WHAT EXACTLY IS TAXONOMY?

-Classification: putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics -Taxonomy: the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms WHY DO WE CLASSIFY?

• Imagine trying to find something in Walmart if they didn’t classify their products • Grocery section…freezer section…ice cream aisle…Blue Bell…Rocky Road • Home supplies…pet products…cat aisle…canned cat food…Tuna Friskies • Imagine trying to find a specific photo saved on your computer if there were no labeled files on it WHY DO WE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS? • Necessary for order • Can make predictions from patterns • Communicate clearly • Have common understanding HOW DO WE CLASSIFY? • Physical similarities- appearance and behavior • Genetic similarities- DNA THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE

-Each level is nested in a higher and more general level -Becomes more specific/similar as you move toward species DID KING PHILLIP C0ME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI? Make your own mnemonic device! Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

*EXTRA CHALLENGE: include Domain at the top* THE 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE Living things! 3 DOMAINS AND 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE

• Archaea: prokaryotes (ancient bacteria) • Bacteria: prokaryotes • Eukarya: eukaryotes •Plantae •Animalia •Protista •Fungi CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Similarity at which of these levels indicates the closest relationship? a) Phylum b) Family c) Kingdom d) Class WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT A NEWLY DISCOVERED ORGANISM IN ORDER TO CLASSIFY IT? CLASSIFYING

• Type of cell: Eukaryotic or prokaryotic? • Body form: Unicellular or multicellular? • Cell wall: Present or not present? What is it composed of? • Nutrition: Heterotrophic or autotrophic? • Habitat: Land, water, or extreme environments? CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Complete the “6 Kingdoms of Life” chart KINGDOM CELL TYPE BODY CELL NUTRITION HABITAT DISTINGUISHING EXAMPLES FORM STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS ANIMALIA MAMMALS, MULTI- HETERO- LAND/ BIRDS, JELLY EUKARYOTE NO CELL WALL CELLULAR TROPHIC WATER FISH, MOSQUITOS

PLANTAE CACTUS, OAK MULTI- CELL WALL AUTO- LAND/ TREE, ROSE EUKARYOTE CELLULAR W/CELLULOSE TROPHIC WATER BUSH, VENUS FLY TRAP

FUNGI *MULTI- MUSHROOM, CELLULAR*/ CELL WALL HETERO- MOLD, EUKARYOTE LAND UNI- W/CHITIN TROPHIC ATHLETES CELLULAR FOOT

PROTISTA *UNI- HETERO- NO CELL WALL AMEOBA, CELLULAR* TROPHIC/ WATER/ EUKARYOTE OR CELL WALL PARAMECIUM, /MULTI- AUTO- LAND W/CELLULOSE EUGLENA CELLULAR TROPHIC

EUBACTERIA HETERO- SALMONELLA, CELL WALL EVERY- UNI- TROPHIC/ E. coli, PROKARYOTE W/PEPTIDO- WHERE CELLULAR AUTO- STREP AND GLYCAN “UBIQUITOUS” TROPHIC STAPH

ARCHAEBACTERIA HETERO- CELL WALL EXTREME UNI- TROPHIC/ THERMOPHILES PROKARYOTE W/OUT PEP- ENVIRON- CELLULAR AUTO- HALOPHILES TIDOGLYCAN MENTS TROPHIC

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

1. A group of scientists discovers a new organism. This organism is a multicellular eukaryote, and it does NOT possess a cell wall. This organism is: a) An autotroph b) A heterotroph 2. Which kingdom does this organism belong to? a) Plantae b) Protista c) Bacteria d) Animalia THE HISTORY OF CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS

• Aristotle: grouped everything into simple groups such as plants and animals • Then grouped animals according to if they had blood or didn’t have blood, then if they had live young or laid eggs, etc… • Carolus Linnaeus: created a standard naming system • Binomial nomenclature WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM? Are all of these really bears? WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM? Which is most venomous? A) water moccasin B) black moccasin C) cottonmouth D) viper WHY DO WE NEED A STANDARD NAMING SYSTEM?

How many different species of bear are shown? BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

-Common names used by people can be misleading, confusing, and repetitive -Scientists need a consistent naming protocol to communicate effectively -Binomial nomenclature • Two name system • Greek and Latin words BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

-Dracorex hogwartsia: dinosaur -Spongiforma squarepantsii: mushroom -Euglossa bazinga: bee -Agathidium vaderi: beetle -Axima sidi: wasp -Tinkerbella nana: fly -L. baratheoni, L. lannisteri, L. targaryeni, and L. starki: wasps BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Heteropoda davidbowie: spider Scaptia beyonceae: fly Gnathia marleyi: parasitic isopod Agra schwarzeneggeri: carabid 3 RULES OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE 1.) The genus is always written first and the species is written second 2.) The first letter of the genus is always capitalized and the species is lower case 3.) Both genus and species are underlined or italicized WHAT IS THE SCIENTIFIC NAME FOR HUMANS? CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

Which is the correctly written scientific name for domestic cats? a) Felis Domesticus b) felis domesticus c) Felis domesticus d) kitty CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING Which pair of organisms is more closely related? a) Acer rubrum & Acer saccharum b) Acer rubrum & Chenopodium rubrum TAXONOMY -How does naming organisms relate to classifying organisms? -How does taxonomy (naming/classifying) relate to phylogeny (evolutionary relationships)? Scientists originally grouped organisms just based on the physical similarities that they could see. How well do you think physical traits demonstrate relatedness of different species? PHYLOGENY The study of evolutionary relationships ORGANIZING CANDY ORGANIZING ORGANISMS DICHOTOMOUS KEY Guide to identifying organisms CLASSIFICATION IS ALWAYS CHANGING -As technology develops -As we discover new species -As we learn more about organisms and their genetics