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Alina Picu TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT a Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Military

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Alina Picu TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT a Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Military Alina Picu TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Military Terminology – Military Terms and Language for Special Purposes (O analiză lexico-semantică a termnologiei militare – termeni militari şi limbaj pentru scopuri speciale) Abstract Key words: terminology, specialized terminology, military terminology, military language, military discourse, military compounds, military terms, lexicological and terminological units, lexicology versus terminology, linguistic analysis, loans and borrowings, conversion, metaphorical usage, idioms, acronyms, euphemisms, diachronic approach and synchronic approach. Chapter I: Introduction Our thesis entitled A Lexico-Semantic Analysis of Military Terminology will study military terms in English. The analysis is made from the perspective of linguistics, pragmatics, discourse analysis, and sociolinguistics. The main ideas at the basis of the thesis are: the approach to English military terminology from the point of view of syntactic and semantic analysis, pragmatics and discourse analysis. The analysis is carried out on a corpus made up of a number of military terms extracted from specialized and semi-specialized military texts and fiction (novels). As far as the investigated military terms are concerned, a comparison is made between the definitions given by the general dictionaries (GD) and specialized dictionaries (SD). An important objective of this research is to understand a specialized text written in English language where the scientific information is a very important tool for any future military specialist in this domain of activity as a means of communication in international military mission and for establishing interpersonal contacts. In the need for development, due to 1 economic, cultural and social-political changes, languages have undergone significant changes, and this is mostly reflected in vocabulary and terminology. 1.1. Field of research The thesis is devoted to the study of military language, being a privileged position of initiating a dialogue at the linguistic and military level. Consequently, there are obviously some advantages which derive from this study, such as the linguistic and the military importance. As regards linguistics, it seems that specialized terms in a language express a lessened interest when they are used. But, all in all, the specific terms of the specialized language, namely specific terminology, the use of some morphological and syntactic structures and the significance of sentences shouldn’t be left unmarked. As regards the military language, ever since the Cold War, foreign language courses have been taught, especially the English language, which in time has become more and more important within the armed forces. One must to take into consideration not only the visible linguistic mechanisms of use but also other types of personal, social, discursive or pragmatic motivations that participants in the conversational event have when selecting a particular discourse. 1.2. Statement of the problem In order to successfully finalize our research, we have set a number of research objectives, as follows: - to carry out a lexico-semantic analysis of military terms, to investigate their syntactic, semantic behavior based on a representative corpus. - to investigate the etymology of some military terms extracted from the corpus by giving a definition using both general and specialized dictionaries, and then by making a comparative lexicographic analysis of these terms. - to set the theoretical coordinates for what terminology is, the principles, representations and characterization of terms belonging to this specialized field. - to do a corpus-based analysis providing an outline of some of the most important theories, relevant for our research topic identified in the corpus represented by specialized military texts and fiction (novels). In the third, the fourth the fifth and the 2 sixth chapters we investigate some lexical, syntatic and semantic features of military terms in the economy of our practical analysis. - to perform a comparative analysis of English and Romanian military terms and their behavior both in general (GL) and specialized language (SL). - to demonstrate the necessity to enlarge the research of military terms from an etymological point of view, lexico-semantic and structural point of view. 1.3. Research questions The goals that we established for our research depart from a set of research questions that adjust the content of our thesis. Therefore, the most important questions from which the analysis conducted in this doctoral thesis departs are the following: 1. Is military English (ME) different from general English (GE)? 2. What is the status of military terms in general dictionaries (GL) as compared to specialized dictionaries (SD)? 3. What are the most productive means of the military? 4. What are the most important/frequent structural nominal types of patterns identified in the specialized corpus? 5. What are the most important characteristics in the process of translation from a SL to a TL? These important questions are to be answered by the observations that will be made throughout the thesis and a summary of the arguments that constitute the answer to the five questions will be provided in chapter 8 where we present the results of our research. As mentioned earlier, the answer that we provide to these questions is both theoretical but mostly practical, based on the analysis of the corpus of the military terms in English (and Romanian). 1.4. Significance of the study The solid theoretical background that we offer in chapter 2, in which we present essential theories or quote from reputed linguists, might represent the starting point of any research on the topic of military terms or of other related research objectives such as: an analysis of some widely known military terms, the relation between military terms and general language, the relation between military terms and other specialized terminology (chemistry, biology, etc.). This study 3 focuses as well on the syntactic, lexical and semantic features of military texts as a specialized discourse, the relationships of synonymy, hyponymy relevant to the corpus; the use of metaphor, euphemisms, colloquial and slang expressions in military discourse is another aspect that the corpus based analysis tackles and which, at the same time, contributes significantly to the originality of the thesis. The importance of the study also resides in offering valuable data by identifying some English military terms and then analyzing them from an etymological, structural and semantic point of view. The present study is significant both from the perspective of the theoretical study of English military terms from the perspective of acquiring pragmatic competence. 1.5. Scope and limitations of the study The study is intended for specialists, and not only, in the domains of pragmatics, functional, linguistics, and sociolinguistics. Given its foreign language learning approach to the use of military items, this thesis could also be of interest to specialists in teaching sciences. Students and academics could benefit from the findings presented in this research due to the fact that is touches upon various theories and multiple directions that influence the language over time. Substantial time and energy has been devoted to analyzing military terminology. The reason for this is that military English is becoming more and more widespread across the world and, as a result, it is more important to the armed forces. Moreover, as there is a lack of reliable English military dictionaries and as those which are available often prove to be both unreliable and imprecise, it is hoped that this work will contribute someway to making the grey areas related to military terms transparent and more comprehensible. Due to the multitude of possible military contexts, the corpus-based analysis could be seen as a model of analysis which suggests a different approach to the functional distribution and use of military items and not as a complete account of all the possible texts that the analyzed English military terms could fulfill in casual and formal conversations. The expansion of the analysis conducted in this thesis certainly represents our next research objective. 1.6. The structure and organization of the thesis In point of structure, the thesis is divided into eight chapters and subchapters, each main chapter with its own introduction and conclusion. 4 In Chapter 1: Introduction, we set the methodological background of the thesis and state the starting point (research questions, aims) of this research. Being an introductory chapter, we also motivate the importance of investigating the topic of how a military term functions. In Chapter 2: Principles of terminology and Language for Special Purposes, we discuss linguistic units and terminological units as well as the relationships that exist between term and concept in military terminology. The need for terminology is vital for the functioning of sciences, it is an important transfer of knowledge of scientific and technical information, and most of all, it is necessary for the translation of scientific and technical texts. By having a good terminological knowledge, we could improve our communication and through specialized translation which requires mastery of specialized bilingual or multilingual terminologies, we give rise to special vocabularies. Here, we include the theoretical background of terminology and theory of LSP, in which useful theoretical tools of
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