The Census Calendar is a very difficult thing to work out filled in; (d) the instructions relating to com­ carefully. To begin with, it commits the Cen. parison and coding-which should be much sus Organisation itself to certain dates and it simpler. Finally, the instructions were received becpmes incumbent on us to stick to those in final form very late indeed-prin ting was a dates. I do not think it will be wise to finalise touch·and-go business. I do not know why the the calendar much too early in the operations Superintendent of Census Operations need ~ because the whole picture may not be very subjected to this kind of anxiety and worry­ clear. The result is bound to be a number of partic~larly when th~ whole ~ing was vc:y changes in the prescribed dates-which is not comphcated. I commItted the mlstake of split­ at all desirable. We issued the Census Calen­ ting up the procedure into a number of parts da!· on the 26th May 1960, the first month of and drafting a separate circular for each part; thIs calenda~ heing June 1960. It could pro­ this toolt a lot of time though the PEC would just have been carried out if the ~bly have Issued a few days earlier but cer­ no~ instruc~ taInly not much earlier. The Madhya Pradesh tions were sent out to the districts in the form Calendar for the 1961 Census also looks like in which they came. In one instance, we were a calendar presenting, as it does, a month-wise told that ~omething was implied in instructions b:eak-up of operations. In not a single case already sent-which it certainly was not; and dl~ we have to change the dates; they proved it was made explicit because we had not discov­ $UIt?-ble for most of the State. There were re­ ered the subtle implication. A note I submit. calcItrant unit~ here and there and that is why ted to the Registrar-General on the PEC and [ have li';1ggeste? a readjustment of the time­ the Registrar-General's final note regarding this matter are to be [pund as Appendices of schedule In earlIer paragraphs. On the whole. and 'Q'. -See opposite page. 52 [CHAPTER III

U5. Publicity.-In the 1961 ~~nsus, all 1.26. So far as newspapers are concemed, I means of modern publicity were· utilIsed. ~he think an occasional press conference secures real publicity problem is the rural area 'WhlC!t much greater publicity. than a press-note or an can be reached only in two ways; (a) the pn­ article. Matter regardIng press conference :'lP" mary school; and (b) the language newspaper. pears in the regular news columns over whIch The school teacher is in many ways a pIllar the eye glances-and stays for a little while if of the Census Organisation. I tried hard this the headlines hit it hard. On the eve of house­ time to get lessons on t~e censuS introduced listing, I sent a request to editors of journals in school text-books but did not finally succeed. and newspapers that they might take edito.rial The syllabuses had been changed and I had notice of "this", the First Census OperatlOn. sent draft lessons also but, somehow, transla­ Many of t:hem did. Of the two English dailies tion and printing could not be arranged. It in Bhopal, however, It was only th~ M.adhya may be possible in the next census to pursue Pradesh Chronicle that wrote an editonal on this matter. It is hard to exaggerate the power­ this matter and I am particularly thankful to ful impact that this will have on the people ~s the Editor for this kindness. Besides, radio a whole; even the illiterate will be reached In talks and articles on the census were also sen, some part through their school-going children. to, and widely published by, the press. I have I do not know what the views of the Registrar­ a feeling that, by the time enumeration was General are in this matter but I feel that a about to commence, an "atmosphere" favour· circular issued early though-say, some time in able for the count had been created though, 19·9-to all Directors of Public Instruction owing to. inadequate staff, I could not carry out shoulCi certainly help a great deal. We started mv intention of bringing out a number of sup' quite early in the field of radio talks but I pl~ments in English and Hindi newspapers. doubt whether this is really widespread in its But, 'Nai Dunia', a Hindi daily of Indore, was impact. More often, like Burke's speeches, a notable and heart-warming exception-they they are read, if at all, later in the newspapers brought out a beautiful supplement and I am than heard when delivered. The most notable very grateful indeed to its talented and public­ of these broadcasts was that given by the Chief spirited editor, Shri Rahul Barapute. Some Minister of Madhya Pradesh, Dr. Kailash Nath Collectors-Shri E. B. Reinboth in Morena, Dr. Katju on 9 February, 1961. Its directness and Baal Chand in Raisen, Shri D. B. Sinha in its sincerity must have put up the census a Chhindwara-also issued special appeals in con~ good deal in the esteem of the common man. If nection with the census which, from the 'top we had succeeded in putting across through the man' in the district, had a powerful effect on Vividha Bharati a few census snippets, the im· the people. Posters and booklets-extremely pact would indeed nave been very great-as gr­ well designed-were received from Delhi and eat as that of commercial broadcasting through distributed all over. In the cities, there were Radio Ceylon. The first item on the radio reo festoons of posters at a high level across the garding the census was an interview on the 17th streets which easily caught attention. We had April, 1960. The interviewer was the Madhya cinema slides--again very attractive-shown all Pradesh correspondent of the Statesman, Shri over the State. (Incidentally, I took care to Tarun Bhaduri. Next, on the .26th June 1960. issue a circular requesting district authorities there was a Hindi talk by me on the "forthcom· to ensure that the slides were withdrawn on ing" census, which began a series on that sub­ the 5th March, 1961, so that people may not ject. In 1960, there were four more census laugh at being reminded of their duties to­ items. on the radlO-three by Shri K. D. BaUaI, wards an operation that has been completed). Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations. Collectors were requested to arrange short Indore, and one by Shri D· R. Gupta. In con­ talks in schools and colleges and the response nexion with enumeration, we had four talks, was indeed very good. The Governor of apart from a few other items. The details re­ Madhya Pradesh, in his 1961 Republic Day garding all these broadcasts are given in broadcast. made a suitable reference to the Appendix 'R'. I am grateful to Shri N. L. census; he was also good enough to pose for a photograph being questioned in connexion Chawla, Station-Director, AIR, Indore, for the with the census-which was published in the willing co-operation extended to the Census Press, Finally, I must mention the extremely Organisation in this regard. It is a matter of good film that was released by the Ministry deep regret to me that, because he was unwell, of Information and Broadcasting and exhibited , the Chief Secretary, Shri H. S. Kamath, could in cinemas. not give a talk on the census just before it 127· Census of technical and scientific per­ commenced. sonnel.-During the peripd of enumeration, an Shri A5.ch Alitnl; I .C.S., Rcgistmr-Gcneml, addressing a Press Conference zn Bhopal on 10th December 1960 OPERATION] 53

attempt wru made to co'llect information about against each district being the one that the technical and scientific personnel. The enu­ selected village should be at from the nearest merator was to find out whether, in each house­ urban centre. The intention was to secure in hold visited by him, there was any person with the villages npt merely a wide variety of caste', ,cientific or technical qualifications. To every tribe. but also some vaj'iation in the levels of such person, he was to hand over a card which 'acculturisation'. It appears that we succeed­ was to be filled up by the respondent and either ed in this aim. I sugge-.>t that at least half a posted direct to the Registrar-General or hand­ dozen investigators be appointed right in 19-9 ed over -to the enumerator du~ing his check­ to work on these surveys, if these are to be rounds. At the present moment, I have no taken up in the coming censuses also. Also. idea about the extent or satisfactorin~s of the right from then, there should be one officer response. In Maahya Pradesh the cards were dealing with this matter-either a specialist in distributed in all urban areas and in every Anthropology or some Social Science or a village with a (house-list) population of more Deputy Collectpr with a good academic record. than ,2000. In all 248,500 cards were distri­ After an initial study of such work as we in buted and, according to return:! received from the 1961 Census will have turned out, they can districts, 5~33 cards were sent to the Registrar­ start; the objective should be a dozen reports General. a year. It was my good fortune that I had Shri K. C. Dubey, Deputy Superintendent of u8. Associated studi'es: Village surveys.­ Census Operations, to deal with matters relat­ The 1961 Census will be long remembered, I ing to these surveys. His are some of the best am sure, for the number of a!';sociated studies reports that I have come across. He suggests and tasks undertaken. The first of these is that these investigators should be properly the Socio·Economic Surveys-for which trained first in view of the fact that even M.Sc.'s we selected 4:9 villages mainly on the basis of in Anthropology did not prove muCh good to the returns relating to caste/tribe in the 1931 us. Cens!ls. I do not know why the Registrar­ General circulated a very innocent-looking and 1_g. Handicraft surveys.-The next In short questionnaire in this regard because any impprtance are the Handicraft Surveys. Once village survey worth the name has to be very again we were not clear in what we wanted exhaustive indeed. I, therefore, drafted a to achieve. The study of selected handicrafts rather elaborate household schedule (undoub­ is a different thing from a survey of the handi­ tedly rather lengthy) which was somewhat un­ crafts of the State-which latter I thought it favourably commented upon by the Registrar­ was· Once again, my views were adversely General in the Darjeeling Conference. But commented upon because I was trying to collect subsequent refinements have extended 'the scope through Block Development Officers some in­ ?eyond all initial expectation and the survey formation regarding significant handicrafts. I IS now a150 in part an opinion survey whereas was told this was all wrong though I do not the schedule we had made here was mostly see really how one can get some idea of the factual. If consolidated and printed, the sche­ handicrafts of the State without some field sur­ dule should in its final form run to some 100 vey by local officials-and the census has no pag<;s. I plead rnlly guilty to the charge of local officials of its own. Further, initially, I ~avmg been unable to do much in this matter got the impre5sion that we should take up the tIll about June 1961; somehow, the meticulous study of only· those handicrafts which had a~tention to detail necessary for a ~urvey of this something special about them-whether in raw k.md w~s inco~patible with the speed and ten­ material, design or technique. However, a cir­ ~lon WIth which we had to handle the main cular letter received a few months ago suggests census in 1960 and t'he first half of 1961. But, that we should not be so predisposed-even when. we did get down to this ta5k in July 1961, humqrum pursuits like carpentry or black.­ I belIeve we in Madhya Pradesh have produced smithy deserve study. And, finally what was surveys not entirely unworthy of a Census shown to us as a model was fin;t-rate so far as Organisation. I do not know how many of the th~ description of the technique and its econo­ -4:9 villages we will be able to finish though the mIc aspects were concerned but did not deal number should not be les5 than Jl5 but the with the handicraft in its demographic setting. many defects there are bound to be in these In a recent conference we have now been asked surveys will be due not to lack of effort but to achieve the limited pbjective of making lack of ability. While sending out the circular lurveys of a few selected handicrafts. to C.ollectors r~ga~ding the selection of villages. we ltsted the dlstncts and in another column we 130. Maps.-A profusion of maps is likely repeated a set of three distances-the distance to be one of the major achievements of the [CHAPTER III

1961 Census. In association w~t~ the Direc" will have been produced at very low cost. If torate of Economics and StatIsUCS, Madhya in the succeeding censuses we are going to Pradesh, (who brought out, as early as August make maps on this scale, I suggest that we have 19S8-within less than two years of the forma­ a competent technical officer of Class I statuI tion of the new State of Madhya. Pradesh-an dealing with them. Again, it was my bad luck Atlas of the State and are probably the. o~ly that I made a suggestion early in this regard State in India to have done so), we are bnngmg which was turned down. out a Demographic Atlas of the State on a very elaborate scale. This consists _of as many as 131. Fertility survey.-The last of the asso­ maps. Secondly, we are gomg to produce 5.t ciated surveys is the fertility survey. It will maps of all cities-I do not ~now to what extent be recalled that, in the First Census Conference. they will be considered satIsfactory but we are a suggestion that we include a question on fer­ working very hard on them. These a!e very tility was not accepted· Instead, we have been detailed showing much greater detaIl th~n even the guide maps of the Survey of IndIa. asked to carry out a fertility survey on a sample basis in all the PEe Blocks. The schedules, etc., Thirdly, we have g~t dra~n map.s of many ha~e just been finalised and the staff in our towns which vary wIdely III qualIty. I am thinking of getting them all redrawn properly tabulation offices is going to carry this out. For and have not yet decided on the manner of reasons which I have been unable to appre­ publication, Fou~thly,. we ~ave sketches of ciate, a question on mortality has not been practically all the mhablted vIllages. of Madhya included in this survey. Also, a schedule on Pradesh-i.e·, 70,414 of them. :Man y of the~c work has been included the purpose of which, have been done beautifullv and deserve publi­ according to my understanding, is to judge the cation; if there is an inter-censal organisation, extent to which census figures relating to the this is a matter which could be attended to. economically active population are accurate They are all of course being preserved care­ and dependable. I am quite clear in my mind fully, tahsil-wise.' Finally, I have been asked that we are not going to succeed in this objec­ to make sketches of enumeration blocks in rural tive. It will be useful if the correspondence and urban areas. What I propose to do in regarding this matter is gone through; it is to rural ar.::as is to take Majmuli maps and mark be found in File No. 86/61 in Collection the blocks on them but I am still at a loss as No . .21. to what to do in urban areas because the town­ numbering 5cheme is not likely to be perma­ I3~. The total lo·ad.-I do not know nently maintained and, in the absence of com­ whether it is fair to put all this impossible load parability or identifiability of street-names/ on a buoyant, ethereal phoenix fated to self­ house-numbers, these maps of blocks are not immolation. Like our predecessor, we started likely to be of much use. The National this time also in the innocent belief that all Sample Survey hit upon a good approach in this we had to do was a census--doing this well is matter; they constituted blocks in such a way by itself a difficult enough task. We hoped that the boundaries of blocks could be identifi­ that, as we had more time, we would do a good ed in terms of natural land-marks so that, what­ and thorough census. I do not deny that most ever the vagaries of the house-numbering sys­ of what we undertook was very useful and tem, the blocks themselves could be identified. important. I think that in two matters we I do not think this approach will succeed in strayed a little too far from the demographic all cases but we are still likely to have a fair field; first, the handicraft studies: neither were number which are identifiable over long we competent to undertake these studies nor periods of time. This has been done in 14 can it be reasonably held that these are directly towns and sketches of the enumeration blocks or intimately connected with the census. of these towns are available. Incidentally, I Secondly, in the matter of maps, 1 think we should mention tha t we will also be making should have set before ourselves a more limited d~str~ct maps;. we have not so far had good objective strictly related to the demographic dlstnct maps In Madhya Pradesh. This busi­ aspects. We could also have had more guidance ness of maps has been a very difficult one all in the matter of staff-needs; instead, we hopped through. Even now I have no men in the Cen­ merrily from one make-shift arrangement to IUS Organisation who can at least understand another. We should have had right from the the technique of map-making, let alone make beginning at least four sections in each Super­ maps. '\Ye have been depending on all kinds intendent of Census Operations-Office: (a) The of agenCIes and finally the only good thing Census proper; (b Rural Surveys and Handi­ about all this is going to be that all our maps craft studies: (c) Cartography; and (d) Tribal studies--and each of them should have been OPERATION] 55

headed h) a gazetted officer of proven compe­ the case of big towns and cities, the difficulty tence. In the coming censuses 1 would very is that the census, being a non-party matter, strongly urge indeed that the staffing of the dpes not interest any party. In practically all Superintendent of Census Operations' Office be c"ses the staff of such local authorities is some­ taken up in greater earnest even if, in the wf\at leth?lrgic-particularly at the lower levels, initial stages, whole-time working of the normal and reqUIred a good bit of persuasion, cajoling, kind may not be possible. All this should be etc. I should like to mention here that, when preceded by a period of training for the Super­ h.ouse·numbers were changed in a particular intendents of Census Operations themselves CIty as a result of the new system, some mem­ during which they can be initiated into the bers of the corporation objected to the particu­ demographic arcana and imbued with confi­ lar numbers their houses were given and to the dence. In administration, one does not always streets in .whi~h their hO~lIes were placed where have a sympathetic appreciation of the load such placmg Involved a Judgment-as, e.g., in that the organisation can take. This consider­ the case of corn,er houses. I have already sug­ ation becomes all the more important in the gested the appomtment of special staff for this census in which an important part of the work purppse.. There is. only one more thing I want is unhurried and careful study. If we provide to mentIon here-If the state of affairs in the adequate time for ~his purpose by ensuring case ,?f a particular town, is such that a decision that the other load Qn the Superintendents of to wIthdraw the responsibility for the census Census Operations and Deputy Superintendents from ~he lo~al (or industrial) authority and of Census Operations is not unduly large, it make .It ~ dIrect responsibility of the Census will be beneficial to the census. We should OrgamsatlOD has to be taken, it should be taken be fully worked-but work should be taken to q~lIckly enough. The problem of new indus­ inc!l!-de study. tnal townships is, however, different. Very ofte.n, they are government concerns and 133· Areas requiring special attention.-In sen~or officers are in charge; complaining concluding this chapter, I wish to emphasise :'lgamst them is difficult and tactful handling the necessity of paying special attention in the IS necessary. !'10re. important, changes take operational phase to three types of area; (a) pla<;e very qUIckly In such areas; particularly remote, inaccessible areas; (b) big towns and durmg the construction phase, whole new set­ all cities; an~ (c) new industria:l townships. tlements SUddenly spring up or disappear. The The first thlOg that 'Such speCIal attention l

(Notifications-Appointment letters-Pri,nting-Touring-Accounts-Budget-Findn. cial Powers-Pc1"manent Advance-Clerical Staff in the Districts-Honoraria-Recognition of Census Service-The cost of enumeration-a Census martyr).

134. Notifications under the Act.-Notifications, as shown below, issued under the Census Act may be seen in Appendix'S' :-

No. 2/IOS/59-Pub-I, dated 5-12-1959 ., Under seetion ~ Regaxding refe­ rence date.

·(1) No. ~29-2945-II-A (3), dated 6-10-1960 Under section 4(2) Delesationl. *(2) No. 4B30-2945-II.A (3), Do. Under Section 4(3) Do. *(3) No. 4831-2945-II-A (3), Do. Under section 4(4) Do.

"'(4) No. 4832-2945-II-A (3), Do. / .. U nd~r section ? Do (5) No. 4B33-2945-II-A (3), Do. Under section 6(1) Do. (6) No. 6368-4435-II-A (3), dated 29-12-1960 Under section 12 Do. (7) No. 82-78-II-A (3), da.ted 9-1-1961 Under section B Do. • Amendments issued to these Notifications are a, under :- (i) No. 217-4356-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (1), (2) and (3). (ii) No. 220-4634-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (1) (iii) No. 223-4634-I!-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (2) (iv) No.226-4634-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961. reg. (3) (v) No. 229-4378-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (5) (vi) No. 232-4378-II-A (3), d. 17-1-195J, reg. (4) (vii) No,235-117-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (1) (viii) No.238-117-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. Co!) (ix) No. 241-117-II-A (3), d. 17-1-1961, reg. (3) The Collectors were authorised to appoint that the Superintendent pf Cen!us Operations Additional Charge Officers wherever necessary. should, as soon as he joins, recruit three or four typists from the open market so that with­ 135' Appointment lett~Ts.-The printed in an year or so-i.e., by the time the avalanche forms of appointment letters may be seen in of circulars starts-t'hey would have become pro­ File No. 118/S9 in Collectir)il No· 22· ficient and dependable. In the matter of type­ writers, we had no difficulty so far as the ordi­ An attempt was made to make two things­ nary ones were concerned-we got one from the i.e., the area to be dealt with and the duties to Madhya Bharat Office and seven, to begin with, be performed-as clear as possible, It is parti­ from the Registrar pf the Secretariat, with cularly important-legally as well as operation­ whom four typewriters had been deposited by ally-to give a full and clear description of non­ the Superintendent of Census Operations' Office municipal areas of towns where they are part of old Madhya Pradesh. But. even of these, we of a Census Officer'S charge. did not have enough for the tabulation offices which had, therefore, to beg or borrow. But 136. Paper: typewriters, etc.-Paper, for the bigger ones-the ones used for typing big operational purposes, was received in good time statements-of which we had only 5 in in all­ and I had no difficulty at all in this matter. were not enough. In early 196.S!, we secured one Typists are a more difficult problem. The more from the State Government. We had a prospect is that there will always be a shortage duplicating machine and, whenever we were of typists and. if in succeeding censuses. the in difficulty. the State Secretariat helped us out language is Hindi, the problem will become -inv~luable _assistance indeed. Calculating even more difficult. I have suggested elsewhere machInes, particularly after the census is over MISCELLANEOUS] 57

and figures start pouring in from Tabulation not ourselves take up the re5ponsi~ility ?f ~eai­ Offices, are very necessary; we had only two ing direct with private presses OWI~g prmClp~ Facit rnachines-one hand-operated and the lyto the fact that we are not techmcally eqUl~ other, electrical-, Great progress in these mat­ ped for the purpose. Occasionally, Collecton ters is bound to be made in the future but, as resort to incaI printing of fprms when .u~gen~ly thinas stand at present, the Facit machine is Ht:edt;u; this happened during house-hstmg In

inco;';lparably the most convenient and :bandy_ Hoshana'abadb and Chhatarpur. All formll. The Superintendent of Census Operations' office required (or house-listing and enumeration should have at least one and a half dozen of were centrally print.e~ in the. 1961 Census a~tl these-two each for the 6 Tabulation Offices this was a great faCIlIty provIded by the ReglS~ and six. for the hea:d-office. trar-General, and the Chief Controller of Pnnt­ ing and Stationery to State Superintendents Q£ Census Operations-t'his arrangement STIould 137· Printing'-1t this stage, I shall deal definitely continue. One important task of the only with the printit;lg required for field opera­ Superintendent of Census Operations wil~ ~ tions-which is large but nothing compared to store all these forms as and when receIved with the printing of Census Reports, etc. We from the Central Presses till they are despatch­ got all our circulars, etc., printed through State to the districts. These should not be sent to Government Presses a~ Bhopal and Gwalior, on the districts more than a few weeks earlier two or three occasions, they were full up and than when they are needed. Also, the SuperT so the work was farmed out by the Superinten­ intendent of Census Operations, in spite of th~ dent, Government Printing, to private presses. problem of storage that has to be faced fol' It is to be noted that the farming out was not some months, should insist that all materia. done by this office; so far as we were concerned, from Central Presses should reach him first and we placed orders only on the Government should not be despatched direct to the districu. Press. -.fhis arrangement is on the whole con­ This is a far more convenient and dependable venit:nt and has had the approval of the Chief arrangement. There was not much. l~st­ minute printing to be arranged thIS tIme Controller of Printing and Stationery, Govern­ because the house-lists provided us with fairly ment of India. As far as possible, we should accurate figures. All that we ordered was:

House-lill HOUsehold Schedule ForD)S. Enumeration Pads. Pad •. Black Black 88,030 11,€OO Pads of 50 each 22,000 P"il of 25 each. 50.000 12,0')0 Pads of 25 each 138,000 36,000 Pad, of 25 each Red Red 22,000 pads of 10 each 22,000 pad. of 50 eaclt. The latter indent proved to be unnecessary. no decision has as yet, i.e.) Illtb. March, 196:-.- But such mistakes do occur though we must be been taken; I am thinking 9f moving in thi" as careful as we can in the scrutiny of panicky matter after the bulk of priQ-ting worlt_ is over). demands from districts. In last-minute print­ ing, th~ Manager of the Aligath Press-Shri S. 138. To ring by cen$.us (.)fficials.-~etheJ Sarthy-was extremely helpful. Our debt of 21 or not to pay the travelling allowanc:e~ of cens-pt gratitude to the officials of the State Printing officials (i.e.) those under the State Goyemmen" and Stationery Department-Shri G. N. Partha­ under local authorities, etc.) is a question to sarathy, the Superintendent, Shri Ramroop which there is only one answer: we should P!ly" Singh~ the Deputy Superintendent, and Shri 'Census' is a Central subject Imder the consn­ S. P. Nigam, Assistant Superintendent, and a tution and the sooner we realise this, ~b~ bet~eT number of other officials-is indeed irrepayable. it would be. It is only because the State GOY. I have taken the precaution of reserving a cer­ ernment have been kind-and, local fluthoritief tain number of silver and bronze medals for probably ignorant-tha~ expenditUfe on T. ~ award to officials of this department (though for census touring has been borne by lhem. 10 • One more hand·operated mac:hine has just been received (July 16. 1962). 58 [CHAPTER IV

far. 1 am sure there are other States in which India sanctions, etc., on which they are based. this unfair shifting of the burden has been stop­ The powers, in my view, are adequate. I have ped a 'Census' or two ago. Similarly. the cost of only to suggest that Deputy Superintendents of extra staff at the higher levels appointed for Census 9perat"ions be given some more powen the census should also be borne by the Centre. at least III respect of contingencies and appoint­ What we have been doing so far is to make men t of sorters. initially a token resistance whenever anyone makes a demand but, if the latter persists, to 143. Permanent advance.-The head office pay up without furthel question so that aware­ has a permanent advance of Rs . .too and each nC'3S of the possibility of soaking us does not Tabulation Office, one of Rs. 50. The latter spread as a result of any conflict of opinion should also be raised to Rs. 200; R!l 5(' i. (particularly because there can be no conflict) woefully inadequate. publicising the issue and making everybody wiser. The Centre may have to foot a big bill on 144. Clerical staff in the districts.-During this account but that is inevitable. The total 19J?0-61, from about July onwards, clerical atIlount of such expenditure in this census has aSSIstance was sanctioned for the districts and been negligible (only Rs. 1,87,750). One of tht' tahsils at central expense. The formula adopted tricks used for shifting the burden is to request was as. follows: one I grade, and one II grade district authorities to ask census officers to do cle!k m the CoIIectorates of bigger district~ some other work also during their tours and (with more than three tahsils each); and one charge T. A. to their respective departments on II grade clerk in those of smaller districts; and that account.' But, in the later stages specially, one II grade clerk in each tahsil office. In the it is impossible for census officers to think of Coll.ectorates, the staff continued up to 30th .nything other than the census. Apnl, 1961. and, in the tahsils, up to 31st March, 1961. Where no additional staff was l39. Touring of the Superintendent of Census ~ppqinted, special pays (in the form of fees, Operations.-The Willy's Jeep-Station Wagon .m most cases) were sanctioned. Details regard­ came to us in December, 1959. Owing to the mg these are given in Appendix ·W'. Peons fact that the Press is over 6 miles away from were appointed wherever necessary. In addi­ Bhopal, the station-wagon has a lot of work tion, in the Indpre Collectorate, one I grade in Bhopal itself with the result that taking it a~d one II grade ~:lerk were appointed for some out is not always easy. It will have to be given t,Ime meant speCIally for the Indore Corpora­ tIOn. In the pattern of staffing for Collecto­ DOW and then also to those Deputy Superin­ tendents of Census Operations who have no ra~es, I suggest one change-in the smaller dis­ cars of their own. tncts, the clerk should be I grade and not II grade. The staff should be in position from April ] 9'*'0 onwards. 140. Accounts.-The special accounts rulea relating to the census are reproduced in Ap­ 145· Honoraria.-One special feature of the pendix 'T'. The Superintendent of Censw 1961 C.en_sus was the payment of honoraria LO Operations should try and get hold of an hpuse-hstmg and enumeration personnel. The accounts clerk as early as possible. rates paid were as follows:-

, 141. Budget.-There is little that I can use­ Rs. nP. Supervisor 18.50 fu!ly . say . regar~ing budgeting. All central prmtmg IS debIted to the Registrar-General Supervisor (Reserve) 9.!5 India's. budget. Once the decisions regarding the maJ.or aspects are taken-schedules, staff, Enumerator 14.00 honoranum, etc .•-budgeting is a malter of Enumerator (Reserve). _ 7.00 careful ~ork~ng out of detailed provisions. One specIal dIfficulty relates to the bills of the The important point to note is that the rates . State Press which we never received in' time were uniform irrespective of the size of the and had often to be obtained by us by special block. I am very clearly of the view that· effort. Appendix 'U' gives in summary form there should be no relationship--not even a details regarding the 1959-60, 1960-61 and 1961- partial one-between the number of persona 62 budgebl. enumerated and the amount of honorarium. One extreme. case may illustrate my point: 1..4.11· Finan~al powers.-Appendix 'V' gives the enumeratIpn, _say, of a thousand people in a list of finanCIal powers of the Superintendent on~. two

hundred people in seven or eight wid~ly ~cat­ Registrar-General, India, and was distri­ tered villages not well-served by C?m~UU1catlOns buted to each unit on the basis of popu­ (which is not an unusual matter m trIbal areas). lation. (As pointed out elsewhere, ex­ Further, there is no need (God knows!) to add penditure on house-numbering was not to our population by this si~ple expedient. ~f borne by the Census Organisation but by paying more for more populatl?n-real. or fic~tl­ local authorities so that the whole of tious; may be. I am exaggeratmg the mcentIve this RI';. 5· per block was ava,ilable for but why should it be there at all? ~hat. we honoraria); should try and. do is to see that block SIze IS as uniform as possible. As in the 1961 Census, (ii) An investigator W!lO did full work. (in we may say that. the tptal number of enumera­ respect of a population of about 3,0~) tors in a territorial unit should not, in satIsfactorily, attended at least two traIn­ general, exceed, say, 110 per cent of. the num­ ing classes and .did not receive ~ny T. A. ber obtained by dividing the estimated 19-1 from other sources was to be paId R~_ 15; population (based on house-list figures which no one was to get less than Rs· 5. T~e Ihould be appropriately augmented) by the guiding principle was. to be Rs. 5 1D assumed work load of the enumerator nor need urban areas and Rs. 4: In rural areas for it be less than, say 90 per cent thereof. The a population of abput 700, other condi­ maximum adopted in the 1961 Census was 105 tions being more or less the same; per cent of the number obtained by dividing (iif) The amount of honorarium was to be 1l:5 per cent of the 1951 population by 750 in suitably reduced (subject to a minimum rural areas and 140 per cent of the 1951 popu­ of Rs. 4 and a maximum of Rs. 10) in lation by 600 in urban areas; no minimum was the case of people who did only part oE laid down but it is advisable to do so. Having the work (either listing or numbering) done our best in the matter of uniformity, the or did not attend any training classes or cates of :honoraria should be uniform. In the received some T. A. from other sources; 1961 Census; the two exceptions related not to large populations handled but to the difficult (iv) Persons who made fair copies were to be conditions in which the census staff worked. In paid in proportion to the Ivo:rk done, labalpur, which was ravaged by a communal the maximum being Rs. 10, i.e., as in holocaust. we paid Rs. 75 to the Corporation sub-para (iii) ; Census 0!lic.er and.Rs. 50 each to 15 sub-charge officers; s1mtlarly, In Bastar, affected by torren­ (v) Reserve investigators who did not do any tial rain during the enumeration period, we listing or numbering were not to get any p~id Rs. 50 each to ~8 enumerators and 9 super­ honorarium but, if they attended train­ VIsors who were responsible for the almost ing classes and travelled more than four impossible census of Abujmarh. miles on that accpunt, they were to be paid T. A. at the rate of.2 annas per mile . 1{6. Honoraria for house-listing.-The posi­ subject to a maximum of Ks. 4· tion rcgar~ing house.listing was different. As I have pomted 9ut earlier, the size of an inves­ There is reason to believe that, in the case tigator's charge was not un"iform because it was of investigato!s, these principles worked fairly reI~t.ed_ (in ~he rural areas, entirely) to existing well. Tne Deputy Superintendents of Census admITI~stratIve arrangements at the lowest level. Operations were to scrutinise the district lists The size of the patwari circle itself varied a and fix finally the honpraria to be paid. The great deal. Therefore, in order that the major failure in this regard was that we did not amo~nt of honorarium may npt affect the pay any honorarium to supervisory personnel qua.llty of ~ork !he precaution was taken of as we did in the case of supervisors for enumer­ tell!ng the InvestIgators that a suitable hono­ ation. I think that this was due to the fact ranum (the actual amount of which was not that the implications-particularly organisa­ specif~ed nor the .me.thod of calculation) would tional~f our transforming house-listing into a be paId. The prmclples on the basis of whicb census of houses were not fully realised. In ~ou.se-listing investigators were to be paid were previous censuses, house-listing was a very mdlcated later as {ollows:- simple matter and the random checks and threats of Revenue Officers were probably (i) The aggregate amount for each tahsil. enough to make house-listing serve its very town, etc., should not exceed the allot­ limited purpose of providing a basis for calcu­ ment made fpr that unit. The total lating ~equirements .of forms,. schedules, etc. amount for the State was calculated on House-lIstmg on the hnes on whIch it was done the basis of Rs. 5 per block fixed by the in the 1961 Census is a syHematic operation 60 [CHAPTER IV

yielding a number of useful tables ~nd, ~here­ 149- Adequacy of honoraria.-It is a d~­ iore, obviOl-lsly required wen-orgamsed mten­ ferent matter if we do not pay any h~nora~ll~ sive supervision. It was, therefore, necessary to at all; but, having accepted payment m pnn­ pay some honorarium to supervisory personnel. ciple, we are bound in due course to get com­ mitted to paying reasonable amounts. Rs. 1" L17. I-lmwraria and T. A.-There was an for an enumerator is nowhere near adequate. ejPITlPrH of unfairness in the payment of hono­ The period of enumerati.on wa~ 24 days in. all raria for enumeration also in that the amount and, in these days of hIgh pnces, somethmg was the same both for those whp received T. A. like Rs. 40 would be nearer what we should from other sources and for those who did not· pay. After all, he is supposed to attend ~ix All government officials (except those receiving training classes generally at places many mIle. fixed T. A,. and those not entitled to T. A. away from headquarters and one cannot get a within their jurisdictions like patwa:ris) got T. A. decent meal t"nese days on less than 1 t ann~ j:mt the worst sufferers were teachers and other (88 nP.). employees of local authorities who were not touring officers. The trouble was that a good I r:jo. Recognition of census service.­ deal of money was provided in the 1960-61 Awards in the 1961 Census were of ~ix kind:;_ budO'et and, as enumeration ended on the 5th Government of India: 1. Silver Medals; of the last month of the financial year 1960-61, " Bronze Medals; the fear of lapses made it impossible to work. out principles in detail as we did in the case "tate Government: :\. Sanads for outstandins work signed by the Chief of house-listing. I have two suggestions to make Secretary; in this regard: first, the budget provision for -honoraria should be entirely made in 19*1-*-2, 4- Sanads for very good work flO 19*0-·1. signed by the Commis­ proviston being made therefor in sioner of the Division; Second, if -t4e honorarium for a government official who receives T.A. (whether fixed or ;>_ SanaLi" for very good work. otherwise) is Rs. x, that for an enumerator who signed by the Collector; gets no T.A. at all, should be Rs. 2X provided 6. Certificates of satisfactory that in the latter case the block extends beyond work signed by the District 4 miles of headquarters. Where a person gets Census Officer; and T.A· at less than government rates normally, 7• Certificates of satisfactoIJ he should be asked to make a claim at full work signed by the Charge gpvernment rates and paid accordingly, the Officer -amount of honorarium being unchanged at In order to secure the agreement in principle Rs. x. It may be possible in coming censuses of the State Government for the award of the to consult Collectors in advance, i.e., before last five categories of sanads/ certificates, the the matter is settled at the first conference of Superintendent of Census Operations must Superint~ndents of Census Operations. move early. The expenditure on printing was borne by us. I was told in many places that these sanads; certificates are cherished posses­ 148. Disbursement procedure.-The proce­ sions. My recommendation is that they should dure in the 1961 Census was to place the re­ all be continued. In the 1961 Census, 50 per quired ft_mds -.t the disposal of th.e District cent of the Silver medals and 70 per cent of the Census Officer who would draw, pay and send Brpnze medals were reserved· for enumerators; ~cquittance rolls to the Superintendent of Cen­ tnis should continue· Awards should also go fJllS Operations. In other words, the Superin­ to workers in the Census Department itself, tenden t of Census Operations did not sanction w.orkers in the Tabulation Offices and officialt ~e honorarium payable in the case of eacb. of the Printing and Stationery Department; ~cial; nQ lhtJ showing the namr:s of officials medals should be reserved for this purpose ..nd the corresponding honoraria, signed by the (~bout a do~en and a half in all) for award Sllperjntendent of Census Operations himself, after completion of tabulation (sometime in were sent to tIle distfi~ts. No objection was 19·-2") and of printing (God knows when r). f"ised b~ th~ Accountant-~eneral to this pro­ Proposals for the award of silver and bronze fedure; It WIll be worthwhIle for the Superi"­ medals to Collectorrs, District Census Officers tC!'ndent of Census Op~ra.tions to clear this mat­ and District Statistical Officers /4ssistants were ter of proce~lIre with the Accountant-General Illade to the Stat~ Government hy me in con-sul­ within a few months of his taking over. Th~ tation with the Deputy Superintendents of Cen­ !8fil pr()C~Ure is convenien~ and quick; there 'us Oper;;J.tipns; no recommendations were ask­ l~ no qanger of wrQng pilyments as responsibi~ e4 for frpm th.e districts i~ this regard~ The hty squarely rests on the district aut:..'lorities number of medals so awarded is deducted from IQ it should. the district quota of medals belore the latter MISCELLANEOUS] 61 is communicated to districts for recommenda­ Kamath. kindly signed over 800 sanads in spite tions; occasionall)" it dpes happen that such a of being extremely pre-occupied with other deduction results in a very small number of matters? (Regarding this subject, please see medals or none at all for others in the district­ the relevant files-File No. ~6/60 in Collection in such cases a few inter-district adjustments No· 16). I hope it will be ppssible in the next were made. Initially, district quotas were cal­ census to get a few gold medals also insti tuted. culated on the basis of population. The num­ It is now March, 1962, and decisions regarding ber of san ads for outstanding, very good and awards have not yet been taken; it is likely that good work was not to exceed 1 per cent, 3 per the whole matter may hang on till June 196... cent and 5 per cent, respectively, of the total It should be possible to finalise these matters number of census workers in the district. Dur­ early and get the awards made 'On Republic ing the course of scrutiny in consultation with Day, 19·~. Deputy Superintendents of Census Operations, a few excesses were permitted in difficult and 151. The cost of the census·---The cost of deserving cases. May I also men tion in this the census under different heads was as connexion that the Chief Secretary. Shri follows:-

------~---~------~~- 1959-60 1960-61 1961-62 Rs. Rs. Rs. A. Superintendenee 11.193 1,69,648 1,20,219 D. Enumeration 7,56,300 6,21,688 C. Printing and Stationery 92,040 45,448 56,230 Figures relating to centrally printed sche­ Tahsil of Durg District to make a proclamation dules and forms are not yet available so regarding the census. The Government of that final expenditure will be considerably India, with the kind concurrence of the State greater than here shown. The total expendi­ Government. awarded a compensation of ture, however, is likely to increase in the Rs. ~ 5'0 to the widow and the minor son who future if all the expenditure properly debitable ~ave been left behind. It is humble worken to the census head is so debited. hk~ these ~hat make censuses poosible; it ia thelr devotIOn t? duty that ensures coverage 15~. Sudhu Kotwar.-I shall conclude the and accuracy-wIthout that quality in the field Administration Report with a reference to staff. a proper census is unthinkable. Sudhu Kotwar of Khairagarh Tahsil who wal killed a! about 5 ~.m. on. 10th February 1961 by a wIld bear whIle on hIS way through thick forest frpm Lamra to Sarodhi in Khairagarh

63

APPENDICES APPENDIX A GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME (GENERAL) DEPARTMENT

Memorandum No. 2499-1277-II-A(3), dated Dhopal. the 16th JUtU 1960. To

ALL COMMISSIONERS OF DIVISIONS. ALL HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS. ALL COLLECTORS OF DISTRICTS.

SUBJECT:-CensuS Operations in Madhya Prarlesh. REFERENcE:-General Administration Department memo. No. 1588-1015-/ (V), dated the 9th June 1959.

It is the view of government that Census Operations should be carried out as far as possible through official agencies and local authorities. The services of all persons employed under government are to be considered available for the purposes of the census. It is, however, not advisable that assistance from the rank and file of the police force should be required in any great measure except where this is unavoidable. With this exception, all government servants in whatever departments they may be employed, are bound to serve in ('onnection with the census. It must also be made clear to all local authorities that their em­ ployees are in exactly the same position and are likewise bound to serve.

2. Government are well aware of the large increase in the work in all offices, but would neverthe­ less point out that census is an operation of the highest national importance, in which the requisite accuracy cannot be secured without the zealous co-operation of all departments of government. To achieve the best results, therefore, all departments must work together harmoniously. All Heads of Departments are, therefore, requested to bear in mind that this work is not subordinated to ordinary departmental work.

3. The instructions of the Government of India regarding the duty of government servants in con­ nection with the census are reproduced below ;- "It is an accepted principle that all government servants are bound to assist in the work of taking the census, when called upon to do so by the Census Officers. The Government of India recognize. however, that special reasons may exist for exempting particular officials or classes of officials from this obligation; as for instance those who will be on duty on the night of the census, while the services of others can probably be utilized only to a limited extent varying according to circumstances. h will be necessary in certain cases, e.g., in that of the Post Office, that orders should be issued defining the obligations of all the officials concerned."

The State Government have no doubt that the requirements of the State Superintendent of Census Oper~tions in the matter of assistance from government officials will not be of such an exacting character ~ to mvolve ~uch dislocation ofordinaty work; but it is inevitable that there should be some interference WIth the routme of departmental duties and it should be impressed on all subordinate departmental officials that census work is to be regarded as a part of their duty as government servants, not as something outside the range of it in which assistance may be given by them as a favol~r.

. 4. The principal executive authority for the census is the Collector in each district and the Tahsildat In each tahsil. The Collector will be assisted by the District Census Officer and the District Statistical ~fficer/Assistant in planning out Census Operations for the district as a whole and in implementing the mstructions issued by the Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, from time to time. He must en~ure the effective supervision of census work at all levels by Sub-Divisional Officers. Collecton c~ avaIl themselves of the services of government servants in all departments except the Police and, in domg so, must distribute the burden equitably and consult, wherever at all possible, the heads of the offices concerned. 64

5. The Census for 1961 will be held with referenc~ to the 1st March 1961. Actual enumeration ...ork will, however, take place betwem the 10th February 1961 and the sunrise of 1st March 1961, which will be followed by a final check during the first five days of March 1961. Of no less importance, however. are the operations in connection with house numbering and house-listing to be undertaken earlier in June~ October 1960. It should be realized that, in a State-wide Operation, it is not always possible to provide for the peculiar, local difficulties of a particular area.

6. Government desire that the instructions issued from time to time by th~ Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, should be carefully studied and all government servants should co-operate in ensuring the success of all Census Operations, and in building up the great counting organization, i.e., tbe census enumeration almy. Government observe that, in the irnpkmentation of the instructions so far issued in connection with the census there haye been seme inexcufable delays and hope that nothing will now be left undone to ensure that timely and suc('e~~ful completion of all census work. Particular attention should be devoted to making local authorities play their proper role in the census.

7. Finally, government desire that good work done in connection with the Census Operations should be reported in the District Census Reports. Work of this kind might also specially be mentiened in the Annual Confidential Reports. The Superintendent of Census Operations is being asked to bring to the notice of the departments concerned cases of negligence In the part of individual employees and, if the complaints are found to be justified, serious notice woulo be taken. These facts may be,brought to the notice of all government servants.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh.

M. P. SHRIVASTAVA,.

Secy. to Gavt., Mad~a PradtsA,. Home Department.

No. 2499-1277-1I-A(3),~dated Bhopal, tht 16thJun.8 1960.

Copy forwarded for information to- (1) The Registrar, High Court of Judicature at Jabalpur, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. (2) All Departments of Government. (3) The Registrar-General, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Kotah House Annexe, 2-A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi-2, with reference to his D.O. No. 7J8J60~RG, dated 5th May 1960, to the Chief Secretary. . (4) 'the Superintendent of Census Operations,:Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (with 200 spare copies)~

S. N. KUNZRU, Deputy Secretary. 65

APPENDIX B

StatelD-t ehowia. the aBlOllllt of Ho_oram for Hoa_nulDberinr: and Hoase-Usdng diabaraed to the lave_d".tors ill the year 1960-61.

Serial No. of In- No. District vestigaton Amount Remarks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Rs. nP.

1. Morena 548 5,259.00 2. Bhind .. 421 4,464.00 S. Gwalior 384 3,700.00 ... Datia .. 155 1,389.00 5. Shivpuri 471 3,904.00 6. Guna .. 465 4,087.71 7. Tikamgarh 307 2,915.50 8. Chhatarpur 414 4,829.00 9. Panna 215 2,275.00 10. Satna 448 4,829.00 11. Rewa 454 5,458.00 12. Shahdol •. 354- 4,742.06 13' Sidhi .. 161 3,046.81 14. Mandsaur 546 4,941.00 15. Radam .. 320 3,224.97 16. Ujjain .. 475 4,291.00 17. Jhabua .. 319 3,324.00 18. Dhar 417 4,221.00 19. Indore 370 4,452.30 20. Dewas .. 275 3,023.00 21. West Nimar 470 5,571.0() 22. East Nimarj 411 4,301.00 23. Shajapur 386 3,612.00 24. Rajgarh 337 3,617.00 25. Vidisha 369 3,302.00 26. Sebore 530 4,832.00 27. Raisen 377 2,771.68 28. Hosbangabad 503 4,342.00 29. Betul 34-7 3,235.00 30. Sagar 716 5,532.00 31. Damoh .• 266 2,916.()O 66

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Rs. nP. 32. Jabalpur 625 7,192.50 33. Narsimhapur 300 2,851.00

34. Mandla .. 500 3,940.00 35. Chhindwara 421 5,320.00 36. Seoni 330 2,378.00

37. Balaghat 303 2,713.00

38. Surguja .. 453 6,276.4-9 39. Bilaspur 702 9,250.00 40. Raigach 365 6,733.75

41. Durg .. 911 13~083.00 42. Raipur .. 759 11.351. 00 43. Bastar .. 431 5,259.00 ----- 18,331 1,98,755.77 67

APPENDIX.C

List showing date:. of Joining, Pay, etc. of Deputy Superintendents of Census Operations

Pay includ­ Serial Name of incumbent Date of ing deputa­ Total Designation tion Special Allowances No. joining Pay as on 1-3-19G1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) ---_._--_.. _--._------Rs. Rs. Rs. ·Shri K. D. Balla! .. Deputy Superintendent of 3-11-59 650.00 85.00 735.00 Census Operations, Indore. 2 ·Shri G. N. Tiwari Deputy Superintendent of 27-1-60 500.00 75.00 575.00 Census Operations, Jabalpur. 3 ·Shri P. K. Dixit Deputy Superintendent of 5-10-60 466.67 75.00 541.67 Census Operations, Bhopal. 4 "'Shri K. S. Bhatnagar Deputy Superintendent of 13-10-60 625.00 85.00 710.00 Census Operations, Gwalior. 5 ·Shri K. C. Dubey Deputy Superintendent of 24-10-60 466.67 75. GO 541.67 Census Operations, Raipur.

List Dhowhl, date. of Jominl, Pay aud AUowances, etc. of office Staff, office of the Superintendent of Census Operatians, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal.

Gar.etted-Clas., II ·Shri N. B. Buu Chief Investigator 21-9-60 230.00 40.00 316.CO nsp 46.00

NQ,,-Gar.etled-Class III

2 "Slu-i D. R. Gupta C.T.A. 27-1-60 315.00 70.00 385.00 3 ·Shri R. G. Sakalle Head Asstt. 26-2-60 370.00 370.00 4 ·Shri P. N. Phadnis Steno 12-5-59 200.00 40.00 280.00 nSP40.00

5 ·Shri K. B. Shrivastava S. A. 5-7-59 235.00 40.00 322.00 nsp 47.00

6 ·Shri M. L. Sharma S. A ... 12-9-60 210.00 20.00 230.00 7 ·Shri K. R. Pagare .. Accountant 28-6-60 157.00 65.00 222.00 8 "Shri S. R. Dube .. UDC (II) 1-6-59 170.00 65.00 235.00 9 ·Shri A. C. Chaturvedi Asstt. Acctt. 1-7-59 131.00 10.00 141.00 10 :j:Shri G. C. Khandelwal U. D. C. (II) 11-9-59 130.00 17.00 147.50 11 ·Shri Syed Manzoor Ali U.D.C. 1-2-61 90.00 45.50 153.50 DSP 18.00

12 tShriJ. P. Soni L.D.C. 6-10-60 110.00 17.50 127.50 13 ;Shri P. N. R. Nair L.D.C. 28-12-60 110.00 17.50 127.50 14 t Shri Tara Chand .. Driver 8-12-59 113.00 17.50 130.50 68

(1) (2) (3) (4-) (5) (6) (7)

Class IV Rs. Rs. R3. I tShri Badri Singh Daftri 1·6·59 75.00 10.00 85.00 2 ·Shri Narayan Peon 20-4-59 71.00 15.00 86.00 3 ·Shri Ram Chandra Peon 1·6·59 71.00 10.00 81.00

4 tShri Vithoba Peon 24-10-60 70.00 15.00 85.00 5 tShri Daulat Ram Peon 24·10-60 70.00 15.00 85.00 6 tSOO Krishna Behari Peon 24-10-60 70.00 15.00 85.00 7 tShri Madhukar Peon 24·10-60 70.00 15.00 85.00 8 tShri Bismilla Peon 21·3-60 70.00 15.00 M.OI) 9 t SOO Gajanan Peon 3-4-61 70.00 15.00 85.00

• On deputat~on. • *Re-employed on fixed pay. tOut.sider. Temporary. tTemporary. 69

APPENDIX D Despatch n£ House-listing Forms : July 1960. Truck-route- Bhopal to- 1. Raisen. -In addition to the twelve places that the truckactuall y 2. Sagar· (a). visited, forms for the following districts also were 3. Chhatarpur·(b). carried by the truck and delivered at these places- 4. Panna. 5. Satna. (a) Damoh. 6. Rewa·(~). (h) Tikarngarh. 7. Jabalpur·(d). (c) Shahdol and Sidhi. 8. Seoni· (e). (d) Mandla and Narsimhapur. 9. Balaghat. (e) Chhindwara. 10. Durg. if) Bastar. 11. Raipur-lf). (g) Raigarh and Surguja. 12. Bilaspur·(g). In all, the truck covered 22 districts.

Despatch. of Enumeration ForID8 : DecelDber 1960. In all twelve trucks, which covered 39 districts, were hired; the details regarding the places vis:ted by each truck are given below :- Truck (1) Truek (7) Shivpuri, Jhabua, Gwalior. Dhar, Dacia, Ratlam, Morena, Mandsaur. Bhind. Truck (2) Truek (8) Chhatarpur, Panna, Durg, Satna, Sagar. Rewa. Truck (3) Truck (9) Ambikapur, Dewas, ~idhi, Indore, Shahdol. Khargonc.-, Khandwa. Truck (4) Truck (10) Balaghat, Guna, Raigarh, Ujjain, -R . ~ alpur. Shajapur, Rajgarh. Truck (5) Truck (11) 11ilaspur, Jagdalpur, Seoni. ·Raipur. Truck (6) Truck (12) Mandla, Hoshangabad, DClmoh, Narsirnhapur , Jabalpur. Chhindwara, Betul.

-Forms for Raipur District were divided between Trucks (4) and (l II. 70

APPENDIX E Statement showing supply 0' Stationery Articles by the Gt>vern:nent of India, Sta.douery Office, Ca.1cutt:t., to the Office of the Superintendent of Census Operations, M'ldhya Pradesh, Bhopal. During the pe:riod Februa.ry, 1959 to September, 1951 (12-11-1961). --_._----- .----_---. Date of re- Valut" of Indent No. and Date Total Value Vouche: No. and date cdpt of Sty. Sty. article) articles 'received (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ------~--- Rs. Rs. Preliminary Indent No.1, dated 4-2-1959 (Submitted 1236.10 9545(13-3-59 .. 6-5-1959 38.02 by RG.I.. New Deihi) (1959-60). 9931/16-3-59 Do. 52.09 10555/20-3-59 Do. 273.30 398123-6-59 6-7-1959 6.00 219/29-6·59 13-7-1959 104.50 ----- 473.91 ------Indent No.3, dated 6-10-59 (1959-60) 1224.26 5974-/12-11-59 28-11-1959 18.39 5976/13-11-59 Do. 374.51 5987/15-11-59 .. Do. 107.34- Correcting Fluid 28-3-60 6.00

7769/18-12-59 .. 5-1-60 76.8~ 7199(16-12-59 .• Do. 115.3a 508/2-7-60 .. 10-8-60 162.03 42316-7-60 .. Do. -----37.27 897.72 _---- Indent No.4, dated 13-6-60 (1960-61) 6583.01 2223/8-9-60 .. 27-9-60 602.71 2705/20-9-60 .• 13-10-60 513.00 2777/11-10-60 .. 3-11-60 165.65 5861/31-10-60 .. 18-11-60 24.58 5566/1-11-60 .. Do. 299.44- 5571/2-11-60 .• Do. 1054.76 4396/29-11-60 .• 15-12-60 80.96 5470/14-12-60 .• 2-1-61 644.77 5439/16-12-60 .. Do. 140.43 Correcting Fluid 4--4-61 8.00 ---- 3534.30 ------Indent No.5, dated 23-6-61 (1961-62) 4027.68 144-1/24-8-61 .. 11-9-61 133.23 1711/24-8-61 12-9-61 63.-18 2110/31-8-61 Do. 103.68 2213/7-9-61 19-9-61 707.16 2554/18-9-61 7-10-61 273.70 ------Total 1283.25 Grand Total 6,189.18 71

APPENDIX F

:List showing the stationery articles received during the year 1959.60 and 1960-61 in the office or the Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal.

Name of item Total Stationery received

(1 ) (2) (3)

Blank Registers-White ~ qr. 38 Nos.

2 Blank Registers-l qr. 14 " 3 Blank Registers-2 qrs. 39

4 Ink Blue black fountainpen 28 " 5 Envelopes (SE5) large 54,000 " 6 Envelopes (SE2) small 16,375 " 7 Pen Holders 59 Nos.

S Stencil ink tubes 103 " 9 Duplicating paper 824'ceams. 10 Carbon paper small 26 packets.

1 I Carbon paper large .. 9 packets,

12 Pencil blat;k lead middling 126 J'o~. 13 Pencil copying 38 14- Pencil Red Blue i4 " 15 Era;aers Pencils 25 " 16 Thread cotton red white 20 " 17 Twin Hemp 30 " 18 Twin white 78 ., 19 Ink pot glass 58 " 20 Ink powder blue black 107 packets.

21 Ink red 74 packets

22 Nib (Relief) 37 dozen. 23 Rollers wooden 15 No,. 24- Office Paste .. 24 " 25 Blotting paper white 326 Sheets. 26 Paper white cream laid 10 Ibs. IIi reams. 27 Paper (Yellow) 401bs. 95 sheets. 2B Paper wrapping info 38 Ibs. 9 reams. 29 Paper brown 80 IhI. 9 " 30 Paper weight glass 31 Nos. 31 Stapling Machine 3 Nos. 32 Brush long handles 8 Nos. 72

(2) ------(1) (3) 33 Brush type cleaning 8 Nos. 34 Brush gum 3 " 35 Pads stamp inked 18

36 Paper dips 28 boxes. 37 S. Plate fool scap 4 Nos. 38 Ribbon typewriters 26 Nos. 39 Gum Arabic 15 seers. 40 Tags cotton 53 BundleJ. 41 Docket punchiug machines 7 Nos. 42 Jute twine (Sutli) 50 seers. 43 Short hand note books 53 Nos. 44- Stencil paper Foolscap 64 qrs.

45 Staple wire 89 f ackets. 46 Tap white 500 yards. 47 Paper Type writing 115 packeta. 4B Pen nib red ink 72 doz. 49 Pins 27 packets. 50 Sealing Wax: 16 boxes. 51 Needles large 4 Nos. 52 Tin cushion 9 " 53 Ink for stamp pads 34 Nos. 54 Scissors 3 55 Pencil drawing 3 " 56 Blank note books 12 51 Paper Badami 10 Ibs. 17 reams. 58 Paper Badami 20 Ibs. ! ,. 59 Note sheets packets 168 packets. 60 Pencil short hand 56 Nos. 61 Type writer erasers 20

62 File covers 950 Nos. 63 Correcting fluid 10 Call Bells 64- 2 " 65 Blotters wooden 7 Nos.

66 Desk Knives 10 " 67 Gum Bottle empty 12 68 Paper se~i/bl. D'FjScape:24 lbs. 240 sh ets. 73

( 1) (2) (3)

69 Pen Holder Officers 6 Nos.

70 Ink stand wooden 4 " 71 Card Board 43 sheets.

72 Hassian cloth 2,129 yards. 73 Duster 23 Nos. 74 Waste Paper Baskets 4 Nos. 75 Candles .48 Nos. 76 Craft Paper 19 qrs. 77 Basta cloth 40 yards. 73 Locks 10 Nos. 74

APPENDIX G

Size of 19j1 slip H"x4~" =20t sq. inches.

Size of 1951 slip 6 k" x 5" =32} sq. inches. Net increase in 1961 slip =12i sq. inches. The number of slips printed in 1961=530,000,000. Therefore, the extra paper c()nsumed was =530,OOO,000X49 4 =7,105,000,000 sq. inches.

As one ream of 26" X 40~ paper has 26 X 40 X 500=520,000 sq. inches, the net saving in reams comes to 13,663 or about 546,520 Ibs. taking the paper to be 40 Ibs. per 244 tons for an increase of 12i sq. inches.

. h h . . 244 x 4 There Ii ore, Iior 1 sq. Inc t e lncrease IS = -4'-C"9=-- = 19.92 tons per sq. inch or say 20. 75

APPENDIX H

Note on, the Dillicalties of TI.'aD.latiOD

Tramlati01l!rom English to Hindi in connexion with the census .ct\lally .tatted with the ~ pre-.tesl of the draft questionnaire, household schedule, etc. The house-lists, homehold schedules, indi­ vidual slips and instructions for filling them were received from the Registrar-General, India, in English and they had to be hurriedly translated and got printed at Bhopal. As the Superintendent Census Opera­ tions Office was in the initial stages of establishment and no technical staff was available, the work of translation was entrusted to the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh who were vety helpful. Regarding the nature of translation, the Superintend~t of Census Operations, vide his D.O. Letter No. 113-SCO-MP/59, dated the 26th June 1959 to Dr. M.M. Mehta, Director of Economics and Statistics, suggested that "it should be possible to make the translation a little more easily understandable to the ordinary Hindi speaking person; the translator could be less literal in his approach" and in this regard also conveyed the Registrar-Genera}'s view "that it would be better to use local language translations of the draft questionnaire during the pre-test operations rather than proceed with the English versions.

Though the Directorate Officials made every effort to make the translation easily understandable as such and liberally put down the English words in brackets as a help, it was realised later on that the Hindi used in the pre-test was some what difficult to follow and the unfamiliar words made the style look some­ what laboured and unfelicitious. A perusal of the Hindi versions of the house-list, household schedule. individual slip, instructions for filling up the house-list form and the slip etc., used during the second pre­ test will make the point clear.

Later, all ~e translation work was taken up in the Superintendent of Census Operations Office itself. All the important circulars, clarifications and instructions were issued in Hindi only; some were issued both in English as well as in Hindi, e.g., Circular Nos. I, 3 and 9.

A note on "The Forthcoming Census of 1961" was received in English from the Registrar-General, India. It was translated into simple Hindi and issued as Circular No.3 alongwith its English version. Difficulties generally arose in finding suitable and easily understandable Hindi words for technical te:rms. To illustrate the point, we could not find a Hindi equivalent to the English word, 'Cross-tabulation'. Therefore, a Sanskrit word ","if~"{1llP:A)I with cross-tabulation in brackets was used; in such cases, there was no alternative to being literal. One can only hope that such words will become mere and more familiar. .

In the census, many words are used which have special meanings and significance; they are not to be understood in the ordinary sense. In such cases it is really difficult to select the one appropriate Hind­ word from among many possible ones which conveys the exact idea underlying its English original. 'Hopsei hold" can be translated in five different ways: 1j'Wr, ~, ~, W~, ~~. "~~" was chosen for purposes of the pre-test but, as the word did not do justice to the idea inherent in Household, it was later discarded and the word ('qf~=ir"t" was adopted. Similarly, 'Head of the Household' could be translated either as "qf~r ~T" or '~~qf~'. During the pre·tes~, we used the word "~fQ but in the actual enumeration'" "~T" was adopted. "Name of establishment" was translated as "srf~ CflT Oftlt" in the pre-test; this also was changed to "CfiT{)~

Instructions for filling up the final house-lists were translated in the Superintendent of Census Opera­ tions Office and the translation forwarded to the Registrar-General, for his approval. The Registrar-General India's Office suggested minor changes here and there. The translation of 'Instructions to Enumerators' was also submitted to the Registrar-General, India, but no comment was received from his office on this booklet. The translations were now made in very simple and easily understandable language using common and widely prevalent words. By the same token, English words were also used such as :-

~'Q'Ifq;«'t,~,fu;R,~~,m,~,"i~I~,;if~,~,~~,~,~~~,cm,~,~~~", are'~, (~

~q~r~, ~)f'lU'~r, f~, lrrflnr, ~i(m, «<1Hr<:i1', iI',"~o, miil1

There is no doubt that English cannot be used for operation} purposes ~xcept to a very limited extent. The use of the local language makes the whole thing definitely a lot-easier. But, at the same time. words will have to be borrowed freely from other languages like English and Urdu 1n order to reflect in some measure the nuances and refinements of the English version Hindi syntt',x being very different, accuracy often requires that the translation be free rather than literal.

D. R. GUPTA. 77

APPENDIX I D.O. X •. 32S-SG9-MP/S9 Phone No. 645 (Office) 644 (Rcaidcnc:e) M.P. SBouTAJIlIAT BUILDI1'fO. 'A' BLOCK, BHOPAL.

G. JAGATBPATID, I.A.S., ~JWIU' 21, 19~9. CENsus SUPBlUNTBNDENT, ldAI>uYA PRADESH.

Ar. you are no doubt aware. census data are tabulated separately for rural and urban areas and a list of towns bas t.O be prepared for each census because definitions are improved upon or ~~ged and new towns keep coming up. For the 1961 Census. a place will be considered a town if it is •

(0) a municipality, corporation, cantonment, 'civil lines' area; or (6) a notified arpa or a town area with a population or at least 5,000; or (c) a locality with a population of not less than 5,000, in which at least 75 per cent of the male population is dependent on non-agricultural occupations. .

2. (i) The municipalities, corporations and cantonments in your district are listed below: (ii) Those untlerlined w~ formed after the 195 I Census Operations and information regarding them may kindly be furnished in Fonn 'A' attached. (iii) If there have been any changes in the jurisdiction of municipalities/corporations/cantonments after the 1951 Census Operations, the latest posi tion may kindly be indicated in respect of each of them in Form cA'. This is specially important in the case of the larger towns and cities. (iv) Particular care may kindly be taken in respect of the population figures. On[J 1951 Census figures should be used for this purpose; no estimates of any kind should be used.

3. (i) For Seho" and Rauen DiJtricts on/y.-The following places, which are 'town' areas, will be treat- ed as 'towns' as the population in each case is greater than 5,000:- (1) Ashta (6,234), SehOle District; (2) Bairagarh (13,816), Sehore District; (3) Begumganj (6,617), Raisen. (ii) For Rauen and Sidki Districts on{1.-Raisen (4,064), a 'town' area, and Sidhi (4,500), a notified area, will be treated as towns because they are the headquarters of districts even though the population of each of them was less than 5,000 in 1951. (iii) For Raisen District onl1.-Baraily (4,257), Raisen District, another town area, is likely, on the basis of an MSumed 2 per cent annual natural increase, to have a population exceeding 5,000 in 1961 but. before it is classed as a town, it is requested that the position regarding the permanent movement of people -W3Y from, and into, the town for various rea~ns may kindly be checked up as carefully as possible. The result of this check may kindly be commumcaced.

4. (i) For preparing a list of towns under category (c) of the definition in para 1 above, the following procedure be followed ;- (0) A list ofplaces with a population of at least 4,100 each in 1951 may be prepared with the help of the District CeAsus Handbook. 78

(b) Thereafter, the tota111l4le population of the place (TM) and the total male population ofiliat place engaged in Livelihood Categories V (Production other than cultivation), VI (Com­ merce), VII (Transport) and VIII (other services and miscellaneous sources)-i.e. the non-agricultural classes-(NAM) may please be calcula ted. (c) IfNAM/TM is greater than 3/4, i.e .• 75 pet' cent, the place can prifJl4/acie be treated as a. town. (d) Thereafter, a careful local check may kindly be instituted as to whether permanent movement of people away from, and into, theplace,if.any, has been such that the population is not likely to be at least 5,000 in 1961. If this check indicates that the population is likely to be 5,OOO~ the place may provisionally be treated as a town. InformatIon regarding these towns may please be given in Form 'B'. (ii) Entirely new towns may also have sprung up as a result of the establishment of new industry, etc., or of the growth of two or more adjoining vilfages into an urban complex; A list of such towns may ki~dly be given separately and the estimated present population of each such town may be indicated. Information regarding these- places may please be given in Form ·C'.

5. It is important that any reference to a place must be immediately followed by its LDeatUm COllI Number (L.C. No.) in brackets. All place names may kindly be written both in Hindi jUld in English; care may kindly be taken to see that the Hindi name is correctly written. The English name may be taken from the District Census Handbook unless it is considered that the name as recorded in the Census Handbook is wrong and should be changed; the reasonS for such a procedure may kindly be indicated.

6. I should be grateful if you could kindly send a reply to this letter by 28th October 1959. It is hoped that, with the assistance of the District Statistical Officer/Assistant, you will have no difficulty in adhering to this date.

Yours sincerely,

G. JAGATHPATHI. Shri ...... Collector ...... •.

1. Copy forwarded for information to-

(i) The Secretary to Madhya Pradesh Government, Home Department, Bhopal; (ii) The Secretary to Madhya Pradesh Government, L.S.G. (Urban) DepartmCDt; (iii) The Director of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal; and (iv) The Inspector-General of Municipalities, Madhya Bharat Region, Gwalior; in continuation of my D.O. letter{endorsement No. 148fl49-SCO~MP/59 dated the 6th July, 1959 on the same subject.

2. Copy forwarded to Commissioner, ...... Division, ...... , for in- formation. A list of municipalities, corporations and cantonments in ...... Division enclosed herewith.

3. Copy forwarded to the District Statistical Officer/Assistant, ...... •..District ror infor­ mation and necessary action. It is requested that all necessary assistance in this regard may kindly be riven to the Collector.

G. JAGATHPATHI,

Sup'rint~nd~nC Of Census Operations. 79

FORM A

Th. DumberB aad data of aD DOtlflcatiOD8 in respect of changes in CODstitutiOD after March 1, 19S. _d in respect of first notification also in the case of lDanlc:ipaUtie8Jcorporatl0D8JcaQtoDm~nts .stabliahed after March 1. 19:>1. may plea.", be givea wIthout faD.

District: Tahsil : L. C. No.: L.C. No.

MUNICIPALITY/CORPORATION/CANTONMENT: L.a. No. I. TOWNS CONSTITUTING THE M[JNICIPALITY/CORPORATION/CANTONMENT ON MARCH 1,1951, OR VILLAGES CONSTITUTING THE MUNICIPALITY/CORPORATION/CANTON­ MENT AT THE TIME OF FIRST NOTIFICATION, IF DATE OF FIRST NOTI­ FICATION IS LATER THAN MARCH I, 1951.

Population No. and date S.No. Name of Village Location Code No. (1951 Census) of Gaz. Notfn. (I) (2) (3) (4) (5)

II. SUBSEQUENT CHANGES: (A) VILLAGES ADDED

Population No. and date S.No. Name of Village Location Code No. (1951 Census) of Gaz. N otfn. (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

II. SUBSEQUENT CHANGES: (B) AREAS REMOVED

Population No. and date S.No. Name of Village Location Code No. (1951 Census) of Gaz. N ottn. ------(11) (12) (13) (14) (15)._------80

FORMB District Tahsil Village L.C.No. L.C.No. L.C.No.

1. Population (1951 Census) 2. Total male population (TM) !. Total male population engaged iD Don-agricultural oc:c:upation! (NAM)

4. NAMJTM • which is lea thaD! greater than i. 5. Estimated immigration since 1951 6. Estimated emigration since 1951 7. Estimated population 1961

For obtaining the estimate of population for 1961, multiply the figure against entry No.1 above by 1,219 and, to the I'esult, add the figure against entry No.5 and substract the figure against entry No.6 •

....------...... -..... ------.....------....------.... ------...... ------

FOR.M'C·

New TOWDS 1. Name 2. Villages. if any, constituting the new town and their population. Village L.C.No. Population (1951 Cenaua) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

3. If entirely new, estimated population.

... R.easons for the establishment of the new to""l1. 81

APPENDIX J

List of "towns where house-nulDbedng was done in accordance with Circular No.6 (i. e., Street-wise) aDaspur Division.- DflWflS District­

Surguja District­ Dewas, Sonkatch. Ramanujganj, Manendragarh, Rtulam District­ Baikunthpur, Ahmikapur, Ratlam, N. Jhagrakhand Colliery. Alot. Chirmiri Colliery. West ]Vimar Distria­ Bilaspur District­ Khargone, Korba, Anjad, Kota, Sendhaw3. Bilaspur, Champa, U-ijain District­ Sakti, Ujjain, Mungeli. Mahidpur, Khachrod. Raigarh Distnet­ J ashpurnagal', Jhabua District­ Kharsia, Thandla, Raigarh, Alirajpur. Sarangarh. Dhar District­ Baipur DivisioD.- Dhar, Durg District­ Kukshi. Kawardha, Mandsaur Distrid- Chhuikhadan, Rajnandgaon, Mandsaur, Durg, • Manasa, Rajhara-Jharan DaIli. Gandhisagar, Garoth. Raipur District­ East Nimar Distriel­ Raipur, Bhatapara, Khandwa, Dhamtari. Burhanpur. "opal DivisioD.- Bastar District- ,shajapur Distriel­ Kanker, Jagdalpur. Susner, Agar, Shajapur, IDdore DivisioD.- Shujalpur. Indore Dist,ict- Vidisha Dist,ul- Indore, Basoda, :Mhow. Vidisha. 82

S lz re District­ Damoh District_ Bhopal, Damoh. Sehore, Ashta, Jabalpur District- Eetasia. l'Aurwara, Raisen District- Sihora, Ja balpur Corp., Raisen, Katni (OFA), Begumganj, Tikuri, Baraily. Kymore, Khamaria, Hoshangabad Di.rtrict­ Patan. Katangi, Pan agar. Hoshangabad, Piparia, .kfandla District- Sohagpur, Itarsi, Mandla, Pachrnarhi, Nainpur. Seoni-l\1alwa, Harda, Balaghat District­ Timarni. Katangi, Wara-Seoni, Betul District- Balaghat, Betul, Tirodi. Betul Bazar, Multai, Rewa Division.- Amla. ChhatarpUT Districl­ J aba lpllr DivisioD.­ Nowgong, Maharajpur, Narsimhapur District­ Chhatarpur, Bijawar, N arsimhapul', Garhi Malehra. Gadarwara. Panna District- ChhindwGTa District­ Panna. Jamai, Chhindwara, Satna District- Sausar, Panduma, 8atna, Datla Bandhi, Nagod, Badkuhi, Unchehra, Chikhlikalan. Maihar. Lodhikheda .. Rewa Dis/ricl­ Sagar District- Rewa. Bina, Khurai, Shahdol District-- Sagar M.e., Garhakota., Umaria, Deori, Shahdol, Rahatgarh. J ohilla Colliery. Burhar, Rehli. Nargada Hari Dafa 83

List of towas where house-aWDberiag was doae ia other ways

WARD-WISE- Khetia (West Nimar). Nalkheda (Shajapur). Kurwai (Vidisha). Ichhawar (Sehore). Pachmarhi (Hoshangabad). Kareli ") Chhota-Cphindwara. j (Narsimhapur). Sidhi (Sidhi).

SECTOR-WISE- Bhilai Nagar (Durg). Nepa Nagar (East Nimar).

BLOCK-WISE- Govindpura (Sehore). Jabalpur Cant. (jabalpur).

CIRCLE.WISE­ Bairagarh (Sehore). In Tikamgarh there was a single house-numbering serial in the town as a whole. 84

APPENDIX K

Location Code Numbering in Bhilai Nagar

1. The Bhilainagar area can be divided into two pam.~(l) The sector area; and (2) the non­ sector area.

2. (a) In the sector area, two sectors have no numbers.

These must he numbered

(b) In the sector area, mo~t streets have been gi,'en numbers rn Arabic numerals :and most avenues have been numbered with alphabetical letters. The number painted on the house cons sts of (i) the number of the house; and, below it (ii) the numb,-r of the street (Arabic numeral) or the number of the avenue (Alphabetical letter). Further, where a single building has two or more houses, they have been given sub-numbers in the form of alphabetical letters : A, B, C, D and E, etc.,Ior thf. location code, these alphabeticaJ sub-numbers will be substituted by Arabic numerals: 1,2, 3, e;c .,for A, B, C .. c,c.

(c) There are, in the sector area, some streets and avenues which have no numbers but have names, This is the first kind of seqlltTICf! which has no nllmbn as a sequence. Secondly, th:re a;-e tubular sheds, bazar areas, etc., where again the sequences have neither names nor systematic mm:tc's, Thirdly, there are some camps of labourers or others living in huts or other temporary bui:ding~; t~~c~e huts, etc., have been numbered but there is no means of i(~eT,ti{}ing the sequence because the seqUf:IlCe as such has no systematic number or name. All these three types of sequences must be numbered in a continuous sequence with each number in the sequence preceded by 'c' with a hyphen, thus: C-I, C-2, C-3, etc.

3. In the non-sector area, all separate sequences-including that of '32 Bungalows'~must be num­ bered, each number being preceded by 'X' with a hyphen, thus: X-I, X-2, X-3, etc.

4. (i) Where a building, or house, which has a number (or a .sub-number) given by the Project authorities is such that its parts have separate entrances and are being used as separate units of accommo­ dation (like servants living in servants' quarters which do not have separate numbers or which are part of the main building but have separate entrances), they should be treated as separate census houses and given additional numbers in brackets. For example, suppose that building 35/Av.B has two houses given sub-numbers: 'A' and 'B', by the Project authorities and each of these two houses has two census houses in the sense defined above. Further, assume that each census house has only one census-household. The location code numbers of the four census households will be as follows :- 41/VII/2/7j35(1)/}\v.B (1); 41/VIIJ2J7J35(l)JAv.B (2); 4IfVII/2/7/35(2)JAv.B (1); and 41/VII/2J7j35(2)JAv.B (2). (In the above example, the supervisor's circle number has been taken to be 2 and the sector number has been assumed to be 7). (ii) If, in the above example, the first census house has two census households, their numbers will be:- 41JVII/2/7J35(I)jAv.B (I ifi); and

41JVII/2/7/35 (l)/Av. B (1 ~).

(iii) If the census house numbers or census hou<:ehold numbers are different from the numbers given by the Project authorities (with the exception of the substitution ofalphabetical sub-numbers by Arabic numeral referred to in the later half of para 2 (b) above regarding which oral instruction should suffice) the census house numbers or the census household numbers have to be actually painted on the structures or parts of structures concemed. 85

5. (i) The location code numb~rs of household,>, in anyone of the sequences of the C-series in the sector area wJl have the nl~mb'!r of the sequence in bracket" after the SCcto" numb~r ;n the fourlh position three eX;lmpks follow :-_

41jVIIjl2/5(C-III)/2 i ; 4 IjVIlj\2j5:C-IIl)j2 \ (1) ~ 41jVIIjI2j5(C-III)(22(1 <.p). (12 is the supervisor's circle number and 5, the sector number). (ii) In the non-sector area, in the fourth position, the num1,er of the sequence in the X-series alone need be written as in the following examples :-

41 jVIIj21jX-IIJ42; 41 jV!. /21 /X-II/43(1 ); 4ljVIl/2l jX-II/44 (1 <.p).

6. A reg'ster should be prepared g;v.ng in detail the location and other idenrfy:ng featurec of each ,equellce:11 the C-')eries and the X-ser:es. The descript!on of e:1ch seqlAnce shou;d 'nelude figures regard­ ing houses, households, etc., and a rough sketch showing its 10C:.'1t'o11, the lay-olit of ihe huts or houses and their number:ng sequence. A copy of this register should he 'eu:. to the Collector, D'.!rg, and another to the Su11cr;ntendent of Census Operations, MZldhy:, Pradesh. Bhop:~l.

G. jAGATHPATHI, Superintmdent qf CensuS" Operations, Madhya Pradesh. BHOPAL: December 3, 1960 86

APPENDIX L.

Enumeration Staff and sources from which Recruited Name of State :-Madhya Pradesh.

SUPERVISORS

School Police Forest Munici- Patwaris Gram Pancha- Other Non- Un- Total Masters Depart- Depart- pal Sewaks yat Officiah Officials Classified ment ment Servants Secre- taries

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7/ (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) ~-----... ---~------.-~------.------.-----

Total 2116 20 190 214 6198 389 66 849 128 244 10414 Regular 1581 20 147 172 5806 235 31 582 97 213 8884

Reserve . "d... < 535 43 12 392 154 35 267 31 31 1530

------.. -...___,----...... _--.-~.-----~-~----.--~~------__.------...... ------ENUMERATORS ------Total 36730 64 868 790 6261 1410 1118 2428 2461 2792 54922 Regular 32084 50 651 618 5424 1118 874 1861 1741 2280 46701 Reserve 4646 14 217 172 837 292 244 567 720 512 8221

Th!! total allotment for payment as honoraria to supervisors, enumerators and investigators was Rs. 11,78,026.25 oP. out of which accounts for Rs. 36,802.06 'nP. were still awaited from the districts on 1-7-63, when this statement waa prepared. 87

APPENDIX M

House-Listing Staff

.Name of State-Madhya Pradesh

~~~------~~------No. of Investiga­ S.No. Name of districts tors employed (1) (2) (3)

._------~~- 1 Morena 545 2 Bhind 421 3 Gwalior 384 4 Datia 135 5 Shivpuri +55 6 Guna 469 7 Tikamgarh 314 8 Chhatarpur 414 9 Panna 228 10 Satna 448 11 Rewa 451 12 Shahdol 352 13 Sidhi 161 14 Mandsaur 546 15 Ratlam 320 16 Ujjain 469 17 Jhabua 319 18 Dhar 416 19 Indore 364 20 Dewas 275 21 West Nimar 475 22 East Nimar 403 23 Shajapur 381 24 Rajgarh 334 25 Vidisha 369 26 Sehore 505 27 Raisen 343 28 Hoshangabad 576 29 Betul 336 30 Sagar 666 31 Damoh 266 32 Jabalpur 657 33 Narsimhapur 306 34 Mand1a 441 35 Chhindwara 477 36 Seoni 329 37 Balaghat 303 38 Surguja 474 39 Bilaspur 639 40 Raigarh 499 +1 Durg 1,008 42 Raipur 759 +3 Bastar 431 Total 18,463 88

APPENDIX N

Tour detaU" of Slari G. J~athpatbi, Sgperintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesk.

S. No. Date of departure Date of return Places visited Districts covered Remarks

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (5)

1-6-1959 4-6-1959 Delhi 2 9-6-1959 17-6-1959 Madras 3 19-7-1959 24-7-1959 Jabalpur Jabalpur Rewa Rewa Bilaspur Bila~pur Raipur Raipur 4 27-7-1959 29-7-1959 Indore Indore 5 30-7-1959 31-7-1959 Gwalior Gwalior 6 23-9-1959 2-10-1959 Delhi 7 27-11-1959 30-11-1959 Indore Indore Dhar Dhar

8 16-12-1959 18-12-1959 Ashta Sehore Indore Indore Depalpur Sonkutch Dewas" 9 25-12-1959 4-1-1960 Biaora Rajgarh Shivpuri Shivpuri Narwar ,. Gwalior Gwalior

JO 19-1-1960 21-1-1960 Indore Indore Shajapur Shajapur Sarangpur Rajgarh Dewas Dewas,

11 26-1-1960 29-1-1960 Jabalpur Jabalpur Patan Sihora Katni " 12 31-1-1960 Indore Indore Maheshwar .. W. Nimar Mandleshwar " Kasrawad " 13 15-2-1960 16-2-1960 Itarsi Hoshangabad 14 18-2-1960 22-2-1960 Sagar Sagar Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Khajurl>ho Panna Panna" Satna Satna Rewa Rewa

15 15-4-1960 3-')-1960 Damoh Damoh Jabalpur Jabalpur Seo.ni Seoni Raipur Raipur Kanke.r Bastar Bhanupratappur Kondagaon .. " Jagdalpur Dantewara Durg D~rg Balagh2t Balaghat Sagar Sagar 89

------~------_---- "~-.. - \1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ---- -_------_- 16 15-5-1960 18-5-1960 Sehore Sehore Indore ' Indore Ujjain Ujjain Dewas and Sonlmtch Dewas

17 16-6-1960 25-6-1960 Satna Satna Shah dol Shahdol Manendragarh Surguja Ambikapur Rewa Rewa" Chhatarpur Chhatarpur

18 29-6-1960 4-7-1960 Indore Indore Ratlam Ratlam Biaora Rajgarh 19 5-7-1960 7-7-1960 Gwalior Gwalior 20 18-7-1960 28-7-1960 Raigarh Raigarh Raipur Raipur Seoni Seoni jabalpur Jabalpur

21 7-8-1960 13-8-1960 Delhi

'1.2 6-9-1960 9-9-1960 Se.hore Sell,ore Ashta Dodi Metwal'a Indore Indore" Ratlam Ratlam Dhoswas Namli " Mandsaur Mandsaur" Nipania ,. Ajijkhedi Ratlam Jaora Badnawar Dhar" Dhar Khalghat West.. Nimar Mhow Indore 2:' 11-9-1960 11-9-1960 Raisen Raisen Bhilsa Vidisha Sanchi Raisen

24 24-9-1960 L 7-9-1960 Ghairatganj Raisen Rahatgarh Sagar Sagar jabalpur jabalpur.. Katangi Jabera Damoh" Damoh Hatta Garhakota Sagar" Begamganj Raisen Raisen " 25 13-10-1960 16-10-1960 Sagar Sagar Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Panna Panna Satna Satna Rewa Rewa Katni Jabalpur Jabalpur " 26 20-11-1960 22-11-1960 Indore Indore

27 22-11-196() 14-11-1960 Jabalpur Jabalpur 90

'---.---.--~~------(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

28 25-11-1960 27-11-1960 Durg Durg

29 29-11-1960 1-12-1960 Guna Guna.

30 12-12-1960 12-12-1960 Sanchi Raisen

31 12-12-1960 15-12-1960 Jabalpur Jabalpur Seoni Seoni Chhindwara. Chhindw31."3 Durg Durg

'12 \6-12-1960 17-12-1960 Ujjain Ujjain Indore Indore

33 23-12-1960 2-1-1961 Sagar Sagar Jabalpur Jabalpur Seoni Seoni Chhindwara Chhindwara Sausar Durg D~~g Balaghat Balaghat Damoh Damoh J-4- I 1-1-1961 13-1-1961 Ghoda-Dongri Betul Betul !tarsi H~shangabad Hoshangabad 91

Tour details of Shri K. D. Ballal, Dy. S. C. 0., Indore.

---~~-.. ------~------___..._------

S. No. Date of departure Date of return to Places visited Di5tricts covered Remarks frotTI Hd. Qrs. Hd. Qrs.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (.5) (5) ------29-12-59 31-12-59 Sawer Indore Ujjain Ujjain Mhow Indore

2 5-1-60 5-1-60 Depalpur Indore

3 6-1-60 6-1-60 Dhar Dhar Ghatabillod Kdod Indore" Mhow

4 11-1-60 13-1-60 Rajpur West-Nim..r Barwani Khargom: " Sanawad " .') 20-1-60 20-1-60 Mhow Indore

6 21-1-60 23-1-60 Mhow Indore Dewas Dewas Ujjain Ujjain Barnagar lit Badnawar Dhar Ratlam Ratlam 7 27-1-60 31-1-60 Biaora Rajgarh Shivpuri Shivpuri Gwalior Gwalior Morena Morena Bhind Bhind Guna Guna

8 2-2-60 2-2-60 Maheshwar West-Nimar Mandleshwar Kasrawad

9 4-2-60 11-2-60 Sonkatch Dewas Bhopal Sehore Vidisha Vidisha Gwalior Gwalior

10 13-2-60 14-2-60 Scndhwa West-Nimar Julwania Rajpur Barwani " II 19-2-60 24-2-60 Betul Betul Multai 12 26-2-60 27-2-60 Bhopal Sehore 13 2-3-60 2-3-60 Mhow Indore 14- 3-3-60 5-3-60 Jhabua Jhabua 15 7-3-60 9-3-60 Khargone West Nimar Khandwa East Nimar 16 11-3-60 12-3-60 Mandsaur Mandsaur 17 16-3-60 19-3-60 Bhopal Sehore Gwalior Gwalior Bhind Bhind 92

----~~-----~ .. --~---.-- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

_------_.------

18 22-3-60 27-3-60 Bhopal Schore 19 31-3-60 31-3-60 Ujjain Ujjain

20 2-4-60 5-4-60 Guna Guna Gwalior Gwalior

21 11-4-60 12-4-60 Ratlam Ratlam 22 12-4-60 14-4-60 'Bhopa\ Sehore Vidisha Vidisha Raisen Raisen

23 18-4-60 18-4-60 l'dhow Indore 24 20-4-60 20-4-60 Dhar Dhar 25 27-4-60 30-4-60 Rajgarh Rajgarh Guna Guna Shivpuri Shivpuri

26 3-5-60 3-5-60 Dewas Dewas 27 11-5-60 13-5-60 Khargone W_ Nimal-

28 17-5-60 18-5-60 Ujjain Ujjain Dewas Dewas

29 20-5-60 20-5-60 Dhar Dhar 30 22-5-60 25-5-60 Sonkatch Dewas Bhopal Sehore Dewas Dewas

31 29-5-60 31-5-60 Jhabua .Jhabua Ratlam Ratlam 32 1-6-60 1-6-60 Ujjain Ujjain 33 2-6-60 2-6-60 Mhow Indore 34 6-6-60 10-6-60 Gwalior Gwalior rvforena Morena Bhopal Sehore

35 12-6-60 16-6-60 Ashta Sehore Bhopal

36 19-6-60 26-6-60 Narsingarh Rajgarh Bhopal Sehore Hoshanga bad Hoshangabad Itarsi Betul Bet~1 Gwalior Gwalior - Bhind Bhim!

37 1-7-60 8-7-60 Ratlam Ratlam Biaora Rajgarh Gwalior Gwalior

38 11-7-60 19-7-60 Sonkat,h De\~as Bhopal Sehore

39 23-7-60 27-7-60 Sendhwa 'Vest Nimar Barwani Rajpur Kasrawad· Khargone Bhikangaon .. .. Khandwa E ..st Nimar Hurhanpur ., Nepanagar Barwaha \VestNima" r 93

----__ ------(1) (2) (3) (4) (.i) (6)

40 28-7-60 2-8-60 Shajapur Shajapur Bhopal Sehore Bera.ia

41 6-8-60 6-8-60 Depalpur Indore

42 9-B-60 9-8-60 Kannod Dewas Nanasa .. 43 11-8-60 13-8-60 Sawer Indore Ujjain Ujjain Mahidpur

44 16-8-60 18-8-60 Badnawar Dhar Ratlam Ratlam ]\1andsaul' l\1andsaur

45 20-8-60 25-8-60 Agar Shajapur Shivpuri Shivpuri Gwalior Gwalior Guna Guna Bia.ora Rajgarh Shajapllr Shajapllr

46 26-8-60 26-8-60 Dhar Dhar 47 29-8-60 3-9-60 Ashta Sehore Bhopal Hoshangabad Hoshangabad" Itarsi " 48 7-9-60 18-9-60 Jhabua Jhabua Thandla Ranapur " Jobat Alirajpur Ambua ,_." Kukshi Dhar

49 12-9-60 20-9-60 Shajapur Shajapur Guna Guna Gwalior Gwalior Morena l\IIorena Joura Bhind Rhino" Mehgaon ., ShivpUl'i Shivpuri Kolaras Biaora Rajgarb" Rajgarh Sarangpur Shajapur Shaf~pur Dewas Dewas 50 23-9-60 25-9-60 Sawer Indore Tarana Ujjain Ujjain Nagda " Ujjain

5'1 26-9-60 29-9-60 Rajpur West Nimar Barwani Anjad " Kasrawad Khargone Bhikangaon .. Khandwa East" Nimar Sanawad West Nimar Barwaha " 94

----_...__.---____.~~---~------..------~-----__...... ------(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

52 3-10-60 10-10-60 Bhopal Sehore Hoshangabad Hoshangabad I tarsi Gwalior Gwalior" Sehore Sehore

')3 14-10-60 14-10-60 Sawer Indore Ujjain Ujjain

.54 16-10-60 19-10-60 Shajapur Shajapur Guna Guna Gwalior Gwalior Shivpuri Shillpuri Biaora Rajgarh

:-ij 22-10-60 25-10-60 Ujjain Ujjain Badnagar Dhar Dh~~ '56 27-10-60 30-10-60 Sonkatch Dewas Bhopal Sehore

57 31-10-60 7-11-60 Badnawar Dhar Ratlam Ratlam Jaora Mandsaur Neemuch Jawad Malhargarh Manasa Sitamau Garoth Gandhisagar Bhanpura Sailana Rati'am 58 10-11-60 12-11-60 Maheshwar .. West Nimar Manawar .. Dhar ~lhowgaon Indore

59 14-11-60 15-11-60 Sawer Indore Mahidpur Ujjain Ujjain Dewas Dewas" 60 17-11-60 20-11-60 Bagli Dewas Bhopal Sehore

61 21-11.60 2-12-60 Khargone West Nimar Khandwa East Nimar Ujjain Ujjain Mandsaur Mandsaur Jaora Ratlam Ratlam Jhabua Jhabua Shajapur Shajapur Rajgarh Rajgarh Biaora ". Bhopal Sehorl~

62 2-12-60 2-12-60 Dhar Dhar

63 6-12-60 7-12-60 Vijayganj Ujjain Mandi h Ujjain Mahidpur " S4 11-12-60 13-12-60 Sonkatch Dewas Bhopal Sehore Raisen Raisen Sanchi 95

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 6) ------f):) 14-12-60 13-12-60 Maheshwar .. West Nimar Barwaha Maheshwar ..

66 16-12-60 16-12-60 Ujjain Ujjain 67 20-12-60 20-12-60 Sawer Indore Ujjain Ujjain

68 21-12-GO 26- 12-60 Kannod Dewas Nemawar Khategaon .. Bagh Dbar" Hatpiplia Dew as Ashta Sehore Bhopal

69 28-12-60 4·-1-61 Badnawar Dhar Jaora Ratlam Sitamau Mandsaur Shamgarh Garoth " Bhanpura Gandhisagar Malhargarh Manasa " Neemuch " Jawad Mandsaur Kachnara

70 9-1-61 14-1-61 Mahidpur Ujjain Ujjain Khachraud Alote Ratlam" Ratl .. m Neemuch Mandsaur" Mandsaur

71 18-1-61 21-1-61 Dhar Dhar Sardarpur ,. Jhabua Jhabua Meghnagar Bamnia " Petlawad "

72 24-1-61 24-1-61 Ujjain Ujjain

73 28cl-61 28-1-61 Ratlam Ratlam 74 29-1-61 31-1-61 Rajpur West Nimar Barwani Khargone " Kasrawad " " 75 1-2-61 3-2-61 Sonkatch Dewas Bhaurasa Bhopal Sehore"

76 13-2-61 16-').-61 Sonkatch Dewas Bhopal Sehore Nevri Dewas Bagh Dbar Khategaon Dewas Sandalpur Kanne:} .. 96

------~------~------~------~-----:------(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ------~---- _. __ -- -.-~------.--~------~-----___._-.----~------77 20-2-61 23-2-61 Sawer Indore Ujjain Ujjain Hingoria Badnagar Amla Jaora Ratlam" Bamankhedi Mandsaur Neemuch Barkhedapant Mandsaur Ratlam Ratlam" Badnawar Dhar 78 25-2-61 27-2-61 Khargone West Nimar Sendhwa Manawar Dhar" Gandhwani Jobat Jhabua" Alirajpur Jhabua .. Dhar Dhar" 79 1-3-61 2-3-61 Sawer Indore.. Ujjain Ujjain Pantpiplya " 1)0 14--3-61 14-3-61 Dewas De"'l1s

81 27-3-61 28-3-6J Bh"pal <,;ehore 97

rrOUl' details of Shri G. N. Tiwari, Dy. Superintendent of Census Operations, Jabalpur

S . No. Date of departure Date of return Place'; visited Districts covered Remarks from Head- to Headquarters quarters (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

31-1-1960 3-2-60. Maheshwar .. VV. Nimar With S.C.O., M. P., Bhopal Mandleshwar for training. Kasrawad " Indore Indore"

'2 8-2-1960 1t-2-60 Shah dol Shahdol Checking of Census registers. Bilaspur Bilaspur Mungdi Janjgir Sakti Raipur Dhamtari

3 18-2-1960 :24-2-60 Damoh Damoh Checking of Census Registen. Hatta Patan Jabalpur" JabalpUl' Seoni Se~ni Waraseorii Ralaghat Balaghat Jabalpur J,,'balpur Chhindwara .. Chhindwara Lakhanadon .'. Seoni Narsimhapur Narsimhapllr

4 19-4-1960 4-5-60 Patan Jabalpur Checking of Census Registers.. Bilaspur Bilaspur Raipur Raipur Raigarh Raigarh Jashpur Jagdalpur Bast~r Ambikapur Surguja Dharmajaigarh Raigarh Gharghoda

') 17-5-1960 18-5-60 Bhopal Schore To attend ?vfeeting 6 2-6-60 7-6-60 Jabalpur Jabalpur For checking G.V.R. and Raipur Raipm' GR. and building inspection. Jagdalpur Bastar Bilaspur Rilaspur

7 l'~_(j_ 1960 2:)-6-60. Bhopal Sehore F'or attending meeting at Katni Jabalpur Bhopal and for conducting Manendragarh Surguja training classes with refe;­ enee to Circular No. 8 dl 10-6-60.

Ambikapur Surguja For conducting training or Shahdol Shahdol high officials with reference Rewa Rewa to Circular No. B c!i 10.6-60. Sagar Sagar Chhatarpur Chhatarpur

H 3-7-1960 10-7-GO Katni Jabalpur 1'01' checking building num­ Bilaspur Bilaspur hering. Raigarh Raigarh Raipur Raipur Sagar Sagar

~J 1:)-7-1960 15-7-60. Damoh Damoh

1 \ 18- 7- 1960 :2.5-7 -60 Katni Jabalpm For checking hOll'" numhel·ing. Raigarh Raigarh Seoni Seoni Raipur Raipul' 98

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ------_---" 11 1-8-60 5-8-60 jagdaipur .. BastaI' Conducting of training c1asse Dantcwada of Investigators. Raipur Raipur" Bilaspur Bilaspur 12 12-8-60 12-8-60 Narsimhapur N arsimhapur For checking of building Gadarwara numbering and conducting of training classes of in­ 13 17-8-60 23-8-60 Sihora jaba1pur vestigators. Katni Rewa Rewa"" Sidhi Sidhi Satna Satna Unchahera .. Panna Panna" Chhatarpur Chhatarpur Teekamgarh Teekamgarh Jatara Sagar Sagar" Khurai Damoh Damoh" Hindoria " 14 25-S-GO 1-9-60 Seoni Seoni Ba1aghat Ba1aghat Bhilai Durg Rajnandgaon Khairagarh Raipur Raipur" Bilaspur Bilaspur Sakti Raigarh R~igarh Lj 2-9-60 10-9-60 Bilaspur Bilaspur For checking of building Raipur Raipur numbering and house list­ Dhamtari ing. jagadalpur Bastar" Dantewada ,. Durg Durg Bhilai Balod " Khairagarh Chhui Khadan " Dongargarh " Balaghat Balaghat" 17-9-60 Khamaria jabalpur For checking of building Amakhoh n umbering and house listing G.C.F. Amanala " " 17 19-9-60 20-9-60 Shahpura Jabalpur 18 23-9-60 23-9-60 Katangi 19 25-9-60 28-9-60 Durg Durg" Raipur Raipur Bilaspur Bilaspur .20 5-10-60 17 -10-60 Katni Jabalpur For checking of building Durg Durg numbering and house list­ Raj nandgao n ing. Khairagarh Rajahara-Jharandalli " Balod " Raipur Raipur" Raigarh Raigarh Dharamjaigar h

Gharghoda "J> Bilaspur Bilaspur Katghora Durg Durg" Bhilai " 99

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ------2 I. 27- W-60 30-10-60 Bhopa! Sehore To attend meeting in S_C.O • Office Bhopal.

22. 2-11-60 10-11-60 Satna Satna To inspect implementation 0 Rewa Rewa Circular No. 10, 1 I & 12. Sidhi Sidhi Shahdol ShahdoI Raipur Raipul' Balaghat Balaghat Seon; Seoni Mandla :vrandla.

23. 17-11-60 26-11-60 Pat an Jabalpur To inspect implementation Bhopal Sehore of Circular No. 10, 11 & Damoh Damoh 12. To attend meeting of Katni labalpur Dy. S.C.O's to conduct . Satna Satna enumerator's classes . Sidhi Sidhi Shahdol Shahdol Rewa Rewa Panna Panna

24.27-11-60 30-11-60 Seoni Seoni Lakhanadon Balaghat Bal~ghat Baihar

25. 1-12-60 3-12-60 Bhopal Sehore To attend meeting at Bhopal. Mandla Mandla

26. 6-12-60 10-12-60 Seoni Seoni For indsection of training Chhindwara Chhindwara classess. Sausar Lodhikheda " Pandhurna .. Chourai Balaghat Bal~ghat Parasia Chhindwara Ramkona

27_ 13-12-60 17- t 2-60 Seon; Seoni In connection with R.G.I. '5 Chhindwara Chhindwara visit. Satna Satna Narsimhapur N arsimhapur Kondia Mohpani " Lakhanadon .. Seoni" Dhuma " 28. 21-12-60 31-12-60 Rewa Rewa Deotalao Mauganj " Govindagarh " Beohari Shahdol Burhar Nargadahari Dafai " Sidhi Semrai Deosar " Singrauli " Sirmaur Chachai Rewa Katni " Khatoli " 29. !l-1-51 14-1-61 Jabera Checking of houses number­ Nohta ing. Damoh .." 100

------~ -~._~-.- -- (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6\

-----~---~.------~- Hatta Damoh Sarkhadi Khurai Sagar" Banda Panji Damoh" Tendukheda

30. 17-1-61 17-1-61 Niwas Mand1a Mandla

31. 19-1-61 21-1-61 Lakhanadon Seoni Balaghat Balaghat Baihar Waraseoni .." 32. 22-1-61 25-1-61 Amarpatan Satna Satna Nagod " Gopal Sagar Maihar " Singhpur " Kohari .. " 33. 27-1-61 30-1-61 Patan Jahalpur Dindori Mandla

34. 1-2-61 3-2-61 Bhopal Sehore To attend meeting ill S.U.O's office. 35. 14-2-61 14-2-61 Sihora Jabalpur

36, 21-2-61 21-2-61 Nehagawan .. Jabalpur Chhapara 5ihora " 37. 23-2-61 23-2-61 Mandla Mandla

38. 21-2-61 26-2-61 Rewa Rewa Satna Satna Katni Jabalpur 101

TOUR DETAILS OF SHRI K. S. BHATNAGAR, DY. S. C. 0., GWALIOR. ------S. NQ. Date of Date of Places visited Districts covered Remarb departure from return to Head quarters Head quarters

(1 ) (2)' (3) (4) (5) (6)

18-10-60 18-10-60 Raisen, San chi Raisen House numbering.

2 27-10-60 27-10-60 Hoshanga bad Hoshangabatl Checking charge register.

3 1-11-60 H-11-60 Biaora, Rajgarh, Rajgarh, Guna, Chachoda, Gwa- l\lorena, Gwalior 1ior, Guna, Sabal­ Shivpuri. Tikamgal'h, garh, i\10rena, Joura Karera, Tikamgarh,

4 13-11-60 17-11-50 Narsingarh, Shi,-- Rajgarh, Shiy- puri, Datia. puri, Datia, Gwalior. i\lorena. Gwalior, Morena.

5 17-11-60 20-11-60 Cuna Guna. Gwalior Gw ali or

6 21-11-60 29-11-60 i hind, l\lorena, Bhind, l\Iorena, For training clall8e;. Mohana, Shivpuri, Shivpuri, Datia. Dalia, jhansj, Jhansi. Tikamgarh, Tikamgarh Chhatarpur. Chhat«.rpur

7 30- I 1-60 30-11-60 Halt Chhatarpur.

8 1-12-60 +-12-60 Panna, Dikhvari Panna.

9 7-12-60 8-12-60 Dabra, l'.1orena. I\-'[orena. Gwalior Shivpuri. Ambah, joura Kolaras. Pohri. 10 11-12-60 13-l2-60 Bhopal Sehore Meeting seo.

II 15-12-60 17-12-60 Gohad. l'viehgaon, Hhincl. Bhind, Lahar.

12 21-12-60 24-12-60 Shivpuri, I\-1anpura. Shivpuri, Guna. Karera, Kolaras. Pachhavali. Guna Ruthiai.

13 26-12-60 31-12-60 Datia, Tikamgarh. Datia, Tikamgarh. Mavai, jatara, Chhatarpur, Pa.Dna Nowgong, HarpaI­ pur, Chhatarpur. Panna, Ajaigarh.

14 1-1-61 2-1-61 .. Panna, Chhatarpur. Panna, Chhatarpur Niwari, Orchha Tikamgarh

15 10- J -61 15-1-61 Shivpuri, Guna, Guna, Shivpuri, Mungaoli, Biaora. Rajgarh. Khilchipur, Nar­ singarh. Sarangpur.

16 16-1-61 16-1-61 Bhopal Sehore.

17 17-1-61 21-1-61 Narsingarh, Biaora. Rajgarh Chachoda, Guna, Shivpuri Raghogarh. Datia Guna, Shivpuri. Gwalior, Pohri. Karera, Datia. Dabra. 102

(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

18 27-1-61 28-1-61 Ambah, Morena, Morena. Sabalgarh, Joura, Shivpuri Kolaras, Jigni.

19 30-1-61 31-1-61 Kolara." Guna, Sh.ivpuri, Guna, Chachora, Biaora, Rajgarb Narsingarh.

20 1-2-61 3-2-61 Bhopal Sehore.

21 11-2-61 15-2-61 Shivpuri, Guna Shivpuri, Guna •. Enumeration worlt. Biaora Narsingarh, Bhopal Rajgarh, Sehon',

22 20-2-61 24-2-6~ Jhansi, Babina, Jhansi, Datia Enumeration of Babina Chhatarpur Tikamgarh, Firing Range. Panna, Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur. Datia. Panna

23 27-2-61 28-2-61 Joura, Morena, ~forena, Bhincl Ambah, Bhind, Gohad.

14 1-3-61 1-3-61 Bhind, Mehgaon Bhind. 103

Tour Detail. of Shri P. K. Plxit, Dy. Supdt. of Census Operations, Bhopal.

Date of Date of 5. No. depaftuI'C from return to Places visited Districts covered Remarks Head quarters Head quarters

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

26.10.60 26-10-60 Sehore Sehore. 2 1-11-60 2-11-60 Agar, Susner, Shajapur. Shajapur 3 3-11-60 4-11-60 Kurwai and Basoda Vidisha. 4 4-11-60 4-11-60 Berasia Sehore. 5 5-11-60 9-11-60 Piparia, Chhindwara Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Gadarwara, Narsimhapur. Amarwara, Hoshangabad, Narsimhapur

6 10-11-60 11-11-60 Banapura, Harda, Hoshangabad. Sohagpur 7 14-11-60 14-11-60 Raisen Raisen 8 15-11-60 15-11-60 Bareli Raisen. 9 16-11-60 18-11-60 Ujjain, Agar Uiiiilin, Shajapur.

10 20-11-60 21-11-60 S~hore Sehore. 11 22-11-60 30-11-60 Vidisha, Raisen, Vidishll, Raiscn, Barman, Narsimhapur, Narsimhapur, Cb-hindwara, Hetul Chhindwara,Betul and Hoshangabad. Hoshangabad

12 4-12-60 4-12-60 Sanchi Raisen. 13 4-12-60 7-12-60 Sohagpur, Hoshanga- Hoshangabad. bad 14- 12-12-60 12-12-60 Sanchi Raisen. 15 13-12-60 16-12-60 Nagpur (In connection with R.G.I. visit).- 16 24-12-60 26-12-60 Indore, Agar Indore and Shajapur.

17 1-1-61 3-1-61 .. Raisen, Sanchi, Raisen, Vidisha. . Vidisha, Basoda, Kurwai, Sironj,_ Lateri. 18 6-1-61 12-1-61 Budni, Hoshangabad Sehore, Hoshanga- Itarsi, Dolaria, bad, Betul. Sohagpur, Piparia, Multai, Hoshangabad

19 15-1-61 15-1-61 Goharganj .. Raisen. 20 18-1-61 19-1-61 Ujjain, Agar Ujjain, Shajapur. 21 20-1-61 21-1-61 Ganj Basoda Vidisha. 22 27-1-61 29-1-61 Shujalpur, Indore, Shajapur, Indore & Khandwa, Bur- E. Nimar. hanpur, Nepanagar Hoshangabad }(handvra,lIoshan- gabad. 23 30-1-61 31-1-61 Vidisha Vidisha. 24 3-2-61 4-2-61 Agar Shajapur. 25 5-2-61 7-2-61 Hoshangabad, Bana­ Hoshangabld. pura. 104

Tour DetaUs 'of Shri K. C. Dubey, Dy. Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Ralpur

Date,of Date-of S. No. departure from retuni to Places visited Districts covered Remarks Headquarten Headquarters (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

27·10·60 27·10·60 Vidisha Vidisha Joined at Bhopal on 24-10·60. 2 4·11·60 ...·11-60 Bhilainagar Durg Joined duty at Raipur on. 30·10·60.

3 5-11-60 6·11-60 Bhanupratappur Bastar. 1"'< .. ",PII ...... 8·11·60 9-11·60 Bilaspur Bilaspur. 5 11-11·60 13-11·6{) Durg. Durg.. , ...... , 6 16-11-60 23-11.60 Bhopal, 'l.Manendra- Sehore, Bilaspur, garb, Ambika- Surguja and Rai- pur. Raigarh, &,arh. Bilaspur.

7 24-11~ 26-11-60 Durg Durg. 8 30-11·60 6-12-60 Bhopal, Bilaspur. Sebore. Bilaspur. 9 8-12-60 8-12·60 Bhilai Durg. 10 0-12-60 14-12-60 Bhilai, llajnand- DIIrg. gaon, Dongar. garh, Durg. 11 115.12-60 19-12-60 Bilaspur, Mungeli, Bilaspur and Dw-r. Nandghat,

i2 20·12-60 20-12-60 Bhilai. Durg. '."~ 13 -12-60 23-12-60 Gariaband Chhura Raipur. 14- 24-·12-60 27.12-60 Kanker, Bhanu- pratappur, DhaRl- tari. 15 28-12-60 80-12-60 Durg Durg. 16 1·1-61 -4-1-61 GariabaDd RaipUl' 105

------~------_- ---~--~...... _------(I) (2) (3) (4) (5) ------(6) 17 7-1-61 8-1-61 Bhilai, Durg. Durg. 18 11-1-61 17-1-61 Sarancarh, Rai- Raigarh, Surguja garh, Sitapur, Ambikapur, Ghar- ghoda, 19 23-1-61 .. 30-1-61 Kondagaon Nara- .. Bastar. yanpur Jagdal- pur Bijapur. 20 31-1-61 .. 4-2-61 Bhopal Sc:horc. 21 10-2-61 10-2-61 Durg and Bhilai­ Durg. nagat'_

22 11-2-61 18-2-61 Bhopal, Bilaapur. Sehore. BiJaspur. 23 12-3-61 12-3-61 Durg Durg.

24 16-3-61 16-3-61 Bhilainagar. Durjl. 106

APPENDIX 0

Provisional Totals-Inform.ation Regarding Despatch of Telegrams

Despatch Receipt A..- District r ( ""'_---, Date Tim<: Date Time

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

.--~------1. Morena 8-3-61 2000 9-3-61------080() 9-3-61 1600 2. Bhind · . 8-3-61 1935 3. Gwalior 4. Datia · . 8-3-61 1900 8-3-61 1710 5. Shivpuri 9-3-61 1230 9-3-61 1500 6. Guna · . 9-3-61 1400 9-3-61 2200 7. Tikamgarh 9-3-61 0900 8. Chhatarpur 9-3-61 0700 9-3-61 1020 9. Panna 6-3-61 2000 6-3-61 - 10. 8atna 9-3-61 1251 11. Rewa 9-3-61 1000 9-3-61 1100 12. Shahdol 9-3-61 1830 9-3-61 1830 13. Sidhi · . 9-3-61 14. Mandsaur 8-3-61 2200 9-3-61 1150

15. Ratlam 9-3-61 1130 9-3-61 1100 16. Ujjain .. 9-3-61 1212

17. Jhabua 9-3-61 1635 9-3-61 2200 18. Dhar 8-3-61 1605 8-3-61 1545

19. Indore 8-3-61 1740 20. Dewas 9-3-61 2000 21. West Nimar 19-3-61 1856 19-3-61 1215

22. East Nimar 9-3-61 9-3-61 1312

23. Shajapur 9-3-61 1700

N. Rajgarh 8-3-61 1700 107

(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) --_--_-

25. Vidisha · . 8-3.61 205'1 8-3-61 2020

26. Sehore · . 9·3-61 . 1400 9-3-61 27. Raisen

28. Hoshangabad 9-3-61 1630 9-3-61 lS:D

29. Betul 8-3-61 1450 8·3-61 1310 30. Sagar · . 8-3-61 1230 8-3-61 1600 31. Damoh 8-3-61 2000 8-3·61 1955 , 32. Jabalpur 9-3·61 1100 9-3-61 1322

33. N arsimhapur 8·3..fil 1400 8-3-61 1525

34. Mandla 9·3-61 1200

35. Chhindwara 9·3·61 1430 9-3-61 1330

36. Seoni .. 9·3-61 1200 9-3-61 1207

37. Balaghat 8-3-61 1520 8-3-61 1620

38. Surguja 8-3-61 1700

39. Bilaspur 8-3-61 1300 8-3-61 1610

40. Raigarh 8-3-61 9-3-61 1530

41. Durg 7-3-61 2300

42. Raipur .. 8-3-61 1510 8-3-61 1620 43. Bastar .. 8-3-61 1300 8-3-61 1630 108

APPENDIX P

Copy of letter No. 2661, dated the 16th June 1961, from the Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesb~ Bhopal, addressed to tbe Registrar-General, India, New Delhi.

SU.8JECT.-Census 196) -Post Enumeration Check-Final Report regarding Madhya Pradesh.

Circulars regarding the PEe were received in this office during the period 3ed February 1961 to 13th February 1961. It was extremely difficult in the time available to understand the instructions thoroughly, plit them up into circulars in a form suitable for the State and despatch them to districts; printing was really a touch-and-go affair and it was sheer good luck that they could be got ready in time. Lack of time also prevented the issue of instructions in Hindi as, in many parts of the State, it is difficult to get supervisors whose knowledge of English was such that they could understand these circulars. I myself took quite some time in understanding the instructions fully and had to bother Shri S. P. Jain a number of times on the telephone for clarification of some points. Nor was it possible during that period to organise any training for field officers. Verification(Reverification Officers were all busy in the census and could not be expected to do anything else till about 12th March, 1961 from which date the Dy. Supdts. of Census Operations, who alone could train PEC Officers, were all extremely busy in connection with the setting up of tabulation offices-recruitment, accommodation, receipt of records, etc. That is why I decided to centralise the direction of PEC Operations at the level of the District Census Officers-who themselves in this State number 43, a large enough number to make matters difficult, whereas I would have had to deal with 219 officers if the Charge Officer had been made the pivot. Many of the fonus and instructions were despatched to the headquarters ofDy. Supdts. of Census Operations from where the District Census Officers collected them by sending clerks-thus avoiding the vagaries of the postal system. The result, therefore, was that the District Census Officers, with the help of District Statistical Officers/Assistants, had 10 handle the whole operation unaided by personal instruction from my Dy. Supdts. of Census Operations or mysel£ On the whole, however, I should think that the PEC was carried out satisfactorily and there were no procedural errors in the PEC which render faulty the estimate of error in the census count based on the PEG. Instead of sendiug copies of circulars straight to the districts in the same form in which they were received, I drafted separate circulars for various phases which, I believe, made the whole procedure cl earer.

2. (i) The selection of PEG blocks started in right earnest on receipt of circular II on 3 Feb. 1961. The total number of blocks in the State and the number in which the PEC was carried out are as fo110",5 :-

Number of Number of Percentage Blocks in Blocks where of (2) to (1) the Statr the PEG wa~ carried out (1) (2) (3)

Rural 41,352 4

llrball 8,179 164 2 per ct"nt.

~~------...-.-_ .. Total .. 49,531 571 1.15 pt"r cent. ------~-- Some errors were committed while communicating details regarding sample blocks to the district. What happened was that, while typing out details regarding selected blocks districtwise, 6 rural block~ were inadvertently omitted and these mistakes escaped notice even when comparing the fair copies with the manuscript. I regret this operational failure; at least part of the reason is that we were doing things n a hurry. No areas, however, have been left out of the PEe on account of inaccessibility inspite of the difficulties involved.

(ii) I give below a table which compares the size-distribution of the sample blocks with that of totality of blocks; there is some deviation of the sample from the universe but this probably does not detract verr much from the valu~ of the ~rror~timate. 109

Population Percentage of Percentage of Deviation (2)-(:1) range total blocks in sample (PEe) (+) (-) ,his range blocks in thi~ range (I) (2) (3) (4) , R"ral 0-349 3-93 4-91 (--)0'98 350-699 51-94 4-4' 23 (+)7'71 700-200 21- 85 24-0B (-)2-23 801-950 W-OI 21' 37 (-)2- 36 951 and abovt: 3-27 )'41 (-)2' H Urban 0-300 3'93 3'66 (+ )0' 27 301-549 41· 68 40'85 (+)0'83 550-650 28'49 29-27 (-)0' 78 651-800 20'68 18'29 (+ )2- 39 80G and above 5'22 7-93 (-)2- 71 Figures in column (2) have already been communicated to you in an unnumbered mernorand urn -of this office dated 3rd February 1961.

3_ (i) The net error in the census count is over-enumeration to the extent 0[0'25 per cent.

(ii) In house-listing, as compared with a total of 75,265 houses 216 houses were missed involving ei population of553 persons (296 males, 257 females). The number of houses that were censused but should not have been censused is 4 involving a popUlation of 7 persons (3 males, 4 females). This latter figure of over-enumerated houses is of houses which, being unmatched entries in the Censused House-list, were by mistake not carried over into the list of extras. The net error, therefore, is under-enumeration to the extent ofO'I5 per cent attributable to defective house-listing; the actual number of persons is 546 (293 male~, 253 females). The total population of the sampled blocks is 369,712 (Males 191,066; Females, 178,646).

(iii) The total number of Census Houses (R or PR) in PEe Blocks forms 1.21 pel' cent of the total number of occupied Census Houses; the total number of sample houses in the PEe was 6,390 and the total population (censused) in these houses was 31,795 (16,196 males, 15,599 females). In calculating errors, we have divided the number of persons involved in the 'not known' category into over-enumerated and missed categories in the same proportion in which these two kinds of error were independently found to have occurred. This, to my unstatistical mind, seems a reasonable method to adopt. The detailed calculations are as below :- Total Rural Urba,1 ,-_____A.. ____ , r-'-,--,-__,.A.---.~- -., .-______.A.._----., P M F P M F P M F

------~--~------~------~-----.-----

1. Censuscd population. _ 31,795 16,196 15,599 27,035 13,748 13,337 4,710 2,448 2,262

2. Over-enumerated 224 97 127 166 69 91 58 28 3()

3_ Missed 126 47 79 101 39 62 25 8 17

4_ (a) !'iot Known III 46 65 91 38 53 20 B 12

(b) Over enumerated out of (0) 70 30 -40 56 24 32 14 6 g

(c) Missed out of (0) 41 16 25 35 14- 21 6 2 4

~. Total over-enumerated [2+4-(b)) 294 127 167 222 93 129 72 3~ 38

Ii. Total missed l3+ 4(c)] 167 63 lO4 136 ~)3 83 31 )() 21

7. Net error (+) (5 - 6) +127 +64- +63 +86 +40 +46 +41 +24- +17 8. Net error percent 7 X 100/1 +0·399 +0' 395 +0' 404 0-317 0-291 0-345 0'870 0'980 O· 751 If we exclude the: NK category altogether, the net error in respect of persons will be reduced to 0'30%. 110

(iv) It only remains to combine the two types of error:-

This has been done as follows :~--

PersQns Males Females

I. (a) Error per cent in House-listing .. + Total (-)0.148 (-)0.153 (-)0.142 Rural (-)0.076 (-)0.078 (-)0.073 Urban (-)0.358 (-)0.360 (-)0.355

(b) Error calculated on the basis of total +Total (-)47,914 (-)25,396 (-)22,430 population. Rural (-)21,101 (-)10,998 (-}9,975 Urban (-)16,573 (-) 8,994 (-)7,564

2. (a) Error per cent in enumeration of persom +Total (+ )0.399 (+ )0. :195 (+ )0.404 Rural <+)0.317 (+ )0.291 (+ )0. 345 Urban (+)0.870 (+ )0. 980 (+)0. 751

(h) Error calculated On total population .. +Total (+ )129,254 (+ )65,564 (+ )63,815 Rural (+ )88,015 (+ )41,031 (+)47,144- Urban (+ )40,275 (+ )24,485 (+)16,003

3. Total error (+) [1(b)+2(b)] .. Total (+ )81,310 (+ )40,168 (+ )41,385 Rural (+ )66,914 (+ )30,033 (+ )37,169 Urban (+ )23,702 (+) 15,491 (+ )8,439 4. Total error percentage +Total (+ )0.25 (+)0.24 (+ )0.26 Rural (+)0.24 (+)0.21 (+)0.27 Urban (+ )0.51 (+ )0.62 (+)0.40 5. Population Total 32,394,375 16,598,526 15,795,849 Rural 27,765,100 14,100,082 13,665,0IB Urban 4,629,275 2,498,444 2,130,831

4. (i) The census of hou8es (house-listing) seems to have been quite thorough. In fact, in areas like Bhilai, the enumerator was asked to check his list of houses once again about the 20th of February 1961 because there was a good deal of movement in and out; in fact, blocks were demarcated more on the basis of area than on the basis of households. An examination ofthe Lists of Extras shows that the number of houses wrongly enumerated was 4 and the number missed was 216; to the number over-enumerated has been added, as pointed out earlier, the number of unmatched entries in the CGL not carried oVer by mistake into the Lists of Extras; this is 2.

(ii-a) The analysis of the census of over-enumeration of houses is as follows :-- Code number Number of,- _____Population---A. ____ ----, of rea.,on houses Person! Males Females

9(a) 2 7 3 4 9(b)

(ij.b) The analysis of 'missed' houses is as follows ;-

Code number Number Persons in missed Enumerated Actual No. of persons in

of reason of howel houses ---Aelsewhere______mis$ed houses ~ ,- M F M F M F P 8(a) 2. 5 4- .5 4 9

8(b) 36 63 43 3 3 60 40 100 8(c) 50 .56 49 12 11 44 38 8? SCd) 76 13.5 124 15 8 12.0 116 236 8(e) oW 77 67 16 12 61 55 216

10. 12 14 10 8 6 6 4 11 111

(iii) No analysis need be made of houses entered in the Lists ofEx.tras but found to have been correctly censused or not censused because these are all wrong entries made by the VO's. These discrepancies arose mostly because of differences of opinion as to whether a particulur building should be treated as comisting of one or more census houses. Sometimes, houses which were 'V' or 'NR' during the census subsequently became'R' or 'PR'-and vice versa; new houses (huts, for example) were included by the VO's though they did not exist during the census.

(iv) It is somewhat surprising that the largest category of "missed" houses should be that of those having census numbers but not censused inspite of it. The next two large categories are 8 (b) and 8 (c) erro:-s in respect of which are to be expected to SOffie extent. The preponderance of 8 (d) may be due to the fact that they were vacant during the censuS period-which fact could perhaps not be brought out in the PEe.

5.. (i) Mi~,take" in the enumeratIon of persons are analysed below ;:-

A-()Yel'-ED1IDlerat1oD

Persons Males Females

(i) NER •. 40 19 21

(ii) NEV •. 21 9 12

(iii) NEF •. 163 69 94-

(iv) Total 224 97 127 B-Uadcr-EaDDlCl'adoD

PersODl Mates Femalea (v) NRP .• 157 67 90 (vi) NRA 61 25 36 (vii) V 19 5 14 (viii) Total .. 237 97 140 (ii) I give below the same figures tabulated on the basis or age c-

Persons MaleS Fe"malb ,- .A. ,,- 0-+ 5-49 50& Age not 0-4 5-49 50& Age not ()-4 5-49 50 & Age not above stated above stated above stated (1) --(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 00) (Itt (12)..... 1. (a) NRP S3 92 12 33 83 I 20 59 11 .. (b) NRA 9 44 8 6 15 .. 3 29 4- (c) V .. 9 9 I 4 1 - 5 8 1 (d) Total .. 71 145 21 43 - 49 - 5 28 96 16

2. (a) NEF 1 t61 I 68 1 93 (b) NRP S 17 2 18 2 8 2 7 I 9 11 (e) NEV 1 4 2 14 - 2 1 6 1 2 1 8 (d) Total 5 21 5 193 2 fO 4- 81 S 11 ----I 112 3. Grand 16 166 26 193 45 5'9 9 81 31 107 17 112 Total [I (J)+2(d)]. 112

It will be observed )hat both in over-, and in under-, enumeration, the largest group (311) is that in the age-group: 5-49 and, within the group, the number of females(96)is almost twice the number of males (49) among those missed and, among those wrongly enumerated, the number of females (107) is considerably larger than, though not nearly twice as large a~, the number of males (59). Under enume­ ration of females is understandable but over enumeration is somewhat difficult to appreciate. However, in the over-enumerated category, the largest category (1631) is that ofNEF. I am of the view that these are all correctly enumerated cases and have been shown as mistakes because tbe respondents were unable to recall the names given 2.t the census-giying false names is a very common practice and the exact name given is not remembered for long after wards. If the NEF category is excluded, the enor in the census becomes very small indeed.

6. (i) In actually carrying out the PEC, there was sotlle deviation from the instructions which however, does not effect the validity of the results of the PEe.

(ii) Errors were not always introduced at the rate of one per house; though never less, often more were introduced. In a few cases, ghost entries became in effective because some missed person had the same name; however, in the few cases where a person enumerated had given at the census a wrong name, the ('arlier 'ghost' was discovered •• being otherwise of identical sex and description.

(iii) Form I (CHL) and form II (VHL) presented no great difficulty. I am, however, not quite clear why we could not have used the same method (of introducing errors) for checking coverage of houses also a.s was used for checking enumeration of p~rsons. This will avoid, errors arising from (a) copying into List of Extras; and (b) a different sequence being adopted by the VO which ma..~es the difficult business of matching more difficult. The fact that the sequence of numberg of cenSUS houses (R or PR) can never be regular makes this method possible; all that will be necessary is to provide .... little space at the end for Census houses with no numbers. (tV) In the List of Extras, the requirement that a code number should be given as well as a 'descrip­ tion'- of the reason was probably unnecessary. Codes for field workers should not be used where their number is as large as 15. A mistake, which could have been but was not rectified at my level, was to design this form vertically; it 5hould have been horizontal providing more space for the 'description' columns.

(v) Form V was again a simple matter. In Form 91, however, there were many complications in design which, in any opinion, were neces~ary. To begin with, there is no reason at all why the serial number in Section II should be continuous for all households while the same serial in Section I is separate for each household; in actual fact, VO's used 5. No.'s 1-5 for the first household and 5. No.'s 6-10 for the second. It was only in one or two cases that the number of persons missed in a household exceeded five. Secondly, Section III was unnecessary and was in practice not correctly filled in at all in most cases. In spite of repeated clarification that it is onllY a second check and that, in cases where Section II has been correctly done, it reproduces Section II in a convenient form, it was hardly ever properly understood. There was, however, no adverse effect on accuracy because Section II has been generaty done very carefully. Even though reverification of Form VI was not prescribed e~cept in some glaring cases, it was done in most districts as a :rr.atter of course.

(vi) Ghost entries, correctly discovered to be NEF, were also in correctly entered into Form VII and treated as Ca'l.eS of over-enumeration; there have been corrected at headquarters.

(vii) As pointed out in para 6 of the "Instructions to Verification Officers", which waS an enclosure to my circular No. CC-16jI059, dated 27th February 1961, those who should have been: enumerated fall into four categories and those who should not have been, into three catfgories. For the check-mark column (vii) of Section I of Form VI, we have provided three types of entry which are adequate NER, NEV and NEF. But for the residential status column (vi) of Section II, we have provided only three types of entry NRP, NRA and V; the two categories of visitors who should have been enumerated but misccd should preferably have been given two different kind of code because, from the stand-point of the PEC, vidtors are an important category requiring careful verification. Also. where the time of death or birth determines whether .a person should or should not have been enumerated, we should have had a sepnate code both in NE and NR. 113

(viii) The part of instructions dealing with how the Reverification Officers should fill up the other columns of Form III are really very difficult to remember; it should be possible to make them simpler.

7. I am glad to report that in Dewas District of this State no reverificaticn at all was found neces­ sary. In many other districts, reverification became necessary because the VO did not do the work on the right times. I regret that I could not send the papers to you by 30th April 1961 as required by you. Papers from Bastar were received as late as 3rd June 1961; conditio:1s in th::! t distr~ct were extremely difficult in the recent past. 114

APPENDIX Q

ACCURACY OF THE CENSUS COUNT

Post-Enumeration Check

A Post-Enumeration Check of 1961 Census count was undertaken in each Sta te around 22 rvhrch 1961. Error in population count might occur on account of (a) omission or duplication ofa r:Gue ;:,s a w hole and hence its inmates, and (b) omission or duplication in counting inmates in a house can vc,ssed by the census enumerator. The effect of type (a) error on population count was sought to be esrirr.2.ted fro m a sample of enumeration blocks and of type (b) error from a sample of houses in sampled blocks. In r ural areas 1 per cent of blocks and 10 per cent of houses and in the urban areas 2 per cent 0 f blocks and 5 per cent of houses generally were taken for these purposes. The results show that there were 1,007 persons for every 1,000 persons counted in the 1961 Census. It is a reason­ ably safe conclusion (le.vel of probability being 99.7%) that the number of persons omitted per- 1,000 counted could not have exceeded 8 or fallen short of6. A similar Post-Enumeration Check con­ ducted after the 1951 Census showed an under-enumeration of 11 persons per 1,000 counted with upper and lower limits of 12 and 10 respectively. , The following Statement gives the results by States in rural and urban sectors. Row (i) shows the estimated error as a percentage of censused population and row (ii) shows its sampling percentage error. Negative sign means a net over-counting, figures without sign in row (i) representing a net omission. 115

POST-ENUMERATION CHECK, 1961 STATEMENT I

------Rural Urban Combined State (a) type (b) type Total (a) type (b) type Total (a) type (b) type Total ------(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 1. (i) (ii) 2. (i) (ii) 3. (i) (ii) 4. (i) (ii)

5. (i) . ·r; (ii)

6. (i) (ii) 7. Madhya Pradesh (i) 0.08 0.11 0.19 0.37 0.52 0.15 0.12 0.02 0.14 (ii) 31.0 91.0 54.6 21.4 87.4 296.4 19.7 585.3 79.8 8. (i) (ii) 9. (i) (ii) 10. (i) (ii) 11. (i) (ii)

12. (i) (ii) 13. (i) (ii) 14. (i) (ii)

15. (i) (ii) 16. (i) (ii) India (i) 0.09 0.52 0.61 0.2B 0.69 0.97 0.13 0.55 0.63 (ii) 11.2 7.6 6.7 9.3 11.4 8.6 7.7 6.5 5.5 ----- The estiml.ted true population of each State in rural and urban sectors per 1,000 enumerated by census is given below in Statement II. It also gives the lower and upper estimates ofthe true populatio n wi1h a confidence limit of99.7 per cent. 116 STATEMENT U

TII1IC Popu.latioa pel" 1,000 Enu.meratcd By Oenaa.

Rural Urban Combined 99. 7 % confidence 99.7% confidence 99.7% confidence value value value Estd, Estd. Estd. State value Lower Upper value Lower Upper value Lower Upper (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (q) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1. 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7. Madhya 1,002 999 1,005 998 985 1,011 1,001 9gs 1,004- Pradesh 8.

9.

10, 00 " 11.

12.

13.

14. 15. .. 16. ... India 1,006 1,005 1,0t>7 1,010 1,007 1,013 1,007 1,006 1,008 117 The small dimension ofthe error, of a limit of confidence nearing certainty, bears testimoay t. tu excellence of the Census count, which was but the resultQf close, patient and thorough organisation. "f'c reasons why the error should be so small in an Indian census are built into the organisation itself. First, almosUhe entire country is divided into minute revenue areas each with its well-defined boundaries, which render omissions or overlaps difficult. Secondly, for most of these villages, large-~cale maps are a.ail­ able, which facilitate identification and satisfactory verification on the ground. Thirdly, the census enumerator is selected from among the villagers themselves in the over-whelming majority of eases who brings into the work his intimate local knowledge. Fourthly, the enumerator-designate was required to paint and number all census houses, establishments and census households in his beat several months ahead of the census count, and to list all population in the houselists) which acquainted him over again with his own area. He was at the same time required to fill up houselists which served as a check to his preliminary listing. Fifthly, apart from the official maps, he was required to make out a national map of his area on which he was required to plot every landmark, natural feature and configuration and each census house and household. Sixthly, all these stages were closely checked and supervised by his superiors. In the seventh place, he received a minimum training course of six practical lessons during one of which he was required to undertake a sample census of several households, the results of which were discussed again in class. In the next place, there was a revisional round following main census count, and the enu" merator had a further chance of picking up in the second round whatever he had missed in the firs •• Finally as corroborated by the 1961 Census results as well, error in population count is higher in the more congested urban areas with their complex structure of housing and mobility of population. In India, the number of urban areas and the urban population, especially in towns and cities of over 50,000, still continue to be small. Thus, one of the major factors contributing to enumeration error still remains narrowly circumscribed, so that it fails to affect to any considerable degree the greater accuracy of the dominating rural areas. All these factors, therefore, more than compensate for the diversity of the census personnel and the low rate of general literacy , so much So that the count of human beings itself) as distinct from a record ofthair attributes, the reliability of which will still largely depend on the level of literacy and education, is apt to be as accurate as the results of the Post-Enumeration Check testify.

It is a matter for gratification that the extent of efror in 1961 Census count is substantially lower th811 that shown by 1951 Census count. This seems to be mainly due to the clear and timely planning ofthe census operations, for which steps were taken well in advance of the census reference period. The Cell": Sus Superintendents were in position early in 1959. They got enough time to think and plan the orga.. ' nisational aspects of the work. In 1951, Census Post-Enumeration Check was an afterthought but in 1961 it was included as a distinct item in the cenSus time schedule. Tbe knowledge of its Colniflg J kept the organisation on its toes. The Post-Enumeration Check in 1961 was conducted soon after! the main census and was differently organised after a detailed consideration of the main cenSUS operations. The check was linked closely with the main census record. It was direct and conducted by an efficien t and carefull selected supervisory staff, which had actually taken part in the field work in the main census enumeration, though in another locality. The staff waS fully familiar with the problems of the census organisation. This fact itself must have helped in yielding a truo elltimate.r the error. 118

APPENDIX R,

Details regarding· radio broadcasts

----,_---- ·'!._;L,.:, ._-_._---- S'.~"r Dak: Qfficer concerned' Subje~t Medium' (~Y (2) (3) (4) (5) '~-----'------...... ~..,._------..-...---_,...-...... ~-.,.,....~ 17-4:-1966' Interview With S, C. O. by Shri Taroon 196.1 Censu~ .. .English' Bhaduri, Representative of the Statesman at Bhopal. 2." 2l-5~1960 Shd K. D. Ballal, Dep'lty Superin(endent of "Ham Kilane Hai" .. Hindi Census Operations, M. P .. Indore.

S. }li-G·1960 Do. House number\Q.g in urban Do. areas.

Shri G. Jag-athpathi. - Superintendent 0f "Aa~ami Jan Canana" Do. Census Operations, M. P .. Bhopal.

Shri D. R. Gupta. Technical Ai5i:it~nt "Ganana Ki Vidhi Aur Grtha Do. Soochi Ka Nirman." -

{). '8-9 ..H60 Shri K. O. Ballal, Deputy Superintendent of House-numbering and House- Do. Census Operations, M. P., Indore. listing In rural areas.

(Interview by Shri Mahendra Joshi).

7. :1~I;'J96f- Governor of Madhya Pradesh 1961 census ., English

II. 31-1 .. 1961 Shri N. R. Dikshit, Deputy Minister (Home), Forthcoming Census Hindi Madhya Pradesh. :,. ,!; +;1-1961 Shri A. Mitra, ICS, Registrar-General, 1961 Census-Appeal to give English India, i'iew Delhi. correct information. w. s..2·1961 Shri M. P. Shrivastavll, Secretary to Govern­ 1961 Census, its importance English ment, M. P., Home Department, Bhopal. in a planned economy.

If 7~2-1961 Shri G. jagathpathi, Superintendent of "AAJ KE PRASHNA" Hindi Census Operations, M. P" Bhopal.

{2, 94.196£ Dr. K. N. Katju, Chief Minister, M. P., "Sa.n Ebath Ki Jan Ganana" Do. BhopoJ. APPENDIX S

List of Nct;fkat~()ns, etc.

(Please see para. 134, Chapter IV.:

S. No

~;~; _1, ; 92 93

i. 98 '" G. lOi

7 ., HJ:'32-~Y4';-! 1-:\ (3) !02

4~39-294:1-J1-A (3) "'" 103 9. 4(j :3-294;:.]1-1\ (3) 104

lU. J gc:' _~91.~- IJ -:\ (3) lOr,

J '. 631:8-4435-J I-A (3) ",,_ ill.! I-A (3) 107

l09-i I ~ 120

No. 2/115/59-Pub. I

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS

New Delhi-il, the 5th December 1959-19th Agrah&yana ISBl.

NOTIFICATION

In pursuance of section 3 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948) the Central Government is pleased to declare that a census of the population of India shall be taken during the year 1961. The reference date for the census will be sunrise on the 1st March 1961.

FATER SINGH, Joint Secretary, to the Govt. rif Il1dia

(P!easc rl~(('! to remaining )lotificarions on pp. 129- -1 f7) 121

APPENDIX T

./'-/0. 3/77/59.RG

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MI:\"JSTRY OF HOME .AFFAlRS

Office of the Registrar-General, India

Kotah House Annexe, 2/A, Mansingh R C~(l,

New Ddhi, the 26th August 1960. fo THE SUPERINTENDENT OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, MADHYA PRADESH, BHOPAl"

SUBJECT:-Appointment o/Clerks anJpeons in (he District and Tahsil Officesfor the work relating to tlit 1961-­ Census.

SIR,

With reference to your letter No. 1986-75/59, dated the 8th August 1960, on the wbject mentioned above I have the honour to say that if the State Government are not agreeable to the expenditure OIl th.­ Census staff in the District and Tahsil Offices being initially incurred by them, you can authorise the Dishict Census Officers to draw the pay and allowances of this staff on separate bm" and charge direct to the Ct'llSUS grant, vide Rules 2-3 of Rules for the Classification and Record of Receipts and Expenditure in connec­ tion with the Census, (copy enclosed).

Yours faithfully,

D. NATRAJAN. Deputy Repistrar.Ge "ira/. 11 dia 122

Rules (or the classification and record of receipts and expenditure in connection with the census to be held under the Indian Census Act, 1948.

All cen'lUS charges should be recorded under the major head "47-Miscellaneous Departments-Statistics Census". Th'! d ~tailcd das iificatlon in the accounts should follow the head:, adopted in the Central Demands for Grants. 2. Only expenditure authorised by the Provincial Superintendent should be billed for as a central charge. 3. Pay and aliowances of wholetime officers and any remuneration authorised to others for census worle ~hou\d be drawn on separate bills and charged direct to the census grant under "47-Miscellaneous Departments-Census Central." 4. Travelling allowance authori;;ed by the Provincial Superintendent for debit to Census Operations should be drawn on separate bills and ta'(en to the censuslgrantunder "47-Miscellaneous Departments­ Census" . • 5. Postage and telegraph charges on census business should be drawn on separate bills and debited against the census grant.

6. Receipt'> and recoveries of expenditure in connection with the Cemus Operations, ~uch as sums recovered fro:n Indian States and Municipalities; sale proceeds of paper and realizations from the sale of a'ticle3 bought for census purpo)es, should be credited as receipts under the minor head "Census" to be opened under the major head "XXX VI Miscdlaneous Departments-Statistics". 7. When char,;e:; for Stationery and Printing are incurred they should be treated as census expendi­ ture and should not be taken to "56-Stationery and Printing." 8. Authorised charges debitable to cemus should never be presented in bills containing charges debitable to other accounts. 9. All bills for contingent expenditure on cenSUS work must be countersigned by the Provlnci J Superintendent.

10. The heads in the Central Demand" for Grants will be a~ follows :- A. S UPERINTENDENCE­ AI-Pay of Officers. A2-Pay of Establishment. A3-Allowances, Honoraria, etc. A4-0ther Charges. B-ENUMERATION- BI-Pay of Establi,hment. B2-Allowances, Honoraria, etc. B3-Honoraria to Enumerators. B4-0ther Charges. B5-N. R. C. C-ABSTRACTION AND COMPILATION CHARGES­ CI-Pay of Officers. C2-Pay of Establishments. CS-Allowances, Honora.ria, etc. C4-0ther Charges. D-PRINTING AND STATIONERY E-MISCELLANEOUS STAFF. 123

8

8 g 8

CD~ • 8 0008~~1~18 0 c g " coo c 8 ....= ::~.. C'fI~lg ~ -- ..... f~ ei C'f. ~• erl ~Ig ~I~ ~

8 8 ... o 0 ~I~ o 0 c,8 ! en 0 Il')~ Q Q.8~ I "l- ~ ~- erl d- 1 8 8 - ~ I -o ...I - ...~ g g :I ct I o , I• - I 8 Q 0 i o o 01 c o c . c II") 0 .!') _ CI"l :I c:i erl~ I J ,'" I .( Q . ..: < ::c8 ~ 0 .rd ._- ~ . 1ft 1- -< I, eO 124

I ~\

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1 vo·

ca -..." o 0 ._.. E-t ~ - "'CI c::.. o.. 125

APPEND IX-V

DelegatioD of FiDaDdaJ Power.

B.No. PoweJ"!J Sanction No. & date Issuing ."Chority (I) (2) (3) (4)

I. seo was declared to be the Head of Office in respect of 3/55/59-RG RCRistrar-GeneraJ, India. Census Office established in Madhya Pradesh in con­ nection with the 1961 Census. 14-5-59. 2. Permanent Advance of Rs. 200/- sanctioned for SCO's 3/2/59-RG Rc:gistrar-GeneraJ, India. Offic-e. 14-5-59. 3. A_G. authori7.ed T.O., Bhopal, to honour bills signed by DAXX/772 Accountant-Golera!. SCO. 28-5-59. 4. Creation ofPostf- The powers io create temporary .pos ts in F.2f16f59-Pub. Ministry of Home Affairs. class III and C1as~ IV, OJ a period not exceedln~ two 1(1)-13/] 1159. years subject to the conditions laid down in Rule 9 of the Delegation of Financial Powers Rules, 19!>8. 5. Powers to create temporary posts subject to the condition 2/150/60-Pub.1 Ministry of Home Affairs. that the pay of the appointment does not exceed Rs. 160 per month and to fix the pay of the posts. These 7-11-60. powers will be op¢l"ative in cases where the posts carry fixed payor scales of pay which have not been approved by the Ministry of Finance. 6. Purchase if books and other newspaper.s-Full powers to pur· F. 2/16/59-Pub.I Ministry of Home Affairs. chase for use of their offices, books. newspapers and o\her publications subject to the condition mentioned 13-2-60. in the Delegation of Financial Powers Rules, 1958- Schedule V. 7. POWtTj regarding local purc}wje of stationery stores-Rs. 500 12(76)-E.IICA).60 Ministry of FiDallce. per annum. 6-8-60. 8. Contingent Expenditure-Power to incur contingent expen­ 2/150/60-Pub.I Ministry of Home Affairs. diture uptoRs. 1,000/- per annum in each case for re­ curring eKpenditure and R'1. 5000/- in each case for non­ 26-2-62. recurring expenditure provided that, in respect of matters specified in Col. 2 of the Annexure to Schedule V of the "Delegation of Financial Powers Rules, 1958", the power to incur expenditure will be subject to the limits and conditions specified in that Annexure. These powers win also be subject to the conditions specified under Ru1e 10(5) of the "Delegation of Financial Powers Rules, 1958". 9. Miscellaneous ExpenditrJre-The powers to incur expendi­ F.2J16f59-Pub. Ministry of FiDan~. ture on entertainment (light refreshments) up to Rs. 1(;)-13-11-59 200 per annum subject to the general instructions issued by the Ministry of Finance. 10. Expenditure on light refreshment-The expenditure per head 17.2(12)/E.I1(A)59 Ministry of Finance. per meeting not to exceed Rupee one. 4-9-59. 11. RGI permitted SCQ to serve light refreshments at me. i-/36/58·RG Registrar-General, India. etin gs and conferences of representatives of Press, non­ officials or officials (other than those belonging to Cen­ 14-1-60 sus to be convened in connection with the 1961 Census. 12. Powers to sanction the grant of recurring and non-recur­ F.2/16[59-Pub. I Ministry of Home Affairs. ring honoraria, up to a limit of Rs. 100 in each Case, to government officials other than those in their own 22-12-59 office and to non-officials for work done in connection with' the 196J Census Operations. 13. Controlling Officers for their own and their I"Stablishments F.2/I6/59-Pllb.I Ministry of Home Affair.,. travellip.1!" 'lllowance. 22-12-59. 14. sca authorized to draw a n'lmber of advances in a F.2/186/60-Puh. I Ministry of Home A 1;,;rs. ffi3:-tth to meet c'.)ntingenlexpenditure throu~h abstract bills subiect to the condition that the amount 9·1l-IS61. of each drawal does not exceed Rs. 1,500 and that no fresh advance is drawn unless account for the earlier one is rendered and that a certificate to that effect is recorded in each bilI. 126

APPENDIX-W

Detan. ~nI.blIJ .ptICiaI pa,. _cdoaed fo-E' DIRdcu i. lieu .f eztra tall•. Diatrict Special Pa v

Dislrid GwaliM

SJui Om Praka.h Sharma, ElectiOil Sllpcrvisor, CollectQrate, GWllliol' R!. 15.00 pel' month. Shd B. L. Upadhya. D.D.C .• Collectorate, Gwa1ior Rs. 15.00 per month. Dis/rid Mortdsaur

Shri LaxmichandJain, Election Supervisor, Collectorate, Mandsaur Rs. lO.GO per month.

Shri Bhagwant Rao Kunjar, U.D.C. . . RII. 5.00 per month> Shri Mood Khan, D.D.C. Rs: 5.00 p;:r month. g i3 a :!·Q~alfl 3 l~B-ll;:S::; (I g ~oQo.'~h !" f " • ~" .: ~'t1 Q vMi~ ~, .... ~i·".9 e ~ I " .... ~ I ~ I .... ?l .go , '0 , ~o5 "c;.. ~ H~ ,d 00 " 5'll'~ := en:b. P.r~ "2' o 0 ~ :r :Eo , ! ~ .~'"" i i " :: ! ~ . , ~ ~ iii )( ~ ~ ~' 10 t~ Ii ~ .a' >>( .... ::r=' -- ~S ::: "'0II..., ... Ii n an ro ... o :! . a 0 ....~ a 1 $, ...... __-~-- ,",:r 1:1' rtJ " One ~~nur , ... n (I (I :r:s :; ;:I1r t: ..~ 'gg~~g~ 3 t: E Jl n wg"rt~·51 ._,.. ::r ~

....o

~-~ ~ i1:'cfZ n'" III ~ •() ,. LW :rc .. o '. t~5~ ;. : S'''; o::::l:J'O : ,,"'~:r"~io .,... ::c~ g .. S'1t a vg:i~go~" r'"'"\ [),., '0 =r " . ~O'\)a~_y . ~ 0.'-~ ~~- z >- .0 ...:::: ;; Pi ~I " ,,'0 --+------' . ~~ '1'1 s:a : .. 01 8ri " [ c..!. . , a ~--~-f- .__;_ ~I ...... 0 ~:s .. ;o.~ -.J ?e. ::" , . , ,--~ J_ :---i--:_~- -{- .-+----+-~~ ::t' :, :.' g ~ ·1 " , r-.n, '.· & ~ z -to ,o I: !, I

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r-______~ ____ ~ __ -~--~------~--,------.----,------~~.~--~--~r---~--~--~--~

.'

, " il 129

SCHEDULES

[Publish~d in Parli of "Aladh.1(J Praduh RajpatTa," dated the 14th Octoh,r 19601

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

No. -t829-2945-D-A(3).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of section 4- of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII ofl948), and in supersession of all previous notifications issued in this behalf the State Government hereby appoints the persons specified in c( 1umn (2) of the Schedule below as CeIlllus Officers within the local areas specified in the corresponding entry in column (3) thereof:- Schedule ------Serial Officen Local Areas No. (1) (2) (3)

I. Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh The whole State.

'2. The Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh Within the limits of Gwalior, Indorf' and Bhopal (West). Divisiom. 'I. The Deputy Superintendent ofCensU5 Operations, Madhya Pradesh Within the limits of Rewa, Jatalpu, Bilaspur (East). and Raipur Divisions. 4' An Collectors of the Districts .. 'Within the limits of their respective jurisdictions. 5. All Additional Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Coll­ Do. ectors of the Districts. 6. All District Statistical OfficersjAssistant3 Do. 7. All Tahsildars Do. B. All Naib-Tahsildars Do. 9. All Officers Commanding, Station, and Station Staff in Army and Within the military areas. Air Force Units. . 10. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Morar in the Gwalior "Vithin the limits of the Morar Cantonment. District. II. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment ,of Mhow in the Indore Within the limits of ti,e Mhow Cantonment. District. 12. The ExeclItive Officer of the Cantonment of Pachmarhi in the Within the limits of the Pachmarhi Canton- Hoshangabad District. ment. 13. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Sagar in the Sagar Within the limits of the Sagar Cantonment. District. 14-. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Jabalpur in the Jabal- Within the limits of the Jal;>alpur Cantonment. pur District. 15. Municipal Commissioner, Deputy Municipal Commissioner and Within the limit:! of Municipal Corporation. Health Officer of Municipal Corporation of Gwalior, in the Gwalior. Gwalior District. 16. Munic:iral Commissioner, ·Deputy Municipal Commissioner and Within the limits of Municipal Corporation. Health Officer of Municipal Corporation of Indore, in the Indore. I ndore District. li. The Ch.ef Executive Officer for the Corporation of the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Corporatiol1 Jabalpur, in the jabaJpur District. of the City of jabalpur. ' I t. The Municipal Secretary for the CorporatioD of the Ci ty of]abalpur, Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation in the jabalpur District. of the City of Jabalpur. 130

------~------_------_-- (I) (2) (3)

19. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ratlam City Municipality in Within the limits of the Ratlam City Munie!< the Ratlam District. pality_ 20. The Secretary of the Raigarh Municipality in the Raigarh District. Within the limits of the Raigarh Municipality, 21. The Secretary of the Raiput Municipality in the Raipur District. Within the limits of the Raipur Municipality.

22. The Executive Officer of the Rewa Municipality in the R~wa Within the limits of the Rewa Municipality. District. 23. The Chief Executive Officer of the Jaora Municipality in the Within the limits of the JaOl'a Municipality. Ratlam Distrjct.

24. The Chief Executive Officer of the Mand3aur Municipality in the Within the limi~ of the Mandiaur Munici­ Mandsaur District. pality. 25. The Chief Executive Officer of the Neemuch Municipality in the Within the limits of the Neemuch Municipality. Manduur District. 26. The Executive Officer of the Bhopal Municipality in the Sehore Within the limits of the Bhopal Municipality. District.

'1.7. The Municipal Engineer, Bhopal City Municipality in the Sehore Within the limit~ of the Bhopal Municipality. D;_;trict.

28. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ujjain City Municipality in Within the limits of the Ujjain City Municipality. the Ujjain District. - 29. Health Officer, Ujjain City Municipality in the Ujjain District. Within the limits of the Ujjain City Munici­ pality.

30. The Secretary of the Damoh Municipality in the Darnoh District. Within the limits of the Damoh Municipality. 31. The Secretary of the Khandwa Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Khandwa Municipality. District.

32. The Secretary of the Burhanpur MUnicipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Burhanpur Munici­ Di.Jtrict. pality. 33. The Secretary of the Sagar Municipality in the Sagar Disttict. Within the limits of the Sagar Municipality. 34. The Secretary of the Murwara Municipality in the Jabalpur Within the limits of the Murwara Munici- District. pality. 35. The Secretary of the BilasPlJr Municipality in the Bilaspur District. Within the limit, of the Bilaspur Municipality.

36. Managing Director and Secretary, National News-print and Paper Within the limits of Nepanagar area. Mills Ltd., Nepanagar, in the East Nimar District.

37. Managing Director and Labour Officer, Heavy Eleclricals Ltd., Within the limits of the area under Heavy Bhopal, in Sehort'! Dilltrict. Electricals Limited, Bhopal.

38. (0) General Manager, Within the limits of the Bhilainagar area, and (b) Shri L. p. Witari, A"'$istant Eotate Manager, and Rajha'l'a-]harandalJi area of Bhilai Steel (t) Shri D. N. Mishra, Zonal Engineer (Civil), Bhilai Steel Pro· Project. ject, Hindustall Steel Limited, BhiJainagar, in the Durg District.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh

M. P. SHRIVASTAVA, Secy. to Govt., Madhya Prodesh, Home Departmmt. 131

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

No, 4836-2945-II-A (3), datedB1?pal, th~ 6!h October 1960.

C:)py fOIwarded for information and necess3.ry action te­

l. All Department of Government. 2. All Heads of Department. 3. All Commissioners 0 f Divisions. 4. All Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Colloctors of Districts. 5. The Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal (with 200 spare copies. 6. All Officers specified at serials 2, 3 and 6 to 38 in the ~chFdule above. 7. The Registrar, High Court of Judicature, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur.

S. C. MISRA, OfficeI' on Special Duty. 132

[Publi!lud in ParI I of "Madhya Pradesh Rajpatra", dated the 14 th OckJb" 1960] GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

No. 4830-2945-D-A (3).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of section 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), and in supersession of all previous notifications issued in this behalf, the State Government hereby authorises the authorities specified in column (2) of the Schedule below for the purposes of the said sub-section for the local areas specified in the corre3ponding entry in column (3) of the said Schedule :-

Schedule

"""------~erial Officers Local Areas No. (I) (2) (3)

I. Superinte.dent of Censui Operatiocn, M~dhya Pcad~$h. The whole State. '1. The Deputy Superintendent of Census Operatiom, Madhya Within the limits of Gwalior, Indore and Bhopal Pradesh (West). Divisions. 3. The Deputy Superintendent of Cemm Operations, M"ldhya Within the limits of Rewa, Jabalpur. Bila,pur Pradesh (East). and Raipur Divisions.

4. All Collectof3 of the Districts. Within the limits of their respective jurisdiction.

os. All Additional Conector~, AssistaYlt Collectors and Deputy Conee­ Do. ( tors of the Districts. 6. All District Stathtical Officen/ AS3istants Do. 7. All Tahsildars, Do. 8. All Naib-Tahsildan Do. 9. AU Officers Commanding, Station' and Station Staff in. Army and W'ithin the military area,. Air Force Units. 10. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Morar in the Gwalior Within the limits of the Morar Canto[}:nent. District. 11. The Executive Officer of the Cl.t1ton:n-::nt of Mhow in the Indore Within the limit! of the Mhow Cantonment. District. 12. The Executive Officer of the C;lntonment of Pachmarhi in the Within the limits of the Pachmarhi CantoR- Hoshangabad District. ment. IS The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Sagar in the Sagar Within the limits of the Sagar Cantonment. District. 14. The Executive Officer of the Ca.ntonment of Jabi1.lpur in the Within the limitJ of the Jabalpur Canton- Jabalpur District. 'ment. 15. Mu 1icipal Commissioner, Deputy Municipal Commissioner and Within the limits of Municipal Corporation He'11th Officer of Municipal Corporation of Gwalior, in the Gwalior. Gwalior Di5trict 16. Municipal Commissioner, Deputy Municipal Commissioner and Within the limits of Municipal Corporation, Health Officer of Municipal Corporation of Indore, in the Indore. Indore District. 17. The Chief ElCecutive Officer for the Corporation ofthe City of Within the limits of the Municipal Cor- JblL"ll.:Jur in the labalpur Districr. poration of the City of JabaJpur.

lB. The MLlnicipal Secretary for the Corporation the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Chrpo­ labalpur in the Jabalpur District. ration of the City ofJabal pur 133 ------(1) (2) (3)

19. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ratlam City Municipality Within the limits of the Ratlam City Munici- in the Ratlam District. pality_

20. The Secretary of the Raigarh Municipality in the Raigarh Within the limits of the Raigarh Municipality. District. 21. The Secretary of the Raipur Municipality in the Raipur District. Within the limits of the Raipur Municipillity. 22. The Executive Officer of the Rewa Municipality in the Rewa Within the limits of the Rewa Municipality. District.

23. The Chief Executive Officer of the Jaora Municipality in the Within the limits of the Jaora Municipality. Ratlam District.

24. The Chief Executive Officer of the Mandsaur Municipality in the Within the limits of,the Mandsaur Municipality. Mandsaur Di.,trict.

25. The Chief Executive Officer of the Necmuch Municipality in the Within the limits of the Neemuch Municipality. Mandsaur District. 26. The Executive Officer of the Bho?al Municipality in the Schore Within the limits of the Bhopal Municipality. District.

27. The Municipal Engineer, Bhopal City Municipality in the Sehore Within the limi.ts of the Bhopal Municipality. District.

28. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ujjain City Municipality in the \Vithin the limits of the Ujjain City Municipality. Ujjain District.

29. Health Officer, Ujjain City Municipality in the Ujjain District. Within the limits of the Ujjain City Municipality. 30. The Secretary of the Damon Municipality in the Darnoll District. Within the limits of the Darnoh Municipality.

3!. The Secretary of the Khandwa Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Khandwa Municipality. District. 32. The Secretary of the Burhanpur Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Burhanpur Munici­ District. palitly.

33. The Secrelary of the Sagar Municipality in the Sagar Dis'rict. Within the limits of the Sagar Municipality.

34. The Secretary or the :rv1urwara Municipality in theJaLalpur District. Within the limits of the Murwara Munici­ pality.

35. The Secretary of the BUaspur Municipality in the Bilaspur District. Within the limits of the Bilaspur Municipality.

36. Managing Director and Secretary, 0:ational News-print and Paper Within the limits of Nepanagar area. Mills Ltd., Nepanagar, in the East Nimar District.

37. Managing Director and Labour Officer, Heavy Electricals Ltd., Within the limits of the area under Hea vy Bhopal, in Sehore District. E!ectricals Limited, Bhopal.

(a) General Manager, (b) Shri L.P. \Vitari, Assistant Estate Manager, and Within the limits of the Bhilainagar area, and (c) Shri D. N. Mishra, Zonal Engineer (Civil), Bhilai Steel Pro­ Rajhara-Jharandalli area of BhiIai Steel ject, Hindustan Steel Limited, BhiIainagar, in the Dur,s District. Project.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh,

M· P. SHRIVASTAVA,

Secy. to Go'Vt' j Madhya Pradesh. Home Department. 134

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

No. 4837-2945-II-A(3), dated Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

Copy forwarded for information and necessary action to-

1. All Departments of Government. 2. All Heads of Departments. 3. All Commissioners of Divisions. 4. All Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Collectors of Districts. 5. The Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (with 200 spare copies). 6. All Officers specified at serials 2, 3 and 6 to 38 in the Schedule above. 7. The Registrar, High Court of Judicature, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur.

S. C. MISRA, Officer on Special Duty. 135

[Published in Part I of "Madhya Pradesh Rajpatra", dated the 16th October 1960J GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

No. 4831-2945-U-A (3).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (4) of section 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), and in supersession of all previous notifications iRmed in this behalf, the State Government hereby delegates the power of appointing Census Officers conferred upon it by tub-section (2) of the said section to the authorities specified in column (2) of the Schedule below within the areas specified in the corresponding entry in coiumn (3) of the said Schedule :-

Schedule

Serial Officers Local Areas No. (1 ) (2) (3)

1. Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh. The whole State. 2. The Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya V\'ithin the limits of Gwalior, Indore and Pradesh (West). Bhopal Divisions.

3. The Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Within the limits of Rewa, Jabalpur, Bilas­ Pardesh (East). pur and Raipur Divisions. ... All Collectors of the Districts. Within tlee limits of their respeclivejurisdic­ liens. 5. All Additional Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Do Collectors of the Districts.

6. All District Statistical Officers/Assistant~. Do 7. All Tahsildars. Do 8. All Naib-Tahsildars. Do 9. All Officers Commanding, Stations and Station Staff Officers in Within the military areas. Army and Air Force Units. 10. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Morar in the Gwalior Within the limits of the Morar Cantonment. District. 11. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Mhow in the Within the limits of the Mhow Cantonment. Indore District. 12. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Pachmarhi in the Within the limits of the Pachmarhi Cantonment. Hoshangabad District. 13. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Sagar in the Sagar Within the limits of the Sagar Cantonment. District. 14. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Jabalpur in the Within the limits of the Jabalpur Cantonment, Jabalpur District. 15. Municipal Commissioner, Deputy Municipal Commissoner and Within the limits of Municipal Corporation, Health Officer of Municipal Corporation of Gwalior, in the Gwalior. Gwalior District. 16. Municipal Commissioner, Deputy Municipal Commissioner and Within the limits of Municipal Corporation, Health Officer of Municipal Corporation of Indore, in the Indore Indore. District. 17. The Chief Executive Officer for the Corporation of the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Corpo. Jabalpur in the J abalpur District. ration of the City of J abalpur. lB. The Municipal Secretary for the Corporation of the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Corpo. Jabalpur in the Jabalpur District. ration of the City ofJ ahalpur. 136

(1) (2) (3)

19. The M'.lnicipal Commissioner of the Ratlam City Municipality in Within the limits of the Ratlam City Muniei- the Ratlam District. pality.

20. The Secretary of the Raigarh Municipality in the Raigarh District. Within the limits of the Raigarh Munici­ pality.

21. The Secretary of the Raipur Municipality in the Raipur District. Within the limits of the Raipur Municipality.

22. The Executive Officer of the Rewa Municipality in the Rewa Dis- Within the limits of the Rewa Municipality. trict.

23. The Chief Executive Officer of the J aora Municipality ill the Within the limits of the J aora Municipality. RatIam District.

24. The Chief Executive Officer of the Mandsaur Municipality in the Within the limits of the Mandsaur Munici­ Mandsaur District. pality.

25. The Chief Executive Officcr of the Neemuch Municipality in the Within the limits of the Neemucb Munici- Mandsaur District. pality.

26. The Executive Officer of the Bhopal Municipality in the Sehore Within the limit, of the Ehopal Municipality. District.

27. The Muaicipal Engineer, Bhopal City Municipality in the Sehore Within the limits of the Bhopal Municipality. District.

28. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ujjain City Municipality in the Within the limits of the Ujjain City Munici­ Ujjain District. pality.

29. Health Officer, Ujjain City Municipality in the Ujjain District. Within the limits of the Ujjain City Municiralit:.

30. The Secretary of the Damoh Municipality in the Darnoh District. Within the limits of the Damoh Municipality. 31_ The Secretary of the Khandwa lvfunicipality in the E

32. The Secretary of the Burhanpur Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Burhanpur Municipality. District. 33. The S,>cretary of the Sagar Municipality in the Sagar District. \Vithin the limits of the Sagar Municipality.

34. The Secretary of the Murwara rvrunicipality in the Jabalpur Withill the limits of the Murwara Municipality. District. 35. The Secretary of the Bilaspur Munici1'ality in the Bilaspur District. Within the limits of tl.e Bilaspur Municipality.

36. Managing Director and Secretary, National News-print and Paper Within the limits of Nepanagar area. Mills Ltd., Nepanagar, in the East Nimar District.

37. lvIanaging Dj,-ector and Labou;' Officer, Heavy Electricals Ltd., Within the Limits of the area under Heavy Bhopal, in Sehore District. Electricals Limited, Bhopal.

38. (a) General Manager, Within the limits of the Bhilainagar area and (b) Sht i L P. Witad, A"istan tEstate lvIanager, and Rajhara-Jharandalli area of Bhilai Steel (c) 3hri D.N. Mishra, Zonal Engineer (Civil), Bhilai Steel Project, Project. flinr:lustan Steel Limited, Bhihin;;gar, in the Durg District.

By order and In the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh,

M· P. SHRIVASTAVA, Secy. to Govt., Madhya !?radesh, Home Department. 137

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

I(Q. 4838-2945-II-A(3), dated Bhapal, the 6th October 1960.

Copy forwarded for information and necessary actiori t<>-

1. All Departments of Government. 2. All Heads of Departments. 3. All Commissioners of Divisions. 4. All Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Collectors of Districts. 5. The Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (with 200 spare copies). 6. All Officers specified at serials 2, 3 and 6 to 38 in the Schedule above. 7. The Registrar, High Court of Judicature, Madhya Pradesh, ] abalpur.

S. C. MISRA, Officer on Special Duty. 138

[Publislud ill PMt 1 of "Madhya Pradesh Rajpa"t:', , dated ,''' 14t.'1 Octob,r 1960] GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

No. f832-2945-D-A (3).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by section 7 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXV1 Of 1948), and in supersession of all previous notifications issued in this behalf, the State Government hereby appoints the authorities specified in column (2) of the Schedule below for the local areas specified in the corresponding entry in column (3) thereof for the purposes of the said Section ;-

Schedule

Serial Authorities Local Areas No. (I) (2) (3)

1. All Additional Collectors, Assistant Collectors, Deputy Collectors, Within the limits of their respective jurisdictions. Tahsildars and Naib-Tahsildars. 2. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Morar in the Gwalior Within the limits of the Morar Cantonment. District. 3. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Mhow in the Indore Within the limits of the Mhow Cantonment. District. 4. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Pachmarhi in the Within the limits of the Pachmarhi Canton. Hoshangabad District. ment. 5. The E)[ecutive Officer of the Cantonment of Sagar in the Sagar Within the limits of the Sagar Cantonment. District.

6. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Jabalpur in the Jabal­ Within the limits of the Jabalpur Cantonm~nt· pur District. 7. The Municipal Commissioner for the City of Gwalior. Within the limits of the Municipal Corpora­ tion, Gwalior. 8. The Municipal Commissioner for the City of Indore. Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation, Indore. S. The Chief Executive Officer for the Corporation of the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation Jabalpur in the Jabalpur District. of the City ofJabal pur. 10. The Municipal Secretary for the Corporation of the City of Jabal­ Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation pur in the Jabalpur District. of the City ofJabal pur.

11. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ratlam City Municipality in Within the limits of the Ratlam City Munici- the Ratlam District. pality. . 12. The Municioal Commissioner ofthe Ujjain City Municipality in the Within the limits of the Ujjain City Munici­ UjjaiD District. pality. 13. The Secretary of the Damoh Municipality in the Damoh District. Within the limits of the Damoh Municipality. 14. Tae Secretary of the Khandwa Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Khandwa Municipality. District. 15. The Secretary of the Burhanpur Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Burhanpur Municipality. District. 16. The Secretary of the Sagar Municipality in the Sagar District. Within the limits of the Sagar Municipality.

17. The Secretary of the Murwara Municipality in the Jabalpur District. Within the limits of the Murwara Municipality. 18. The Secretary of the Bilaspur Municipality in the Bilaspur District. Within the limits of the Bilaspur Municipality.

19. The Secretary of the Raigarh Municipality in the Raigarh District. Within the limits of the Raigarh Municipality. 20. The Secretary of the Raipur Municipality in the Raipur Distrir.t. Within the limits of the Raipur Municipality. 139

(1) (2) (3 )

21. The Executive Officer of the Rewa Municipality in the Rewa Within the limits of the Rewa Municipality. District.

22. The Chief Executive Officer of the Jaora Municipality in the Within the limits of the Jaora Municipality. Ratlam District.

23. The Chief Executive Officer of the Mandsaur Municipality in Within the limits of ,he MandsauT Muni­ the Mandsaur District. cipality. 24. The Chief Executive Officer of the Neemueh Municipality in the \\iithin the limits of the Neemucb Munici­ Mandsaur District. pality.

25. Th~ Eltecutive Officer of the Bh()pa.l Mttnicipality in the Sehore Within the limits of the Bhopal Municipality. Dim-iet. 26. Managing Director and Secretary, National News-print and Part'r Within the limits of Nepanagar area. Mills Ltd., Nepanagar in the East Nimar District.

27. M\naging Director, Heavy Electricals Ltd., Bhopal, in the Schorf' Within the limits of the arf'a under Heavy District. Electricals Ltd.

28. General Mana.ger, Bhilai Steel Project, Hindustan Steel Limited, Within the limi Is of the Bhilainagar arta Bhilainagar in the Durg District. of Bhilai Steel Project.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh,

M. P. SHRIVASTAVA, Sery. to GOVI., Madhya Pradesh, Home Department.

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH ROME DEPARTMENT

.No. 4839-2945-II-A(3) , dated Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

Copy forwarded for information and necessary action to- 1- All Departments of Government. 2· All Heads of Departments. 3- All Commissioners of Divisions. 4. All Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Collectors of Districts. 5. The Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (with 200 spare copie!'). 6. All Officers specified at serials I to 28 in the Schedule above. 7. The Registrar, High Court of Judicature, Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur.

• S. C. MISRA, (~UiCl'r on Special Dus~. 140

[Pvblislud ;n Part I of "Madhya Pradesh Rajpatra", dated tlu 14th October 1960]

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADSSH HOME DEPARTMENT

Bhopal, the 6th October 1960.

No. 4833-2945-U.A (3).-ln exercise of the p()wers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 6 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), and in supersession of all previous notifications i~sued in this behalf, the State Government hereby appoints the authoritie, specified in column (2) of the Schedule below for the local areaS specified in the corresponding entry in column (3) thereof for the purposes of the said sub-section .- Schedule

Smal Authorities Local Areas No. (1) (2) (3)

1. AU Additional Collectors, Assistant Collectol"ll, Deputy Conectors, Within the limits of tl"> eir respective j uris- Tahsildars and Naib-Tahsildars. dictions. 2. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Morar in the GwaIior Within tht: limits of the Morar Cantonment. District. 3. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Mhow in the Indore Within the limits of the Mhow Cantonment. District.

4. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Pachmarhi in the Within the limits of the Pachmarhi Canton- Hoshangabad District. ment. 5. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of . Sagar in the Sagar Within the limits of the Sagar Cantonment. District. 6. The Executive Officer of the Cantonment of Jabalpur in the Jabal- Within the limits of the Jabalpur Cantonment. pur District. 7. The Municipal Commissioner for the City of Gwalior. Within the limits of the Muni.cipal Corporation, Gwalior. .8 The Municipal Commissioner (or the City of Indore. Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation, Indore. 9. The Chief Executive Officer for the Corporation of the City of Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation Jabalpur in the Jabalpur District. of the City of Jabalpur. 10. The Municipal Secretary for the Corporation of the City of Jabal· Within the limits of the Municipal Corporation pur in the Jabalpur District. of the City of Jabalpur. 11. . The Municipal Commissioner of the Ratlam City Municipality in Within the limits of the Ratlam City Munici­ the Ratlam District. pality.

12. The Municipal Commissioner of the Ujjaio City Municipality in Within the limit~ of the Ujjain City Munici-. the Ujjaio District. pality. 13. The Secretary of the Damoh Municipality in the Damoh Di.<;trict. Within the limits of the Damoh Municipality. 14. The Secretary of the Khandwa Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Khandwa Municipality. District.

I!;. The: S~cretary of the Burhanpur Municipality in the East Nimar Within the limits of the Burhanpur Muni- DIstrIct. cipality. 16. The Secretary of the Sagar Municipality in the Sagar District. Within the limits of the Sagar Municipality. t7. The Secretary of the Murwara Municipality in theJabalpur District. Within the limits of the Murwara Municipality 141

(I) (2) (3)

18. The Secretary of the Bilaspur Municipality in the Bilaspur District. Within the limits of the Bilaspur Municipality. 19. The Secretary of the Raigarh Municipality in the Raigarh District. Within the limits of the Raigarh Municipality 20. The Secretary of the Raipur Municipality in the Raipur District. Within the limits of the Raipur Municipality. 21. The Executive Officer of the Rewa Municipality in the Rewa District. Within the limits of the Rewa Municipality. 22. The Chief Executive Officer of the Jaora Municipality in the Rat- Within the limits of the Jaora Municipali ty. lam District. 23. The Chief Executive Officer of the Mandsaur Municipality in the Within the limits of the Mandsaur Municipali ty. Mandsaur District. 24. The Chief Executive Officer of the Neemuch Municipality in the Within the limits of the Neemuch Munici- Mandsaur District. pality. 25. The Executive Officer of the Bhopal Municipality in the Sehore Within the limits of the Bhopal Municipality. District. 26. Managing Director lind Secretary, National News-print and Paper Within the limits of Nepanagar area. Mills Ltd., Nepanagar in the East Nimar District. 27. Managing Director, Heavy ElectricaIs Ltd., Bhopal, in the Sehore Within the limits of the area under Heavy District. Electricals Ltd.

28. General Manager, Bhilai Steel Project, Hindustan Steel Limited, Within the limits of the Bhilainagar area 0 Bhilainagar in the Durg District. Bhilai Steel Project.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh,

M. P. SHRIVASTAVA, Secy. to Govt., Madh.1tJ: Prtltlull, Home Department.

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT

No. 4834-2945-II-A (3). dated Bhopal, thl 6th October 1960.

Copy forwarded for information and necessary action to--

1. All Departments of Goverrunent. 2. All Heads of Departments. 3. All Commissioners of Divisions. 4. All Collectors, Assistant Collectors and Deputy Collectors of Districts. 5. The Superintendent of Census Operatiolls, Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal (with 200 spare copiea). 6. All Officers specified at serials 1 to 28 in the Schedule above. 7. The Registrar, High Court of Judicature. Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur.

S. C. MISRA, Officer on Special Duty. 142

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADE~H HOME DEPABTMENT Shopa.l, dated the 29th December 1960. NOTIFICATION No. 6!68-H3S-D.A (3).-In el[ercise of the powers conferred by section 12 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), and in supersession of all previous notifications issued in this behalf, the State Govern. ment hereby authorises the authorities specified in the ,'khedl}le below for the purposes of the said section within their respective jurisdictions. SdIedale

(1) All Commissioners of the Divisions; and (2) Superintendent of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh.

By order and in the name of the Govetnor of Madhya Pradesh.

P. S. RAIZADA, Dy. Seq. to:Govt., ,Madhya Pradesh, Home Department. 143

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT NO TIFICATION

Bhopal, dated the 9th January 1961-Pauha 19. 1882.

No. 82-78-D-A (3).-Witb reference to section 8 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government bereby directs that every Census Officer in Madhya Pradesh appointed under section 4 of'the said Act, than ask ofall persona, within the limits of the local area, for which he it appointed, the .,aationa lpecified in the Schedules I and II below in connection with tbe taking of census.

Sdaedal. I

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By ord~r and in the name of the Goyernor of Madhya Pradesh,

P. S. RAIZADA, Depu1.7 Secretary. 145

~ or MADHYA PaADBSH HOlD D • .u.TIDN'I' }(OTIJlICAT10N

Bhopal~ the 17th January 1961.

Jfe. ft7..fMI..D-A(5).-c.mlmdttm.-ln collUD1J (2) of the entry apiBn aerial No. Ie of each.r .. Schedules to this Department Notifications No. 4829-2945-II-A (3), 483~2945-II-A (!) and 4831-29.S. n-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960, published at page! 15&f to J!\88 of the "Madhya Pradesh Rajpatra", u lWt I, dated tho 1~ October 1960, lor "Deputy Municipal Commilsioau , read "Allistant M\lAicipal (JcIcpmiaioner". .

Ne. 22O-C6:H-D.A (S).-In exercise of the powerl!! conferred by lub-section (2) of aectioo' ~ of the CeDlua Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948). the State Go-.emment hereby makes the following amendmenu ia thie Department Notification No. 4-829·2945-II-A (3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely !-

AD1eodments

In the Schedule to the said Notification- (i) in column (2) against Serial No. 16, for the word!! "and Health Officer", the word. "Health Officer and Assessment and Estate Officer" shall be substituted. (ii) in column (2) against Serial No. 38, after item Ce), the following item shall be added, namely :­ "Cd) Shri R. M. Ray, Senior Deputy General Manager, Bhilai Steel Project, Bhilainag;w, in the Durg District."

No. 223-4634-D-A (3).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of section 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following amendments il'l thia Department Notification No. 4830-2945-II-A (3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely :-

AD1enclmeDts

In the Schedule to the said Notification- (i) in column (2) against Serial No. 16, for the words "and Health Officer", the words HHealth Officer and Assessment and Estate Officer" shall be substituted. (ii) in column (2) against Serial No. 38, afteritem (c), the following item shall be added, namely :­ .. Cd) Shri R. M. Ray, Senior Deputy General Manager, Bhilai" Steel Project, Bhilainagar, in the Durg District. "

No. 226-4634-D-A(3).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (4) of section 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following amendments in thit Department Notification No. 4831-2945-II-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely :-

Amendments

In the Schedule to the said Notification- (i) in column (2) against Serial No. 16, for the words "and Health Officer", the word. "Health Officer and Assessment and Estate Officer" shall be substituted. (ii) In column (2) against Serial No. 38, after item (c), the following item shall be added, namely ;­ "Cd) Shri R.M. Ray, Senior Deputy General Manager, Bhilai Steel Project) Bhilainagar, in the Durg District." - 146

No. 2~78-n-A(3).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 6 .f the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following amendment in this Department Notification No. 4833-2945-II-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely:-

ADlellclment

In the Schedule to the said Notification, in column (2) against Serial No. 28, for the words, "General Manager", the words "General Manager and Senior Deputy General Manager", shall be substituted. No. 232-4378-D-A (3).-ln exercise of the powers conferred by section 7 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following amendment in this Department Notification No. 4832-2945-II-A(3) , dated the 6th October 1960, namely :-

ADlendmeut

In the Schedule to the said Notification, in column (2) against Serial No. 28, for the words "General Manager" the words "~neral Manager and Senior Deputy .General Manager" shall be substituted.

:By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Prade!h,

P. S. RAIZADA, Deputy S,cretary. 147

GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH HOME DEPARTMENT NO TIFICATION

Bhopal, the 17th January 1961.

No. 235-117.. U-A(3).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of section 4 of the Cemus Act, 1948,(XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following further amend. ment in this Department Notification No. 4829-2945-II-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely :- Amendment

In the Schedule to the said notification in column (2) against Serial No. 15, for the words "Health Officer", the words "Revenue Officer" shall be substituted.

No. 238-117-n~A(3).-In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3} of section 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following further amendment in this Department Notification No. 4830-2945-II-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960; namely: Amendment

In the Schedule to the said notification, in column (2) against Serial No. 15, for the words "Health Officer" the words "Revenue Officer" shall be substituted.

No. 241-117-D-A(3).-In exercise ·ofthe pONers fconferred by sub.section (4) of sec.ion 4 of the Census Act, 1948 (XXXVII of 1948), the State Government hereby makes the following further amend­ ment in this Department Notification No. 4831-2945-II-A(3), dated the 6th October 1960, namely:- Amendment

In the Schedule to the said notification, in column (2) against Serial No. 15, for the words "Health Officer", the words "Revenue Officer" shall be substituted.

By order and in the name of the Governor of Madhya Pradesh,

P. S. RAIZADA, Deputy Secretary.