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Eunucos: Fontes, Realidades, Representações E Problemáticas Da Antiguidade Oriental Ao Período Bizantino

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Eunucos: Fontes, Realidades, Representações E Problemáticas Da Antiguidade Oriental Ao Período Bizantino UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS EUNUCOS: FONTES, REALIDADES, REPRESENTAÇÕES E PROBLEMÁTICAS DA ANTIGUIDADE ORIENTAL AO PERÍODO BIZANTINO JOANNE BARBOZA FERREIRA Tese orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Nuno Simões Rodrigues, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História Antiga. 2019 AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente à minha mãe, Anne Jacqueline, quem em realidade também sempre foi também pai, irmã e melhor amiga. Obrigada por, antes de mais nada, proporcionar o apoio financeiro sem o qual minha experiência em Portugal não seria possível. Obrigada por acreditar e investir sempre em mim e por me apoiar em todos os caminhos que trilhei até hoje. Mesmo passando por inúmeros problemas pessoais e de saúde, por momentos nos quais não possuía mais forças nem para si, sempre buscou oferecer o melhor para mim. Sem o seu exemplo de ser humano, eu jamais me tornaria a mulher que sou hoje. Sou imensamente grata também ao meu marido, Adrien Bonn, quem me proporcionou o apoio emocional sem o qual eu jamais poderia ultrapassar as dificuldades que encontrei enquanto estudante e mulher brasileira em Portugal. Obrigada por ser sempre o meu maior fã, por acreditar no meu potencial e por ter sido o meu porto seguro enquanto eu enfrentava um quadro quase sem fim de burnout e depressão. Agradeço ao meu professor e orientador Dr. Nuno Rodrigues por ter sugerido este tema que nunca imaginei trabalhar, mas com o qual me identifiquei e me apaixonei logo que comecei a aprofundar. Obrigada também por ser o único na faculdade que não apenas acreditou na possibilidade da pesquisa, mas que também se ofereceu para ajudar. Sobretudo, obrigada por entender os problemas pelo qual estive passando, meu burnout e por ter a paciência inesgotável de lidar com as diferenças entre os portugueses do Brasil e de Portugal. Enfim, reservo um agradecimento especial ao meu grande amigo, Bernat Bardagil, por ter me ajudado de forma inimaginável, como um verdadeiro tutor, não só em questões relativas à estrutura do texto acadêmico, mas principalmente por me dar forças e alimentar o amor pela História e pela pesquisa quando eu mais precisava. Obrigada por ter o cuidado de ler meu trabalho, me aconselhar e, sobretudo, por acreditar no meu potencial. RESUMO Este trabalho pondera sobre algumas noções de gênero, sexualidade e corpo na Antiguidade Oriental e Ocidental (englobando em especial as civilizações da Suméria, Assíria, Babilónia, Pérsia, Roma, Grécia e Bizâncio), e toma como objeto de estudo as representações que cada uma dessas sociedades possuíam acerca dos eunucos. Para isso, elege o corpo documental compreendido entre os séculos V a.C e XII d. C. e, com o apoio teórico dos estudos de gênero e sexualidade, analisa as experiências corporais, sexuais e identitárias de homens que foram castrados ou decidiram deliberadamente se emascularem com a intenção de mudarem sua circunstância e/ou estatuto social. Por meio da abordagem metodológica da análise crítica do discurso, explora as fontes a partir de seus aspectos enquanto textos literários e enquanto interpretações subjetivas concernentes a um contexto histórico-cultural específico de cada espaço e tempo. Palavras-chave: Eunucos, castração, gênero, sexualidade, Mesopotâmia, Roma Antiga, Grécia Antiga, História Antiga. ABSTRACT This work considers some notions of gender, sexuality, and body in Eastern and Western Antiquity (encompassing especially the civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Rome, Greece, and Byzantium), and takes as its object of study the representations that each of these societies had about eunuchs. For this, it chooses the documentary body comprised between the 5th century BC and XII AC. and, with the theoretical support of gender and sexuality studies, analyzes the bodily, sexual and identity experiences of men who have been castrated or deliberately decided to emasculate themselves with the intention of changing their circumstances and/or social status. Through the methodological approach of critical discourse analysis, it explores sources from their aspects as literary texts and as subjective interpretations concerning a specific historical- cultural context of each space and time. Keywords: Eunuchs, castration, gender, sexuality, Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Ancient History. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................... 7 1- O QUE É UM EUNUCO? ............................................................................................. 11 2 - EUNUCOS NA MESOPOTÂMIA .............................................................................. 32 2.1. A transgeneridade das rainhas ....................................................................................... 43 2.2. Eunucos na Babilônia .................................................................................................... 48 2.3. Kurgarrûm e Assinnum: os sacerdotes de Inanna/Ishtar ............................................... 50 2.4. Os gala sumérios ........................................................................................................... 54 2.5. Ša Rēši X Ša Ziqni ........................................................................................................ 58 2.6 Eunucos na Assíria ......................................................................................................... 62 2.7 Eunucos na Pérsia ........................................................................................................... 66 2.8 A tradução em pauta ....................................................................................................... 68 2.9 Eunucos nas Cortes ........................................................................................................ 71 2.10 Eunucos fora da corte ................................................................................................... 74 2.11 Declínio do Império Assírio: o lugar dos eunucos ....................................................... 77 2.12 Eunucos e conspirações ................................................................................................ 80 3 – EUNUCOS NO MUNDO GRECO-ROMANO ......................................................... 85 3.1. O Problema da Ambiguidade de Gênero ....................................................................... 91 3.2. Origens da Castração em Roma: o Sincretismo Romano .............................................. 93 3.3. A Legislação .................................................................................................................. 96 3.4. Eunucos nas Cortes: Poder e Influência ........................................................................ 98 3.5. A Representação dos Eunucos .................................................................................... 101 4 - EUNUCOS NO IMPÉRIO BIZANTINO ................................................................. 109 4.1. Eunucos: cortesãos ideais ............................................................................................ 125 4.3. Eunucos no Meio Eclesiástico ..................................................................................... 131 4.4. Os eunucos aos olhos da sociedade ............................................................................. 132 4.5. O novo ideal de masculinidade ................................................................................... 140 4.6. A castração .................................................................................................................. 144 CONCLUSÃO .................................................................................................................. 148 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................... 151 INTRODUÇÃO A castração enquanto prática social de privação de androgênio no corpo masculino está presente em diversas culturas. Mesmo assim, os efeitos dessa prática nas vidas sociopolíticas e culturais dos homens que passam por essa mudança biológica ainda continuam insuficientemente compreendidas. O entendimento do fenômeno da castração se torna ainda mais complexo se atentarmos para o facto de o próprio conceito de sexualidade ser demasiado contemporâneo. Ora, esse conceito, bem como os conceitos de heterossexualidade e homossexualidade surge somente no início do século XIX.1 Conclui-se então que, para as sociedades antigas, o entendimento da sexualidade não apresenta valor epistemológico. Assim sendo, as concepções desses indivíduos acerca do corpo e do sexo são inevitavelmente diferentes das que se têm nos dias atuais. Por conseguinte, estaríamos a cometer um anacronismo e chegaríamos a conclusões inexatas se fôssemos atribuir noções pertinentes à nossa sociedade para essas outras, de outra época. Logo, a aplicação do termo sexualidade, entendido no presente estudo como uma atividade fundamentalmente cultural e historicamente variável de acordo com os contextos socioculturais de cada povo, só se torna apropriada na medida em que se analisa de que forma os valores culturais daquelas sociedades antigas interferem na maneira como as pessoas se relacionavam com o próprio corpo e com os seus desejos e sentimentos. Isso inclui, claramente, as diversas práticas e identidades sexuais construídas culturalmente em cada uma delas. Além de mudar um indivíduo biologicamente, a castração resulta também em uma aparência exteriormente diferente da de um homem que desenvolve
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