TECHNICAL STUDY OF THE DICTIONARIES PUBLISHED IN SANSKRIT LANGUAGE SINCE 1800 AD. A Thesis submitted to the Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune For the Degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph. D.) Doctor of Philosophy in the Library and Information Science Under the Faculty of Moral and Social Sciences By Mrs. Manjiri A. Karambelkar Under the Guidance of Dr. N. B. Dahibhate Principal Technical Officer, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008 Department of Library and Information Science April 2014 D E C L A R A T I O N I declare that the thesis entitled “Technical Study of the Dictionaries Published in Sanskrit Language Since 1800 AD” completed and written by me has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree or other similar title upon me of this or any other Vidyapeeth or examining body. Date : April 2014 Mrs. Manjiri A. Karambelkar Place : Pune Research Student ii C E R T I F I C A T E This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Technical Study of the Dictionaries Published in Sanskrit Language Since 1800 AD” which is being submitted herewith for award of the degree of Vidyavachaspati (Ph.D.) in Library and Information Science, Faculty of Moral and Social Sciences of Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Pune is the result of original research work, completed by Mrs. Manjiri A. Karambelkar under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief the work incorporated in this thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree or similar title of this or any other University or examining body upon her. Place : Pune Dr. N B Dahibhate Date: April 2014 Research Guide iii Acknowledgement I am ever grateful to my research guide Dr. N B Dahibhate, Principal Technical Officer (EII) , DIRC, CSIR- National Chemical Laboratory, Pune. His constant encouragement and wise counsel were of immense value to me in completing this research work. In spite of his busy academic and administrative schedule Dr. Dahibhate spared his valuable time and guided me successfully. It is but for his personal involvement, I was able to submit the thesis on time. In fact I feel it a great privilege to work under his supervision. I would like to place on record my gratitude to respected authorities of Deccan College P G and Research Institute Pune especially Director and Prof. Shri V S Shinde and Registrar Shri C V Joshi, former director and Prof. Dr V P Bhatta and former registrar Shri N S Gavare. The full support of these authorities in perusing and completing the research study is acknowledged very well. Similarly I am thankful to the Sanskrit scholars of Sanskrit department especially Prof. Dr J D Sathe, Dr Vinaya Kshirsagar, Dr Prasad Joshi, Dr Pradnya Deshpande, and Mrs. Sarika Mishra, Mrs. Vandana Selukar for their kind help in completing this study and guiding me to move towards the right direction. I am thankful to Dr Prasad Joshi for his special efforts for checking the English language of the thesis. I am acknowledging the support of library staff colleagues for their inspiration. I am thankful to Vice Chancellor of TMV Pune, Dr Deepak Tilak and Registrar Dr Umesh Kesakar and Dean Dr. Karlekar Sir for providing all the research facilities form their university from time to time. My special thanks are due to Dr Keskar Sir, who helped in inspiring to undertake this research study from their university. My personal thanks are also due to Prof. Karekar Sir who helped in developing strategies for the research of this caliber. I am also thankful for the kind gesture of Shri Salvi Sir, Mrs Wate Madam and PhD unit staff Shri Navnath and others for their help in administrative issues. Finally thanks to librarian TMV Dr. Mrs Dhanishtha Khandare and Shri Avdhut Kulkarni for their support. iv I gratefully acknowledge the active support and inspiring words of the members of teaching faculty from different areas Prof. Dr. Rajendra Kumbhar, Dr. Sadananda Bansode. My thanks are also due to Dr. Aparna R Rajendra, Dr. B M Panage and other staff of the Jaykar Library who provided me the library facilities and also discussed issues in the research work from time to time. I also place on record my sincere thanks to Late Dr. M.B. Konnur, retired Professor and University Librarian, Pune University, for his helpful suggestions. My special thanks to Dr. S K Patil Sir for his valuable help and instant guidance. I would like to thank Dr. R.R.Sakhare Sir for his valuable suggestions. A research work of this magnitude cannot be carried out in isolation. My colleagues and librarians form different institutes especially Shri Sangle Sir in BORI Library, Pune. Library staff in Department of Sanskrit University of Pune, and many others have assisted me at various stages of the study. I wish to express my sincere thanks to them. I feel immensely pleased to place on record my deep appreciation to Mr Ananad my husband and my daughter Ms Priya for their love, affection and unstinted support in completing my research study. Several of my close friends and professional associates have readily come forward to extend their moral and technical support. I have used different published literature in my research study I am thankfully acknowledging their help and cooperation for making use of literature which is also cited in the research work at appropriate places in different chapters and bibliography. I am grateful to all with whom I discussed many points especially Dr C R Karisiddappa, eminent personality in the LIS education. v Abstract Indian languages have a long and glorious tradition of lexicographical work. Different types of dictionaries serving different purposes have been prepared at different times. Work on many dictionary projects are under progress by various agencies. In spite of this, a large amount of work still remains to be done in the different language fields. Efforts are made to compile bibliographies of the published dictionaries in different languages and covering different subject areas but efforts are concentrated more in English Language dictionaries. The analysis and reviews are compiled in this language prominently. Sanskrit is base language for developing other languages but efforts are not yet visualized in developing bibliographies of dictionaries with annotations for enhancing its utility. The efforts of National Library Kolkata in developing bibliography of published dictionaries in Sanskrit are available but up to 1964 compilation in print from only. It is also possible that many publications are missing in the compilation as they may not be made available to National Libraries. It is a need to edit and update missing links. Similarly different languages developed many types of dictionaries to meet need of different learners, researchers, teachers and scholars. Similarly the existing dictionaries also do not reflect the modern developments in the field of linguistics and lexicography. With the growing use of Indian languages in the field of education, administration and mass communication the need of dictionaries assumes special importance. It becomes more necessary considering the large number of languages spoken in the country and need of getting proper meaning of the words and terms used through development of appropriate dictionaries. Lexicography is developing as a branch of applied linguistics. It is gradually being given its due place in the teaching programme of linguistics in the country. There has been a widely felt need of professionalizing lexicographic work and for this purpose there is a need for imparting training to the persons engaged in lexicographical work as well as supporting to this venture by the documentalist. vi The present work deals with the theory and practice of lexicography now called as dictionary making in the area of Sanskrit language and from the point of view of Indian languages attempts made to meet some of the needs in the field of lexicography by compiling Sanskrit dictionaries published since 1800 AD. The work is primarily designed as a basic work, giving the theoretical background and practical guidelines for different types of dictionaries available, its use, and development etc. The matter presented in the research study covers meaning, need, importance of dictionaries including types, also view the methodology adapted by Deccan College Pune for dictionary making in general. More efforts are concentrated on compilation of Sanskrit dictionaries published from 1800 AD and the role of modern dictionary (Online) development. The compilation of bibliography is also useful for researchers and librarians to locate the traditional Sanskrit dictionaries and annotated compilation might give value addition as such efforts are not yet reflected. The present research study is focused in seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the general nature of reference sources, dictionaries as important reference source and tool used for getting varied information, importance and development of Sanskrit language, need of dictionaries in learning and teaching, background of the study and reason for the selection, aim, objectives, methodology and structure of the research study is highlighted. A brief literature review is also presented in this chapter and indicated the uniqueness of the study as compared with the studies in the past. The second chapter deals with historical perspectives of dictionaries which initiated from the theory of lexicology and its application to lexicographical work, historical development of dictionaries, role and types of dictionaries, etc. thus this chapter reflects an account of meaning, its different types and components and also different approaches to meaning, from the point of view of its treatment in dictionaries. Chapter three explains the history and development of Sanskrit dictionaries and summarizes the origin and growth in dictionaries in Sanskrit, structure of Sanskrit dictionaries and trends in compiling dictionaries covering online dictionaries. Chapter four narrates the opinions of different scholars in evaluating the dictionaries.