Rechtsgeschichte Legal History

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rechtsgeschichte Legal History Zeitschrift des Max-Planck-Instituts für europäische Rechtsgeschichte Rechts R Journal of the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History geschichte g Rechtsgeschichte Legal History www.rg.mpg.de http://www.rg-rechtsgeschichte.de/rg28 Rg 28 2020 183 – 198 Zitiervorschlag: Rechtsgeschichte – Legal History Rg 28 (2020) http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg28/183-198 Dieter Ziegler * DiePeelscheBankakteunddieStabilitätder Finanzmärkte in England, 1844–1890 [The Peel’s Act and the Stability of English Financial Markets, 1844–1890] * Ruhr-Universität Bochum, [email protected] Dieser Beitrag steht unter einer Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Abstract This article examines the evolution of central banking in England during the 19th century. Although the Bank of England was, during the period examined in this contribution, a privately- owned and privileged company, its money market operations (at least from 1873 onward) are always interpreted as the gradual adaption of the duties of a modern central bank, including the role as the »bankers’ bank«. The fact that it was also in com- petition with discount houses and commercial banks on the money market is, however, largely neglected. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this article analyses the Bank of England operations under the rationale of a utility-maximising institu- tion which had to hide that its principal business objectivewasahighandstabledividend. Keywords: Bank Charter Act of 1844, Bank of England, lender of last resort, Walter Bagehot □× Fokus focus Dieter Ziegler DiePeelscheBankakteunddieStabilitätder Finanzmärkte in England, 1844–1890 DerLondonerFinanzmarktwiesim›langen der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zunächst nicht viel 19. Jahrhundert‹ eine beeindruckende Stabilität mehr hieß, als die Konvertibilität der Währung auf.NatürlichereignetensichauchindieserZeit durchdieBildungausreichender(Währungs-)Me- Bankenzusammenbrüche, darunter auch recht tallreserven bei der Zentralnotenbank zu sichern. spektakuläre, die ganze Marktsegmente betrafen In den meisten europäischen Staaten übertrugen –wiedieCountry Banks im Jahr 1825 und die die Regierungen diese Aufgabe an ihre ›Hausbank‹. Diskonthäuser und Finance Companies im Jahr Das konnte, musste aber nicht notwendigerweise 1866 –, aber selbst in diesen Fällen gelang es relativ die Staatsbank sein. Im Falle Englands übernahm schnell, ein Übergreifen der Krise auf andere dies die zwar staatlich privilegierte, sich aber voll- Marktsegmente zu verhindern. Auf der anderen ständig in Privatbesitz befindliche Bank of Eng- Seite blieb London von den bedeutendsten inter- land, die auch die Konten der Regierung führte. nationalen Finanz(markt)krisen der Jahre 1873 DiezweiteFunktionzielteaufdieSicherung und 1907 weitgehend unbeeindruckt und erwies der Stabilität des jeweiligen Bankensystems. Da die sich in diesen Jahren als ein Stabilitätsanker des Geschäftsbanken in Großbritannien (mit Ausnah- internationalen Währungssystems. Schließlich ge- me von London) bis zur Jahrhundertmitte größ- lang es im Jahr 1890 sogar, die potentiell größte tenteils sog. Zettelbanken – also solche Banken, Gefahr für den Londoner Finanzplatz während deren Passivgeschäft wesentlich aus der Emission dieses Jahrhunderts frühzeitig zu erkennen und eigener Banknoten bestand – waren, glaubte man durch eine konzertierte Aktion der Londoner City lange Zeit, dass auch deren Stabilität eine Frage der rechtzeitig zu entschärfen, so dass der Zusammen- Notendeckung war. Die Provinznotenbanken hiel- bruch von Baring Bros., der seinerzeit zweitbedeu- ten zur Deckung ihrer ›Zettel‹ jedoch kein Metall, tendsten Merchant Bank Londons (und damit der sonderninersterLinieBankofEngland-Noten. Welt), verhindert werden konnte. Insofern hing auch die Stabilität des Bankensys- Diese Stabilität des Finanzplatzes London wäh- tems ganz wesentlich von der Bereitschaft der Bank rend des 19. Jahrhunderts wird in der Forschung of England ab, die Märkte mit Bank of England- zu einem Gutteil der Bank of England zugeschrie- Noten zu versorgen. Durch die Ausweitung oder ben, die sich innerhalb des durch den Bank Charter Kontraktion ihrer Notenzirkulation konnte die Act von 1844 (Peel’s Act oder Peelsche Bankakte) Bank of England somit auch die Zirkulation der gesetzten Rahmen in eine embryonale Regulie- ›Zettel‹ beeinflussen. rungsinstanz verwandelte, auch wenn sie diese Zur Senkung der Transaktionskosten beim ge- Rolle niemals öffentlich anerkannte und der ge- genseitigen Austausch ihrer ›Zettel‹ institutionali- setzliche Rahmen sie auch nicht zwang, eine solche sierten die Geschäftsbanken das Clearing zunächst Rolle auszufüllen.1 Der Ökonom und langjährige durch die Gründung von Clearinghäusern. Zur Berater der Bank of England, Charles Goodhart, weiteren Vereinfachung des Clearingverkehrs wur- sieht mit Blick auf das 19. Jahrhundert zwei Regu- de dann vereinbart, dass alle beteiligten Banken lierungsfunktionen als wesentlich für die Stabilität Guthaben bei einer Bank halten sollten, mit de- von Finanzmärkten an.2 Dies sind erstens die nen die gegenseitigen Forderungen saldiert wer- Sicherung der Geldwertstabilität, wobei dies in den konnten. Diese Clearingbank-Funktion wur- 1 In der Festschrift zum 300-jährigen Gründungsjubiläum der Bank of England bezeichnete David Kynaston dieBankals»aniconofVictorian England«, Kynaston (1995a) 21. 2Goodhart (1988) 7. Dieter Ziegler 183 Rg 28 2020 de sinnvollerweise der Bank der Regierung über- genüberzutreten. Schließlich wurden Einlagen bei tragen, da sie in der Regel die größte Bank am der Bank of England nicht verzinst.5 Platze war. Auf diese Weise wurde die Zentral- In der Konsequenz musste sich die sehr häufig notenbank zur ›Bank der Banken‹. Mit der Zeit ursprünglich wettbewerbsorientierte, Nutzen ma- sicherten sich die Geschäftsbanken gegen unerwar- ximierende Zentralnotenbank ganz auf den Ge- tete Forderungen seitens des Publikums, und zwar schäftsverkehr mit den Geschäftsbanken zurück- dadurch, dass sie ihre Guthaben bei der Clearing- ziehen; und damit diese sie auch uneingeschränkt bank über das für den Clearing-Verkehr notwen- als Regulierungsinstanz annahmen, musste die dige Maß hinaus anwachsen ließen. So entstand Zentralnotenbank ausdrücklich auf eine Unter- eine Art Versicherung gegen Liquiditätsengpässe nehmenspolitik der Nutzenmaximierung verzich- auf Gegenseitigkeit. Ein solcher Versicherungsver- ten. Im Falle einer staatlichen Zentralnotenbank ein besaß aber zunächst keinerlei Sicherungsme- war ein solches Verhalten wahrscheinlich, weil der chanismus gegen Moral Hazard. Deshalb wurde Staat als Eigentümer an der Sicherung eines stabi- die Verselbständigung der Zentralnotenbank als len Bankensystems ein größeres Interesse haben Lender of Last Resort erforderlich, d. h. die Zen- sollte als an den Gewinnen seiner Zentralbank; tralnotenbank entschied allein, wann, gegenüber und auch im Falle einer privaten Zentralnoten- wem und in welchem Umfang sie Liquiditätseng- bank war ein Rückzug aus dem Wettbewerb mit pässe durch den Einsatz ihrer Reserven abzumil- den Geschäftsbankendannmöglich,wennVer- dern bereit war. Die Anerkennung der Zentral- treter der Geschäftsbanken oder anderer Unter- notenbank als Lender of Last Resort durch den nehmen mit einem hohen Interesse an der rei- Markt setzte aber voraus, dass die Zentralnoten- bungslosen Funktionsweise des Bankensystems ei- bank darauf verzichtete, als Konkurrent um Nicht- nen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Unterneh- bankenkunden auf dem Markt in Erscheinung zu mensentscheidungen der Zentralbank ausüben treten. Denn nur dann konnten die beteiligten konnten. Nur wenn auch dieser Schritt, der Rück- Geschäftsbanken diese Regulierungsfunktion un- zug aus dem Wettbewerb um Nichtbankenkun- eingeschränkt akzeptieren.3 den, vollzogen war, kann nach Charles Goodhart Clearinghäuser zur Verrechnung von ›Zetteln‹ von einem Lender of Last Resort gesprochen wer- wurden in Großbritannien nur in Schottland und den, und nur wenn sich dieser, zunächst nur der englischen Provinz gegründet, da in London theoretisch abgeleitete Prozess tatsächlich empi- bereits im 18. Jahrhundert fast nur Bank of Eng- risch nachweisbar so vollzogen hatte, kann be- land-Noten zirkulierten. Das Clearing der Londo- hauptet werden, dass nicht der Staat den Finanz- ner Banken betraf deshalb seit seinen Anfängen im märkten eine Zentralnotenbank oktroyiert hat, ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert dieVerrechnung von sondern dass diese Institution durch den Markt Schecks. Als die Bank of England im Jahr 1864 selbst geschaffen wurde.6 dem London Bankers’ Clearing House beitrat, Im Folgenden werde ich zum einen fragen, legten die Londoner Banken tatsächlich ihre Re- inwieweit sich unter den gegebenen Rahmenbe- serven zumindest zum Teil bei ihr ein.4 Damit dingungen in England eine private Zentralnoten- übernahm die Bank of England zwar diese Rolle bank zu einer Regulierungsinstanz entwickeln als Versicherungsverein, aber die Bereitschaft der konnte, die maßgeblich für die erwähnte Stabilität Geschäftsbanken, einen Teil ihrer Barreserven bei von Währung und Finanzmarkt verantwortlich der Bank of England zu hinterlegen, hing wesent- war. Zum anderen wird zu klären sein, wie diese lich davon ab, dass die Bank of England die ihr Bank im Falle möglicher Konflikte zwischen ihrer zufließenden Depositen nicht dazu nutzte, diese gesamtwirtschaftlichen Verantwortung und ihrer gewinnbringend anzulegen und womöglich den Renditeorientierung agierte. Geschäftsbanken sogar noch als Konkurrentin ge- 3Goodhart (1988) 29 ff.; Goodhart (1991) 11–12. 4Matthews
Recommended publications
  • The London Gazette, December 6, 1881
    . THE LONDON GAZETTE, DECEMBER 6, 1881. 6553 'field Hora, Esq., Arthur Edmund Taylor, Esq., Doulton, Esq., Howard John Kennard, Esq., John Young, Esq., James Ebenezer Saunders, Coleridge John Kennard, Esq., Sir .Nathaniel Esq., John Francis Bontems, Esq., William Brass, Meyer de Rothschild, Bart, and James Anderson Esq., Thomas "White, Esq., Mungo McGeorge, Rose, Esq.; Field Marshal the Right Honour- Esq., Henry William Nind, Esq., George Fisher, able Hugh Henry, Baron Strathnairn, G.C.B. j Esq., George Pepler, Esq., James Bell, Esq., John Rose Holden Rose, Esq., late Lieutenant- James Edmeston, Esq., James Crispe, Esq., Colonel in our Army ; Joseph D'Aguilar Samuda, Thomas Rudkin, Esq., and Henry Lawrence Esq., Charles John Todd, Esq., Joseph Hoare, Hammack, Esq.. Deputies of the city of London, Esq., Charles Kaye Freshfield, Esq., Henry Raye and the Deputies of the said city for the time Freshfield, Esq., Hugh Mackaye Matheson, Esq., being ; James Abbiss, Esq., and Thomas Sidney, Francis Augustus Bevan, Esq., Henry Alers Esq., formerly Aldermen of the city of London ; Hankey, Esq., Frederick Collier, Esq., William Thomas Snelling, Esq., Henry de Jersey, Esq., Vivian, Esq., Robert Malcolm Kerr, Esq., Sir William George Barnes, Esq., William Webster, Thomas James Nelson, Knt., Thomas Gabriel, Esq., John Parker, Esq., Sir John Bennett, Knt., Esq., Henry John Tritton, Esq., Percy Shawe William Hartridge, Esq., and William Jones, Smith, Esq., Alfred James Copeland, Esq., George Esq., formerly Deputies of the city of London; Frederick White, Esq., Samuel Morley, Esq., John Henry Hulse Berens, Esq., Arthur Edward Camp- Alldin Moore, Esq., Charles Booth, Esq., Arthur bell, Esq., Robert Wigram Crawford, Esq., Burnand, Esq., Jeremiah Colman, Esq., Wil- James Pattison Currie, Esq., Benjamin Buck liam Sedgwick Saunders, M.D., William Holme Greene, Esq., Henry Riversdale Grenfell, Esq., Twentyman, Esq., William Collinson, Esq., Henry Hucks Gibbs, Esq., John Saunders George Croshaw, Esq., Sir John Lubbock.
    [Show full text]
  • January 2013 Abdul Bangura, Howard University, John Birchall
    THE JOURNAL OF SIERRA LEONE STUDIES – Volume 2 – Edition 1 – January 2013 Editorial Panel Abdul Bangura, Howard University, John Birchall, Ade Daramy, David Francis, University of Bradford, Lansana Gberie, Dave Harris, School of Oriental and African Studies University of London, Philip Misevich, St John’s University, New York, John Trotman. Dedication I recently made contact with Professor John Hargreaves, who some of you will know was the last Editor of this Journal. He was delighted to hear of its re-appearance and so we have dedicated this edition to John and thank him for his scholarship and dedication to the academic life of Sierra Leone. In this edition Monetary Policy and the Balance of Payments: Econometric Evidence from Sierra Leone - Samuel Braima, Head of Economics Department, Fourah Bay College, University of Sierra Leone and Robert Dauda Korsu, Senior Economist, West African Monetry Agency. Addressing Organised Crime in Sierra Leone: The Role of the Security-Development Nexus - Sacha Jesperson, London School of Economics and Political Science. Book Review A Critique of Epistemologies of African Conflicts: Violence, Evolutionism and the War in Sierra Leone (New York: Palgrave, 2012) - Lans Gberie A new section We are pleased to introduce an end section that focuses on issues that will be of interest to those currently studying Sierra Leone and those who will follow this generation. In this edition we have: The naming of Sierra Leone - Peter Andersen Edward Hyde, Murray Town - pilot in The Battle of Britain. The chase for Bai Bureh - The London Gazette, 29th December, 1899. Peer Reviewed Section In this edition we have included a range of different articles.
    [Show full text]
  • Southside Virginian
    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/southsidevirgini1198283 THE SOUTHSIDE VIRGINIAN OCTOBER 1982 VOLUME 1, NUMBER 1 Reprinted May, 1991 THE SOUTHSIDE VIRGINIAN Volume 1 October 1?82 Number 1 Contents 1 From the Editors 2 Brunswick County Will Book 2 3 Amelia County Tithable List for 1737 15 Urquhart Family Cemetery, Southampton County 22 Account Book of Estates put into the Hands of the 23 Sheriff's Office, Nansemond County, 18^0- 1845 Register of Births and Deaths of William Browne and 24 Ann his wife of "Cedar Fields", Surry County. Some Importations from Lunenburg County Order Books 25 Wills from Southampton County Loose Papers 26 ^ Removals from Delinquent Tax Lists 30 Greensville County Powers of Attorney 31 Black Creek Baptist Church, Southampton County, ^3 Register of Births Queries 48 Lyndon H. Hart, J. Christian Kolbe, editors Copyright 1982 The subscription price is $15.00 per annum. All subscriptions begin with the October issue of the volume. Issues are not sold separately. Correspondence should be addressed: Box 118, Richmond, Virginia 23201. This is a reprint. For subscription information, contact: The Southside Virginian, P.O. Box 3684, Richmond, VA ' 23235. I FROM THE EDITORS The Southside Virginian is a genealogical quarterly devoted to to research in the counties of Southside Virginia, including the counties of Princess Anne, Norfolk, Nansemond, Isle of Wight, Southampton, Surry, Sussex, Prince George, Chesterfield, Dinwiddle, Powhatan, Greensville, Amelia, Nottoway, Brunswick, Cumberland, Prince Edward, Mecklenburg, Charlotte, Halifax, Henry, Pittsylvania. The purpose of this quarterly is to promote scholarly genealogical research in Southside Virginia by making available to its subscribers transcriptions and abstracts of county, church, and cemetery records.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette, December 29, 1399
    ..86*50 THE LONDON GAZETTE, DECEMBER 29, 1399. Consolidated Chapelry of All Saints South well as those rendered by the Officers, Non-commis • Merstham.' sioned Officers, and Men of the Imperial Troops, " We therefore humbly pray that Your Majesty and Sierra Leone Frontier Police, and by the will be graciously pleased to take the premises District Commissioners and other officials in the into Your Royal consideration and to make such service of this Government, mentioned by him in Order in respect thereto as to Your Majesty iu his Despatch. Your Royal wisdom shall seem meet, 3. I also beg to bring to your most favourable " The SCHEDULE to which the foregoing notice the efficient manner in which the Senior Representation has reference. Naval Officers, viz.:—Captain A. L. Winsloe, . " The Consolidated Chapelry of All Saints Her Majesty's ship "Blake," Captain F. H. South Merstbam comprising :— Henderson, Her Majesty's ship "Fox," and " All that portion of the parish of Merstbam iu Captain R. S. Rolleston, Her Majesty's ship the county of Surrey and in the diocese of "Phoebe," co-operated with tlie Officer Co'm- Rochester which is bounded upon the south-west manding Troops and myself, and the valuable by the hereinafter described portion of the parish services rendered by Her Majesty's ships " Fox," of Gatton upon the south-east by the parish of « Phoebe," " Blonde," " Tartar," and " Alecto." Nutfield upon the east by the parish of Blechingley 4.' On the occasion of a reirifbrcemerit" of the all in the county and diocese aforesaid and upon 1st West India Regiment having been sent to the remaining sides that is to say upon the north Port Lokko on the 3rd March last, Captain and upon the north-west by an imaginary line Henderson, at my request, detailed a gun force to commencing at the point near the lodge at the cover the passage of the troops up the Lokko Creek entrance to the house and grounds called Coppice under Lieutenant F.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baring Archive Series Hc3 British Isles
    THE BARING ARCHIVE SERIES HC3 BRITISH ISLES House Correspondence – British Isles HC3 3.1 1817 12 Aug, London: Joseph Waugh & Sons to Barings About shares in the purchase of cochineal in South America, to be made by Reid Irving & Co. The shares to be one third each to Barings, Reid Irving and Waugh; with details of the conditions of purchase 3.2 1823-38, Gibraltar: John Duguid & Co, merchants, of Gibraltar, to Alexander Baring and to Barings 1823-32: Explaining adverse balances with Barings; the failure of Duguid Holland & Co, Buenos Aires [see HC4.1.4]; proposal to Barings to take up a mortgage on property in Gibraltar 1836-37: Visit to England of John Duguid; his death in London, 17 May 1837; reorganisation of the business under John Robert Duguid, the eldest son 1838: Seeking an extension of credit; credit extended to £3000; failure of Duguid & Co; debt to Barings of £14,500 3.3 1823-34, Austin Friars London: Thomson Bonar & Co to Barings 1823 8 Oct: About a contract with the Russian government whereby Thomson Bonar, Barings and others have obtained a monopoly of Russian government copper at St Petersburg 1827 15 Oct: Enclosing account of Horace Gray of Boston, Massachusetts [see HC5.1.12] for Georgia cotton shipped from Boston to St Petersburg for the Imperial Manufactory of Alexandroffsky 3.4 1824-29, London: Documents about the joint speculation in tobacco from Virginia, Maryland and Kentucky, undertaken by Barings and Kymer Patrey & Co, tobacco brokers, of Mincing Lane, London The documents are: correspondence; accounts; notices of receipt of tobacco at the docks at London and Liverpool; sales of tobacco; valuations of tobacco held in bond The correspondence includes: 1825 29 Jul: Kymer Patrey to Barings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genesis and Transformation of Central Banking Practices
    Regulating International Finance: The Genesis and Transformation of Central Banking Practices by Joëlle Dumouchel A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Joëlle Dumouchel, 2016 Regulating International Finance: The Genesis and Transformation of Central Banking Practices Joelle Dumouchel Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto 2016 Abstract This dissertation investigates the development of financial regulation since the nineteenth century through central banks’ governing practices in industrial countries. Since central banks adopted the lender-of-last-resort function in the 1870s, they have been continuously contributing to the stabilization of financial markets. However, the nature of their governing practices has transformed. This dissertation addresses the sociological and historical underpinnings of central banks’ authority. By combining theoretical insights from interactionist sociology (e.g., Pierre Bourdieu, Norbert Elias, and Etienne Wenger) and from the philosophy of modernity (e.g., Hannah Arendt, Michel Foucault, and Jürgen Habermas), it looks into the crucial role of knowledge for financial governance in general and central banks’ authority in particular. Knowledge shapes governance in two ways. It structurally creates the conditions of possibility for certain practices to develop and it cognitively represents reality. Such representations become incorporated into the background knowledge of the community of practice. The thesis highlights the importance of modern science for governance to occur. The rise of science in economics and finance has transformed legitimate representations of the financial environment and concepts of competence and credibility defining who is entitled to act. The dissertation details three practices of financial stabilization by central banks through time, each of which stem from a distinct ii market representation and cultural configuration of the community of practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Itje London Gazette, December 3, 1378. 6913
    ITJE LONDON GAZETTE, DECEMBER 3, 1378. 6913 Windsor Cattle, November 27, 1878. Farrar, Esq., Thomas Henry Fry, Esq., Wil- The Queen was this day pleased to confer the liam Jones, Esq., Blomfield Burnell, Esq., honour of Kniyhthood on James Salmon, Esq., Sir Charles Reed, Knt., Samuel Elliott Atkins, Esq., James Butcher, Esq., Thomas M.D., Inspector-General of Hospitals and Fleets. Webber, Esq., Robert Stapleton, Esq., Archibald Windsor Castle, Noiember 27, 1878. McDougall, Esq., George Walter, Esq., Henry Lowman Taylor, Esq., John Kelday, Esq., Wil- The Queen was this day pleased to confer the liam Cave Fowler, Esq., John Sewell, Esq., honour of Knighthood on Ben Thomas Brandreth Ben Slowman, Esq., Mark Shephard, Esq., Robert Gibbs, Esq. Taylor, Esq., Henry Harris, Esq., John King Farlow, Esq., Whinfield Hora, Esq., Arthur Windsor Castle, November 27, 1878. Edmund Taylor, Esq., William Hartridge, Esq., The Queen was this day pleased to confer the David Smith, Esq., John Young, Esq., James honour of Knighthood on John Anderson, Esq., Ebenezer Saunders, Esq., John Francis Bontems, LL.D. Esq., William Brass, Esq., and Thomas White, Esq., Deputies of the city of London, and the Windsor Castle, November 27, 1878. Deputies of the said city for the time being ; The Queen was this day pleased to confer the Samuel Wilson, Esq., Sir John Musgrove, Bart., honour of Knighthood on Thomas Scambler James Abbiss, Esq., and John Joseph Mechi, Owden, Esq., Alderman and late Lord Mayor of Esq., formerly Aldermen of the city of London ; the City of London. Robert Butler Whiteside, Esq., Thomas Snelling, Esq., Thomas Bridge Simpson, Esq., Henry de Windsor Castle, November 27, 1878.
    [Show full text]
  • Death Notices of Tippah County
    TIPPAH COUNTY DEATH NOTICES 100 years of Death Records Compiled from Various Sources 1836 through 1936 These records were compiled by Don Martini and published by the Tippah County Historical Society in two volumes. They are combined here to make searching easier. Most of the obituaries in Vol. II (1915-1936) are taken from the Sentinel and have a six-digit number in parenthesis. The first two numbers are the month, the next two the day and the third pair is the year. All are in the 1900's. Our thanks to Tom Childers, President of the Historical Society, for giving permission to put these and other Tippah County Records online, and to W. Fred Cox for making them available for our use at http://www.rootsweb.com/~mstippah/notices/DeathA-B.htm. A _____,HILDA (020426) died Jan. 17, age 70 / buried at Sand Springs / leaves two sisters and 2 brothers, one named George / niece is Mamie Howard. ABERNATHY, MRS. ODELL (010236) died Dec. 20, 1935 / buried at Box Chapel / born Aug. 7, 1903 / married Lester Abernathy, Jan. 6, 1928 / daughters: Doris Aurola and Faye Dadell / SibIings: Mrs. Martha Abernathy, Mrs. James Colson, Mrs. Z.D. Massay, Mrs. Travis Pannell, Bill Hurt, Mike Hurt, Hugh Hurt, Richard Hurt. ACOLD, CLARISSA, deceased (1860 Mort.) Family No. 1175, So. Div., Tippah County / died June, 1859, age 64 years / born in North Carolina / widow. ADAIR, ANDY (051122) died March 30 / leaves wife, four sons, four daughters. ADAIR, BAXTER, deceased (Obit. SENTINEL Oct. 25, 1900), died Tuesday of last week, age 17 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette, December 19, 1873 6031
    THE LONDON GAZETTE, DECEMBER 19, 1873 6031 James Piggins, Esq., and John Paterson, Esq., Baker, Esq., James Whatman Bosanquet, Esq., Aldermen of the city of London, and the Alder- Henry Lannoy Hunter, Esq., Thomas Henry men of the said city for the time being ; Ben- Allen Poynder, Esq., Henry Vigne, Esq., William jamin Scott, Esq., Chamberlain of the city of Pole, Esq., Henry Jeffreys Bushby, Esq., and London, and the Chamberlain of the said city John Neville Warren, Esq.; Baron Lionel de for the time being; John Brad dick Monckton, Rothschild, Baron Nathan de Rothschild, and Sir Esq., Town Clerk of the city of London, and the Moses Montefiore, Bart.; Jonathan Muckleston Town Clerk of the said city for the time being ; Key, Esq.; Sir William Henry Poland, Knt., Sir Thomas Chambers, Knt., Common Serjeant Thomas Alers Hankey, Esq., Edward Tyrrell, of the city of London, and the Common Serjeant Esq., William Croft, Esq., John Alexander of the said city for the time being; William Hankey, Esq., Daniel Britten, Esq., William Hawtrey, Esq., Thomas Henry Fry, Esq., Wil- Hughes Hughes, Esq., William Hughes Hughes, liam Jones, Esq., Blomfield Burnell, Esq., Charles jun., Esq., Joseph Oldham, jun., Esq., Alfred Reed, Esq., John Malcolm, Esq., William Tegg, Wilson, Esq., Cornelius Lea Wilson, Esq., Peter Esq., Samuel Elliott Atkins, Esq., John Banister, Northall Laurie, Esq., William Peters, Esq., Esq., James Butcher, Esq., Thomas Webber, John Masterman, Esq., Frederick Mildred, Esq., Esq., Robert Stapleton, Esq., William Webster, 1 James Bentley,
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-108324.Pdf
    The Theory and Practice of Central Banking 1797-1913 E. VICTOR MORGA U CO SI> IMPRESSIOS The author set out in this book to do what in the writing of modern economic hb tory has seldom been done : his study is both historical and theoretica.J ; economic hi :, tory is an avowed part of his subject, bUl he treats the theories as historical f:H.:ts and subjectS them to historical analy~ i -. At the same time his book is no mere history of economic doctrine: it pays an equal amount of ancntion to the banking policies, the monetary changes, and the movement of prices, which sometimes influenced theoretical discussion, were often themselves affected by contemporary doctrines and arc in any case essential for our comprehension of the contemporary modes of economic thought. • Fint published io 19·13 and ''cry soon out of print this re-issue will be most welcome. "But while: the monetary specialist "''ill continue, unrcpcntanl , tO gi\'e fascin- ~~c~i~~ ~ ~~~~~b1t~Jrye t:~tt ~ ~~~~~; pcnetr.tti ng summaries among the most useful tools which ha\'e so f:u come his v.'lly." Eumomica, August 1943 ":\hhough it will appeal especially tO those who do not wish to think too hard a~ut ttntr:al banking, it merits a rc:r.dmg by spccialim in the fiel d who do.•· Tht Amtrinm Ecorwmic Rnitt:, june 1944 "He has, howeve r, brought together much useful maner in :11 dear and readable ruarrati\'e, s hO\~ing wcU the wo r ~ o~ the Bank of England and iu setung m the London money market." Tilt Tima Littrary Sc1ppltmtnr, August 1943 42/- net THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CENTRAL BANKING 1797- 1913 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CENTRAL BANKING 1797- 1913 E.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Manuscripts in The
    GUIDE TO THE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN LIBRARIES CONSOLIDATED 2020 LIST OF CONTENTS PREFACE . iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . vi DESCRIPTIONS OF COLLECTIONS . .. 1 Manuscript and archival collections (BC) ………………………………… 1 Single manuscript items (BCS) ………………………………………….. 350 Manuscripts and archives in microform (BCZA & BCZB) …………….. 476 All Things UCT Collection (BUZV) ………………………………………. 505 Manuscript collection of composers’ music scores (TPA) …………….. 506 INDEX . 507 ii PREFACE Purpose of the Guide to the Manuscripts The Guide to the Manuscripts in UCT Libraries seeks to provide a synoptic, collection- level overview of the manuscript and archival collections in the custody of the Special Collections and Archives section of the University of Cape Town Libraries. The Guide is indexed, and is keyword-searchable in its electronic form, enabling users to identify collections that may hold sources of relevance to their research. Detailed finding aids exist for most collections and these may be consulted in the Special Collections reading room or in the online database of archival finding aids, Access to Memory, AtoM@UCT (see below). In most cases, electronic versions of the finding aids can be emailed to users at their request. These detailed finding aids will enable users to identify and request access to specific archival material on the basis of the references they contain. Structure of the Guide to the Manuscripts The first field in each entry indicates whether the material is kept on site or in off-site archival storage. In the latter case, advance notice of a visit to consult the material is essential. The term “manuscript” is used to denote the type of material in all the entries in the Guide meaning that the bulk of the material comprises original, unpublished primary sources, whether handwritten or typescript, photographic, microform, or electronic in format.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Manuscripts in the University of Cape Town Libraries
    GUIDE TO THE MANUSCRIPTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN LIBRARIES CONSOLIDATED VERSION JUNE 2013 ii LIST OF CONTENTS PREFACE . v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . vii MANUSCRIPTS . 1 INDEX . 452 iii iv PREFACE GENERAL This guide was compiled from the printed guide and first supplement entitled Handlist of Manuscripts in the University of Cape Town Libraries, which was published during 1968, and three typewritten accession lists. This NAREM edition was assembled and updated in accordance with guidelines laid down by the National Archivist of the Republic of South Africa. The term manuscript is used to cover all handwritten documents whether originals or transcripts, or photographic or microfilm reproductions of such documents. The term is also used to include documents of which the original was typescript. Initially the University of Cape Town Libraries possessed only a very small number of manuscripts. During the 1940s, however, a few large collections of papers and manuscripts were received, such as the Dr. CL Leipoldt Papers and the Sir Walter Stanford Papers. From about 1947, serious attention began to be given to the problem of preserving manuscripts and also of assembling the University archives. From the early 1950s onwards purposeful efforts were made to organize and record these collections. The Archives of the University of Cape Town have of recent years been organized as a separate unit. The bulk of the manuscripts in the University of Cape Town Libraries consists of collections of family papers and other private papers, but miscellaneous documents (i.e. literary and music manuscripts), and even single items, are also included. The manuscripts are mainly of South African interest, but there are a small number of non- South African manuscripts.
    [Show full text]