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United Nations Archives UNITED NATION~ • NATIONS UNIES ~ PAKISTAN Political PAKISTAN A. Government 1. Pakistan is a federation, consisting of East and West Pakistan,and haa a presidential system of government. The present constitution was promulgated in 1962. 2. Field Marshal Mohammed Ayub Khan asstDDed office on 28 October 1958, after Major-General Iskander Mirza, the then President handed all powers to him. His authority w.s confirmed by a ballot in February 1960 when he w.s elected by an electoral college composed of 78,720 •basic democracies • • He was re-elected in January 1965. 3. Prominent members ot the Presidential cabinet are the Foreign Minister, Mr. Sharifuddin Pirzada, KhwaJa Shahabuddin, Minister tor Inf'onnation and Broad­ casting, Mr. S. M. Zatar, Minister of Law and Parli8Jilentary Affairs, Mr. Ghulam Faruque, Minister of Commerce, Mr. Altaf' Husain, Minister ot Industries] and Natural Resources and Mr. N. M. Uquaili, Minister of Finance. Mr. M. M. Ahmed, Vice-Chairman of the Planning Commission, the Chairman being the President himself, has also a Cabinet rank. 4. The new capital of Pakistan is Islamabad to which many government offices have already moved, including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. However, some depu-tments and the President • s office are still.in Rawalpindi, the temporary capital. (i) ()pposition 5. In January this year, seventy-tour politicians who were barred fran participation in the country's political lite by the Elective Bodies Disqualifica­ tion Order (EBDO) after the declaration ot Martial I.aw in 1958, were :f'ree to take part in political activities with the expiration of that order. The chief leaders of this group are Mian Mumtaz Daultana, a former Chief Minister ot West Pakistan, and Sardar Abdul Qayyum. Some of the 'Ebdo' politicians have already come on the side ot government but the more important ones ot them have stated that they would be working tor the restoration ot direct elections to the national Assembly and tor full powers tor the Legislature. Meanwhile, Mr. Z. A. Bhutto, the former Foreign Minister, is also building a following, pUoticularly among the -2- young in both East and West Pakistan. The recent f'ood shortage and consequent rise in prices of essential goods has contributed to the government's unpopularity. (11) Demand for AutonC!!Y in East Pakistan 6. The East Pakistan Ava.mi League, a popular party in that province, has issued a six-point formula which would leave only toreign attairs and defence with the Centre. This demand for greater autonomy arose primarily f'rolll the economic disparity· that exists between the two Wings and the lower representation ot East Pakistan in senior Central services. The Central Government is, however, trying hard to meet these and other grievances ot East Pakistan and the recent industrial growth in East Pakistan was at par with, if not greater than, 1n West Pakistan. Yet a movement tor greater autonaDy is not on the decrease in East Pakistan Which also felt a sense ot isolation during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan conflict. (iii) Economic Progress 1. Despite recent food shortage and increase in the prices ot consumer gOOds, the economic progress of the country has been substantial since the present regime took over in October 1958. The successful implementation ot the second and third tive-year plans has resulted in an annual growth ot 5 per cent. To continue and increase that rate ot growth, Pakistan was likely to seek about $600 million aid from the consortium of Western European States and the United States tor the.next tiscal year beginning 1 July 1967. 8. Like India, Pakistan is also concentrating on greater agricultural productivity and stabilization ot population. Government e:rtorts are concentrat­ ing on making Pakistan selt-sutticient in ~~by 1970-71. The completion ot the expeeteu Mangla Dam in the very near future and the ~ompletion ot work on Tarbela Dam in West Pakistan and the Teesta Barrage in East Pakistan by the earl.y seventies would greatly facilitate Pakistan's objective of' self-sufficiency in food and increased electric power for its industries. At the same time the Government is also concentrating on family planning to reduce the high rate of population growth in the country. B. External Atfairs 9• Pakistan 1 s borders virtually touching those ot the Soviet Union and China, Pakistan sought and succeeded in establishing normal and cordial relations with its two great neighbours. Soviet coolness towards Pakistan has been replaced, as President Ayub stated recently, not only by Soviet interest in Pakistan• s well being and progress "but also 1n a just and pea.cetul settlement of the disputes -3- and problems of the sub-continent". The Tashkent Declaration was a milestone in that respect. The Soviet Union has also signed a number of agreements with Pakistan in the field of economic assistance and cultural exchanges. President Ayub's two visits to the Soviet Union also greatly improved the relations between the two countries. The visit of Premier Kosygin in the near tuture is also expected to improve the relations further. 10. With the People's Re]iUblic of China, Pakistan has established its relations on the basis of non-interference in each others' internal affairs, respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity. The PRC has also aided Pakistan in establishing a heavy machinery plant in Taxila near Rawalpindi. It also sent some food during Pakistan's recent food shortage. ll. With Burma, another of its neighbours, Patistan has signed a border asre•ent and relations are cordial, as also with Nepal, Ceylon and Indonesia. 12. With Iran and Turkey, Pakistan has very close relations and has Joined them in establishing in 1964 an organization called "Regional Cooperation tor Develop­ ment" (RCD). Meetings of RCD take place regularly at all levels and under its auspices a number of Joint ventures, particularly in insurance and shipping, have already started operating. 13. Pakistan's relations with the United states came under a strain in 1962, when, following the Sino-Indian border conflict, the United states decided to give large-scale arms aid to India. However, economic and military aid to both India and Pakistan was suspended in 1965 and although economic aid has since been renewed, the United States has not decided on the renewal of military aid. In tact it is in favour of the idea that the arms race on the sub-continent be brought to a halt. Relations W1 th India 14. Although the Indo-Pakistan conflict of 1965 hac:\ a sobering ef:f'ect on the two countries and there has been considerable decline in propaganda and bellicose talk trom both sides 1 there has been no progress towards full normalization of relations. Kashmir 1 which India considers to be one among many other "differences" with Pakistan and which to Pakistan is a maJor dispute between the two countries, continues to prove to be the main obstacle to an improvement of relations. Since March 1966 no talks on a ministerial level have been held. Pakistan wants a prior assurance that "meaningful negotiations leading to a settlement of all disputes and differences, in particular the Jammu and Kashmir dispute" would form the subJect matter of those talks. India is prepared and even eager to hold talks but without any preconditions. -4- 15. In Pakistan there is also considerable disappointment that the great powers which had acted so energetically to bring about a cease-tire were not showing the same anxiety to remove the underlying cause of that armed contlict. Pakistan also points out that now that the cease-fire and the withdrawal of troops had been canpleted, the Security Council under operative paragraph 4 of its resolution of 20 September 1965 (S/RES/211 [1965]) should begin to consider what steps could be taken to assist towards a settlement of the political problem underlying the present conflict. According to Pakistan, that consideration was all the more necessary because of the failure of bilateral talks as recamaended under Article 33 of the Charter. Operative paragraph 5 of the same resolution "requests the Secretary-General to exert every possible effort to give effect to this resolution, to seek a peaceful solution and to report to the Security Council thereon". 16. Pakistan believes that there is considerable uneasiness in the State at J8JDIIIU and Kashmir and the elections held there under India's fourth general election were a "farce". India, however, has reiterated its stand that Kashmir is an integral part of India and the re-opening of the question would only create further upheaval. Pakistan and Viet-Nam 17. There is distress in Pakistan over the continuation and escalation of the armed conflict in Viet-Nam. In a press interview, President Ayub stated. that "what Viet-Nam is looking for is national treedan", and he believes that South Viet-Nam should be tree to choose its own form of government without outside interference, .otherwise the struggle would cont_inue for "40 or 50 years". In Pakistan the general feeling is that the struggle is in South Viet-Nam itself and the main ;rartiee are the National Liberation Front and the Saigon Government. Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Positions of India and Pakistan) 18. During the past two years Pakistan has shown great interest in the questi on of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons; this interest being primarily due to its fear that India might decide to manufacture a nuclear bomb which would put a great strain on Pakistan itself. Pakistan has given support to the idea of a non-proliferation treaty and has proposed a world conference of non-nuclear powers. India, 'Which has the potential and capability to "go nuclear", has, however, publicly stated that it would use its nuclear power for only peaceful purposes.
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